TENSES

TENSE FORM USAGE

Present Simple Write(s) habits, facts, general truths, senses, telling a story, scheduled future
Present Continuous Am/Is/Are writing actions happening now, future arrangements
Present Perfect Have/Has written events started in the past but with a connection to the present (since, for)
Present Perfect Have/Has been writing events started in the past but unfinished
Continuous

Past Simple Wrote past actions (last, yesterday, ago, in 2016)

Past Continuous Was/Were writing happened in some point in the past (while)
Past Perfect Had written actions that happened before a past event
Past Perfect Had been writing started in the past and continued up until another past event
Continuous

Going to Am/Is/Are going to write intentions (a plan for the future that you have already thought about)
Future Simple Will write predictions or simple statements of fact about the future
Future Continuous Will be writing event that will be in progress at or around a time in the future
Future Perfect Will have written action will be finished by a particular time in the future (by, in)
Future Perfect Will have been writing action will continue up until a particular event or time in the future ("for
Continuous five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday")

Decide which tense is being described in each 'time line' and short description and then write an
example sentence in that tense. А cross shows an individual action or event and а wavy line shows an
activity happening continuously or repeatedly. Look at the example given.

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Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Then fill in the name of the
tense you have used.
1. Dan hates doing the washing-up. (hate - present simple)
2. Hi, Laura. Long time no see. How ……………….. it ……………………? (go - …………………..)
3. Sorry to keep you. How long ………………... you …………………..……? (wait - …………………)
4. I sincerely hope they ………………... the building work by the end of next month. (finish - ………………)
5. What ………………... you ………………... between 5 and б pm last Saturday? (do - ……………………)
6. Good news everybody! We ………………... to build а new gymnasium with the new government grant. (can -
……………………..)
7. ……………………………. Julia ever ………………... seriously ill before her trip to India last year? (be
………………...)
8. Just think, this time next month I ………………………... here for ten years! (work - ………………... )
9. Does anyone want а sandwich? No thanks, I …………………… just………………………. lunch (have -
…………………………..)
10. Where on earth ………………… you …………………….. those shoes? They're awful! (buy -
…………………………..)
11. I hope I .…….……………... on а sun-drenched beach in Italy this time tomorrow. (sit — ………………...)
12. We …………………….……... through the forest for two or three hours when we realised we were lost! (walk -
………………………………)

Complete the sentences below using the most appropriate form of will or going to and the verb given in
brackets.
What are you going to do (do) after you leave university?
1. I hope I ……………………………… (have) а better job this time next year.
2. Look out, that lorry's coming straight at us! Oh no, we ……………………………… (crash)!
3. 'Could I have an orange juice?'
4. 'I'm sorry, we've run out.' 'Oh, alright I ……………………………… (have) а coke then, please.'
5. What time do you think you ……………………………… (get) back from the conference?
6. Oh come on, look at that beautiful blue sky — it ……………………………… (not rain) today!

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 7. 'Have you got any plans for Friday night?' 'Not really, I . ……………………………… (just stay) in and read а
book.'
8. Sid promised to come and help us but he ……………………………… (probably not remember), you know
how unreliable he is.
9. ' Maria, the phone's ringing and I'm in the bath.' ‘ОК, I ……………………………… (get) it!'
10. Quick! Give me а paper tissue, I ………………………………(sneeze) again!

Complete the following passage by putting the time conjunctions from the box in the correct space.
until; until; when; while; after; by the time; as soon as; if; once; before.
Memorandum from Security Supervisor I В Shadow
(1) Before the Ambassador arrives, you will have searched the embassy and grounds for anything suspicious. (2)
………………………… he steps out of his bullet-proof limousine, you and three of your men will be in charge of his
personal safety (З) …………………………. he gets back into his limousine after the meeting. (4)
…………………………. he's shaken hands with the British diplomats, one of you will have to stay very close to
him (5) .………………………… he greets the well-wishers in the crowd and, remember, (6) …………………………
you see anyone behaving strangely, you'll be expected to act first and ask questions later. (7) .…………………………
he goes inside the embassy building with the negotiators, you'll accompany him to the meeting room door and wait
outside (8) .………………………… he re-emerges — this could take anything from two to three hours.
(9) ………………………… he comes out of the embassy, the crowd will probably have dwindled somewhat but this
is the time when you and your men will need to be most vigilant, so keep him covered all the time.
(10) ………………………… he gets back in his limousine, he'll be back in the hands of the mobile security unit and
you'll be able to breathe а sigh of relief.

