AN EVALUATION OF THE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS OF PAROLE

AND PROBATION ADMINISTRATION FOR SENTENCED PRISONERS IN

LIPA AND TANAUAN CITY TOWARDS A PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Criminal
Justice Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa
Brgy. Marawoy, Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines 4217

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

BALBIN, BRYAN KIM B.

CERICO, DAVE JULIUS V.
DALISAY, CLARENCE R.

June 2024

1
 APPROVAL SHEET

The undergraduate thesis entitled “AN EVALUATION OF THE

REHABILITATION PROGRAMS OF PAROLE AND PROBATION
ADMINISTRATION FOR SENTENCED PRISONERS IN LIPA AND TANAUAN
CITY TOWARDS PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT” was submitted by the
following students: Bryan Kim B. Balbin, Dave Julius V. Cerico, Clarence R.
Dalisay. This has been examined and recommended in oral examination.

MR. RANILLO LIMBO

Research Adviser

PANEL OF PRESENTERS

Accepted by the Panel of Examiners with a grade of .

DR. BRENDA ENDOZO-MALVAR, RCRIM

Chairman

GRACE D. ALINCASTRE, RCRIM, MSCJ DR. ARNOLD M. DE LUNA

Member Member

FELICISIMO B. DIADIO JR.,MAED,LPT MR. Wilson M. Llave,MIT

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

RENATO K. PREZA, JD
Dean, College of Criminology

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made to those who in one way

helped us in the preparation of this research:

To the PPA personnel of Lipa and Tanauan City, Batangas, for

allowing the researchers to distribute questionnaires and providing necessary

information concerning the research;

To the Faculty Members, especially to our Dean Renato K. Preza,

JD, Program Coordinator, Grace D. Alincastre; to our Research Adviser,

Ranillo Limbo, and to our Instructor, JO3 Brenda E. Malvar, for guiding us in

accomplishing this paper, for the support that they gave us throughout the

thesis process, and tirelessly checking and rechecking until perfection;

To our Statistician, for giving his time and effort in accomplishing the

data we gathered;

To our families, for their prayers and understanding, support and for

their benevolence, love and constant encouragement to accomplish this study.

To the Staff of the College Library, for letting us browse the books

and thesis so that we may accomplish our study;

And most of all to Almighty God, who gave us strength, will, and

wisdom to understand different things that will help strengthen the author's

personalities toward a new career.

To all of you, thank you very much.

3
 DEDICATION

This piece of hard work is wholeheartedly dedicated to our families,

who have given their support and guidance and have always been our

inspiration in every step we made. Likewise, they never failed to give their

support financially and morally, their understanding, love and trust.

To faculty members, who by their guidance and wisdom have helped us

in our goals in track and our dreams of becoming conscientious officers of the

law come into realization;

To our dear friends, for their support, comfort, and understanding;

To our group members, for the happy moment of sharing ideas; To

you, who reads this piece of work;

And most of all to Almighty God, who guide us and care a lot in our

everyday life and for showing us blessings, and the enlightenments;

YOU all serve as inspiration to us…

Bryan
Dave
Clarence

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

Title Page ……………………………………………….. i

Approval Sheet ……………………………………………….. ii

Acknowledgment ……………………………………………….. iii

Dedication ……………………………………………….. iv

Table of Contents ……………………………………………….. v

Abstract ……………………………………………….. viii

I. Introduction

Background of the Study…………...……………………………. 1

Significance of the Study…………...……………………………. 9

Theoretical Framework…………………………………………... 11

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………... 13

Conceptual Paradigm…………………………………………….. 14

Statement of the Problem………………………………………... 16

Null Hypothesis………………………………………………….. 17

Scope and Limitation of the Study………………………………. 17

Definition of Terms………………………………………………. 18

II. Review of Related Literature

5
 Foreign Literature………………………………………………… 21

Local Literature…………………………………………………… 23

III. Methodology

Research Design …………………………………………………. 25

Population and Sampling Technique………..………………….. 26

Research Instrument……………………………………………… 27

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………… 29

Statistical Tool…………………………………………………...… 30

Ethical Consideration……………………………………………... 32

IV. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

Presentation of Tables and Interpretation of Data………………. 34

V. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion……………………………………………………… 56

Recommendations……………………………………………… 56

Bibliography…………………………………………………… 58

Appendix A…………………………………………………….. 61

Appendix B…………………………………………………….. 63

Appendix C…………………………………………………….. 68

Curriculum Vitae

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 ABSTRACT

This study is about the effectiveness of the programs offered by the Parole

and Probation Administration to all sentenced prisoners in the City of Lipa and

Tanauan. This is conducted to assess the effectiveness of the rehabilitation

programs offered by the Parole and Probation Administration for Sentenced

Prisoners in Lipa and Tanauan City, with the aim of fostering their development and

successful reintegration into society. This study concluded that the perception of the

respondents on the programs under the Parole and Probation Administration are

helpful for their rehabilitation. The researchers used quantitative-descriptive

methods of research. Descriptive method is a fact finding with adequate

interpretation through data gathering like survey questionnaires. This study used a

validated questionnaire and was self-constructed by the researchers. It includes

items that were confirmed through several revisions based on the comments and

suggestions of the advisers.

Some Keywords: Program evaluation, reintegration initiatives, self-improvement.

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 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Public service is typically associated with public administration and public

sector governance, which as a necessary or inevitable intervention entails the

operation of state machinery supported by the state budget, which includes the

ability to make decisions, carry out government operations, and operate within laws,

rules, policies, and administrative practices that restrict, recommend, and facilitate

the provision of goods and services that are supported by the public (Jain,2021).

There is misunderstanding about public services. They cannot be assessed using

the same standards as market-based provision, nor are they just public sector

services. Nor are they inevitably the result of "market failure." They are

distinguished by four qualities. They serve the public, are redistributive, exist for

policy-related objectives, and function as a trust. Many municipal and national

governments offer law enforcement as a common public function. Protecting

civilians from criminal behaviour, stopping crimes before they happen, conducting

criminal investigations, and punishing offenders are the main objectives of law

enforcement. Governments set up law enforcement agencies for various

jurisdictions to achieve these objectives.

Based on the Historical Development of Community-Based Treatment “In the

Philippines, community-based offender treatment is regulated by Presidential

8
Decree No. 968 (PD 968), which was issued on July 24, 1976. When the Philippine

legislature passed Act 4221 on August 7, 1935, during the American colonial era

(1898–1945), probation was first used in the country. This law created a Probation

Office under the Department of Justice. On July 24, 1976, Presidential Decree No.

968, also known as Adult Probation Law of 1976, was signed into law by the

President of the Philippines, Ferdinand E. Marcos. The probation system was

implemented nationwide in the Philippines on January 3, 1978 and currently there

are 183 field offices spread all over the country supervised by 16 regions.

A convicted defendant must apply for probation and, once granted, must

comply with the conditions imposed by the court and the supervision of the

probation officer; otherwise, the defendant would have to serve the original

sentence. The agency in charge of the administration of the probation system is the

Probation Administration under the Department of Justice. Probationary supervision

aims at implementing the conditions in the court order and facilitating the

rehabilitation of the offender through corrective guidance and the use of community

resources.

Probation is a community-based program which is in the rehabilitation of

offenders. It serves as an alternative to incarceration aiming for the reintegration of

individual back into society as law-abiding citizens. In addition, Parole and

Probation Administration is an agency of the Philippine Government under the

Department of Justice which is designed to promote the rehabilitation of the

offender and reduce the incidence of recidivism. The program offers personalized

9
rehabilitative services to probationers. Through regular meetings with probation

officers, probationers are assessed for their specific needs such as counseling,

educational programs, or job training. Indeed, the Parole and Probation

Administration Program was essentially contributory to the rehabilitation of the

offenders.

