Pearson

REVISION GUIDE
Edexcel
IGCSE
Further Pure
Mathematics
4PM1
Surds
1. √𝑎 𝑥 √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏
𝑎
2. √𝑎 ÷ √𝑏 = √
𝑏

3. √a / √b and √a - √b are conjugate surds. The product of conjugate surds is a rational

number.

Indices
1. Am x an = a m + n
2. am / an = am – n
3. (am)n = amn
4. a0 = 1
1
5. a –n =
𝑎𝑛
1
6. 𝑎 = n√a
𝑛
𝑚
n m n m
7. 𝑎 𝑛 = √a = ( √a)

Logarithms
1. log a + log b = logab
𝑎
2. log a – log b = log
𝑏
3. a log x y = log x y a
4. log a a = 1
log 𝑏𝑥
5. loga𝑥 =
log 𝑏𝑎
6. loga1 = 0
1
7. log a b = log 𝑏 a
Binomial theorem
1. (x + y)n = xn + (nc1 * xn-1 * y)+ (nc2 * xn-2 * y2n)+ ( nc3 xn-3 y3 ) + ( nc4 xn-4 y4 ) ………………………
2. (r+1)th term = ( ncr xn-r yr )
Quadratic Equation
Nature of roots
# ax2 + bx + c = 0

1. If b2 – 4ac > 0, roots are real & different / real and distinct and the curve y = ax2 + bx + c
will cut the x axis at two real and distinct points

2. If b2 – 4ac < 0, roots are not real/ imaginary / complex and the curve y = ax2 + bx + c will
lie entirely above the x axis if a > 0 and entirely below the x axis if a < 0.
 3. If b2 – 4ac = 0, roots are real and equal / repeated / coincident and the curve y = ax2 + bx
+ c touches the x-axis.

4. If b2 – 4ac ≥ 0, roots are real.

Solving Quadratic Inequality

When α and β (α<β) are two roots of 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 (a>0) and

1. If 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 > 0, range of values of 𝑥: 𝑥 < 𝛼, 𝑥 > 𝛽

2. If 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≥ 0, range of values of 𝑥: 𝑥 ≤ 𝛼, 𝑥 ≥ 𝛽
3. If 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 < 0, range of values of 𝑥: 𝛼 < 𝑥 < 𝛽
4. If 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≤ 0, range of values of 𝑥: 𝛼 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝛽

α, β
1. If α and β are two roots of 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0,
𝑏
a. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −
𝑎
𝑐
b. 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎
2. If two roots of an unknown equation is given and you want to find the equation, follow the
following steps:
a. Find the sum of the roots.
b. Find the product of the root.
c. Use the following formula, 𝑥2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠) × 𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0
d. Simplify the equation if needed.
3. ∝2+ 𝛽2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
4. (𝛼 − 𝛽)2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽
5. 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)3 − 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 + 𝛽)
6. 𝛼3 − 𝛽3 = (𝛼 − 𝛽)3 + 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 − 𝛽)
7. (𝛼 + 𝛽)3 = 𝛼3 + 𝛽3 + 3𝛼𝛽(𝛼 + 𝛽)
Set, Relation and Function
1. A set is any well-defined collection, list or class of objects. It may be given by either listing its
members or defining its properties clearly.
2. A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
3. A function is a relation in which every elements in the domain has a unique image in the range.
4. The range of a function f is the set of values f(x) for the given domain.
5. Two functions f and g can be combined to produce composite functions fg or gf such that
fg(x) = f(g(x)) and gf(x) = g(f(x)).
In general, fg and gf are different functions.
6. The absolute value of x, written as |x|, is defined as
x if x > 0
|x| = 0 if x = 0
-x if x < 0
Circular Measure
1. ∏ radian = 1800
2. For a sector of a circle enclosed by two radii that subtend an angle of θ radians at the
centre, the arc length s is given by
s=rθ
and the area of the sector A is given by
1
A = 𝑟2 θ
2
where r is the radius of the circle.
Trigonometry

