AEROSPACE AMS 2430N

MATERIAL
Issued SEP 1948
SPECIFICATION Revised JUN 2008

Superseding AMS 2430M

Shot Peening, Automatic

RATIONALE
AMS 2430N results from a Five Year Review and update of this specification.

1. SCOPE

1.1 Form

This specification covers the engineering requirements for automatic peening of surfaces of parts by impingement of
metallic shot, glass beads, or ceramic shot.

1.2 Application

To induce residual compressive stress in surface layers of parts, thereby increasing fatigue strength and resistance to
stress-corrosion cracking but usage is not limited to such applications.

2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS

The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a part of this specification to the
extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue
is specified. When the referenced document has been cancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the
last published issue of that document shall apply.

2.1 SAE Publications

Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside
USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.

AMS 2431 Peening Media, General Requirements

SAE J442 Test Strip, Holder and Gage for Shot Peening
SAE J443 Procedure for using Standard Shot Peening Test Strip
SAE J2277 Shot Peening Coverage

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely
voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”
SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.
Copyright © 2008 SAE International
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.
TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)
Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
Fax: 724-776-0790
Email: CustomerService@sae.org
SAE WEB ADDRESS: http://www.sae.org
SAE AMS 2430N -2-

2.2 ASTM Publications

Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org.

ASTM E 18 Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials

ASTM E 11 Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes

3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Peening Media

3.1.1 Peening Media

As-received peening media shall conform to the requirements of AMS 2431.

3.1.2 Media Maintenance

3.1.2.1 Media size uniformity during processing shall be in accordance with Table 1. Inspection shall be conducted in
accordance with 4.3.3.

TABLE 1 - SIZE UNIFORMITY REQUIREMENTS OF SHOT IN MACHINE

Cast Cut
Shot Wire
Sizes Sizes Glass Ceramic 0.5% Maximum
ASR AWCR, Bead Shot By weight allowed to be Maximum 20%
or AWS, or Sizes Sizes Retained on US By Weight Passing US
ASH1 AWCH1 AGB1 AZB1 Sieve2, Size mm (Inch) Sieve2, Size mm (Inch)
930 -- -- -- 5, 4.00 (0.157) 8, 2.36 (0.0937)
780 -- -- -- 6, 3.35 (0.132) 10, 2.00 (0.0787)
660 -- 200 -- 7, 2.80 (0.110) 12, 1.7 (0.0661)
550 62 170 -- 8, 2.36 (0.0937) 14, 1.4 (0.0555)
460 54 140 -- 10, 2.00 (0.0787) 16, 1.18 (0.0469)
390 47 -- -- 12, 1.7 (0.0661) 18, 1.00 (0.0394)
330 41 100 850 14, 1.4 (0.0555) 20, 0.850 (0.0331)
-- 35 -- -- 14, 1.4 (0.0555) 20, 0.850 (0.0331)
280 32 -- -- 16, 1.18 (0.0469) 25, 0.710 (0.0278)
230 28 70 600 18, 1.00 (0.0394) 30, 0.600 (0.0234)
190 23 -- -- 20, 0.850 (0.0331) 35, 0.500 (0.0197)
170 20 50 425 25, 0.710 (0.0278) 40, 0.425 (0.0165)
130 17 -- -- 30, 0.600 (0.0234) 45, 0.355 (0.0139)
110 14 35 300 35, 0.500 (0.0197) 50, 0.300 (0.0117)
-- -- 30 -- 40, 0.425 (0.0165) 60, 0.250 (0.0098)
70 12 -- -- 40, 0.425 (0.0165) 80, 0.180 (0.0070)
-- -- 25 210 45, 0.355 (0.0139) 70, 0.212 (0.0083)
-- -- 18 150 60, 0.250 (0.0098) 100, 0.150 (0.0059)
-- -- 15 -- 70, 0.212 (0.0083) 120, 0.125 (0.0049)
-- -- 12 -- 80, 0.180 (0.0070) 140, 0.106 (0.0041)
-- -- 9 -- 120, 0.125 (0.0049) 200, 0.075 (0.0029)
-- -- 6 -- 170, 0.090 (0.0035) 270, 0.055 (0.0021)
1
See AMS 2431 for definitions
2
Sieve specified in ASTM E11
SAE AMS 2430N -3-

3.1.2.2 Media Shape Maintenance

Media shape uniformity during processing shall meet the requirements of Table 2A and 2B.

