CLASS XI

UNIT 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY

PART 3 - Concentrations in Solutions

Prepared By: Ms Sangeeta Misra, Ms Annie Abraham, Ms Preeti Gangahar, Ms Anju Sachdeva,
Ms Suruchi Bhardwaj and Ms Alinda H olla for the students of DPS R K Puram
CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS
These glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in
concentration. The solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more
concentrated solutions on the right
SOLUTION: A solution can be defined as the homogenous mixture of two or more substances

SOLUTE:

1) The solute is the substance that is being dissolved in another substance. It is usually smaller in quantity. Eg Sugar in water,
Salt in water, Alcohol in water

2) Solute can also be defined as a substance which appears to change its state in solution like salt, sugar.

Solvent: The substance in which solute dissolves is a solvent. The substance which decides the physical state of the solution
TERMS USED TO EXPRESS CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTIONS

1) % concentration : a) w/w % b ) w/v % c) v/v %

2) ppm
3) Mole fraction
4) Molarity
5) Molality
6) Strength
Q 1a)Poonam dissolves 40 g of glucose in 600ml of it’s solution. What is the mass by
volume percentage concentration of the solution ?

b) If the density of the solution is 1.03g/ml, what is the concentration of the solution in
terms of w/w%?

Ans a) w/v % = 40 x 100

600
= 6.66%

b) d = 1.03g/ml Thus mass = d x V = 1.03 x 600 = 618g

% w/w = 40 x 100
618
= 6.47 %
 Q 2 If 5 g sugar dissolved in 20 g of water. What is the w/w% concentration of sugar in this solution?

Ans The mass of solution = 5 + 20 = 25 g.

w/w % = 5 x 100
25

= 20 %

Q 3 A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has 36.5 g of NaCl dissolved in it. What is the mass/mass percent
concentration of the solution?

SOLUTION

We can substitute the quantities given in the equation for mass/mass percent:

% m/m = 36.5g × 100 = 10.3%

355g
Concentration in parts per million (ppm)
● Parts per million (ppm) is a measurement of the concentration of the solution.
● For very dilute solutions, weight/weight (w/w) and weight/volume (w/v) concentrations are sometimes expressed in
parts per million.
● parts per million is abbreviated as ppm
● 1 ppm is one part by weight, or volume, of solute in 1 million parts by weight, or
the volume of the solution.
●
 Ex.2

= 0.27 x 106
=0.189 x 106
= 2.7 x 105
= 1.89 x 105
Q 1. Symptoms of lead poisoning become apparent after a person has accumulated more than 20 mg
in the body. Express this amount as parts per million for an 80 kg person

Solution:

1) Convert, mg and kg to grams:

Pb= 20 mg = 20 x 10-3 g
Person’s weight = 80 kg = 80 x 103 g

2) Determine grams of Pb per g of bodyweight:

20 x 10-3 g / 80 x 103 g = 0.25 x 10-6 per g of bodyweight

Thus in a million parts = 0.25 x 10-6 x 106

= 0.25 ppm
Q 2. A sample of oil (density = 0.89 g/mL) was found to have dioxin contamination of 2 ppm. How
many mL of the oil would contain 0.01 gram of dioxin?

Solution:

1) Determine grams of oil holding 0.01 g of dioxin 2) Determine the volume of oil:

(2 g dioxin is present in 1,000,000 g solution) Vol = mass/ density

Thus 0.01 g is present in = 106 x 0.01 = 5000/ 0.89

2
= 5000 g = 5618 mL
Q 3 What is the ppm of Oxygen in sea water if 5.8 x 10-3 g of it is dissolved in 1 kg of Sea water.

Ans.
If 5.8 x 10-3 g of O2 dissolved in 1 kg sea water

. Then ppm = 5.8 x 10-3 x 106

1000

= 5.8 ppm
 MOLE FRACTION
The ratio of the number of moles of one component to the number of moles of all
components

Mole fraction = no. of moles of one component

Total no. of moles of all components
If we consider only binary solutions :-
Q1: 0.100 mole of NaCl is dissolved in 100.0 grams of pure H2O. What is the mole fraction of
NaCl?