Parole and Probation Administration offers programs that are helpful for the

reintegration of their client such as Developmental Programs, Major Programs and

Therapeutic Community Modality Programs. Volunteerism is one of the programs

under the Developmental Program which helps probationers to establish a support

system and connections within the community, which can be instrumental in their

successful reintegration into society. Major Programs has a Restorative Justice that

can foster a deeper understanding of the consequences of their actions and

promote personal growth and responsibility. By actively engaging in restitution and

making amends, probationers have the opportunity to demonstrate remorse and

work towards repairing the harm they caused. Lastly, Therapeutic Community

Ladderized Program includes the monthly therapeutic community session, skills

training, drug test which provide a supportive and structured environment for

probationers to address their substance abuse issues and develop coping skills to

prevent relapse. These sessions allow probationers to connect with others who are

going through similar struggles, providing a sense of community and understanding

that can be essential for recovery.

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 Therapeutic community modality program, one may be in a client role when

receiving help or support from others because of behavioral problems or when

experiencing distress (Chan, 2021). These programs help address behavioral

problems is by providing a supportive and structured environment for clients to work

on their issues. It can offer a sense of belonging and connection for individuals who

may be struggling with feelings of isolation or disconnection. The Parole and

Probation Administration (PPA) developed rehabilitation programs which are

restorative justice, volunteerismand therapeutic community (Arenas, 2017). These

programs are based on the administrationcs core value that humans are inherently

good.

The use of restorative justice can save money by diverting people away from

prosecution and by reducing reoffending (Pavlacic, 2022). Restorative justice offers

a more cost-effective approach compared to traditional prosecution methods by

diverting individuals away from the criminal justice system and focusing on repairing

harm caused by the offense. By utilizing restorative justice practices such as

mediation, victim-offender dialogues, and community service, resources can be

allocated towards facilitating reconciliation and addressing the underlying issues

that led to the criminal behavior.

In line with these, volunteers are people who provide a service to the community

out of their own free will and without monetary reward. Volunteering satisfies the

human need to belong, to feel competent and to contribute (Ang, 2020). Volunteers

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can assist with supervising individuals completing community service as part of their

probation requirements, ensuring they fulfill their obligations and contribute

positively to the community.

According to Bhutta (2014), rehabilitation is supported in order to cut criminal

justice system cost, to promote the concept of human dignity, to maintain the

integrity of the profession and to support reform in the criminal justice system.

Whatever the specific technique used. The term rehabilitation is widely used in the

social sciences. In the discipline of sociology, criminology and criminal justice

studies, it refers to the process, which read just an individual and takes him up to

the level of normalcy.

Rehabilitating criminals has become a highly debated topic throughout the U.S.

With the majority of criminals being repeat offenders, the correctional institution has

made rehabilitation a top priority (Miceli, 2019). The reason why it become a highly

debated topic is because there is a shift in thinking from punitive justice towards

rehabilitation, where the focus is on addressing the root causes of criminal behavior

and helping individuals reintegrate into society successfully.

Released offenders often face significant barriers to successful reentry into

society, particularly high-risk offenders with a history of criminal behavior (Azimova,

2023). There is a societal stigma attached to individuals who have been

12
incarcerated, which can lead to discrimination in employment, housing, and social

interactions.

Despite its good intention for the reintegration of the offenders, Parole and

Probation Administration may encounter challenges towards the success of their

goals. Probation officers frequently have to work in high crime areas, institutions, or

dangerous environments. They may have court-imposed deadlines, adding

pressure to complete time-sensitive tasks by dealing with probationers who violate

the terms of their supervision can be frustrating (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023).

The probation officer must assess the situation and determine the immediate risk to

their own safety, if there is an imminent danger they need to act quickly to defend

themselves and call for help.

For the offenders, finding housing, employment, returning to learning

institutions, and other social-economic initiatives towards personal and social

development are a major challenge to the majority of released offenders (Cracknell,

2021). Once probation was granted, probationers are struggling to find work

because of their criminal background. Additionally, offenders are highly predisposed

to increased risk of failed social reintegration.

Furthermore, this claim is also supported by the study of Domingo & Labid et.

al. 2016, stating that "They are generally labeled as dangerous individuals, which

results in their adverse experiences once they were released to the community".

Their dejection experiences as being probationers may cause negative impact to

their lives and their rehabilitation. About social reintegration, most probationers

13
suffer from stereotyping causing them to be unemployed because most people are

not aware that after granting probation those individuals are the better version of

themselves and they are ready to work again in the community.

Probationers' experiences may positively or negatively affect their lives and their

rehabilitation in general. For the probationers living within the community, they

experienced paradoxical lives that postulate their successful re-entry to the

community and desist them from crimes, or it may pull them back to the jail as a

result of re-offending, which leads to the revocation of their probation program.

These paradoxical lives of probationers are associated with how they view their

present situation; the joy and sorrow they experienced helped or pulled them in their

situation as they face their challenges (Phelps, 2013). There are paradoxical

experiences that most probationers face because being looked as a dangerous

people there would be chances that their probation would revoked for the reason

that they tend to act based on their label leading them to commit another offense.

The joyful experiences are centered on the contentment and satisfaction of their

probation life. This pleasurable feeling has resulted from the satisfaction of their

psychological and social needs, such as survival, physiological, relationships,

freedom, and security (Carr & Batlle, 2015; Charles, 2016; Luna, 2013; Sump,

2016). In line with this, it is necessary to accomplish these needs to avoid any

deviant behaviors and to secure the chances of compliance.

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 According to the report submitted by the Planning Division, the PPA supervised a

total of 133,762 probationers, parolees/pardoners, and First-time minor drug

offenders (FTMDO). Out of this total number, 132,607 or 99.44% of the clients

continuously complied with the terms. And conditions set in their probation or parole

grant. For 2022, the Administration targeted a 98.92% compliance rate.

Likewise, investigation referrals were completed and submitted to courts in 2022.

Out of these numbers, 98.48% of the said recommendations were sustained by the

court.

On the other hand, 504 Community Service Orders issued by the courts were

received by the PPA wherein 25 or 4.96% were terminated.

Based on the record of Parole and Probation Administration of Lipa City, the total

population of probationers who applied from January to October year 2023 is 478,

the total number of approved probationers is 462. The total number of those officers

who administers the program to probationers are five consisting of one Chief

Probation Officer, one Probation Officer, one Admin staff and two Support staff. On

the other hand, based on the record of Parole and Probation Administration of

Tanauan City, the total population of probationers who applied from January to

October year 2023 is 473, the total number of approved probationers is 402. The

total number of those officers who administers the program to probationers are five

consisting of one Chief Probation Officer, two Probation Officer and two Clerk.

15
 It has not have other related studies on a particular topic which led to a research

gap for several reasons. First, it indicates that there is a lack of existing knowledge

or understanding in that specific area, highlighting the need for further investigation.

Without prior studies to build upon, researchers may face challenges in

contextualizing their research and establishing a solid foundation for their work. But,

it allows researchers to delve into uncharted territories, that can leads to

groundbreaking findings and contributions to the field. By identifying and addressing

this gap, researchers can make a significant impact and advance the knowledge

base in that particular area.

This study served as a basis for future researchers to let the community know

that the granting of probation is not arbitrary because it follows the process of

making every probationer change their lives for good. The researcher choose this

topic for them to have a deeper understanding about the rehabilitation program

provided for the probationer. Also, this study aims to assess the evaluation of the

rehabilitation programs offered by the Parole and Probation Administration for

sentenced prisoners in Lipa and Tanauan City, with the aim of fostering their

development and successful reintegration into society.

