ASSIGNMENT

Course Name: Clinical

Service Management
Module 3: Integrated chronic disease
management (ICDM)

1. Elaborate the ICDM model?

Integrated Chronic Disease Management (ICDM) is a model of managed

care that provides for integrated prevention, treatment and care of
chronic patients at primary healthcare level (PHC) to ensure a seamless
transition to “assisted” self-management within the community. The aim
of ICDM is to achieve optimal clinical outcomes for patients with
chronic communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) using
the health system building blocks approach. ICDM adopts a diagonal
approach to health system strengthening, i.e. technical interventions that
improve the quality of care for chronic patients coupled with the
strengthening of the support systems and structures to enhance the health
system. ICDM uses a health systems approach to chronic diseases
(communicable and NCDs) through the strengthening of the various
building blocks of the health system. The ICDM consists of four
interrelated phases that are dependent on overarching strong stewardship
and ownership at all levels of the health system.
The four inter-related phases include:
 Facility re-organisation to improve service efficiency
 Clinical supportive management to improve quality of clinical care.
 “Assisted” self-support and management of patients through the PHC
ward-based outreach teams (WBOT) to empower individuals to take
responsibility for managing their own conditions and increasing
awareness of chronic diseases at the population level.
 Strengthening of support systems and structures outside the health
facility to ensure a fully functional and responsive health system.
The ICDM model is based on a Public Health approach to empower
the individual to take responsibility for their own health, whilst
simultaneously intervening at a community/population and health
service level. This approach adopts a systems perspective and
addresses interventions across the spectrum of continuity of care that
includes:

 Primary prevention through health promotion, early detection,

appropriate screening and surveillance,  Secondary prevention by
providing appropriate treatment and care,

 And tertiary prevention through rehabilitation, and palliative care at

the various stages of the disease pathway.

The main aim is to ensure early detection and appropriate management

of high-risks patients.
Primary prevention
Health education and health promotion at household level via the PHC
outreach team and integrated school health teams (ISHTs)
Identification of high-risk individuals within the community with an
appropriate referral mechanism for confirmation of diagnosis and
management.
Secondary prevention (treatment and care)
A clear pathway of management that involves scheduled facility visits
The application of evidence-based clinical guidelines for optimal
clinical outcomes
An inter-disciplinary approach to the care and management of patients
Early identification of risk factors for disease complications and
appropriate referral to a higher level of care.
Health education and promotion for at-risk individuals to prevent
complications that are costly for the health system.
Tertiary prevention
The appropriate referral and management of patients with disabilities
and complications by allied health workers, such as occupational
therapist and physiotherapist. An empowered individual Who takes
responsibility for self-management and control of disease
“Assisted” self-management within the community through point of
care testing and medication supply via the community health workers
(CHWs).
Population Level
Strengthening of the implementation of health policies addressing the
social determinants of health
Health promotion campaigns addressing risk factors
Population-based screening during health awareness campaigns. ICDM
will be achieved through:
Strong stewardship and ownership at all levels of the health system
Health service re-organization at facility level
Clinical management support at facility level
“Assisted” self-management support at community level
Strengthening of support systems and structures within the health
system.
The ICDM model addresses the six priority areas of the National Core
Quality Standards for Health Establishments, namely improving staff
values and attitudes, waiting times, cleanliness, patient safety and
security, infection prevention and control, and the availability of
medicines and supplies.
2.EXPLAIN MEMO FOR FACILITY ICDM INITIATION
MEETING?

Dear Team,
I am writing to inform you about the upcoming Facility ICDM
(Integrated Crisis and Disaster Management) Initiation Meeting, which
is scheduled for [insert date, time, and location]. This meeting is crucial
in launching our efforts towards creating a comprehensive strategy for
managing crises and disasters within our facility effectively.
Purpose: The primary objective of this meeting is to initiate the process
of establishing an Integrated Crisis and Disaster Management system
within our facility. It aims to bring together key stakeholders,
department heads, and relevant personnel to lay down the foundation for
coordinated response mechanisms to potential emergencies.
Agenda:
1. Introduction to ICDM: Overview of the concept of Integrated
Crisis and Disaster Management, its significance, and benefits for
our facility.
2. Identification of Key Stakeholders: Discussion on identifying
individuals or departments crucial for the implementation and
execution of the ICDM framework.
3. Risk Assessment: Conducting a preliminary assessment of
potential risks and hazards specific to our facility.
 4. Roles and Responsibilities: Defining roles and responsibilities of
various stakeholders in different phases of crisis and disaster
management.
5. Communication Protocols: Establishing effective communication
channels and protocols for swift and accurate dissemination of
information during emergencies.
6. Training and Drills: Planning for regular training sessions and
drills to ensure preparedness and competency in handling various
crisis scenarios.
7. Next Steps: Determining the immediate actions to be taken post-
meeting, including assigning tasks, setting timelines, and
scheduling follow-up meetings.
Preparation: To make the most of this meeting, I urge all attendees to
familiarize themselves with the concept of Integrated Crisis and Disaster
Management and come prepared to actively participate in discussions.
Please review any relevant documents or materials provided beforehand
to facilitate constructive dialogue and decision-making.
Conclusion: The Facility ICDM Initiation Meeting marks the beginning
of our journey towards enhancing our facility's resilience and response
capabilities in the face of emergencies. Your participation and
commitment to this initiative are instrumental in ensuring its success.
Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to fruitful discussions
and collaborations during the meeting.
3. What will we be doing to improve patient care and
management?

