Data Communication and Computer Networks

INSY3071
 Chapter 5

Switching Technologies
and
Network Devices
 Switched Networks
 A network is a set of connected devices
 Switching is the act of connecting multiple
devices to make one to one communication
possible.
 Switched network consists of series of switch
 Long distance transmission between stations
(called “end devices”) is typically done over a
network of switching nodes.
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 Switched Networks
 Switching nodes do not concern with content of
data. Their purpose is to provide a switching
facility that will move the data from node to node
until they reach their destination (the end device).
 A collection of nodes and connections forms a
communications network.
 In a switched communications network, data
entering the network from a station are routed to
the destination by being switched from node to
node.
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 Switching Technology
Two types of Switching Technologies
 Circuit Switching
 Packet Switching

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 Circuit Switching
 A circuit switched network is one that establishes a
dedicated circuit or channel between nodes and
terminals (end to end) before the users may
communicate
 Circuit switching dynamically establishes a dedicated
virtual connection for voice or data between a sender
and a receiver
 Before communication can start, it is necessary to
establish the connection through the network of the
service provider
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 Circuit Switching Networks
 The two most common types of circuit switched
networks
 The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
 The Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN)
 The actual communication in circuit switched
network requires three phases
 Connection Setup
 Data Transfer
 Circuit disconnect
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 Circuit Switching Properties
 Inefficiency
 Channel capacity is dedicated for the whole duration of
a connection.
 If no data, capacity is wasted
 Delay
 Long initial delay: circuit establishment takes time
 Developed for voice
 Resources dedicated to a particular call
 Data rate is fixed
 Both ends must operate at the same rate during
the entire period of connection
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 Circuit Switching

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 Packet Switching
 Packet switching splits traffic data in to packets
that are routed over a shared network
 Packet switched network do not require a circuit
to be established
 The switches in packet switched network (PSN)
determine the links that packets must be sent over
based on the addressing information in each
packet
 Packet switching is designed to address the
problems of circuit switching.
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 Packet Switching
 Packet-switched networks move data in separate,
small blocks (packets) based on the destination
address in each packet.
 When the path is established temporarily while a
packet is travelling through it, and then breaks down
again, it is called a virtual circuit (VC)
 Because the internal links between the switches are
shared between many users, the cost of packet
switching network is lower than that of circuit-
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switching network
 Packet Switching
 Packet switching is a WAN technology in which
users share common carrier resources.

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 Networking Devices
 NIC
 Hub
 Switch
 Repeater
 Bridge
 Router
 Brouter
 Others? -Explore!
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 Network Interface Card (NIC)

At source:
 Receives the data packet from the Network Layer
 Attaches its MAC address to the data packet
 Attaches the MAC address of the destination
device to the data packet
 Converts data in to packets suitable for the
particular network (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI)
 Converts packets in to electrical, light or radio
signals
 Provides the physical connection to the media
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 Network Interface Card (NIC)
As a destination device
Provides the physical connection to the media
Translates the signal in to data
Reads the MAC address to see if it matches
its own address
If it does match, passes the data to the
Network Layer

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 Network Interface Card (NIC)

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 Hub
 A central point of a star topology
 Allows the multiple connection of devices
 Can be more than a basic Hub – providing
additional services (Managed Hubs, Switched
Hubs, Intelligent Hubs)
 In reality a Hub is a Repeater with multiple ports
 Functions in a similar manner to a Repeater
 Works at the Physical Layer of the OSI model
 Passes data no matter which device it’s addressed
to; and this feature adds to congestion
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 Hub
Advantages
 Cheap,
 can connect different media types

Disadvantages
 Extends the collision domain
 can not filter information,
 passes packets to all connected segments

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 Switch
 A multiport Bridge, functioning at the Data
Link Layer
 Each port of the bridge decides whether to
forward data packets to the attached network
 Keeps track of the Mac addresses of all attached
devices (just like a bridge)
 Similarly priced to Hubs – making them
popular
 Acts like a Hub, but filters like a Bridge
 Each port on a Switch is a collision domain
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 Switch
Advantages
 Limits the collision domain,
 can provide bridging,
 can be configured to limit broadcast domain

Disadvantages
 More expensive than a hub or bridge,
 configuration of additional functions can be very
complex

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 Repeater
 Allows the connection of network segments
 Extends the network beyond the maximum length of a
single segment
 Functions at the Physical Layer of the OSI model
 A multi-port repeater is known as a Hub
 Connects segments of the same network, even if they use
different media
 Has three basic functions
 Receives a signal which it cleans up
 Re-times the signal to avoid collisions
 Transmits the signal on to the next segment

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 Repeater
Advantages
 Can connect different types of media
 can extend a network in terms of distance
 does not increase network traffic
Disadvantages
 Extends the collision domain,
 can not connect different network architectures,
 limited number only can be used in network

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 Bridge

 Like a Repeater or Hub it connects segments

of a network
 Works at Data Layer – not Physical layer

 Uses Mac address to make decisions

 Acts as a ’filter’, by determining whether or

not to forward a packet on to another segment

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 Bridge
 Builds a Bridging Table, keeps track of devices
on each segment
 Filters packets, does not forward them, by
examining their MAC address
 It forwards packets whose destination address
is on a different segment from its own
 It divides a network in to multiple collision
domains – so reducing the number of collisions