Significance of the study

Probationer

This study is able to make the probationers know what they stand to gain or

lose from probation, thus enabling them to be informed when making choices about

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their rehabilitation procedures.

Community

This study equips families with awareness to handle the difficulties that come

with probation and lead to a supportive atmosphere for successful reentry into

society.

Policy Makers and Law Makers

This study can direct the establishment or alteration of laws implicated in

probation, sentencing, and rehabilitation to be based on fact and efficiency.

Criminal Justice Practitioners

Probation officers, judges, and other professionals will learn valuable

information to improve their decision-making and enhance the rehabilitation of those

who have been sentenced.

Researcher

This study serves as their stepping stone in the field of justice and probation

and it helps them to be aware of the probation and importance of different programs

in nurturing the probationer.

Kolehiyo ng ungsod ng Lipa

This study can help schools create or amend their disciplinary policies and

processes to better support student progress and lower the chance of probationary

status for students.

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Advocacy Groups and NGOs

It offers proof to back up advocacy campaigns focused on improving

probation systems and promoting alternatives to incarceration.

Future Researcher

This thesis can serve as a foundation for further research in the field of

criminal justice, probation, and sentencing, encouraging academic exploration and

analysis.

Theoretical Framework

Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory (2023) provides important

insights in the context of the study analyzing the effectiveness of probation

laws and rehabilitation programs for convicted convicts in the City of Lipa and

Tanauan. According to this idea, learning happens as a result of modeling,

reinforcement, and observation. It implies that people can learn pro-social

habits and skills in the framework of rehabilitation programs if they are exposed

to positive role models and given access to the relevant tools and resources.

This theory asserts that people pick up new behaviors through imitation,

modeling, and reinforcement, and it has specific application to the process of

rehabilitation and reintegration.

The Social Learning Theory emphasizes the value of observational

18
learning in treatment programs. It implies that everyone, especially those who

have received a sentence, can learn pro-social habits by witnessing and

imitating the actions of others. This stresses how important it is to give people

access to positive role models who may serve as examples for behavioral

change, like successful parolees or program mentors, in the context of

rehabilitation. The

theory also emphasizes the importance of rewards and consequences in

modifying behavior. In rehabilitation programs, people frequently are rewarded

for acceptable behaviors and punished for bad ones. In order to create

rehabilitative solutions that are more effective, it is essential to comprehend

these mechanisms.

A crucial idea in the theory, vicarious learning, describes how people might

gain knowledge from the experiences of others. Sharing the experiences of people

who have already undergone rehabilitation can have a significant impact on the

attitudes and actions of those who are still in the process of becoming better.

The study also takes into account the Desistance Theory, which holds that

social integration, personal development, and life events all contribute to a decline

in criminal activity over time. According to this theory ( Weaver 2015), the probation

system helps people achieve distance by giving them chances to reintegrate into

society, find steady jobs, and form supportive social networks. The decision to stop

engaging in criminal activity can be influenced by a variety of life events and

changes, which are taken into consideration from a life course viewpoint.

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 Desistance can be influenced by a variety of elements, including obtaining a steady

job, building solid relationships, and fulfilling personal objectives. Therefore, it is

crucial to comprehend how probation and rehabilitation programs aid in facilitating

these life changes in the study.

Additionally, it provides a useful framework for analyzing the study on the

effectiveness of the probationary statute and rehabilitation initiatives for convicted

probationers in the cities of Lipa and Tanauan. Desistance theory is fundamentally a

criminological viewpoint that explores how people eventually migrate away from a

life of crime by ceasing to engage in illegal activity. The theory offers insights into

the elements and processes that lead to a successful return to society and the

cessation of criminal activity in the context of this study.

Conceptual Framework

The study presents a framework based on criminology theories, emphasizing

the importance of addressing root causes of criminal behavior for successful prisoner

rehabilitation. It also highlights the need to support individuals' reintegration into

society as productive and law-abiding members. The study considered the data

gathering, questionnaire and statistical analysis to attain the best results.

Effectiveness of implemented rehabilitation program

20
 Problems encountered

Proposed program towards development

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Figure 1 shows the conceptual paradigm of the study that provided the

procedures which helped the researchers gain continuity and completion. It showed

the gathering essential demographic information about the respondents, which

includes data on their age, gender, the nature of the crime committed, and their

educational attainment, followed by the factors affecting the implemented

rehabilitation program, significant relationship between demographic profile of

respondents and the implemented rehabilitation programs, significant difference

between demographic profile of respondents and the implemented rehabilitation

programs, problems encountered in enhancing the rehabilitation program and

programs/ designs towards the development of rehabilitation programs.

It also showed the process that the researchers undertook to come up with

the desired results. Under this process was the data gathering through

administering questionnaires. The gathered data undergo rigorous statistical

analysis to answer two critical research questions.

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 Lastly, this study was consist of evidence-based recommendations aimed at

enhancing probation programs, fostering more effective prisoner development, and,

ultimately, contributing to the broader rehabilitation goals within the criminal justice

system.

These recommendations was derived from the insights gained through the statistical

analysis of the data and was presented in a clear and actionable format to facilitate

their implementation in practice. It is essential to conduct this research ethically,

respecting the privacy and consent of the respondents, and to ensure the sample's

size and representativeness to uphold the validity of the findings.

Statement of the Problem

This research examines how well rehabilitation programs run by the

Parole and Probation Administration work to help prisoners reintegrate into

society and contribute to community development. By conducting an analysis it

aims to offer suggestions, for improving the effectiveness of future initiatives, in

these areas. Specifically, it sought to answers the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age;

1.2. Gender; and,

1.3. Crime Committed?

2. How may the level of effectiveness of the implemented rehabilitation

program by the Parole and Probation Administration be described in terms

22
of:

2.1. Therapeutic Community Modality Program;

2.2. Restorative Justice; and,

2.3. Volunteerism?

3. Is there a significant difference between the assessment of two

groups of respondents in the aforementioned variables?

4. Is there a significant difference on the level of effectiveness of the

implemented rehabilitation program by the Parole and Probation

Administration as assessed by the respondents grouped by profile

variables?

5. Based on the findings of the study, what program may be

proposed to improve the implementation of the rehabilitation program by

the Parole and Probation Administration?

Null Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of

respondents and probation

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focuses on the “Evaluation of the rehabilitation programs of parole

and probation administration for sentenced prisoners in Lipa and Tanauan city

towards a guide for its development”. Thus, it is composed of several factors taken

to test the efficacy of utilizing Parole and Probation Administration Programs among

Probationers in the vicinity of the city of Lipa and Tanauan from 2023. Respondents

23
of the study were the selected probationers who had been approved to undergo the

program, 462 from Lipa City and 402 in Tanauan City. The determination of the

sample size was using Convenience sampling. On the other hand, for the

researchers to gather and collect data, they utilized the use of survey-

questionnaires through the aid of google forms.

More so, the researchers limited their study only to those offenders who have

been approved to undergo the program. More so, the researchers limited their study

only for the efficacy of the program and not to other variables. They started from

January 2023 to October 2023.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the respondents, the following

terminologies are being defined accordingly.

Efficacy - something is how well it works or brings the result you hoped for.

Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)- mandated to conserve

and/or redeem convicted offenders and prisoners who are under the probation

or parole system.

Parole and Probation Officer - an employee of the PPA assigned to investigate

and supervise Agency clients.

Probation - is a privilege which allows criminals to avoid prison or to be released

from prison after serving only a portion of their sentences.

Probationer - Those are the people who undergo the PPA program. It is

defined as a person placed on probation.

24
Terminated Probationer-probationers who have fully cooperated with/participated

in the programs of supervision designed for their rehabilitation and who are situated

under conditions/circumstances.