Improving patient care and management within a healthcare facility

involves a multi-faceted approach aimed at enhancing both the quality of
care provided to patients and the efficiency of administrative and
operational processes. Here are some strategies that could be considered:
1. Implementing Electronic Health Records (EHR): Transitioning
from paper-based records to EHR systems can streamline patient
information management, improve accuracy, facilitate
communication among healthcare providers, and enhance the
overall quality of care.
2. Enhancing Communication Channels: Implementing efficient
communication channels among healthcare staff members, such as
secure messaging systems or unified communication platforms,
can ensure timely exchange of information, leading to better
coordination of care and improved patient outcomes.
3. Standardizing Protocols and Procedures: Developing
standardized protocols and procedures for various clinical
processes, such as patient admission, discharge, and transfer, can
help ensure consistency in care delivery and reduce the risk of
errors or oversights.
4. Utilizing Telemedicine: Integrating telemedicine services into
patient care can improve access to healthcare, particularly for
patients in remote areas or those with limited mobility.
Telemedicine allows for virtual consultations, remote monitoring,
and follow-up care, thereby enhancing patient convenience and
continuity of care.
5. Implementing Quality Improvement Initiatives: Establishing
quality improvement initiatives focused on identifying areas for
improvement, setting performance benchmarks, and implementing
evidence-based practices can help drive continuous enhancements
in patient care delivery and outcomes.
6. Empowering Patient Engagement: Encouraging patient
engagement through initiatives such as patient education programs,
shared decision-making, and patient portals can empower patients
to take an active role in their healthcare management, leading to
better treatment adherence and overall satisfaction.
7. Staff Training and Development: Providing ongoing training and
professional development opportunities for healthcare staff
members can ensure that they stay abreast of the latest
advancements in medical practices and technologies, enabling
them to deliver high-quality care effectively.
8. Utilizing Data Analytics: Leveraging data analytics tools to
analyze clinical and operational data can provide valuable insights
into patient populations, resource utilization, and areas for
improvement, enabling informed decision-making and targeted
interventions to enhance patient care and management.
9. Patient Safety Initiatives: Implementing patient safety initiatives,
such as medication reconciliation programs, infection control
protocols, and fall prevention strategies, can minimize the risk of
adverse events and improve overall patient safety and satisfaction.
 10. Collaboration and Interdisciplinary Care: Promoting
interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare providers,
including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health
professionals, can facilitate comprehensive and holistic care
delivery, addressing the diverse needs of patients more effectively.
By adopting these strategies and continuously seeking opportunities for
improvement, healthcare facilities can strive to enhance patient care and
management, ultimately leading to better outcomes and experiences for
patients.

4.Write steps district engagement activities?

District engagement activities are essential for fostering community

involvement, promoting civic participation, and addressing local issues
effectively. Here are steps to plan and implement district engagement
activities:
1. Assess Community Needs and Interests:
 Conduct surveys, interviews, or focus groups to understand
the priorities, concerns, and interests of residents within the
district.
 Identify key stakeholders, community organizations, and
leaders who can contribute to the engagement process.
2. Establish Clear Objectives:

 Define the specific goals and objectives of the engagement

activities, ensuring they align with the needs and aspirations
of the community.
 Determine the desired outcomes, whether it's fostering
collaboration, raising awareness, gathering feedback, or
implementing solutions to address local challenges.
3. Develop an Engagement Plan:
 Create a comprehensive plan outlining the scope, timeline,
resources, and methods for conducting district engagement
activities.
 Consider a variety of engagement strategies, such as town
hall meetings, community forums, workshops, surveys, social
media campaigns, or participatory budgeting processes.
4. Promote Transparency and Accessibility:
 Ensure that information about engagement activities,
including schedules, agendas, and outcomes, is easily
accessible to all residents.
 Use multiple communication channels, including websites,
social media, newsletters, and local media outlets, to reach a
diverse audience.
5. Facilitate Meaningful Dialogue:
 Create opportunities for open and inclusive discussions
where residents feel comfortable expressing their opinions
and concerns.
 Provide clear information and resources to facilitate informed
decision-making and constructive dialogue among
participants.
6. Encourage Participation and Inclusivity:
 Implement strategies to engage diverse segments of the
community, including underrepresented groups, marginalized
populations, youth, seniors, and newcomers.
 Offer translation services, childcare, transportation
assistance, and other accommodations to overcome barriers
to participation.
7. Collaborate with Community Partners:
 Forge partnerships with local organizations, schools,
businesses, faith-based groups, and other stakeholders to
amplify engagement efforts and leverage existing resources.
 Tap into the expertise, networks, and resources of community
partners to enhance the impact and sustainability of
engagement activities.
8. Gather and Analyse Feedback:
 Collect feedback from participants through surveys, polls,
comment cards, or online platforms to assess the
effectiveness of engagement activities.
 Analyse the feedback to identify common themes, emerging
issues, and opportunities for improvement or further action.
9. Act on Insights and Recommendations:
 Use the insights and recommendations gathered from
engagement activities to inform decision-making, policy
development, resource allocation, and community initiatives.
 Communicate how resident input influenced outcomes and
demonstrate a commitment to responsive and accountable
governance.
10. Evaluate and Iterate:
 Regularly evaluate the impact and outcomes of district
engagement activities, reflecting on successes, challenges,
and lessons learned.
 Use evaluation findings to refine engagement strategies,
adapt to evolving community needs, and continuously
improve the effectiveness of engagement efforts over time.
By following these steps, district stakeholders can cultivate a culture
of engagement, collaboration, and empowerment, ultimately
strengthening the relationship between local government and the
community.
5.List the responsibilities of operational manager?