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 Bridge
Advantages –
 Limits the collision domain,
 can extend network distances,
 uses MAC address to filter traffic, eases
congestion,
 can connect different types of media, some
can connect differing architectures
Disadvantages –
 more expensive than a repeater,
 slower than a repeater – due to additional
processing of packets
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 Bridge
 Uses the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) – to decide whether to pass a packet
on to a different network segment

G Transmits to
A Transmits to B, bridge will
C, bridge will pass it to
not pass it to Segment A
Segment B

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 Router
 Works at Network Layer in an intelligent manner
 Can connect different network segments, if they
are in the same building or even on the opposite
side of the globe
 Works in LAN, MAN and WAN environments
 Allows access to resources by selecting the best
path
 Can interconnect different networks – Ethernet
with wireless
 Changes packet size and format to match the
requirements of the destination network
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 Router
 Two primary functions – to determine the ‘best path’ and
to share details of routes with other routers
 Routing Table – a database which keeps track of the routes
to networks and the associated costs
 Static Routing – routes are manually configured by a
network administrator
 Dynamic Routing – adjust automatically to changes in
network topology, and information it receives from other
routers
 Routing Protocol – uses a special algorithm to route data
across a network eg RIP
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 Router
Advantages
 Limits the collision domain,
 can function in LAN or WAN,
 connects differing media and architectures,
 can determine best path/route,
 can filter broadcasts
Disadvantages
 Expensive,
 must use routable protocols,
 can be difficult to configure (static routing),
 slower than a bridge
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 Router

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 Brouter
 Functions both as Bridge and a Router – hence
name
 Can work on networks using different protocols
 Can be programmed only to pass data packets
using a specific protocol forward to a segment –
in this case it is functioning in a similar manner
to a Bridge
 If a Brouter is set to route data packets to the
appropriate network with a routed protocol such
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as IP, it is functioning as a Router
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 Gateways
 Allow different networks to communicate by
offering a translation service from one
protocol stack to another
 They work at all levels of the OSI model –
due to the type of translation service they are
providing

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 Gateways
 Address Gateway – connects networks using the same
protocol, but using different directory spaces such as
Message Handling Service
 Protocol Gateway – connects network using different
protocols. Translates source protocol so destination can
understand it
 Application Gateway – translates between applications
such as from an Internet email server to a messaging
server

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 Firewall
 A firewall is a network security system that monitors
and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on predetermined security rules.
 A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a
trusted internal network and untrusted external
network, such as the Internet.
 Firewalls can be implemented on both hardware and
software.
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 Firewall
 Firewalls are commonly used to prevent unauthorized
users from accessing private networks connected to
internet.
 All message entering and leaving through intranet pass
through the firewall.
 Firewall examines each message and blocks those that
do not meet the specified security criteria

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 MODEM
• Modem stands for Modulator and Demodulator .
• A modem is used to send digital data over phone line.
• The sending modem modulates the data into analog signal compatible
to phone line.
• The receiving modem demodulates the signal back into digital data.
• Wireless modems convert digital data into wave signals.

Modem

Computer

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 Ethernet Networks
 Ethernet is a family of computer networking
technologies commonly used in local area networks,
metropolitan area networks and wide area networks
(WAN).
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) specifies in the family of standards called IEEE
802.3.
 Ethernet describes how network devices can format and
transmit data packets so other devices on the same local
or campus area network segment can recognize, receive
and process them.
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 Ethernet Networks
 An Ethernet cable is the physical, covered wiring over
which the data travels.
 Compared to wireless LAN technology, Ethernet is
typically less vulnerable to disruptions -- whether from
radio wave interference, physical barriers or bandwidth
hogs.
 It can also offer a greater degree of network security
and control than wireless technology, as devices must
connect using physical cabling
 Ethernet works at Layer 1 and Layer 2 of the OSI
network protocol model
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 Ethernet Networks

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 Ethernet Networks
Standard Ethernet (10Base-T)
 An Ethernet standard that transmits at 10 Mbps over
twisted wire pairs (telephone wire).
 10Base-T is a shared media LAN when used with a hub
(all nodes share the 10 Mbps) and 10 Mbps between
each pair of nodes when used with a switch.
 10Base-T was the first vendor-independent standard
implementation of Ethernet on twisted pair wiring.
 The “10BASE-T“, 10 refers to 10 Mbps, Base refers to
baseband signaling, T refers to twisted pair cable
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 Ethernet Networks
Fats Ethernet (100BASE-T)
 Fast Ethernet is a local area network (LAN)
transmission standard that provides a data rate of
100 megabits per second (referred to as
"100BASE-T").
 Workstations with existing 10 megabit per
second (10BASE-T) Ethernet card can be
connected to a Fast Ethernet network.
 IEEE 802.3u stnadard
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 Ethernet Networks
Gigabit Ethernet:
 a transmission technology based on the Ethernet frame
format and protocol used in local area networks (LANs),
provides a data rate of 1 billion bits per second (one
gigabit).
 is defined in the IEEE 802.3ab standard and is currently
being used as the backbone in many enterprise networks

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 Ethernet Networks
10 Gigabit Ethernet:
 An Ethernet standard that transmits at 10 gigabits
per second (10 Gbps).
 Introduced in 2002 and abbreviated "10 GbE,"
"10GE" or "10G Ethernet," it extended Gigabit
Ethernet by 10-fold for high-speed storage networks
(SANs), enterprise backbones, as well as wide area
and metropolitan area networks
 IEEE 802.3ae standard

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 IEEE Standards

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