Therapeutic Community (TC) - is an environment that helps people get help while

helping others. It is a treatment environment: the interactions of its members are

designed to be therapeutic within the context of the norms that require for each to

play the dual role of client-therapist.

Recidivist - is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been

previously convicted by final judgement of another crime.

Restorative Justice (RJ) - is a philosophy and a process of allowing criminal

offenders to accept full responsibility for the consequences of their misconduct and

make amends with the victim and the community.

Revocation - the official cancellation of a privilege decree, decision, or promise. It

is an event in which the court, after finding that one or more probation violations

have been proven, rescinds an individual’s probation sentence and executes a jail

or prison sentence.

Volunteerism - is a program of PPA that encourages maximum citizen’s

participation in the rehabilitation of the clients.

Volunteer Probation Aides - assist the Provincial or City Probation officers in the

supervision of probationers, the Probation Administrator may appoint citizens of

good repute and probity to act as probation aides.

25
Development - is a procedure that brings about development, advancement,

favorable change, or the inclusion of elements that are social, demographic,

economic, environmental, and physical.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter shows the review of related literature which aims to provide

researcher knowledge and background about the study. The reference was

gathered from the works of credible authors as well as the unpublished research

paper that were deemed useful in the conduct of current study.

Probation must be explained to the probationer as a form of punishment that

"permits him to escape commitment and its stigma but one that also makes other

demands. If these demands are not met," according to ALMY (The Annual Library

Index). If these demands are not met, the probationer were subject to the same

punishment as other offenders. Such a viewpoint is predicated on the idea that

punishment is guaranteed to occur and serves as a deterrent.

According to Phelps (2013), probation is a correctional procedure that

26
involves monitoring and treating convicted criminal defendants so they can fulfill

their terms in the community. These community-based programmes, as opposed to

traditional punitive and deterrent methods like incarceration, are intended to lower

recidivism rates by giving offenders access to tools that encourage positive

behavioral change.

The probation is utilized for community monitoring, according to a study

by Barnes-Proby, Hunt, Jonsson, and Cherney (2018). Upon the completion of

their probationary period or until their graduation, the criminal is permitted to

remain in the community. The foundation of probation is the idea that, as

opposed to incarceration, community support and assistance increases the

likelihood of offenders being rehabilitated and avoiding recidivism. A well-

thought-out rehabilitation treatment plan has been devised by the Parole and

Probation Administration for these clients.

The goal of the probation system is to keep convicts from hardening into

lifelong offenders. In other words, the probation system is a correctional process

that attempts to both rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders back into society. The

United Nations Institute for Crime Prevention has also fixed the aim of the probation

system, which is to promote rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders into the

community to make them conformist with the community settings. Probation also

aims to help offenders become beneficial and productive individuals of society. The

probation system repairs the detrimental consequences of incarceration while

assisting the offender in working for the welfare of his family (Javed Iqbal Khokhar,

27
2019).

Community supervisors, or probation officers (POs), are prone to stress.

Their customers might be cunning, disobedient, and challenging to manage.

According to Joseph Giovannoni (2015), it is imperative that law enforcement

personnel treat their clients with human dignity, encourage them to follow

instructions, and maintain a non-confrontational, empathic, attentive,

compassionate, and direct demeanor.

Reintegrating offenders into their own communities and society is one of the

widely acknowledged objectives of corrections, whether it is through non-

custodial means or institutionalization, according to Georgina M. Dioses, Jordan L.

Mariano, Juliet C. Daniels, and Rhowel M. Dellosa's 2019 study.

Helping offenders reunite with their family and reintegrate into the community

is essential to ensuring that those released from jails, prisons, rehabilitation

facilities, or detention centers resume their place and function in society.

According to the study of Jevandy, 2013 states that “The Volunteer

Probation Aide” (VPA) program is a strategy by which the Parole and Probation

Administration may be able to generate maximum citizen participation or community

involvement. Citizens of good standing in the community may volunteer to assist the

probation and parole officers in the supervision of a number of probationers,

28
parolees and conditional pardons in their respective communities. Since they reside

in the same community as the client, they are able to usher the reformation and

rehabilitation of the clients hands-on”. Volunteer probation aides play a crucial role

in the criminal justice system by assisting probation officers in their work. The

importance of volunteer probation aides cannot be overstated, as they contribute to

the successful rehabilitation and reintegration of individuals involved in the justice

system. In collaboration with the PPO, the VPA helps pave the way for the offender,

victim and community to each heal from the harm resulting from the crime. They

can initiate a circle of support for clients and victims to prevent further crimes.

Based on Correction and Rehabilitation – Parole and Probation

Administration (2023), The success of the Therapeutic Community treatment model

is also anchored on the implementation of restorative justice. To highlight the

principles of restorative justice, offenders are recognized to indemnify victims and

render community services to facilitate the healing of the broken relationship caused

by offending the concerned parties. Mediation and conferencing are also utilized in

special cases to mend and/or restore clients’ relationship with their victim and the

community. Considering that it is in the community that the rehabilitation of clients

takes place, the utilization of therapeutic community treatment model coupled with

29
the principles of restorative justice would be further energized with the recruitment,

training and deployment of Volunteer Probation Aides (VPAs). Indeed, Restorative

justice is an approach to justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by a

crime or conflict, rather than solely punishing the offender. It emphasizes the needs

of the victim, the offender, and the community, and seeks to address the underlying

causes of the harm.

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method used and procedures followed by the

researcher. It discusses the research design, population and sampling technique,

research instrument, data gathering procedures, statistical tools, and ethical

consideration

Research Design

This study was designed to assess the efficacy of probation law to evaluate

the rehabilitation programs under parole and probation administration to enhance

30
the developmental program of sentenced prisoners in the City of Lipa and Tanauan

which was made possible through the use of quantitative research. The study

utilized quantitative design using descriptive survey method.

According to Shuttleworth (2019), descriptive research design involves

watching and characterizing a subject's behavior without exerting any kind of

influence on it. This design's primary objective is to "describe" people,

circumstances, problems, behaviors, or natural occurrences (Siedlecki, 2020). The

focus is on prevailing conditions or how a person or group or thing behaves or

functions in the present. The researchers utilized questionnaires and interviews to

generate data needed in this research.

Furthermore, a survey questionnaire is used to gather data from a

representative sample of people. As a survey study, the tool helps gather data

byproviding the sample population's characteristics related to a particular

occurrence (Ponto, 2015). Everyone can use paper-based or web-based

questionnaires. Both formats were used in this study to contact the sample group

regarding probationers. This type of research methodology allows for the statistical

presentation of the data gathered from the responses for the report users' easy

interpretation. The descriptive approach should be used successfully in order to

statically analyze the data, as the researcher is attempting to analyze consumer

opinion, attitude, behavior, and satisfaction level in relation to services and

products. Ensuring the validity and reliability of the results requires thorough

development of the research strategies. Making sure they can answer the research

31
 problem as clearly and effectively as feasible with the evidence they have acquired

is the purpose of the research's design.

Population and Sampling Technique

The Lipa City Parole and Probation Administration and Tanauan City Parole

and Probation Administration’s probationers are collectively constituents of the

target population. They serve as the population because probationers provide

priceless firsthand knowledge of the probation system, initiatives for rehabilitation,

and the practical effects of the probation law on their own life. Their viewpoints can

offer vital insights regarding the success of rehabilitation initiatives, the difficulties

they encounter, and the general usefulness of the probationary period.