TABLE 2A - NON-METALLIC MEDIA SHAPE UNIFORMITY MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

Max Allowable Max Allowable
Glass Number of Ceramic Number of
Sample Bead Unacceptable Shot Unacceptable
Size Sizes Glass Bead Shapes Sizes Ceramic Shot Shapes
(Inches) AGB (5%)2 AZB1 (5%)
1x1 200 14 -- --
1x1 170 19 -- --
1x1 140 28 -- --
½x½ 100 14 850 14
½x½ 70 28 600 28
¼x¼ 50 14 425 14
¼x¼ 35 28 300 28
¼x¼ 30 40 -- --
1/8 x 1/8 25 14 210 14
1/8 x 1/8 18 28 150 28
1/8 x 1/8 15 40 -- --
1/8 x 1/8 12 57 -- --
1/8 x 1/8 9 122 -- --
1/8 x 1/8 6 240 -- --
1
See AMS 2431 for definitions

TABLE 2B - METALLIC MEDIA SHAPE UNIFORMITY MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

(VALUES CHOSEN TO REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY 5% OF SAMPLE)
Maximum Maximum
Allowable Allowable
Number of Number of
Sample Cast Shot Unacceptable Cut Wire Sizes Unacceptable
Size Sizes Cast Shot AWCR, AWS, Cut Wire
(Inches) ASR or ASH1 Shapes (5%)2 AWCH1 Shapes (5%)3
1x1 930 4 -- --
1x1 780 5 -- --
1x1 660 7 -- --
1x1 550 9 62 12
1x1 460 16 54 16
1x1 390 22 47 22
½x½ 330 7 41 28
½x½ -- -- 35 9
½x½ 280 9 32 11
½x½ 230 14 28 14
½x½ 190 22 23 22
½x½ 170 31 20 31
¼x¼ 130 9 17 9
¼x¼ 110 14 14 14
¼x¼ 70 22 12 20
1
See AMS 2431 for definitions
2
See Figure 1 for cast media shape accept/reject criteria.
3
See Figure 2 for cut media shape accept/reject criteria.
SAE AMS 2430N -4-

3.1.2.3 Glass beads and ceramic shot shall be inspected in accordance with 4.3.3 to ensure that not more than 10%
(by number) of the beads or shot are broken. When wet glass bead is used, the entire slurry charge shall be
changed at frequent intervals for compliance with this requirement. Fresh beads may be added only once
between changes of the entire slurry to maintain the media quality.

3.2 Equipment

The following types of equipment shall be provided for the peening of parts

3.2.1 Peening Machine

3.2.1.1 Pneumatic and centrifugal peening machines shall be used to peen parts. Nozzle positions of pneumatic
machines or wheel cages of centrifugal machines shall be adjusted so those peening streams have an angle of
impingement as nearly perpendicular as practicable to areas to be peened. Air pressure or wheel speeds shall
be adjusted to yield designated intensities.

3.2.1.2 The peening machine shall provide means of propelling, at a controlled rate, dry metallic shot by air pressure or
centrifugal force, or propelling dry or wet glass beads or ceramic shot by air pressure, against the work, and
means of uniformly moving the work through the shot or bead stream in either translation, rotation, or both as
required. The nozzles and the work shall be held and moved mechanically.

3.2.1.3 Unless otherwise specified, equipment for dry peening with either shot or beads shall include a separator for
shape control and contaminant removal. The separator shall provide means for continuous removal of broken
or defective shot or beads during peening. For wet bead peening, a separator is not required but the entire
slurry shall be changed often enough that the peening intensity under any given set of parameters remains
within established limits for that set of parameters. Fresh beads may be added once between changes of the
entire slurry to maintain the peening intensity.
SAE AMS 2430N -5-

3.2.1.4 Each set up shall be qualified for each part number. Either a scrap piece or representative fixture shall be fitted
with sufficient test strip holders oriented essentially in the same manner, with the same surrounding features as
the part, to represent the actual designated surface. Peening time and a saturation curve shall be established
for each Almen test strip.

3.2.2 Almen Test Strips

Almen test strips shall conform to SAE J442.

3.2.2.1 In locations where standard test strips cannot be placed to accurately reflect the peening intensity, shaded (or
masked) test strips may be used; such test strips shall conform to all requirements of 3.2.2 The relationship
between the peening intensity on the masked test strips and that on the standard test strip shall be established.
The intensity thus established for the masked test strip shall be used for control of the peening intensity.