Ans: Moles of H2O = 100.0 g / 18.0 g mol-1 = 5.56 What is the mole fraction of H2O?
Moles of NaCl = 0.1 X H2O = 5.56 mol / 5.66 mol = 0.982
Total moles = 5.56 + 0.100 = 5.66 mol
OR xNaCl + xH20 = 1
Mole fraction of NaCl XNaCl = 0.100 mol / 5.66

= 0.018 xH20 = 1- 0.018 = 0.982

Q2 A solution is 25% water, 25% ethanol and 50% acetic acid by mass. Calculate the mole
fraction of each component.

Ans: let the mass of solution = 100 g Mole fraction of Ethanol(XC2H5OH) = 0.543/2.764
Moles of water(H2O) = 25/18 = 1.388 = 0.196
Moles of Ethanol(C2H5OH) = 25/46 = 0.543 Moles of Acetic acid(XCH3COOH) = 0.833 / 2.764
Moles of Acetic acid(CH3COOH) = 50/60 = 0.833 = 0.302
Total moles= 1.388 + 0.543 + 0.833 = 2.764

Mole fraction of water(XH2O) = 1.388/2.764

= 0.502
3) Calculate the mole fraction of ethanol and water in a sample which contains 95%
ethanol by mass.
No of moles of ethanol = 95/46 = 2.065
No of moles of water = 5/18 = 0.277
Total no of moles = 2.065 + 0.277 = 2.342 moles

neth
Mole fraction x eth =
n eth + n water

= 2.065 / 2.342

= 0.88

Thus, xH2O = 1 - x eth = 1 - 0.88

= 0.12
 MOLARITY: It is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution

If percentage by mass of the solute and

the density of the solution is given , we
can use

Molarity (M) = n x 1000 M = 10dx / Mo

V(ml)
Where
= wB x 1000
d = density of solution
MB x V
X = % by mass of solute

Mo = molar mass of solute

 If x is mass % of solute and d is the density of solution in g/ml
This means that in 100 g solution, x g solute is present
Then,
Volume of solution V = mass of solution / density = 100/d mL

Molarity is number of moles per litre

x 1000
M= x
Molar mass 100/ d

10 d x
Molarity =
Molar mass
Q1) 2.46 g of NaOH (MM = 40 g/mole) are dissolved in water and the solution is made to
100 cm3 in a flask. Calculate the molarity of the solution.

Ans: Volume of solution = 100 cc 2.46 x 1000

M=
Amount of NaOH = 2.46 g 40 x 100
Molarity (M) = n x 1000
= 0.615 moles/L
V(ml)
= wB x 1000
MB x V
Q 2) Calculate the amount of benzoic acid ( molar mass = 122 g/mol) required to prepare 250 ml of
0.15 M solution in methanol.

ANS:

Molarity (M) = wB x 1000

MB x V

0.15 = wB x 1000

122 x 250

wB = 4.575 gms
Q3. How many moles and grams of NaCl are present in 250 ml of it’s 0.50 M
solution?

Ans
M = nBx 1000
V Number of grams = n x MM

nB = M x V = 0.125 x 58.5
1000
= 7.312g
= 0.5 x 250 / 1000

= 0.125 moles
Q 4) Find the Molarity and mole fraction of urea (MM = 60g/mole) in its 10% (w/w) solution.
The density of the solution is 1.3g/ml
Mass of urea WB = 10 g n(urea) = 10/60= 0.16
OR:
MM Urea = 60 g/mol n(H2O) = 90/18 = 5

Mass of Solution = 100 g M = 10 d x

Mole fraction :
M0
Density of solution = 1.3g/ml x = n1
= 10 x 1.3 x 10 n1 + n2
Volume of solution = mass/ density 60
= 100/ 1.3 = 0.16
= 76.9 ml = 2.16 mol/L 0.16 + 5
M = wB x 1000 = 10 x 1000
= 0.16
MB x V 60 x 76.9 5.16
= 2.16 mol/L
=0.031
Q5. Calculate the no. of chloride ions in 100 ml of it’s 0.001 M CaCl2 solution