Stratified sampling technique was used to guarantee representative

sample. The people were categorized into two groups according to where they

live: Tanauan and Lipa. Fifty-five (55) from Tanauan and fifty-five (55) from Lipa

are the respondents of this study. The selection of probationers and probation

officers for the study was subsequently done using random sampling within each

stratum. Statistical considerations was used to select the sample size in order to

attain the desired degree of precision. e researchers used the following criteria to

identify and select the respondents of this study:

1. The respondents must be the probationer of Lipa City Police Station and

Tanauan City police Station

2. Respondents must be aware of the topic

32
3. The respondents are voluntarily agreed to be part of this study

Research Instrument

A comprehensive study method was conducted in the cities of Lipa and

Tanauan to evaluate the efficacy of the probation statute in improving the

developmental programmes for condemned convicts. As the primary research

instrument a survey questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from

probationers and probation officers working for the Parole and Probation

Administration.

A series of structured questions was included in the questionnaire to

delve into the experiences of probationers in rehabilitation programmes,

the way probation rules are seen to affect their reintegration into society, and

the efficiency of developmental activities in lowering recidivism rates. Survey

questions about probation officers' opinions on how the probation law is being

applied, difficulties they have running rehabilitation programmes, and their

observations of the growth of sentenced probationers was asked of them.

The survey was specifically designed to meet the goals of assessing the

effectiveness of rehabilitation initiatives and probation regulations. Likert-scale

items can be used to gauge how much respondents agree or disagree with

statements about the success of the programmes and its legal standing. To further

enable participants to offer qualitative insights into their experiences and

perceptions, open-ended questions were included.

33
 A cover letter requesting information from the respondents regarding their

cooperation in this endeavor is attached to the aforementioned questionnaire.

Conversely, the actual questionnaire comes with detailed instructions section to

help responders answer the questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated by the

Research Adviser and practicing Criminologists who are knowledgeable in this field

of criminology.

The self-made survey questionnaire was put through a reliability test

once the researchers had added the validation and modifications. To confirm

that the questionnaire was suitable for evaluating the study's parameters, the

researcher ran a reliability test.The researchers asked permission from the

Chief of Parole and Probation of Lipa City and also to the Chief of Parole and

Probation of Tanauan City. To ensure that the respondents answered the

surveys honestly and morally, the questionnaires were individually delivered to

them and their contents thoroughly explained. Following the questionnaire's

administration, the data were totaled, computed, analyzed, and interpreted.

Subsequently, the investigator procured pertinent study and publications to

bolster the findings.

Data Gathering Procedure

The research utilized a systematic and ethical approach in the data gathering

procedure. A questionnaire-based methodology was used to gather quantitative

data from probationers and probation officers using a cross-sectional study design.

34
A combination of closed-ended and open-ended questions were included in the

questionnaire. A pilot test was carried out before the questionnaire is widely

distributed so that participant feedback may be used to improve it.

Conducting a survey is indispensable for the research on the "Evaluation of

the Rehabilitation programs of parole and probation administration for sentenced

prisoners in Lipa City and Tanauan City towards program development." The survey

serves as a primary means of systematically capturing diverse perspectives from

the key stakeholders involved—probationers and probation officers. Its structured

format facilitates the efficient collection of quantitative data, offering a standardized

approach for participants to express their views on the effectiveness of probation

laws and rehabilitation programs. The quantitative data, generated through Likert-

scale items and closed-ended questions, enables statistical analysis to identify

patterns and correlations. Simultaneously, the inclusion of open-ended questions

provides a space for qualitative insights, allowing participants to elaborate on their

experiences. The survey's inclusive design ensures that the study encompasses a

wide range of perspectives, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of

the developmental outcomes of sentenced prisoners in the specified cities.

Ultimately, the survey methodology is instrumental in generating evidence-based

insights that can inform policy decisions, guide improvements in the criminal justice

system, and enhance the overall effectiveness of probation services in Lipa and

Tanauan.

35
Statistical Tools

The following statistical tools were used in this study:

1.Frequency Count. The data is presented in frequency form to show the

actual distribution of the respondent's demographic profile.

2.Percentage. It is used to determine the rate of the demographic profile of the

3.Ranking. This tool was used to determine the order of the indicators

mentioned in the study for a clearer interpretation of the perception of the

respondents.

4.Weighted Mean. This tool was used to consolidate the perceptions of the

respondents on the variables used in this study.

5.Multiple Regression. It was used in testing the hypothesis of difference on

the assessment of the respondents grouped by demographic profile variables

on the main research variables.

6.T Test. This tool was used to measure the statistical difference between the

assessment of two groups of respondents (from Tanauan and Lipa) on the

main research variables.

In analyzing and interpreting the retrieved responses, the researchers

set the assigned weight for each option and the scale that determines the

aggregate responses as follows:

36
 Weight Weighted Mean Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Effective (HE)

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective (E)

2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly Effective (SE)

1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

Ethical Consideration

Throughout the research on the "Evaluation of the rehabilitation

programs of parole and probation administration for sentenced prisoners in

Lipa and

Tanauan city towards a guide for its development", a number of ethical

considerations was crucial. First and foremost, participants get full and precise

informed consent, including probation officials and probationers. They was fully

informed about the goals, methods, and possible consequences of the study,

with a focus on how voluntary their involvement is. Strict measures were taken

to guarantee confidentiality, and all information gathered were treated with

utmost confidentiality.

Participants were free to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty,

in accordance with the idea of voluntary participation. Additionally, measures were

implemented to reduce any possible risk or discomfort to participants throughout

the data collection procedure. In light of the delicate nature of the subjects being

examined, including the experiences of probationers, procedures were

37
implemented to provide assistance or pointers to counseling resources in the event

that participants show signs of emotional distress.

This research followed the policies and procedures established by the ethical

and institutional review boards. The research was conducted with transparency in

reporting and a commitment to responsibly disseminating the findings. This

ensured that the study contributed to ethically sound and socially responsible

insights into the efficacy of rehabilitation programmes and probation laws in the

targeted communities.

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows the data in tabular form supported with

corresponding analysis and interpretation

38
1. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Table 1.1

Demographic Profile of Respondents in Terms of Age

Age of Frequency Percentage Ranking

Respondents

18-30 34 30.91 2

31-59 70 63.64 1

60 and above 6 5.45 3

TOTAL 110 100

Table 1.1 showed the age bracket of the respondents. Out of 110

respondents, 70 of them are under the 31-59 age bracket with a 63.63 percent and

ranked first. According to Sampson and Laub (2016), this age group is often

characterized by significant transitions in their lives that can be attributed to factors

such as transitions in financial status among other factors. During this stage, most

people within this age bracket encounter numerous challenges in life such as

disease, or termination of employment or divorce which might prompt their

involvement in illegal activities (Sampson & Laub, 2016). It was followed by ages 18-

30 with frequency of 34, percentage of 30.91 and ranked

2. The least of the respondents are under age of 60 and above with the total

respondents of 6 with a 5.45 percent.

Table 1.2

Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Gender

39
 Gender of the Frequency Percentage Ranking
Respondents

Female 29 73.64 2

Male 81 26.36 1

TOTAL 110 100

Table 1.2 showed that the majority of the respondents are male with the

frequency of eighty-one (81), ranked one (1) and with 73.64 percent. It was followed

by females with a frequency of twenty-nine (29) with 26.36 percent. According to

some researchers there are biological dissimilarities in men and women related to

aggressive behaviors and tendency to take risks. This is supported by hormonal

factors as well as structure of the brain which are seen in various studies yet remain

debatable (Moffitt, 2018). Also, expectations and gender roles from society could

have an impact on behavior; males have often been taught to behave aggressively,

competitively, and independently as opposed to girls (Eagly & Wood, 2013).