3.2.2.2 The use and designation of types of test strips will largely depend on the specific results desired. In general, the
"A" test strip is used except for high and low intensities. The "C" test strip is usually used if the arc height on the
"A" test strip would exceed 0.024 inch (0.61 mm), the "N" test strip is usually used if the arc height on the "A"
test strip would be less than 0.004 inch (0.10 mm).

3.2.2.3 Reuse of test strips for determining intensity is prohibited.

3.2.3 Gages used with standard "A", "C", and "N" test strips shall conform to SAE J442 with end stops.

3.2.4 Blocks or Fixtures

Blocks or fixtures used to support standard test strips during tests to establish specified peening intensity shall conform to
SAE J442. Test strips may also be supported directly on the scrap piece or representative fixture, without separate
blocks, as long as the clamping dimensions conform to SAE J442.

3.2.5 Masking

Suitable masks and baffles shall be provided to direct the shot or beads where desired and to prevent peening in
prohibited areas.

3.3 Preparation

The following preparatory steps shall be completed prior to peening of parts.

3.3.1 Preparation of Parts

Parts shall be free of grease, dirt, oil, corrosion, and corrosion-preventive coatings such as anodic coatings, plating, or
paint. Areas of the part or work piece which are designated to be free from any shot peening marks shall be suitably
masked or otherwise handled to protect such surfaces from the peening stream or subsequent damage. When it is
impractical to mask or otherwise protect areas designated to be free from shot peening marks, sufficient stock shall be
provided in these areas for subsequent removal of affected material for compliance with dimensional requirements of the
applicable drawing.

3.3.1.1 All heat treatment to meet requirements for mechanical properties shall be completed prior to peening.

3.3.1.2 All machining of areas to be peened shall be completed, all fillets shall be properly formed, all burrs shall be
removed, and edges and corners to be peened shall be rounded.

3.3.1.3 When magnetic particle or fluorescent penetrant inspection is required, parts shall be subjected to such
inspection before being peened.

3.3.1.4 Dimensions and surface finish shall be as specified by the Engineering drawing prior to shot peening unless
otherwise specified.
SAE AMS 2430N -6-

3.4 Procedure

3.4.1 Parts shall be peened on all areas specified on the engineering drawing. If the drawing does not specify the
areas, the parts shall be peened on all surfaces except in holes and apertures smaller than 0.50 inch (13 mm) in
diameter or width. If these small areas require shot peening, the drawing shall so designate.

3.4.2 The phrase "peening optional" shall mean that peening on areas so indicated is optional and may have complete,
partial, or no coverage.

3.4.3 Areas specified not to be peened may either be masked from the peening stream or they may be peened if
subsequent machining operations remove the effects of peening on such areas.

3.4.4 If fillet radii on parts are required to be peened, the shot or bead size used shall be such that the shot or bead
nominal diameter is not greater than one-half the smallest nominal fillet radius to be peened, except that the
nominal diameter of the shot need not be smaller than 0.007 inch (0.18 mm) and the nominal diameter of beads
need not be smaller than 0.002 inch (0.05 mm). If the shot or beads must pass through recesses or apertures to
peen required surfaces, the nominal diameter of the shot or beads shall be not greater than 25% of the width of
the opening, except that the limitations as to minimum shot and bead size specified above for peening fillets shall
also apply.

3.4.5 If the percent coverage is not specified on the engineering drawing, complete coverage shall be used.

3.5 Post Treatment

3.5.1 After peening and removal of protective masks, all shot or beads and fragments there from shall be removed from
surfaces of parts by a method which will not erode or scratch surfaces.

3.5.2 Straightening of peened parts is prohibited, unless otherwise specified.

3.5.3 Subsequent processing shall be performed only when permitted by the engineering drawing requirements. In
order to minimize reduction of the residual stresses imposed by peening, the temperature of the parts caused by
such processing shall not exceed the limits of Table 3.

TABLE 3 - TEMPERATURE LIMITS FOR PEENED PARTS

Alloy Temperature
Low-Alloy Steels 475 °F (246 °C)
Corrosion-Resistant Steels 750 °F (399 °C)
Aluminum Alloys 200 °F ( 93 °C)
Titanium Alloys 475 °F (246 °C)
Magnesium Alloys 200 °F ( 93 °C)
Nickel and Cobalt Alloys 1000 °F (538 °C)

3.5.3.1 The amount of metal removed by honing, lapping, or polishing shall be not more than 10% of the specified
minimum arc height for "A" and "C" intensities and not more than 3% of the specified minimum arc height for
"N" intensities.

