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Thursday, March 7, 2024 1:54 PM

1. What Is AWS And Why Is It Used?

AWS stands for Amazon Web Services, It is an
expanded cloud computing platform provided
by Amazon Company.
• AWS provides a wide range of services with a pay-as-per-use
pricing model over the Internet such as Storage, Computing
power, Databases, Machine Learning services, and much
more.
• AWS facilitates for both businesses and individual users with
effectively hosting the applications, storing the data securely,
and making use of a wide variety of tools and services
improving management flexibility for IT resources.

2. Explain Top AWS Services

In the rapid revolution of Cloud Computing, AWS facilitates with wide variety of
services respect to the fields and needs.
The following are the top AWS services that are in wide usage:
• Amazon EC2(Elastic Compute Cloud) : It provides the Scalable computing power
via cloud allowing the users to run applications and manage the workloads over
their remotely.
• Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service ): It offers scalable object Storage as a
Service with high durability for storing and retrieving any amount of data.
• AWS Lambda: It is a service in Server less Architecture with Function as a
Service facilitating server less computing i.e., running the code on response to the
events, the background environment management of servers is handled by aws
automatically. It helps the developers to completely focus on the logic of code
build.
• Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service): This is an aws service that simplifies
the management of database providing high available relational databases in the
cloud.
• Amazon VPC (Virtual Private Cloud): It enables the users to create isolated
networks with option of public and private expose within the AWS cloud,
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 networks with option of public and private expose within the AWS cloud,
providing safe and adaptable configurations of their resources.

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Amazon Web Services

Advantages Disadvantages
AWS allows you to easily scale your AWS can be complex, with a wide range of
resources up or down as your needs services and features that may be difficult
change, helping you to save money and to understand and use, especially for new
ensure that your application always has the Users
resources it needs
AWS provides a highly reliable and secure • AWS can be expensive, especially if you
infrastructure, with multiple data centers andhave a high-traffic application or need to run
a commitment to 99.99% availability for multiple services. Additionally, the cost of
many of its services. services can increase over time, so you need
to regularly monitor your spending
AWS offers a wide range of services and tools While AWS provides many security features
that can be easily combined to build and and tools,
deploy a variety of applications, making it securing your resources on AWS can still be
highly flexible. challenging, and you may need to
implement additional security measures to
meet your specific requirements
AWS offers a pay-as-you-go pricing model, AWS manages many aspects of the
allowing you to infrastructure, which can limit your control
only pay for the resources you actually use over certain parts of your application and
and avoid upfront costs and long-term environment.
commitments

5. Applications/use-cases of AWS services

- The AWS services are using by both startup and MNC companies as per their use
case.
- The startup companies are using overcome hardware infrastructure cost and
applications deployments effectively with cost and performance.
- Whereas large scale companies are using AWS cloud services for the
management of their Infrastructure to completely focus on the development of
products widely

• The following the Real-world industrial use-cases of AWS services:

• Netflix: The Large streaming gaint using AWS for the storage and
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 • Netflix: The Large streaming gaint using AWS for the storage and
scaing of the applications for ensuring seamless content delivery
with low latency without interruptions to millions of users globally.
• Airbnb: By utilizing AWS, Airbnb manages the various workloads
and provides insurable and expandable infrastructure for its virtual
marketplace and lodging offerings.
• NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory: It takes the help of AWS
services to handle and analyze large-scale volumes of data related to
vital scientific research missions and space exploration.
• Capital One: A financial Company that is utilizing AWS for its
security and compliance while delivering innovative banking
services to its customers.

6. What is Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)? Use Cases of Amazon

EC2?
• Amazon Web service offers EC2 which is a short form of Elastic Compute
Cloud (ECC) it is a cloud computing service offered by the Cloud Service
Provider AWS.
• You can deploy your applications in EC2 servers without any worrying
about the underlying infrastructure.
• You configure the EC2-Instance in a very secure manner by using the VPC,
Subnets, and Security groups.
• You can scale the configuration of the EC2 instance you have configured
based on the demand of the application by attaching the autoscaling group
to the EC2 instance.
• You can scale up and scale down the instance based on the incoming
traffic of the application

Use Cases OF EC2:

• Deploying Application: In the AWS EC2 instance, you can deploy your
application like .jar,.war, or .ear application without maintaining the
underlying infrastructure.
• Scaling Application: Once you deployed your web application in the EC2
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 • Scaling Application: Once you deployed your web application in the EC2
instance know you can scale your application based upon the demand you
are having by scaling the AWS EC2-Instance.
• Deploying The ML Models: You can train and deploy your ML models in
the EC2-instance because it offers up to 400 Gbps), and storage services
purpose-built to optimize the price performance for ML projects.
• Hybrid Cloud Environment: You can deploy your web application in EC2-
Instance and you can connect to the database which is deployed in the
on premises servers.
• Cost-Effective: Amazon EC2-instance is cost-effective so you can deploy
your gaming application in the Amazon EC2-Instances

7. Explain features of EC2?

1. AWS EC2 Functionality
- EC2 provides its users with a true virtual computing platform, where they
can use various operations and even launch another EC2 instance from this
virtually created environment.
- This will increase the security of the virtual devices.
- Not only creating but also EC2 allows us to customize our
environment as per our requirements, at any point of time during the life
span of the virtual machine. Amazon EC2 itself comes with a set of default
- AMI(Amazon Machine Image) options supporting various operating
systems along with some pre-configured resources like RAM, ROM,
storage, etc. Besides these AMI options, we can also create an AMI curated
with a combination of default and user-defined configurations. And for
future purposes, we can store this user-defined AMI, so that next time, the
user won’t have to re-configure a new AMI(Amazon Machine Image) from
scratch.
- Rather than this whole process, the user can simply use the older
reference while creating a new EC2 machine.

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 2. AWS EC2 Operating Systems
- Amazon EC2 includes a wide range of operating systems to choose
from while selecting your AMI.
- Not only are these selected options, but users are also even given the
privilege to upload their own operating systems and opt for that while
selecting AMI during launching an EC2 instance.
- Currently, AWS has the following most preferred set of operating systems
available on the EC2 console.
- AWS EC2 Software Amazon is single-handedly ruling the cloud computing
market, because of the variety of options available on EC2 for its users.
- It allows its users to choose from various software present to run on their
EC2 machines.
- This whole service is allocated to AWS Marketplace on the AWS platform.
- Numerous software like SAP, LAMP, Drupal, etc are available
on AWS to use.

3. AWS EC2 Scalability and Reliability

- EC2 provides us the facility to scale up or scale down as
per the needs.
- All dynamic scenarios can be easily tackled by EC2 with the help of this
feature.
- And because of the flexibility of volumes and snapshots, it is highly reliable
for its users.
- Due to the scalable nature of the machine, many organizations like
Flipkart, and Amazon rely on these days whenever humongous traffic
occurs on their portals

8. What is Dockers and containers?

• Docker:
- Docker is containerization platform for developing, packaging, shipping and
running application.
It provides the ability to run application in an isolated environment called
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- It provides the ability to run application in an isolated environment called
container.
- Makes deployment and development efficient.

• Container:
- A way to package an application with all the necessary dependencies and
configuration
- It can be easily shared
- Makes deployment and development efficient.

9. What is AWS Lambda (Use Cases, Features/ advantages, language

support, working of lambda function? disadvantages)
- AWS Lambda is an Amazon server less computing system that runs code
and automatically manages the underlying computing resources like (EC2).
- AWS Lambda is a compute service that lets you run code without
provisioning or managing servers.
- Lambda runs your code on a high-availability compute infrastructure and
performs all of the administration of
the compute resources, including server and operating
system maintenance, capacity provisioning and
automatic scaling.
- With Lambda, all you need to do is supply your code in
one of the language runtimes that Lambda supports

• Use Cases:
Lambda is an ideal compute service for application
scenarios that need to scale up rapidly, and scale down to
zero when not in demand. For example, you can use
Lambda for:
• File processing: Use Amazon Simple Storage Service
(Amazon S3) to trigger Lambda data processing in real time
after an upload.
• Stream processing: Use Lambda and Amazon Kinesis to
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 • Stream processing: Use Lambda and Amazon Kinesis to
process real-time streaming data for application activity
tracking, transaction order processing, clickstream analysis,
data cleansing, log filtering, indexing, social media analysis,
Internet of Things (IoT) device data telemetry, and
metering.
• Web applications: Combine Lambda with other AWS
services to build powerful web applications that
automatically scale up and down and run in a highly
available configuration across multiple data centers.
• IoT backends: Build serverless backends using Lambda
to handle web, mobile, IoT, and third-party API
requests.
• Mobile backends: Build backends using Lambda and
Amazon API Gateway to authenticate and process API
requests. Use AWS Amplify to easily integrate with
your iOS, Android, Web, and React Native frontends