Put the verbs in brackets into either the present simple or the present continuous tense. Put any other words in
the brackets in the correct place.
1. This milk doesn't smell (not smell) too fresh — I think I'll throw it out.
2. You ………………………… (forever/use) my razor, can't you buy one of your own?
3. Oh yes, Jean and I ………………………… (know) each other very well.
4. Mark ………………………… (go) to work by train while his car's at the mechanic's.
5. Don't forget the coach …………………………. (leave) at 6.45 tomorrow morning so you’d better get an early
night.
6. 'Where’s Harry?' 'In the study, I think he ………………………….. (write) some letters.'
7. Aunt Agnes is very generous, she ………………………….. (always/give) the children wonderful presents for
their birthdays.
8. That new postman ……………………….. (not seem) very bright to me, he …………………………..
(always/leave) our letters in the wrong letterbox.
9. I'm sorry we can't make it to the party on Saturday but we …………………………..(have) dinner with some old
friends.
10. Predictably, at the end of the film the Swarzenegger hero ………………………….. (rescue) the prisoners and
………………………….. (get) the girl!
11. Where …………………….. you …………………….. (live) until your new house is ready?
12. Carter ………………………….. (serve), Pampas ………………………….. (return) but the ball
…………………………. (go) into the net. Game to Carter.

In the following sentences put the verbs in brackets in either the past simple or past continuous tense. Put any
other words in the brackets in the correct place.
1. While the teacher was explaining (explain) the sum on the blackboard, the children were throwing (throw) paper
aeroplanes around the classroom.
2. Eve ………………………. (live) in Athens when she …………………….. (meet) the man who was to become
her husband.
3. ………………………. you ……………………….. (not work) at McElroy’s when they ……………………..
(have) that terrible fire?
4. As it ……………………….. (get) foggier it ……………………….. (become) almost impossible to steer the
boat along the narrow canal.
5. I ……………………….. (hear) а strange noise just as I ……………………….. (go) to sleep.
6. When the fire alarm ……………………….. (go) off, we ……………………….. (leave) the building as quickly
as quickly as possible.

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7. At the place where we ……………………….. (live) before, our neighbours ………………………..
(always/have) violent arguments late at night.
8. I ……………………….. (hope) you'd come round for tea one afternoon next week.
9. Fiona ……………………….. (live) in New York when her first novel ……………………….. (publish).
10. On looking out of the window, Dick ……………………….. (see) it was another dreary day. The wind
……………………….. (blow) hard and big black clouds ……………………….. (gather) on the horizon.
11. While the others ……………………….. (lie) on the beach, poor old Gary ……………………….. (work) in the
office as usual.
12. When the phone …………….. (ring), she …………….. (pick) it up and ……….………….. (put) it down again!
13. I ……………………….. (never/understand) why you ……………………….. (always/get) to school late on
Monday mornings.
14. Beverly …………………….. (work) in а fast-food restaurant for а few months before she ……………………..
(go) to college.
15. When I ……………….. (be) а lad, we ……………………….. (always/go) to Heysham for our summer holidays.
I ………………….……….. (really/love) the place even though it …………………………….. (often/rain).