Ans: Molarity of CaCl2 M = nBx 1000

V

0.001 = n x 1000

100

No of moles of CaCl2 n = 0.0001 moles in 100 ml

Thus, No of moles of chloride ions = 2 x 0.0001 = 0.0002

No. of chloride ions = 0.0002 x 6.022 x 10 23

= 1.2044 x 10 20 chloride ions

Q6. The density of 1.08M KCl solution is 1.138 g/cc at room temp. What is the percent by mass of KCl in
the solution?( MM KCl = 74.5 g/mol)

OR
Ans If % mass of KCl = w
M = 10 d x Mass of solution = 100g
M0 Volume of solution = mass/density
= 100/ 1.138
x = M x Mo /10d = 87.87 ml
Molarity (M) = wB x 1000
= 1.08 x 74.5 / 10 x 1.138 MB x V
= 7.07 % wB = M x MB x V/ 1000
= 1.08 x 74.5 x 87.87/1000
= 7.07 %
Q7) Sulphuric acid for industrial purposes contains 93% by mass sulphuric acid and has a density of 1.84g/ml.
Calculate a) Molarity of the solution b) Volume of the solution which will contain exactly 200 g of sulphuric acid.

Ans a) M = 10 d x b) Calculation of volume

M0
M= wb x 1000
= 10 x 1.84 x 93 Mb x V
98
V= wb x 1000
Mb x M
= 17.46 moles/L
= 200 x 1000
98 x 17.46

= 116.88 ml
8) What is the molar concentration of a 300 ml solution of sodium sulphate containing 3.01x 1022 Na+ ions?

No of moles of Na+ = 3.01 x 1022/ 6.02 x 1023 = 0.05 moles

Formula of sodium sulphate is Na2SO4,

2 moles of Na+ are present in 1 mole Na2SO4

THUS, 0.05 MOLES Na+ is present in = 0.05/2 = 0.025 moles Na2SO4.

Molarity (M) =no of moles per litre solution

Molarity M = 0.025 x 1000/ 300 = 0.083 moles/L

MOLALITY
Molality is defined as the number of moles of a solute dissolved per kilogram of the solvent.

UNITS: Moles/kg

This method of expressing concentration is independent of temperature as mass or moles remain

unchanged during temperature changes. It is usually expressed symbolically by “m”

m = number of moles of solute

Mass of solvent in kilograms
MOLALITY (m)

Molality m = number of moles per kg of the solvent

m = mass of solute x 1000 = w B x 1000

Molar mass of solute x mass of solvent (in gms) M B x WA
 Q1 Calculate the molality of a solution prepared from 29.27 g NaCl in 2 Kg water

Molality m = mass of solute mass of solute wB= 29.27 g

Molar mass of solute x mass of solvent
Molar mass of solute = 58.5g/mol
= wB
M B x wA Molality m = ?? moles/kg

= 29.27 mass of solvent wA = 2 Kg

58.5 x 2

m = 0.25 mols/kg
Q 2 A sample of 1.3 m aqueous solution of sodium chloride contains 6.4 g of sodium chloride. What mass
of water is present?

m = Mass of solute x 1000 Mass of solute wB= 6.4 g

Molar mass of solute x mass of solvent (in gms)
= w B x 1000 Molar mass of solute = 58.5g/mol
M B x wA
Molality m = 1.3 moles/kg
1.3 = 6.4 x 1000
58.5 x wA Mass of solvent wA = ??

wA = 84.1g
 Q3) 4 g sugar (C12H22O11) is dissolved in water forming 350 ml solution in a teacup at 800C. What is
the molality of the sugar solution if density of solution is 0.975 g/ml at 800C

m = mass of solute x 1000 mass of solute wB= 4 g

Molar mass of solute x Mass of solvent (in gms)
Molar mass of solute = 342 g/mol
= w B x 1000
MB x wA Molality m = ?? moles/kg

Density of solution d = 0.975 g/ml

= 4 x 1000
342 x 337.25 Mass of solution = d x v
= 0.975 x 350
= 0.03468 mole/kg = 341.25 g

Mass of solvent wA = 341.25 - 4

= 337.25 g
SOME QUESTIONS TO SOLVE

1) A sample of vinegar has 3.78 g of acetic acid per 100.0 g of solution. Assume that the density of
the solution is 1.00 g/mL.
a) What is its molarity?
b) What is its mole fraction?
c) What is its molality ?