3.5.4 Aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, corrosion resistant steel alloy, and titanium alloy parts which have been steel
shot peened shall be cleaned by suitable methods to remove all iron contaminants. Halogenated solvents shall
not be used to clean titanium alloy parts.

3.5.5 Shot peened parts shall be protected from corrosion during processing and until protective coating or packaging
is completed. The method of protection shall be as acceptable to the cognizant engineering organization.
SAE AMS 2430N -7-

3.6 Properties

3.6.1 Coverage and Appearance

Surfaces which have been peened shall show complete coverage as defined in SAE J2277.

3.6.2 Intensity

Peening intensity shall be as specified on the engineering drawing, determined in accordance with SAE J443.

3.7 Tolerances

Unless otherwise specified, variation from the specified (minimum) peening intensity shall be -0, +30% to the nearest unit
but in no case less than three; thus, a specified peening intensity of 6A denotes an arc height of 0.006 to 0.009 inch (0.15
to 0.23 mm) on the "A" specimen and a specified peening intensity of 18N denotes an arc height of 0.018 to 0.023 inch
(0.46 to 0.58 mm) on the "N" specimen. Unless otherwise specified, the variation in boundaries of areas to be peened
shall be -0 to +0.125 inch (-0 to +3.18 mm) into the area not required to be peened.

4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS

4.1 Responsibility for Inspection

The processor shall supply all samples for processors tests and shall be responsible for the performance of all required
tests. When parts are to be tested, the parts shall be supplied by purchaser. Purchaser reserves the right to sample and
to perform any confirmatory testing deemed necessary to ensure that processing conforms to specified requirements.

4.2 Classification of Tests

4.2.1 Acceptance Tests

Coverage and appearance (3.6.1) and intensity (3.6.2) are acceptance tests and shall be performed on each lot.
Coverage tests shall be performed on representative parts from each lot. Intensity verification shall be performed at the
beginning and, for lot sizes greater than one, at the end of each lot or every eight hours, whichever is less.

4.2.2 Periodic Test

Shot maintenance (3.1.2) is a periodic test and shall be performed at the frequency specified in 4.3.3.

4.2.3 Preproduction Test

Qualification of peening set up (3.2.1.4) is a preproduction test.

4.3 Sampling and Testing

Shall be as follows; a lot shall be all parts in a production run that are peened in one setup of the machine using the same
test piece fixture and the same peening parameters and in increments of not more than eight hours of machine operation
(actual peening time).

4.3.1 Coverage and Appearance

Parts shall be inspected for coverage and appearance by methods defined in SAE J2277.

4.3.2 Intensity

4.3.2.1 The intensity shall be verified by peening one strip at saturation time “T” at each verification point as specified in
4.2.1.
SAE AMS 2430N -8-

4.3.3 Shot Maintenance

4.3.3.1 Machines with Built-In Screen Classifiers

Shot size and shape shall be inspected in accordance with Table 4 or whenever the size or type of media in the machine
is changed. Peening intensity verification must be performed whenever the media maintenance requirements are violated.

4.3.3.2 Machines without Classifiers

Shot size and shape shall be inspected in accordance with Table 4 or whenever the size or type of media in the machine
is changed. Peening intensity verification must be performed whenever the media maintenance requirements are violated.

TABLE 4 - MEDIA MAINTENANCE INSPECTION FREQUENCY REQUIREMENTS

Machine With Machine Without
Media Classifier (Hrs) Classifier (Hrs)
AMS 2431 /1 Cast Steel Shot Regular 40 8
AMS 2431 /2 Cast Steel Shot Hard 40 8
AMS 2431 /3 Cut Wire Shot Carbon, Regular 80 16
AMS 2431 /4 Cut Wire Shot Stainless 120 24
AMS 2431 /5 Peening Balls 20 4
AMS 2431 /6 Glass Bead 8 2
AMS 2431 /7 Ceramic Bead 8 4
AMS 2431 /8 Cut Wire Shot Carbon, Hard 80 16

4.4 Approval

4.4.1 The processor’s quality control system and compliance to this specification shall be approved by the cognizant
authority before parts for production use are supplied. Peen operators shall be trained and demonstrate
proficiency in setup of nozzles and fixturing, setting machine parameters, intensity verification and determination
of shot quality.

4.4.2 Processor shall establish, for each part number, parameters for control factors for processing which will produce
acceptable peened parts; these shall constitute the approved peening procedures and shall be used for peening
production parts. If necessary to make any change in parameters for critical items of processing, processor shall
submit for approval a revised peening procedure and, when requested, sample peened parts. Production parts
peened by the revised procedure shall not be shipped prior to receipt of reapproval.