In the following passage fill in the spaces with an appropriate form of the past perfect simple, past perfect
continuous, past simple or past continuous of the verb in brackets.
Frogs in my car
I (1) had been waiting (wait) for over an hour when Barry finally (2) ……..…………….... (turn up) on the tractor. He
(З) ………….….…….. . He (3) …………….…….... (explain) he (4) ………..…...……..... (hold up) by а fallen tree
on the road. I (5) ……….……..…….. (not find) this hard to believe as а gale force wind (6) …………….……..
(blow) for the past 5 hours accompanied by torrential rain. The reason why I (7) …………..……..(call) Barry was
that my car (8) ………….……... (lie) on its side in а ditch. I (9) …….……….……... (drive) along very slowly in the
terrible weather when suddenly а large dog (10) ……………..…….... (appear) in front of me. I (11)
……………….……... (brake) to avoid hitting it and the car (12) …………….…….. (skid) out of control on the
water and mud on the road and into the ditch. I (13) ………….……... (manage) to get out through the window. The
problem now was that the car (14) …………….……... (fill up) with water and mud! Within seconds Barry, who (15)
…………..….…….. (wear) enormous rubber boots, (16) ……….…….…….. (tie) а rope to the front bumper of the
car and (17) …………….……... (pull) it out with the tractor. After а few minutes the car was the right way up and
back on the road again. We (18)……………...……... (open) the door and out (19) ……….…….…….. (jump) two big
frogs who (20) ………….…….. (swim) in through the open window!

Using the verbs and any other words given in brackets, complete the following sentences with the most suitable
form of either the past simple or the present perfect.
1. Maria saw (see) the doctor yesterday about that rash she has had (have) for ages now.
2. ' How long ………….…….. you………………….. (live) in Spain?' 'Two years altogether, before moving to
Italy.
3. ОК. Who ……………………….. (take) my best pen? It ………………………..(be) on my desk thirty seconds
ago.
4. ln the Middle Ages people ………………….……….. (not live) so long as they do now.
5. Oh dear, what ………………….……….. (happen) to you? You look as though you………………….………..
(see) а ghost!
6. Who ………………….……….. (write) William Tell? I can never remember if it ………………….………..
………………….……….. (be) Mozart or Rossini.
7. Where ………………….………. you………………….……….. (buy) those trousers? They're fantastic!
8. It's definitely our favourite film, we ………………….……….. (see) it six times.
9. ………………….……….. you ever ………………….……….. (steal) apples when
you………………….……….. (be) а kid?
10. Thomas ………………….……….. (be) late for every lesson so far.
11. I hear you………………….……….. (go) to St Petersburg on your honeymoon. What ………………….……
you ………………….……….. (think) of the place?
12. Hello Julia. When ……………………….. you……………………….. (get) here?
13. Ah, madam. I believe you………………….……….. (witness) the accident. Could you tell me exactly what
………………….……….. (happen)?
14. Hugo ………………….……….. (break) his leg so he can't go skiing next month.
15. Ella ………………….……….. (smoke) forty cigarettes а day for over thirty years. Then she
…………….……….. (give up) overnight and ………………….……….. (not touch) one since!

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Correct any mistakes you find in the following sentences. Not all of them are wrong.
1. There was а power cut while we watched (were watching) the film on TV last night. …………….………..
2. Did you ever get into trouble at school when you were а kid? …………….………..
3. Florencia never saw snow until she went to Scotland. …………….………..
4. Just how many patients did Dr Harris examine so far this week? …………….………..
5. Oh, what а lovely hat! Where have you bought it? …………….………..
6. Mr Wolf has worked at the bank for 25 years before his retirement last May. …………….………..
7. I've been writing ten letters this morning — I need а rest! …………….………..
8. By the time we got to the theatre the play already started. …………….………..
9. How long did you live in Italy for? Three years but then I got homesick. …………….………..
10. I was sitting on the train for ten minutes when I realised I'd left my suitcase on the platform! …………….………
11. Exactly what were you doing at eleven o'clock yesterday evening, sir? …………….………..
12. When I looked out of the window, I realised it had snowed for hours and there was no chance of getting back
down the mountain. …………….………..
13. That's the third time Sam crashed the car this month! …………….………..
14. Just think, this time last week we rode а camel in the desert! …………….………..
15. Of course it has rained. Look how wet the road is. …………….………..

