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Chapter 4.mechanical Design

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5 views

Chapter 4.mechanical Design

Uploaded by

kasumintesinot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MECHANICAL DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF

OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES

❑ Sag and tension calculations

❑ Effect of wind and ice

❑ Transmission line Stringing(reading assignment)


CONT’D
Sag and tension Analysis
• The conductors of a transmission line are attached to suitable insulators carried
on supports of wood, iron, steel or reinforced concrete.

• Obviously, the supports must be strong enough to withstand not only the dead
weight of the conductors themselves but also the loads due to ice and sleet
that may adhere to them and to wind pressure.

• Moreover, the minimum factor of safety for the conductors should be based
on ultimate strength.
CONT’D
• The dip of the conductor between the two level supports is called sag.

• In other words, the vertical distance between the highest point of the electrical
pole or tower (where the conductor is connected) and the lowest point of the
conductor between the two adjacent level supports is known as sag shown in
the figure below.

• The horizontal distance between two electrical supports is called the span.
Fig. Sag
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SAG
• Conductor weight – Sag of the conductor is directly proportional to its weight.
The weight of the conductors is increased due to ice loading.

• Span – Sag is directly proportional to the square of the span length. Longer
span gives more sag.

• Tension -The sag is inversely proportional to the tension in the conductor. Higher
tension increases the stress in the insulators and supporting structures.

• Wind – It increases sag in the inclined direction.

• Temperature – The sag is reduced at low temperatures and is increases at


higher temperatures
CONT’D

• Sag and stresses vary with temperature on account of thermal expansion and
contraction of the line conductors.

• The value of sag as well as tension of a conductor would now be calculated


when supports are at equal levels and supports are at unequal levels.
CONT’D
CONT’D
CONT’D

Sag and Tension with Supports at Equal Levels


• Fig. 4.1 shows a span of a wire with the two supports at the same
elevation and separated by a horizontal distance.

• It can be proved that the conductor AB forms a catenary with the


lowest point O forming the mid-point at the midspan(where the curve
is straight)
Fig. 4.1 supports at equal levels
….CONT’D
• Let
l = Length of span
w = Weight per unit length of conductor
T = Tension in the conductor.

• Consider a point P on the conductor.

• Taking the lowest point O as the origin, let the co-ordinates of point P be x and
y.

• Assuming that the curvature is so small that curved length is equal to its
horizontal projection ( i.e., OP = x ), the two forces acting on the portion OP of
the conductor are :
…CONT’D
….CONT’D
CONT’D
Sag and Tension with Supports at Unequal Levels
• Fig. 4.2 shows a span between two supports A and B whose elevations differ by
h, their horizontal spacing being 2l as before.

• Such spans are generally met with in a hilly country.

• Let O be the lowest point of the catenary AOB.

• Obviously, OA is a catenary of half-span x1 and OB of half-span x2

• The lowest point on the conductor is O.


Fig 4.2 supports at unequal levels
….CONT’D

• Let
l = Span length
h = Difference in levels between two supports
x1 = Distance of support at lower level (i.e., A) from O
x2 = Distance of support at higher level (i.e. B) from O

• T = Tension in the conductor


….CONT’D
CONT’D

Effect of Wind and Ice


• In the formulae derived so far, effect of ice and wind loading has not been
taken into account.

• It is found that under favorable atmospheric conditions, quite an appreciable


thickness of ice is formed on transmission lines.

• The weight of ice acts vertically downwards i.e. in the same direction as the
weight of the conductor itself as shown in the figure below.
….CONT’D

• The weight of ice acts vertically downwards i.e., in the same direction as
the weight of conductor.

• The force due to the wind is assumed to act horizontally i.e., at right
angle to the projected surface of the conductor.

• Hence, the total force on the conductor is the vector sum of horizontal
and vertical forces as shown in Fig.4.3.
FIG.4.3
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D

• Hence S represents the slant sag in a direction making an angle θ to


the vertical.

• If no specific mention is made in the problem, then slant slag is


calculated by using the above formula.

(iii) The vertical sag = S cos θ


Worked examples
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
• Fig.4.5 shows the conductor suspended between two supports A and
B at different levels with O as the lowest point on the conductor
FIG.4.5 Conductor suspended between two supports A
and B at different levels
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D
….CONT’D

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