𝑜𝑝𝑝
1. Sin θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑j
2. Cos θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
3. Tan θ = 𝑎𝑑j
1
4. Sec x = cos 𝑥
1
5. Cosec x = sin 𝑥
1
6. Cot x = tan 𝑥
cos 𝑥
7. Cot x = sin 𝑥
8. Sin2 + cos2 x = 1
9. sec2 x - tan2 x =1
10. cosec2 - cot2 x = 1
11. Sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
12. Sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
13. Cos(A+B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
14. Tan (A+B) = 1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
15. Sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
16. Cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A = 1 -2sin2 A = 2 cos2 A -1
2 tan 𝐴
17. Tan 2A = 1−tan2 𝐴
sin 𝐴
18. Tan A = cos 𝐴
Arithmetic Progression (A.P)
1. Nth term = a + (n-1)d
𝑛
2. Sn = {2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
2

Geometric Progression (G.P)

1. Nth term = arn-1
𝑎 (𝑟𝑛−1)
2. Sn = ,r>1
𝑟−1
𝑎 (1−𝑟𝑛)
3. Sn = ,r<1
1−𝑟

# -1 < r < 1 or |r| < 1.

The series is convergent. It has sum to infinity.
𝑎
1. Sα = 1−𝑟

Otherwise the series is divergent. It has does not have sum to infinity.
Co – ordinate Geometry
1. The distance between two points A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2)𝑦is √{(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)}
2−𝑦1
2. The gradient of the line joining A(x y ) and B(x y ) is
1, 1 2, 2 𝑥2−𝑥1
3. The coordinates of the mid-point of the line joining A(x1 , y1) and B(x2 , y2) are
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦 +𝑦
( ) , ( 1 2) .
2 2
4. Finding coordinates when a point divides a line internally.

(𝑈 × 𝑥1) + (𝑇 × 𝑥2)
𝑎=
𝑇+𝑈
(𝑈 × 𝑦1) + (𝑇 × 𝑦2)
𝑏=
𝑇+𝑈

5. The equation of the straight line having a gradient m and passing through the point (x1,
y2) is given by : y – y1 = m (x – x1).
6. Two lines are parallel if their gradients are equal.
7. Two lines are perpendicular to each other if the product of their gradients is -1.
Differentiation
1. For a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) represents the gradient of the tangent to the curve at any point 𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥𝑛, then = 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛−1, where 𝑎 and n are constants.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
3. (𝑢 + 𝑣) = +
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
4. If 𝑦 is a function of 𝑢, and 𝑢 us a function of 𝑥, then = × (chain rule).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
5. If y, 𝑢 and v are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, then =𝑢 +𝑣 (product rule).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑣𝑑𝑢−
𝑢
𝑑𝑣

6. If 𝑦, 𝑢 and 𝑣 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 = , then = 𝑑𝑥

𝑣2
𝑑𝑥 (quotient rule).
𝑣 𝑑𝑥

The following are true only when 𝑥 is in radians:

𝑑
7. (sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
8. (cos 𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
9. (tan 𝑥) = sec2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Other formulae
𝑑
10. (sin𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑛 sin𝑛−1 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
11. (cos𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑛 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
12. (tan𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑛 tan𝑛−1 𝑥 (sec2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
13. (𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
14. (𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥) = −𝑎𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
15. (𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏 sec2 𝑏𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
16. [sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] = 𝑎 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
17. [cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] = −𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
18. [tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] = 𝑎 sec2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥

Application of Differentiation
𝑑𝑦
19. Stationary points or turning points of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) occur when = 0.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑦
20. The second derivative ( ) determines the nature of the stationery points:
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2𝑦
(a) If is negative, the stationery point is a maximum point.
𝑑𝑥2
𝑑2𝑦
(b) If 𝑑𝑥2
is positive, the stationary point is a minimum point.
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(c) If is zero, the nature of the stationery point depends on how the value of changes
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
 near the stationary point:
𝑑𝑦
(i) if the sign 𝑑𝑥
does not change before and after the turning point, the point is a point of
inflexion.
𝑑𝑦
(ii) if the value of 𝑑𝑥
changes from positive to negative after the turning point, the point is a
maximum point.
𝑑𝑦
(iii) if the value of changes from negative to positive after the turning point, the point is a
𝑑𝑥
minimum point.
21. To sketch a curve, note
(i) the points where 𝑥 = 0 or 𝑦 = 0
(ii) the nature and position of the stationary points
(iii) the direction of the curve as 𝑥 and 𝑦 approach infinity.
(iv) the interval on which the gradient is positive or negative.