1. Strategic Planning and Goal Setting:

 Collaborate with senior management to develop operational
strategies aligned with the organization's overall goals and
objectives.
 Define clear, measurable goals and performance targets for
the operational department or team.
2. Resource Allocation and Management:
 Determine resource requirements, including personnel,
equipment, materials, and budgetary allocations, to support
operational activities.
 Allocate resources effectively to ensure optimal utilization
and alignment with operational objectives.
3. Process Improvement and Optimization:
 Identify opportunities to streamline operational processes,
enhance efficiency, and reduce waste.
 Implement process improvements and optimization strategies
to achieve cost savings, productivity gains, and quality
enhancements.
4. Performance Monitoring and Analysis:
 Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics to
measure operational performance.
 Monitor KPIs and analyze operational data to assess
performance trends, identify areas for improvement, and
make data-driven decisions.
5. Quality Assurance and Compliance:
 Develop and implement quality assurance processes and
procedures to ensure adherence to quality standards and
regulatory requirements.
 Conduct regular audits and inspections to assess compliance
with internal policies, industry regulations, and quality
standards.
6. Risk Management and Mitigation:
 Identify potential risks and vulnerabilities in operational
processes and activities.
 Develop risk mitigation strategies and contingency plans to
minimize the impact of risks on business operations and
continuity.
7. Team Leadership and Development:
  Provide leadership, direction, and support to operational
teams, fostering a positive work environment and promoting
a culture of accountability and continuous improvement.
 Coach and mentor team members, providing guidance and
feedback to help them achieve their goals and develop
professionally.

8. Stakeholder Engagement and Relationship Management:

 Collaborate with internal stakeholders, such as department
heads, project managers, and cross-functional teams, to
ensure alignment and coordination of operational activities.
 Build and maintain positive relationships with external
stakeholders, including vendors, suppliers, contractors, and
regulatory authorities.
9. Communication and Collaboration:
 Facilitate communication and collaboration among team
members, departments, and stakeholders to ensure
transparency, alignment, and effective coordination.
 Foster a culture of open communication, where ideas,
feedback, and concerns are welcomed and addressed
constructively.
10. Budgeting and Financial Management:
 Develop, monitor, and manage operational budgets, ensuring
that expenditures are within allocated budgets and aligned
with financial objectives.
 Identify cost-saving opportunities and implement cost-control
measures to optimize resource utilization and maximize
return on investment.
11. Customer Focus and Satisfaction:
 Understand customer needs and expectations, and ensure that
operational activities are aligned with delivering value and
enhancing customer satisfaction.
 Implement customer feedback mechanisms and incorporate
customer insights into operational improvements and
decision-making processes.
12. Project Management and Execution:
 Oversee the planning, execution, and delivery of operational
projects and initiatives, ensuring that they are completed on
time, within budget, and according to specifications.
 Coordinate cross-functional teams and resources to achieve
project objectives and milestones effectively.
13. Continuous Learning and Development:
 Stay abreast of industry trends, best practices, and emerging
technologies relevant to operational management.
 Invest in continuous learning and professional development
to enhance knowledge, skills, and capabilities in operational
leadership and management.
14. Reporting and Performance Evaluation:
 Prepare regular reports and presentations on operational
performance, highlighting achievements, challenges, and
opportunities for improvement.
 Present findings to senior management and stakeholders, and
collaborate on action plans to address areas needing
improvement.

15. Crisis Management and Response:

 Develop and implement crisis management plans and
protocols to respond effectively to emergencies, disruptions,
and unforeseen events.
 Lead crisis response efforts, coordinate with relevant
stakeholders, and ensure business continuity and resilience in
challenging situations.
By fulfilling these responsibilities effectively, operational managers
play a crucial role in driving organizational success, achieving
operational excellence, and delivering value to stakeholders.