Table 1.3

Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of Crime Committed

Crime Frequency Percentage Ranking

Committed

40
 Drug related case 79 71.82 1

Unjust vexation 1 0.91 5

R.A 10591 8 7.27 3

R.A 9287 19 17.27 2

Estafa 3 2.73 4

TOTAL 110 100

Table 1.3 shows that 79 of the 110 respondents have drug-related

cases under their belts. Its percentage stands at 71.82 percent. Next, with a

percentage of 17.27, were 19 responders who had committed crimes against

RA 9287. Of the total responses, 7.27 percent are related to RA 10591,

which ranks third in relation to this offense. Estafa instances rank fourth

among them with a proportion of 2.73 percent. Three of them have estafa.

The lowest one falls under the category of unjust vexation with a frequency of

1 and a percentage of 0.91 percent. According to Cheteni (2021), the

individuals may try to survive by resorting to drugs. This may be survival

strategy considering that drugs are usually easy to sell and addictive to victim.

2. Effectiveness of the Implemented Rehabilitation Program

Table 2.1

Effectiveness of the Therapeutic Community Modality Program

41
 Weighted Mean Interpretation
Indicators Rank
A B Ave. A B Ave.
1. I am familiar with the Therapeutic
Community Modality Program offered by our 3.29 3.31 3.30 HE HE HE 6
organization.
2. The Therapeutic Community Modality
Program provides a caring and nurturing 3.41 3.39 3.40 HE HE HE 4
atmosphere for individuals seeking support.
3. Participating in the Therapeutic
Community Modality Program has brought
3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 1.5
about significant improvements in both my
behavior and mindset.
4. The Therapeutic Community Modality
Program is successful in fostering a sense
3.43 3.37 3.40 HE HE HE 4
of accountability and responsibility among its
participants.
5. I have faced difficulties in accessing or
taking part in the Therapeutic Community 2.29 2.31 2.30 SE SE SE 7
Modality Program.
6. The rehabilitation programs provided by
the Parole and Probation Administration
3.39 3.41 3.40 HE HE HE 4
have positively impacted the lives of
participants.
7. The support and assistance offered by
program staff in major rehabilitation 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 1.5
programs is satisfactory.
Composite Mean 3.26 3.26 3.26 HE HE HE
Legend: A = Lipa City; B = Tanauan City; Ave.= Average
Weight Scale/Range Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Effective (HE)

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective (E)
2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly Effective (SE)
1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

Table 2.1 showed that the indicator “Participating in the Therapeutic

Community Modality Program has brought about significant improvements in both

42
 my behavior and mindset” obtained the highest weighted mean of 3.50 interpreted

as “Highly Effective”, a l o n g w i t h “ The support and assistance offered by

program staff in major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory” each in rank 1.5. In

these items, the weighted mean obtained from the respondents from Lipa City

posted similar weighted mean of 3.49, while 3.51 from the respondents from

Tanauan City.

Engaging in the Therapeutic Community Modality Program has led to notable

positive changes in both behavior and mindset for the individual involved. It implies

that the program has had a meaningful impact on their actions, attitudes, and

outlook on life, indicating a successful outcome from their participation in the

program. This is also supported by the study of Escabel (2015) which stated that,

these programs are accomplished by re-shaping individual behavior and attitudes

through the client and the community by working together to help each other

restoring self-confidence and preparing them for their reintegration as productive

members of the community.

The indicator with the lowest score is "I have faced difficulties in accessing

or taking part in the Therapeutic Community Modality Program," which received a

weighted mean of 2.3 and was interpreted as "Slightly Effective," ranking 7th

overall. Probationers from Lipa City posted a weighted mean of 2.29, while 2.31

from those of Tanauan probationers. Both were interpreted as Slightly Effective.

Some clients express dissatisfaction, feeling that other programs provided by

the Therapeutic Community are insufficient for their complete rehabilitation. They

43
may also encounter challenges in securing employment due to discrimination based

on their criminal record, as highlighted in research studies such as that of Wallace

(2019). Employment is often a requirement for probationers, but barriers such as

low education levels and unstable job histories hinder their ability to find work.

The composite mean is 3.26 and described as “Highly Effective”. By

addressing these factors, the Parole and Probation Administration can enhance the

implementation of Therapeutic Community modality programs and maximize their

impact on offender rehabilitation, substance abuse treatment, and community

reintegration efforts.

According to Phelps (2013), probation is a correctional procedure that

involves monitoring and treating convicted criminal defendants so they can fulfill

their terms in the community. These community-based programmes, as opposed to

traditional punitive and deterrent methods like incarceration, are intended to lower

recidivism rates by giving offenders access to tools that encourage positive

behavioral change.

44
 Table 2.2

Effectiveness of the Implemented Rehabilitation Program by the Parole and

Probation Administration in Terms of Restorative Justice

Weighted Mean Interpretation

Indicators Rank
A B Ave. A B Ave.
1. I am aware of the rehabilitation programs
carried out by the Parole and Probation 3.59 3.61 3.60 HE HE HE 1.5
Administration.
2. The Parole and Probation
Administration’s significant rehabilitation 3.61 3.59 3.60 HE HE HE 1.5
initiatives effectively meet their goals.
3. The extensive rehabilitation programs that
the Parole and Probation Administration 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 4
offers efficiently meet a variety of our needs.
4. The main rehabilitation initiatives offered
by the Parole and Probation Administration
3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 4
are available to all of us, who are in need of
support.
5. I've faced obstacles or difficulties when
trying to access or take part in the main 2.49 2.51 2.50 SE E SE 7
rehabilitation programs.
6. The support and assistance offered by
program staff in major rehabilitation 3.51 3.49 3.50 HE HE HE 4
programs is satisfactory.
7. The rehabilitation programs are easily
accessible in terms of scheduling and 3.39 3.41 3.40 HE HE HE 6
availability.
Composite Mean 3.37 3.38 3.37 HE HE HE
Legend: A = Lipa City; B = Tanauan City; Ave.= Average
Weight Scale/Range Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Effective (HE)

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective (E)
2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly Effective (SE)
1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

45
 As shown in Table 2.2, the indicator "The Parole and Probation

Administration's significant rehabilitation initiatives effectively meet their goals"

claimed the top spot, boasting a weighted mean of 3.60, interpreted as "Highly

Effective", along with the significant rehabilitation initiatives that effectively meet

their goals in rank 1.5 each.

It means these efforts usually work well and can make things better. It

supports using programs that have been proven to help with drug and alcohol

problems. This strong support matches the idea of using programs that are proven

to work, as mentioned by Marlowe (2016). These programs usually use talking

therapy and motivational chats, which have been successful in helping participants,

as mentioned by Taxman & Marlowe (2016).

On the other hand, the lowest average weighted mean of 2.50 interpreted as

Slightly Effective in rank seven was that of facing obstacles or difficulties when trying

to access or take part in the main rehabilitation programs. This finding generates

a grotesque picture of the obstacles encountered by the probationers while taking

part in the rehabilitation programs. They could have expressed their predicaments

by giving the lowest rating to this item.

The composite mean of 3.37 interpreted as “Highly Effective” shows that

the factors given above affect the implementation of the major programs in

rehabilitation conducted by the PPA. This finding implies that the probationers

are satisfied with the rehabilitation program.

46
 The goal of the probation system is to keep convicts from hardening into

lifelong offenders. In other words, the probation system is a correctional process

that attempts to both rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders back into society. The

probation system repairs the detrimental consequences of incarceration while

assisting the offender in working for the welfare of his family (Javed Iqbal Khokhar,

2019).