2) A solution of H2SO4 has a density of 1.8 g/ml. Its concentration in terms of mass percentage is
7.2 %. Calculate its molarity and molality?

3) Glucose (molar mass=180) bottle is labelled as 10% w/w. Calculate a) the mole fraction of each
component in solution. b) molality of solution. c) find the molar concentration if the density of solution is
1.20 g/ml
1) A sample of vinegar has 3.78 g of acetic acid per 100.0 g of solution. Assume that the density of the solution is 1.00 g/mL.
a) What is its molarity? b) What is its mole fraction? c)What is its molality ?

Mass of solute X 1000 Mass of Solution = 100g

a) Molarity = Density of solution = 1 g/ml
Molecular mass x Volume of solution Thus, volume of solution = 100 ml
3.78 x 1000
= = 0.63 moles /L Mass of Solvent = 100 - 3.78 = 96.22g
60 x 100 Moles of Solvent nA = 5.34
nB 0.063
b) Mole fraction = = = 0.01165 Mass of solute = 3.78 g
nB + nA 5.408 Moles of solute nB = 3.78/ 60 = 0.063

Total number of moles = 5.345 + 0.063

c) m = mass of solute x 1000 = 5.408
Molar mass of solute x mass of solvent (in gms)
= w B x 1000 = 3.78 x 1000 = 0.654 moles/kg
MB x wA 60 x 96.22
2) A solution of H2SO4 has a density of 1.8g/ml. Its concentration in terms of mass percentage is 7.2 %. Calculate its
molarity and molality?

10 d x
Molarity = Mass of Solute = 7.2 g
Molecular mass
Mass of Solution = 100 g

= 10 x 1.8 x 7.2 / 98 Mass of Solvent WA = 100 - 7.2 = 92.8 g

= 1.32 moles/L Molar Mass of Solute = 98 g/mole

a) m = mass of solute x 1000

Molar mass of solute x mass of solvent (in gms)

= w B x 1000 = 7.2 x 1000 = 0.79moles/kg

MB x wA 98 x 92.8
3) Glucose (molar mass=180) bottle is labelled as 10% w/w. Calculate a) the mole fraction of each component in solution.
b) molality of solution. c) find the molar concentration if the density of solution is 1.20 g/ml

Ans: mass of glucose = 10 g b) Molality m= number of moles per kg solvent

mass of water = 100- 10 = 90 g = 0.056 x 1000/ 90
= 0.611 moles per kg
a) Moles nglucose = 10/180 = 0.056
nwater = 90/18 = 5 c) Volume of solution = mass / density
Total moles = 5.056 =100/1.2 = 83.33

M = 0.056 x 1000/ 83.33

= 0.67 mole/L
OR
Mole fraction: Xgl = 0.056/ 5.056 = 0.011 M = 10 d x /Mb
= 10 x 1.2 x 10 / 180 = 0.666 mol/L
xH2O = 5/5.056 = 0.989
 Some more questions………..
4) The density of 2M urea (molar mass = 60) solution a 1.20 g/ml. find
a) molality of solution b) mole fraction of urea

5) Calculate the molality of I L solution of H2SO4 (d=1.20 g/ml) labelled as 23% w/v.