Further Applications of Differentiation

𝑑𝑦
22. If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝛿𝑥 and 𝛿𝑦 are small increments in 𝑥 and 𝑦 respectively, then 𝛿𝑦 = × 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥
23. If the displacement of a body is given by 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡), where 𝑡 is the time, then velocity v is given
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2𝑠
by 𝑑𝑡 and acceleration 𝑎 is given by 𝑑𝑡 or 𝑑𝑡2
.
24. When a body is instantaneously at rest, its velocity is zero.
𝑑𝑦
25. If a curve is given by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then the gradient of the tangent to the curve is given and the
𝑑𝑥
1
gradient of the normal is − 𝑑𝑦 .
𝑑𝑥
Integration
𝑎𝑥𝑛+1
1. J 𝑎𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)^(𝑛+1)
2. J (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
(𝑛+1)𝑎
3. J cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
4. J sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
5. J sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
1
6. J cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏
1
7. J sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏
1
8. J sec2 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏
1
9. J cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
1
10. J sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
1
11. J sec2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
12. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥.

13. The area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦), the 𝑦-axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is given by
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
 𝑏
14. Area between 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫𝑎 |𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| 𝑑𝑥
15. When the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is rotated
𝑏
through 360o about the 𝑥-axis, the volume of solid of revolution is given by 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥.
16. When the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑦-axis and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 is rotated
𝑏
through 360o about the 𝑦-axis, the volume of solid of revolution is given by 𝜋 ∫𝑎 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦.
17. If the velocity v of a particle is given as a function of time t, i.e. 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑡), then ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 will
give the expression for the distance covered.
18. If the acceleration α of a particle is given as function of time t, i.e. α=f(t), then ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 will give
the expression for the velocity.
Vector
1. A vector quantity possesses both magnitude and direction. The vector −→ has a
0𝐴
magnitude or modulus |−→| and its direction is from O to A.
0𝐴
2. If a fixed point O is taken as a origin, the vector −→ is known as the position vector of A
0𝐴
with references to O.
3. Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and direction.
4. Vector addition: If two vectors acting at a point are represented both in magnitude and
direction by the adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their sum is represented both in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram through the point.
5. a = b ➔ |a| = |b| and a is parallel to b.
ha = kb ➔ |ha| =|hb| and a is parallel to b.
or, h = k = 0 if a is not parallel to b.
6. If −→ = ha + kb and −→ = ma + nb, where h, k, m and n are constants, and a is not parallel
𝐴𝐵 𝑃Q
to b, then −→ = −→ → ℎ = m and k = n.
𝐴𝐵 𝑃Q
7. If the position vectors of A and B relative to an origin O are a and b respectively, the
(𝑎+𝑏)
position vector of the mid point (M) of AB is −→= 𝑚 = .
0𝑀 2
8. The scalar product of two vectors a and b is given by
a-b = |a||b| cos θ
where θ is the angle between the two vectors.
9. Commutative law: a x b = b x a
10. Distributive law: a(b+c) = a x b + a x c
11. If a = x1i + y1j and b = x2i + y2j, then
a x b = x1x2 + y1y2
Binomial Expansion
1. 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) …
• eg: 4! = 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 24
𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
2. (𝑛−2)! = = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
(𝑛−2)
3. 𝑛𝑐1 = 𝑛
𝑛(𝑛−1)
4. 𝑛𝑐2 = 2!
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)(𝑛−3)
5. 𝑛𝑐3 = 3!
6. (𝑎 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝑐 1 * 𝑎𝑛−1 * 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑐 2 * 𝑎𝑛−2 * 𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑐 3 * 𝑎𝑛−3 * 𝑥3 + …
• [Note: Above formula cannot be used when ‘n’ is negative or in fraction]
𝑛(𝑛−1) 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 3
7. (𝑎 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + …
2! 3!
• [In above formula the value of ‘a’ must be ‘1’ ]
1
1 𝑥2 2
8. (4 + 𝑥2 )2 = {4(1 + )}
4
1
1 𝑥2 2
➢ = 42 * (1 + )
4
1
𝑥2 2
➢ = 2 (1 + )
4
Graph Sketching
𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 = −𝑥

𝑦=𝑥+1 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥2 - 1
𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)2

𝑌 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 𝑒−𝑥; 𝑦 = − 𝑒−𝑥; 𝑦 = − 𝑒𝑥 𝑌 = 𝑒𝑥 + 1
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 - 1

𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = − 𝑥3

𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑥3 - 1
𝑦 = −𝑥3 + 1 𝑦 = −𝑥3 − 1

𝑌 = (𝑥 + 1)3 𝑌 = (𝑥 - 1)3

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(−𝑥 + 2)