47
 Table 2.3

Effectiveness of the Implemented Rehabilitation Program by the Parole and

Probation Administration in Terms of Volunteerism

Weighted Mean Interpretation

Indicators Rank
A B Ave. A B Ave.
1. I am familiar with the developmental
program provided by the Parole and
3.39 3.41 3.40 HE HE HE 6.5
Probation Administration as a component of
the rehabilitation procedure.
2. The rehabilitation programs provided by
the Parole and Probation Administration
3.51 3.49 3.50 HE HE HE 3
have positively impacted the lives of
participants.
3. I find the developmental programs to be
effective in supporting rehabilitation and 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 3
personal growth.
4. The developmental programs provide
valuable education and skills training 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 3
opportunities.
5. The programs for development are
successful in encouraging people to become 3.39 3.41 3.40 HE HE SE 6.5
more financially aware and independent.
6. The Developmental Programs provide
sufficient support for family counseling and 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 3
assistance.
7. The support and assistance offered by
program staff in major rehabilitation 3.49 3.51 3.50 HE HE HE 3
programs is satisfactory.
Composite Mean 3.46 3.48 3.47 HE HE HE
Legend: A = Lipa City; B = Tanauan City; Ave.= Average
Weight Scale/Range Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Highly Effective (HE)

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective (E)
2 1.76 - 2.50 Slightly Effective (SE)
1 1.00 - 1.75 Not Effective (NE)

48
 Table 2.3 shows that the indicator “The support and assistance offered
by program staff in major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory '' obtained the
highest weighted mean of 3.50 interpreted as “Highly Effective”, along with
other four indicators with similar rank of 3 as seen in the table.

Major Rehabilitation Programs are one of the programs of Parole and

Probation Administration that helps a lot for the development of their clients. It

allows the probationer with a structured framework to support their journey towards

successful reentry into society. Studies have shown that developmental programs

are far better and less costly than other treatment to offenders. Therefore, the

government and civil services are investing in strengthening families as a basic unit

of society that nurture and develop its members to be useful and responsible

members of society (Yangco, 2013).

The least among the indicators is “I am familiar with the developmental

program provided by the Parole and Probation Administration as a component of

the rehabilitation procedure” and “The programs for developmental are successful

in encouraging people to become more financially aware and independent” that

acquired weighted mean of 3.4 in all probationers and interpreted as “Effective”.

The findings in this table indicate that the success of these programs depends

on their ability to address the individual needs and circumstances of each client,

aiming to facilitate their reintegration into society successfully. The administration

should work collaboratively to identify and eliminate any barriers that prevent

probationers from accessing these essential rehabilitation programs. Research

49
suggests that effective supervision of offenders shows that not only the application

of effective interventions and methods is important, but also the role of

professionals such as probation officers (Jungmann, et al., 2014).

The overall weighted mean is 3.47 and described as “Highly Effective”. By

addressing these factors, the Parole and Probation Administration can enhance the

development and implementation of developmental programs aimed at promoting

rehabilitation, reducing re-offense, and supporting the successful reintegration of

individuals under supervision into society.

Table 3

Test of Difference between the Assessment of the Two Groups of

Respondents

Variables Computed t P value Interpretation Decision

TCMP -0.24019 0.818177 Not Significant Accept Ho
Restorative
-1.1619 0.289403 Not Significant Accept Ho
Justice
Volunteeris
-0.54127 0.59823 Not Significant Accept Ho
m

The findings in Table 3 reveal that the result of hypothesis testing between the

respondents from Lipa City and Tanauan City on the main research variables

arrived at no significant difference. This is confirmed by the computed probability

values of 0.818177 for TCMP, 0.289403 for Restorative Justice, and 0.59823 for

Volunteerism, all of which exceeded the 0.05 level. Hence, the null hypothesis on

these areas of comparison was accepted. These findings indicate that the

probationers from both localities more or less have similar experiences which

50
 redound to their close ratings of the given variables in relation to rehabilitation

program.

Wodahl (2021) averred that similar experiences among probationers

engendered a sense of commonality, such that in assessing practices and

programs they forwarded close ratings. As in this current study, there were no

significant differences on the assessment of two different groups of respondents.

51
 Table 4

Multiple Regression Test between Profile Variables and their Assessment of the
Implemented Rehabilitation Programs by the PPA

Beta Probability
Profile t/f- Value Significance
Coefficient Value
Age 0.073 1.106 0.267 Not Significant
Gender -0.008 -0.949 0.341 Not Significant
Crime Committed 0.076 1.147 0.251 Not Significant

Significance of Regression Model

Pearson r 0.234
Adjusted r square 0.658
Significant
F value 2.536
Probability value 0.041
Intercept 3.231

Table 4 reflects the multiple regression test between profile variables and the

respondents’ assessment of the effectiveness of the implemented rehabilitation

programs by the PPA. Based on the data presented, it is apt to consider no

significant differences on the perceptions of the respondents grouped by age,

gender and crime committed, as sustained by respective probability values of 0.267,

0.341 and 0.251, all of which exceeded the test statistics at 0.05 level.

As a whole the regression model is significant in attesting the predictability of

similarity in responses among different groups of respondents on the variables in

which they have more or less similar experiences. And ultimately, the regression

model is significant in such situations where the computed r accumulates, while the

t and f values decelerate thus forming an inverse relationship between the concepts

52
of difference and relationship. Truly they are opposites.

Meanwhile, the highest beta coefficient value obtained was 0.076, in

reference to crime committed. This finding implies that crime committed is the most

likely profile variable that drove the perceptions to a non-significant difference. On

the other hand, the point of interception was marked at 3.231, which means that the

weighted mean values intercepted at such point. The findings further imply that

similar experiences as probationers tends to result in close values of assessment.

The results of the studies of Aguda (2019) and Sarmiento (2020) also

revealed no significant difference between the perceptions of the respondents

grouped by demographic profile variables on the research variables they used in

their studies. This implies that many studies arrive at almost similar findings or vary

close to one another.

53
 5. Proposed Program towards the development of rehabilitation programs

PROPOSED ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM

Findings Proposed Objectives Persons Expected

Strategies involved Outcome

Not enough Supply enough To enhance Parole and There will be

resources by Probation
resources the capability enough
investing enough
Administration
money, enhance of the staff and resources for
(PPA)
the capability of the the the fast and
staff or exert more administration
time to make the effective
rehabilitation to make the
rehabilitation
program effective rehabilitation
program
more effectively
being
implemented

54
Too many Focus more in To develop a Parole and There will be
communicating to
people, not more Probation more precise
the assigned
enough help personnel for better harmonious Administration action
communication in (PPA)
relationship towards
providing support
and guidance for between providing
those who need it Parole and support and
Probation guidance to
Administration those who
officer and the need it.
people who
need help

Hard to get Provide drug To achieve a Parole and There will be

related programs program that enough
help Probation
that are program for
will surely help
inexpensive and Administration
those who need
provide more people who need (PPA)
it without
programs that will it without
spending too
surely help those spending too
much money
who need it much money

55
People don’t Build a better To have a Parole and A strong
work together partnership better Probation bond with
and make relationship Administration other group,
(PPA) and
them with other resulting to
other groups
understand group for them better
involved in
the essence to work providing of
justice
of team work together support and
system
and offer a assistance to
team building those who
program for need help
them to know
and
appreciate the
differences of
the task given to
them

Facing Promote anti- To reduce Parole and There will be

discrimination discriminatory discrimination Probation less cases of
practices faced by the Administration discrimination
probationers (PPA) towards
probationer

56
Not wanting Think outside To provide new Parole and There will be
to change the box or ideas that will Probation broad and
think of new surely improve Administration wide scope
(PPA)
activities to the capability of ideas that
improve helping of helping is new in
other
other people providing
people and
help to other
don’t get used
people
to being
contented
with what is
customary

Rules getting Study and To provide law Parole and A fully

in the way provide laws and policies Probation enhance
and policies that cannot Administration laws and
(PPA)
that will surely cause policies that
help hindrance in will provide
providing the the kind of
kind of support support that
that really really helps
helps people people to
change for the change for
better. the better

57
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This section presents the findings of the study where recommendations

were derived to address the problems.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Demographic profile variables tend to vary by groups

2. The factors represented in volunteerism, therapeutic programs, and development

programs are crucial in shaping the successful implementation of vital

rehabilitation programs within the Parole and Probation Administration.