6) Calculate the molality of sulphuric acid solution in which the mole fraction of water is 0.85
4) The density of 2M urea (molar mass = 60) solution a 1.20 g/ml. find a) molality of solution b) mole fraction of urea

Given molarity = 2M ( means 2moles of urea is present in

1000ml solution) b) Mole fraction
Thus mass of urea = n x Molar mass
= 2 x 60 = 120 g No of moles: nurea = 2 moles
Density of solution = 1.2 g/ml nH2O = 1080/18 = 60 moles

Thus,the mass of 1000 ml solution Mole fraction xurea = 2/62 = 0.032

= 1000 x 1.2 = 1200 g
mass of water
= mass of solution - mass of solute
= 1200 - 120 = 1080 g

a) Molality = no of moles per kg solvent

= 2 x 1000/1080
= 1.85 moles/kg
5) Calculate the molality of I L solution of H2SO4 (d=1.20 g/ml) labelled as 23% w/v.
Ans: 23 gms H2SO4 is present in 100 ml solution.
Thus 230 g H2SO4 is present in 1000 ml solution

Mass of solution = Volume x density

= 1000 x 1.2 = 1200 g

Mass of water = mass(soln) - mass(H2SO4)

= 1200 - 230 = 970 g

nH2SO4 = 230/98 =2.35 moles

Molality = no of moles per kg solvent

= 2.35 x 1000/970

= 2.42 moles/kg
6) Calculate the molality of sulphuric acid solution in which the mole fraction of water is 0.85.
Mole fraction of water xH2O = 0.85

Thus, mole fraction of sulphuric acid xH2SO4 = 1 - 0.85 = 0.15

Molality is number of moles per kg solvent OR

Mass of solvent H2O = 1 kg = 1000g Let the total number of moles in the solution to be 1
Then moles of Solute are 0.15
Moles of water = 1000/18 = 55.55 Moles of water will be = 0.85
Molality is number of moles per kg solvent
xH2SO4 = nH2SO4 / (nH2SO4 + nH2O
So mass of water in 0.85 moles = 0.85 x18 = 15.3 g
0.15 = nH2SO4 / (nH2SO4 + 55.55)
Molality = 0.15 x 1000 = 9.8 moles/ kg
15.3
n H2SO4 = 9.8 moles

Molality = 9.8 moles /kg

Some additional information

a) Strength of a solution = mass of solute per litre of solution { units g/L}

Strength of solution = Molarity x MM

Eg: A solution is prepared by dissolving 18.25 g of NaOH in distilled water to give 200 ml of solution.
Find out the strength of the solution?

M = 18.25 x 1000 = 2.28 moles/L

40 x 200
Strength = 2.28 x 40 = 91.2 g/L
● Number of moles = MV ( volume in Litres).

● If volume is in ml then it is called as Number of millimoles = MV

1 mole = 1000 millimoles

MOLARITY EQUATION : --
DILUTION: If a solution having a molarity M1 and a volume V1 is diluted to volume V2 then the new molarity of the solution M2
will be given by

M1 V1 = M2 V2

● This relationship is based on the fact that during dilution the number of moles of solute remain the same, only the
concentration changes.

Eg: 250 ml of 1.5 M solution of HCl is diluted by adding 5L of water. What is the molarity of the diluted solution?

M1 = 1.5 moles/L V1 = 250 ml

M2 = ?? V2 = 250 + 5000 = 5250 ml

M1 V1 = M2 V2

1.5 x 250 = M2 x 5250

M2 = 0.0714 moles/L
NEUTRALISATION: as a chemical reaction in which an acid and base quantitatively react together to form a salt and water as
products. In a neutralization reaction, there is a combination of H+ ions and OH– ions which form water.
Eg: a) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O b) Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2H2O

● But the actual neutralisation is just H+ + OH- → H2O

● Different acids and bases give different numbers of H+ and OH- ions. This is called basicity of acid and acidity of
base OR ‘n’ factor.

● n1 M1V1 = n2M2V2

● This equation can be used for calculating concentrations of solutions needed for neutralisation in solutions
Eg: what volume of 0.01 M HCl is needed to completely react with 10 ml of 0.1M NaOH?