4.4.2.1 Control factors must be recorded. Process variables shall include, but are not limited to, the following:

Type of machine (pneumatic or centrifugal)

Number of nozzles or wheels
Size of nozzles or wheels
Nozzle or slinger position
Air pressure or wheel speed in rpm
Nozzle (or wheel) -to-work distance (or control program reference number)
Media type, hardness, size. See AMS 2431
Speed of work movement in translation and rotation
Placement of test strips in relation to the work
Time to peen part
Size of metering orifice (pneumatic machine only)
Test strip type (A,N,C)
Holding and masking fixture
Intensity
Percent Coverage
SAE AMS 2430N -9-

4.4.2.1.1 Any of the above control factors for which parameters are considered proprietary by the processing vendor
may be assigned a code designation. Each variation in such parameters shall be assigned a modified code
designation.

4.5 Test Methods

4.5.1 Coverage

Shall be determined in accordance with SAE J2277.

4.5.2 Intensity

Shall be determined in accordance with SAE J443.

4.6 Reports

The processor shall furnish with each shipment a report stating that the parts have been processed and tested in
accordance with latest revision specified requirements and that they conform to the acceptance test requirements. This
report shall include the purchase order number, lot number, AMS 2430N, part number, serial numbers (if assigned),
number of parts, processor’s procedure number.

4.7 Retest

If any test strip used in the test of 4.5.2 fails to meet the specified requirements, disposition of the parts may be based on
the results of one additional test strips for each original nonconforming test strip using the same machine settings. Failure
of the additional test strip to meet the specified requirements shall be cause for rejection of the parts represented.

5. PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY

5.1 Packaging and Identification

5.1.1 Peened parts shall be handled and packaged to ensure that the required physical characteristics and properties
of the peened parts are preserved.

5.1.2 Packages of peened parts shall be prepared for shipment in accordance with commercial practice and in
compliance with applicable rules and regulations pertaining to the handling, packaging, and transportation of the
parts to ensure carrier acceptance and safe delivery.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The processor shall mention AMS 2430 and its revision letter in all quotations and when acknowledging purchase orders.

7. REJECTIONS

Parts on which peening does not conform to this specification, or to modifications required by purchaser, will be subject to
rejection with subsequent disposition determined by purchaser.

8. NOTES

8.1 A change bar (|) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical
revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of a specification. An (R) symbol to the left
of the document title indicates a complete revision of the specification, including technical revision. Change bars
and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in specifications that contain editorial changes only.
SAE AMS 2430N - 10 -

8.2 Engineering Drawings should specify:

8.2.1 Shot peening in accordance with AMS 2430.

8.2.2 Defined peening conditions such as:

Areas to be peened
Media type, size (and hardness)
Almen intensity
Location of Almen intensity verification
Areas to be masked
Areas where peening is optional

8.3 Intensity ranges for various media types.

8.3.1 Metallic shot may be used for peening to intensities requiring use of “N”, “A” or “C” Almen test strips.

8.3.2 Glass beads may be used for peening to intensities requiring use of “N” or “A” Almen test strips.

8.3.3 Ceramic shot may be used for peening to intensities requiring use of “N” or “A” Almen test strips.

8.4 Terms used in AMS are clarified in ARP1917 and as follows:

8.4.1 Automatic

A class of peening machine that precludes use of manual movement of either the shot stream or the work piece but relies
upon mechanical means to provides these features.

8.4.2 Cognizant Engineering Organization

The responsible authority or entity responsible for approving specification or drawing departures and interpretations.

8.4.3 Media

Any of the commonly used materials used for peening, such as cast steel shot, cut wire shot, ceramic bead, glass bead,
or peening balls. See AMS 2431.

8.4.4 Nominal Size

Approximate size of media in ten-thousandths of inch. Example: S-110 = 0.011 inch. Used in determining minimum fillet
radius requirements. The size of the media maintenance screen opening for 20% Passing.

8.5 Dimensions and properties in inch/pound units and the Fahrenheit temperatures are primary; dimensions and
properties in SI units and the Celsius temperatures are shown as the approximate equivalents of the primary units
and are presented only for information.

8.6 Purchase documents should specify not less than the following:

AMS 2430N
Part number of parts to be peened
Quantity of parts to be peened
Peening intensity desired.

PREPARED BY AMS COMMITTEE "B"