• Key Features
• Lambda’s key features and selling points are as
follows:
• Highly scalable
• Completely event-driven
• Support multiple languages and frameworks
• Pay-as-you-go pricing

• Language support:
1. node JS
2. Python
3.Ruby
4.Power Shell
5. Go
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 5. Go
6. C#
7.JAVA

• Working of Lambda Function:

- When you upload your code to Lambda, it becomes a “function” that
various events can trigger, such as changes in data, HTTP
requests, or a scheduled time.
- Lambda provisions the required computing resources upon invocation,
executes the function, and then scales down to zero when
the function finishes.
- So, Lambda eliminates the need for infrastructure management.

• Benefits of AWS Lambda

• Server less architecture: With AWS Lambda, you don’t need to worry
about server management. It automatically scales and provisions the
infrastructure.
• Cost-efficiency: Lambda follows a pay-as-you-go model, where you are
only charged for the actual compute time your code consumes.
• Automatic scaling: Lambda functions scale seamlessly based on incoming
request volume, ensuring optimal performance without manual
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 request volume, ensuring optimal performance without manual
intervention.
• Event-driven: Lambda can be triggered by various AWS services, enabling
event-driven architectures. Due to this feature, you can make responsive
and scalable applications.
• Fast execution: AWS Lambda offers low-latency execution, allowing your
functions to respond quickly to requests.
• Built-in fault tolerance: Lambda automatically replicates your code across
multiple availability zones, enhancing fault tolerance and reliability

• Disadvantages of AWS (Amazon Web Services) Lambda Function

• Latency while starting: While aws lambda is going to be activated
after a long gap it will take some time to initialize the service which
is required to deploy the application at that time end users will face
latency issues.
• Limited control of infrastructure: Behalf of your lambda function is
going to take of underlying infrastructure so you will have very
limited control over undelaying infrastructure.
• Time Limit: AWS Lambda enforces a maximum execution time limit
for functions, which is currently set to 900 seconds (15 minutes). If
your function exceeds this time limit, it will be forcibly terminated.
• Vendor Lock-In: If you want to execute the lambda function then
you need the support of any cloud provider as here we are using
AWS because it is widely used in the market.
• Limited Computing and Memory Options: Limited configuration is
there on the memory and CPU configuration. The predefined
memory configuration was 120 MB to 120 GB and memory
configuration determines the corresponding CPU power

10. What is cloud storage?

- Cloud storage is a cloud computing model that enables storing data and
files on the internet through a cloud computing provider that you access
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 files on the internet through a cloud computing provider that you access
either through the public internet or a dedicated private network
connection.
- The provider securely stores manages and maintains the storage servers,
infrastructure, and network to ensure you have access to the data when
you need it at a virtually unlimited scale, and with elastic capacity.
- Cloud storage removes the need to buy and manage your own data
storage infrastructure, giving you agility, scalability, and durability, with
any time, anywhere data access.

11. What are the types of cloud storage?

Types of cloud storage
•File Storage – saves data as files stored in folders and subfolders in a
hierarchical
structure. Files are accessed by following a specific pathway (user
\documents\media
folder).
•Block storage – splits data into fixed ‘blocks’ with unique identifiers. These
blocks are
stored across a network of storage units (physical and cloud) with no single
repository.
Blocks are retrieved, very quickly, using specific protocols which call on the
block’s
unique ID, which is why they are preferred by development teams.
•
Object Storage – stores various types of data (raw video footage,
documents,
databases, etc.) inside of a cloud bucket without a hierarchical structure.
Data is referred to as an ‘object’ and comes with the added benefit of
metadata and a unique ID

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 12. Why is cloud storage important?
- Cloud storage delivers cost-effective, scalable storage. You no longer need
to worry about running out of capacity, maintaining storage area networks
(SANs), replacing failed devices, adding infrastructure to scale up with
demand, or operating underutilized hardware when demand decreases.
- Cloud storage is elastic, meaning you scale up and down with demand and
pay only for what you use.
- It is a way for organizations to save data securely online so that it can be
accessed anytime from any location by those with permission.
- Whether you are a small business or a large enterprise, cloud storage can
deliver the agility, cost savings, security, and simplicity to focus on your
core business growth.
- For small businesses, you no longer have to worry about devoting valuable
resources to manage storage yourself, and cloud storage gives you the
ability to scale as the business grows.
- For large enterprises with billions of files and petabytes of data, you can
rely on the scalability, durability, and cost savings of cloud storage to create
centralized data lakes to make your data accessible to all who need it