HCl NaOH
n1 M1V1 = n2M2V2
1 x 0.01 x V1 = 1 x 0.1 x 10
V1 = 100 ml
Eg: ‘n’ factor for acids Eg.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
HCl → H+ + Cl- n = 1 Moles H2SO4 = 1
Moles NaOH 2
H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO42- n= 2
MaVa = 1
Bases NaOH → Na+ + OH- n= 1 MbVb 2

Thus, 2 MaVa = MbVb

Ca(OH)2 → Ca2+ + 2OH- n=2
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Equation to be used
NaOH HCl
1 x M1V1 = .1 x M2V2
n1 M1V1 = n2M2V2
Molarity of resultant solutions when two solutions are mixed:
a) Acid + Acid or alkali + alkali b) Acid + Alkali

a) If the two solutions of similar nature(Acid + Acid or alkali + alkali) are mixed then the new
molarity M3 ( in terms of H+ or OH-) can be calculated using the following relation ,eg two solutions of
different acids are mixed or two different bases are mixed with each other.

n1 M1V1 + n2M2V2 = M3 V3

where n1 & n2 represent the “n” factor for the two substances and V3 is the final volume of the mixture

b) If the two solutions of dissimilar nature (Acid + alkali) are mixed then the new molarity M3 can be
calculated ( depending on Limiting reagent, M3 will be in terms of H+ or OH-) using the following relation ,eg
two solutions of an acid and a bases

n1 M1V1 - n2M2V2 = M3 V3
Q1. A solution of HCl with a molarity of 12.38 moles/L is given. What volume of this solution will be
required to prepare 1 L of 0.1 M Solution ?

Ans: Here M1 = 12.38 moles/L , M2 = 0.1 moles/L V1 = ?? V2 = 1 L.

Hence, using molarity equation for dilution

M1 V1 = M2 V2

12.38 X V1 = 0.1 X 1.0

V1 = 0.1/12.38 = 8.1 X10-3 L

So the volume of the given solution required is 8.1 cm3

Q2) Commercially available HCl contains 40% by mass and has a density of 1.19 g/ml. Calculate a) the
molarity of the solution b) volume of this acid is required to prepare 1 L of 0.05M HCl

10 d x b) M1V1 = M2V2
Molarity =
Molecular mass
13.04 x V1 = 0.05 x1
10 x 1.19 x 40
= V1 = 0.05 x1
36.5 13.04

= 13.04 moles/L = 0.0038 L

 Q3) 1 L each of 1x 10-3 M and 1x 10-5 M solutions of HCl are mixed together. What will be the
resultant molarity of the solution?

Ans: Using the Molarity equation M1 V1 + M2 V2 = M3 V3

10-3 x 1 + 10-5 x 1 = M3 (1+1)

10-3( 1+ 10-2) = M3 x 2

M3 = 1.01 X 10-3
2
= 0.505 X 10-3
Resultant Molarity = 5.05 X 10-4 moles/L
Q 4) What is the molarity of the resultant solution if:
a) 10 ml of 0.01M HCl is mixed with 20 ml of 0.1M HCl b) 10 ml of 0.05M HCl is mixed with 10 ml of 0.02 M H2SO4

a) n1M1 V1 + n2M2 V2 = M3 V3 b) HCl + H2SO4

1 x 0.01 x 10 + 1 x 0.1 x 20 = M3 x 30 n1M1 V1 + n2M2 V2 = M3 V3

0.1 + 2 = M3 x 30 1 x 0.05 x 10 + 2 x 0.02 x 10 = M3 x 20

M3 = 2.1/30 0.5 + 0.4 = M3 x 20

= 0.07 moles/L M3 = 0.9/20

= 0.045 moles/L

This is in terms of H+ concentration

Q5) What volume of 0.34 molar KOH is sufficient to react with 20 ml. of 0.15 molar H2SO4 solution?

Ans :

KOH H2SO4

n1M1V1 = n2M2V2

1x 0.34 x V1 = 2 x 0.15 x 20

V1 = 2 x0.15 x 20
0.34

= 17.65 ml
Q6) Calculate the molarity of the resultant solution when 40 ml of 0.02M HCl and 50 ml of 0.05M NaOH are mixed together.