3. Similarity in terms of experiences even among groups possibly creates common

point of views towards practices and programs.

4. Differences in demographic profile variables do not necessarily affect

perceptions of assessment of variables in which the groups encounter similar

experiences.

5. The final output of this study is a proposed program towards the development of

rehabilitation programs.

58
Recommendations

Based on the conclusions drawn, the following recommendations were

given:

1. To better support middle-aged men on probation dealing with drug-related

problems, there is a need to focus on programs like counseling, job training,

and community support. It's crucial for different groups, like law enforcement,

healthcare providers, and community organizations, to team up.

2. To effectively address these factors, the PPA needs to allocate sufficient

resources, design evidence-based programs, train competent staff, improve

access to services, strengthen collaboration among stakeholders, reduce

stigma and discrimination, promote prevention and early intervention, and

monitor program effectiveness.

3. To enhance rehabilitation programs within the Parole and Probation

Administration, it's vital to conduct detailed assessments of how volunteerism,

therapeutic programs, and development initiatives directly influence their

successful implementation.

4. It is recommended that the created program plan serve as guidance.

5. Future researchers may use this manuscript for reference, should they be

conducting studies similar or related to this current study.

59
REFERENCE

Albert, Bandura (2023). Social Learning Theory – Bandura

https://structural-learning.com

Bersemina, Dolores R. (2022): Work Environment Probationers in Ilocos Sur

https://ajehd.unp.edu.ph/index.php/ajehd

Corrigan, P.W. (2002). Understanding the Impact of Stigma on People with

Mental Illness-PMC. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>pmc

Eric, Wodahl J. (2021): The Effect of Individual Characteristics and Supervision

Experiences on the Perceived Quality of the Supervision Relationship
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>pmc

Gisele, Cheteni P. (2018) Drug-related crime and poverty in South Africa

www.tandfonline.com
Hayden, Madalyn (2023): Recidivism Rates in the United States versus
Europe: How and Why are they Different?
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677&context
=honors_theses

John, H. (2017). Understanding the Role of Probation: Observing the

Effectiveness of Probation as an Alternative to Incarceration.
https://mountainscholar.org
Jose JR., C. (2016). The Paradox of Being a Probationer: Tales of Joy and
Sorrow. https://ijisrt.com>assets>files.pdf
Kaeble, Danielle. (2023) : Probation and Parole in the United States

https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/probation-and-parole-united-states-2

021#:~:text=At%20 year end%202021%2C%20an%20 estimated,the%20 lowest

%20rate%20 since%201987.
Manuel Jr., R. Overview of the Community-Based Treatment System of the
Philippines.https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No96/No96_PA_
Manuel.pdf
PPA, (2018). Establishment and Development of Probation Administration.

60
https://probation.gov.ph/establishment-development-probation-administrati on/
Presado, Joy E. (2019): Parole and Probation Administration in Northern
Samar, Philippines http://ijmas.com/upcomingissue/08.03.2019.pdf
Rapisarda, Sabrina S. (2021): Community Corrections in the UK: England and
Wales
https://globcci.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/UK-England-Wales-Narrati ve-
Summary_June-2021.pdf
Sakib, S. M. N. (2022). An Exploration Of Barriers To Offender Reintegration:
Probation And Prison Officer Opinions Vs Public Opinion. CrimRxiv.
https://doi.org/10.21428/cb6ab371.57835463
Toole, Kayla J. (2015) : They Tried to Make Me Go T e Me Go To Rehab: A
Study of Rehabilitation in o Rehab: A Study of Rehabilitation in United States
Corrections

https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&
article=1405&context=srhonorsprog
Woodland, Evelyn. (2019):The State of the UK Prison System: Urgent Need for
Reform https://blog.govnet.co.uk/justice/uk-prison-system-reform#:~:text=It
%20is
%20evident%20that%20the,and%20drastically%20raise%20prisons%20st andards

61
Appendix A- Letter Request for Data gathering

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63
 Appendix B- Survey Questionnaire

AN EVALUATION OF THE REHABILITATION PROGRAMS OF PAROLE

AND PROBATION ADMINISTRATION FOR SENTENCED PRISONERS IN
LIPA AND TANAUAN CITY TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT

As part of our research, the following data were needed to be answered that will
help the researchers to reach their target data that lead to the fulfillment of their
research about probationers' perceptions of the rehabilitation program's impact
on their development.

Age: ( ) 18-30 Gender: ( ) Male

( ) 31- 59 ( ) Female
( ) 60 and above

Crime Committed (Krimen na Nagawa):

DIRECTION (PANUTO): Put a check mark (/) to the number that corresponds to
your answer in the given statement using the following scale. ( Lagyan ng tsek
(/) ang numero na tumutugma sa iyong sagot sa ibinigay na pahayag gamit ang
sumusunod na antas.)

4- Strongly Agree (Lubos na sumasang-ayon)

3- Agree (Sumasang-ayon)
2- Disagree (Hindi sumasang-ayon)
1- Strongly Disagree (lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon)

MAJOR PROGRAMS 4 3 2 1
(Restorative Justice)
1. I am aware of the rehabilitation programs carried out
by the Parole and Probation Administration.
2. The Parole and Probation Administration’s significant
rehabilitation initiatives effectively meet their goals.

64
3. The extensive rehabilitation programs that the Parole
and Probation Administration offers efficiently meet a
variety of our needs.
4. The main rehabilitation initiatives offered by the Parole
and Probation Administration are available to all of us,
who are in need of support.
5. I've faced obstacles or difficulties when trying to access
or take part in the main rehabilitation programs.
6. The support and assistance offered by program staff in
major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory.
7. The rehabilitation programs are easily accessible in
terms of scheduling and availability.

DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRAM 4 3 2 1

(Volunteerism)
1. I am familiar with the developmental program provided
by the Parole and Probation Administration as a
component of the rehabilitation procedure.
2. The rehabilitation programs provided by the Parole and
Probation Administration have positively impacted the
lives of participants.
3. I find the developmental programs to be effective in
supporting rehabilitation and personal growth.

4. The developmental programs provide valuable

education and skills training opportunities.

5. The programs for development are successful in

encouraging people to become more financially aware and
independent
6. The Developmental Programs provide sufficient support
for family counseling and assistance.

7. The support and assistance offered by program staff in

major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory.

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 THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MODALITY 4 3 2 1
PROGRAM
(TLCP SESSION - Monthly TC Session, Skills
Training, Drug Test)
1. I am familiar with the Therapeutic Community Modality
Program offered by our organization.

2. The Therapeutic Community Modality Program provides

a caring and nurturing atmosphere for individuals seeking
support.

3. Participating in the Therapeutic Community Modality

Program has brought about significant improvements in
both my behavior and mindset.

4. The Therapeutic Community Modality Program is

successful in fostering a sense of accountability and
responsibility among its participants.

5. I have faced difficulties in accessing or taking part in the

Therapeutic Community Modality Program.

6. The rehabilitation programs provided by the Parole and

Probation Administration have positively impacted the lives
of participants.

7. The support and assistance offered by program staff in

major rehabilitation programs is satisfactory.

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Appendix C-Certificate of Validation

67
68