13. What is Amazon S3 Used for?

Data Storage: Amazon s3 acts as the best option for scaling both small
and large storage applications. It helps in storing and retrieving the data-
intensitive applications as per needs in ideal time.
Backup and Recovery: Many Organizations are using Amazon S3 to
backup their critical data and maintain the data durability and availability
for recovery needs.
Hosting Static Websites: Amazon S3 facilitates in storing HTML, CSS
and other web content from Users/developers allowing them for hosting
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 and other web content from Users/developers allowing them for hosting
Static Websites benefiting with low-latency access and cost-effectiveness.
To know more detailing refer this Article – How to host static websites
using Amazon S3
Data Archiving: Amazon S3 Glacier service integration helps as a cost-
effective solution for long-term data storing which are less frequently
accessed applications.
Big Data Analytics: Amazon S3 is often considered as data lake
because of its capacity to store large amounts of both structured and
unstructured data offering seamless integration with other AWS Analytics
and AWS Machine Learning Services.

14. How enable versioning in Amazon S3?

- To enable the versioning in Amazon S3 , try on navigating to AWS
Console >> Amazon S3 >> Select the Bucket >> Then go to the Properties
and turn on the Versioning.
- How can I automate the data lifecycle management in Amazon S3? On
using Lifecycle rules in Amazon S3 you can automate the transition of files
to lower-cost storage classes or deleting them after a specified period for
cost optimization and data management

15. Advantages of Amazon S3

1. Scalability: Amazon S3 can be scalable horizontally which makes it handle
a large amount of data. It can be scaled automatically without human
intervention.
2. High availability: AmazonS3 bucket is famous for its high availability
nature you can access the data whenever you required it from any region.
It offers a Service Level Agreement (SLA) guaranteeing 99.9% uptime.
3. Data Lifecycle Management: You can manage the data which is stored in
the S3 bucket by automating the transition and expiration of objects based
on predefined rules. You can automatically move the data to the Standard-
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on predefined rules. You can automatically move the data to the Standard-
IA or Glacier, after a specified period.
4. Integration with Other AWS Services: You can integrate the S3 bucket
service with different services in the AWS like you can integrate with the
AWS lambda function where the lambda will be triggered based upon the
files or objects added to the S3 bucket.

16. Explain IAM Features

IAM (Identity and Access Management) features refer to the functionalities
and capabilities provided by IAM systems to manage user identities, their
access to resources, and the overall security of an organization's digital
assets. Here are some key IAM features commonly found in modern IAM
solutions:
1. Identity Management: IAM systems allow organizations to create,
manage, and maintain digital identities for users, groups, and roles. This
includes features such as user provisioning, deprovisioning, authentication,
and user lifecycle management.
2. Access Control: IAM solutions offer granular access control mechanisms
to regulate who can access what resources within an organization's IT
infrastructure. This includes defining access policies based on roles,
permissions, attributes, and context (such as time of access or location).
3. Authentication: IAM systems provide various authentication methods to
verify the identity of users before granting access to resources. This can
include multi-factor authentication (MFA), single sign-on (SSO), biometric
authentication, and more.
4. Authorization: Once users are authenticated, IAM systems enforce
authorization policies to determine the specific actions they are allowed to
perform within the system. This involves defining access permissions based
on roles, groups, attributes, or policies.
5. Integration: IAM systems integrate with various identity repositories
and IT systems, such as LDAP directories, Active Directory, cloud services,
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and IT systems, such as LDAP directories, Active Directory, cloud services,
and applications. This allows centralized management of identities and
access across heterogeneous environments.
6. Policy Management: IAM solutions enable organizations to define and
enforce access control policies consistently across their IT infrastructure.
Policies can be based on factors such as user roles, resource attributes, and
contextual information.
7. Scalability and Performance: Modern IAM solutions are designed to
scale to accommodate growing numbers of users, devices, and
applications, while maintaining optimal performance and responsiveness.
These features collectively help organizations enhance security, streamline
access management processes, ensure compliance with regulations, and
improve overall efficiency in managing digital identities and access to
resources.