Ans: Reaction between acid and base is a neutralisation reaction. The molarity of the resultant solution will depend on the
limiting reagent.

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Millimoles of HCl = 40 x 0.02 = 0.8 Millimoles of NaOH = 50 x 0.05 =2.5

HCl is the limiting reagent, thus the resultant solution will be alkaline in nature.

Moles of NaOH - Moles of HCl = Moles of resultant solution

n1M1V1 - n2M2V2 = M3V3

After mixing, the volume is = 40 + 50 = 90 ml

( 1 x .05 x 50) - (1 x .02 x 40 ) = M3 x 90

Resultant Molarity M3 = 2.5 - 0.8 / 90 = 0.018 mol/L NaOH

Q7) Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction given below
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O, what mass of CaCl2 will be formed when 250 mL of 0.76M HCl react with 1000g
of CaCO3? Name the limiting reagent. Calculate the number of moles of CaCl2 & CO2 formed in the reaction.

a)Calculation of number of moles of HCl: c)Calculation of amount of CaCl2:

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
1000 mL of HCl contain= 0.76 moles HCl
(Mo=111g/mole)
Thus, 250 ml of HCl will have = 0.76 x 250/ 1000
= 0.19 moles 2 moles HCl gives 111g CaCl2

b)According to balanced equation ;- 0.19 moles will give = 111 x 0.19/2

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O = 10.54 g
Mo=100g/mole
No of moles of CaCl2 = 10.54/111
100 g CaCO3 requires 2 moles of HCl = 0.094 moles
1000g CaCO3will require = 20 mole HCl
Moles of CO2 = 0.094 moles ( …..ans)
We have 0.19 moles only

Thus, HCl is the limiting reagent (......ans)

 PRACTICE QUESTIONS- 5th july 2021

Q1. 0.84g of an acid of Molecular mass 150g/mol is dissolved to make 100 ml. of solution
and 25ml of this solution requires 28ml of M/10 NaOH for complete neutralisation.
Calculate the basicity of the acid.

n1M1 V1 = n2M2 V2
wB= 0.84g Acid NaOH
M= 150g/mol n1 x 0.056 x 25= 1 x 0.1 x 28
V = 100ml
n1 =2
Molarity (M) = wB x 1000
MB x V Thus basicity of the unknown acid
= 0.84 x 1000 is 2
150 100
= 0.056 mol/l
Q2. What volumes of 6M HCl and 2M HCl should be mixed to get 1litre of 3M HCl

Let volume of 2M HCl = xml.

Volume of 6M HCl = 1-x

M1 V1 + M2 V2 = M3 V3
Thus volume of 2M HCl required = 0.75litre
2x + 6(1-x) = 3 x 1
Thus volume of 6M HCl required =
1-0.75 = 0.25 l
2x + 6-6x = 3

4x = 3

x=¾ = 0.75 l
Q2 If 20 ml of 3M HCl and 50ml of 4M HCl are mixed, calculate the molarity of the
resultant solution

n1M1 V1 + n2M2 V2 = M3 V3
(1x 3x 20 ) + ( 1x 4x 50) = M3 x 70

M3 = 3.6M
MCQ’s: One correct answer
1) Which of the following statements about a compound is incorrect?

(i) A molecule of a compound has atoms of different elements.

(ii) A compound cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical methods of separation.

(iii) A compound retains the physical properties of its constituent elements.

(iv) The ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound is fixed.

2) Which of the following statements is correct about the reaction given below: 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(g)

(i) Total mass of iron and oxygen in reactants = total mass of iron and oxygen in product therefore it follows law of conservation
of mass.

(ii) Total mass of reactants = total mass of product; therefore, law of multiple proportions is followed.

(iii) Amount of Fe2O3 can be increased by taking any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen) in excess.

(iv) Amount of Fe2O3 produced will decrease if the amount of any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen) is taken in excess.
3) Which of the following reactions is not correct according to the law of conservation of mass.

(i) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)

(ii) C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(iii) P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)

(iv) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O (g)

4). Which of the following statements indicates that law of multiple proportion is being followed.

(i) Sample of carbon dioxide taken from any source will always have carbon and oxygen in the ratio 1:2.

(ii) Carbon forms two oxides namely CO2 and CO, where masses of oxygen which combine with fixed mass of carbon are in the simple
ratio 2:1.

(iii) When magnesium burns in oxygen, the amount of magnesium taken for the reaction is equal to the amount of magnesium in
magnesium oxide formed.

(iv) At constant temperature and pressure 200 mL of hydrogen will combine with 100 mL oxygen to produce 200 mL of water vapour.
5) If water sample are taken from sea, rivers or lake, they will be found to contain hydrogen and oxygen in the approximate
ratio of 1 : 8.This indicates the law of :

(a) Multiple proportion

(b) Definite proportion

(c) Reciprocal proportions

(d) None of these

6) 20 g of an ideal gas contains only atoms of S and O occupies 5.6 L at STP. What is the molecular mass of gas ?

(a) 64 g/mole

(b) 96 g/mole

(c) 80 g/mole

(d) 40 g/mole
7) Maximum number of molecules are present in:

a) 15 L H2 gas at STP
b) 5 L N2 gas at STP
c) 0.5 g H2 gas at STP
d) 10 g O2 gas at STP

8) Which weighs maximum?

a) 2.24 Litres CO2 at STP

b) 6.022 x 1023 molecules CO2
c) 6.022 x 1023 atoms of Carbon
d) 10 g CO2
9) The total number of electrons present in 6.4 g CH4

a) 2 NA
b) NA
c) 4 NA
d) 2 x 10 NA

10) 80 g of Oxygen contain as many atoms as in:

a) 10 g Hydrogen
b) 1 gms Hydrogen
c) 80 gms Hydrogen
d) 5 gms Hydrogen
MCQ’s: More than one answer may be correct
11) One mole of oxygen gas at STP is equal to _______.

(i) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen

(ii) 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen

(iii) 16 g of oxygen

(iv) 32 g of oxygen

12) Which of the following pairs have the same number of atoms?

(i) 16g of O2(g) and 4g of H2(g)

(ii) 16g of O2(g) and 44g of CO2(g)

(iii) 28g of N2 (g) and 32 g of O2 (g)

(iv) 12g of C(s) and 23g of Na(s)

13) 16 g of oxygen has same number of molecules as in

(i) 16g of CO

(ii) 28g of N2

(iii) 14g of N2

(iv) 1.0g of H2

14) One of the statements of Dalton’s atomic theory is given below: “Compounds are formed when atoms of
different elements combine in a fixed ratio” Which of the following laws is not related to this statement?

(i) Law of conservation of mass

(ii) Law of definite proportions

(iii) Law of multiple proportions

(iv) Avogadro law

ASSERTION - REASON TYPE:
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) Both A and R are false.
(v) A is false but R is correct

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason (R)
is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given above.

15) Assertion (A) : The empirical mass of ethene(C2H4) is half of its molecular mass.

Reason (R) : The empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present
in a compound.

16) Assertion (A) : One atomic mass unit is defined as one twelfth of the mass of one carbon-12 atom.

Reason (R) : Carbon-12 isotope is the most abundant isotope of carbon and has been chosen as standard.
7)Assertion (A) : Combustion of 16 g of methane gives 18 g of water.

Reason (R) : In the combustion of methane, water is one of the products.

SHORT ANSWERS: Solve in your Home work copy
1) What will be the mass of one atom of C-12 in grams? (1.99 x 10-23 g)

2) What is the symbol for SI unit of mole? How is the mole defined?

3). Calculate the mass percent of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2.

4). 45.4 L of dinitrogen reacted with 22.7 L of dioxygen and 45.4 L of nitrous oxide was formed.

2N2(g) + O2(g) → 2N2O(g) Which law is being obeyed in this experiment? Write the statement of the law?

5). If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with
a fixed mass of the other element, are in whole number ratio.

(a) Is this statement true?

(b) If yes, according to which law?

(c) Give one example related to this law.