17. Explain types of AWS Storage services?

•AWS is the most secure, extensive, and reliable cloud platform, offering
over 200 fully featured services from data centers globally. Whether you
need to deploy your application workloads globally in a single click, or you
want to build and deploy specific applications closer to your end users with
single-digit millisecond latency, AWS provides you with the cloud
infrastructure where and when you need it.
•Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) redundantly stores objects
on multiple devices across a minimum of three Availability Zones (clusters
of discrete data centers with redundant power, networking, and
connectivity in an AWS Region).
•Amazon FSx and Amazon Elastic File System (Amazon EFS) provide shared
file access for applications with unstructured data such as video and
medical images, web and rich media content, or user directories or large
data sets.
•Block-based cloud storage solutions like Amazon Elastic Block Store
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 •Block-based cloud storage solutions like Amazon Elastic Block Store
(Amazon EBS) are provisioned with each Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
(Amazon EC2) compute instance and deliver the ultra-low latency required
for high-performance workloads

18. Define following terms:

• Regions:
: AWS provide the services with respective division of regions. The
regions are divided based on geographical areas/locations and will
establish
data centers. Based on need and traffic of users, the scale of data centers is
depended to facilitate users with low-latencies of services

• Availability Zones (AZ):

To prevent the Data centers for the Natural
Calamities or any other disasters. The Datacenters are established as sub
sections with isolated locations to enhance fault tolerance and disaster
recovery management.

• Global Network Infrastructure:

AWS ensures the reliability and scalability of services through setting up its
own AWS Network Infrastructure globally. It helps in better management
of data transmissions for optimized performance and security reliance.

• Data Center:
- A data center is a physical facility that houses hundreds of computer
systems, network devices, and storage appliances.
- We can run our applications in two or more data centers to achieve high
availability, so If there is an outage in one of the data centers, we still have
other servers running in another data center.
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 other servers running in another data center.
- A data center can also deliver cached content to your global end-users to
improve response times.
- At its core, the AWS Global Infrastructure utilizes multiple data centers and
group them into Availability Zones, Regions, and Edge Locations.

• S3 bucket?:
Amazon S3 bucket is a fundamental Storage Container feature in AWS S3
Service. It provides a secure and scalable repository for storing of Objects
such as Text data, Images, Audio and Video files over AWS Cloud. Each S3
bucket name should be named globally unique and should be configured
with ACL (Access Control List).

• IAM Policies:
IAM policies are mostly used to manage the permissions to
the users and groups and resources available in the AWS by using the
IAM roles options. You can attach an IAM policy to an IAM entity (user,
group, or role) granting them access to specific S3 buckets and
operations.
IAM Policies can manage access for AWS by attaching them to the IAM
Identities or resources IAM policies defines permissions of AWS identities
and AWS resources when a user or any resource makes a request to AWS
will validate these policies and confirms whether the request to be allowed
or to be denied.
- AWS policies are stored in the form of Jason format

• IAM Roles:
While policies cannot be directly given to any of the services accessible
through the
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through the
Amazon dashboard, IAM roles are similar to IAM users in that they may be
assumed
by anybody who requires them. By using roles, we can provide AWS
Services access
rights to other AWS Services

• IAM Groups:
A group is a collection of users, and a single person can be a member of
several groups.
With the aid of groups, we can manage permissions for many users quickly
and efficiently.

• IAM Users:
We can utilize IAM users to access the AWS Console and their
administrative permissions differ from those of the Root user and if we can
keep track of their login information.

• Root user:
The root user will automatically be created and granted unrestricted rights.
We can create an admin user with fewer powers to control the entire
Amazon account.

• VPC:
A virtual private cloud (VPC) is a virtual network dedicated to your AWS
account.
It is logically isolated from other virtual networks in the AWS Cloud. You
can specify an IP
address range for the VPC,
add subnets, add gateways, and associate security groups. A subnet is a
range of IP addresses in
your VPC.
has a default VPC in each AWS Region. The default VPC includes a default
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 has a default VPC in each AWS Region. The default VPC includes a default
public subnet in
each Availability Zone and an internet gateway that is attached to your
VPC. The VPC also
includes a default security group.

• Security group :
A security group controls the traffic that is allowed to reach and leave the
resources that it is associated with. For example, after you associate a
security group with an EC2 instance, it controls the inbound and outbound
traffic for the instance. When you create a VPC, it comes with a default
security group.

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