In the following passage, put the verbs in brackets into а suitable (active or passive) tense and put any
adverbial expressions in the correct place.
I must admit that Maria's English (1) is improving (improve) every day. Three weeks ago she (2)
…………….……….. (manage) to book us on to the Portsmouth to Santander ferry at the local travel agent's.
The night before we (З) .…………….………..(be) due to leave, she (4) …………….……….. (ring) me up to
remind me to be on time. 'Don't forget the train (5)…………….……….. (leave) at 7.35 and if we (6)
…………….………..(miss) it, we miss the ferry too!' She said.
'Of course I (8) …………….……….. (get) there on time,' I replied, somewhat annoyed. ' You're the one who
(9) …………….………..(always turn up) late for things!
Surprisingly, we both (10) …………….……….. (arrive) at the station in time …………….………... (catch)
the train. We (12) …………….……….. (sit) on the train for about ten minutes when we realised, to our horror, that it
(13) . …………….……….. (go) in the wrong direction! We got off at the next station where а ticket seller informed
us that there (14) …………….…………. (not be) another train to Portsmouth until 8.45. We explained that we had to
catch the ferry at 10 o'clock. 'Well, if I (15) …………….…………. (be) you,' he said, ' I (16) …………….……….
(catch) the coach. That should get you to Portsmouth before the ferry (17) …………….……….. (sail). But you (18)
…………….……….. (have) to hurry, it (19) …………….……….. (leave) the bus station in about five minutes!'
We shot off like lightning despite the heavy rucksacks on our backs and jumped on the coach just as the driver
(20) …………….……….. (shut) the doors. We (21) …………….……….. (just collapse) in our seats with а sigh of
relief, when the driver announced, 'Sorry everyone but the motorway (22) …………….………………... (still repair)
so we (23) …………….………... (not get) to Portsmouth until 9.45.'
We groaned in despair. That gave us only fifteen minutes to get to the ferry terminal.
We arrived at Portsmouth bus station at 9.40 and jumped straight into а taxi.
'The Santander ferry terminal and please hurry,’ I shouted, 'or it (24) …………….……….. (go) before we
(25) …………….……….. (get) there!
To our astonishment, the taxi driver calmly switched off the engine and turned round.
(26) …………….………...you …………….……….. (not hear)?' he said, smiling, 'the ferry workers (27)
…………….……….. (come) out on strike last night!
'Oh on! ' I cried in disbelief. 'If only I (28) …………….……….. (listen) to the news this morning!'

Complete this letter from Australia using the following verbs. Use the present simple, present continuous, past
simple or past continuous.
In 1—10 use: arrive; feel (х2); get; go; know; spend; wait; write (x2)
In 11—20 use: ask; complain; enjoy; get; (not) get on; hear; look (х2); seem; start

Dear Mum and Dad,

I (1) am writing this letter in а hotel room in Perth. I (2) …………….………... here а couple of hours ago after а long
coach journey from Adelaide. I (З) …………….………... pretty tired so this will only be а short note before I (4)
…………….………... to sleep.

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As you (5) ………………..., I (6) ………………... last week in Adelaide with Jean and David. I (7) …………….…...
to them а month or so ago to tell them when I would be arriving, and they (8) …………….……... at the airport for me
when I (9) …………….………... there. For the first few days I (10) …………….………... quite jet-lagged, but I soon
(11) …………….………... over that after а few days of lazing around on the beach.
Jean and David (12) …………….………... living in Adelaide а lot, although Jean (13) …………….………... for a
new job just now. It (14) …………….………... that she (15) ……………….………... very well with her colleagues.
Apparently, they constantly (16) …………….………... about the working conditions and it (17) …………….……...
to annoy Jean. They (18) …………….………... me to pass on their best wishes to you.
So now I (19) …………….………... forward to exploring Perth. I (20) …………….………... it's а wonderful place.
I’ll write again in а few days.
Love, Abigail

In most lines of the following text there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or it does
not f1t in with the sense of the text. For each numbered line, 6nd the unnecessary word and then write it in the
space provided. Some lines are correct. Indicate these with а tick (). The first two lines have been done for
you.
Mapping the mind's word processor
An area is deep in the left frontal half of the brain used to is
process language has been pinpointed by а new brain-imager. 
Dr Julie Fiez, who first reported the work, believes brain-imagers ………………
will one day help to show that the causes of problems like dyslexia ………………
and determine strategies to overcome language in difficulties. ………………
The new imaging technique shows that the parts of the brain which ………………
are working harder because of blood flow has increased. ………………
When some people being studied were asked to lift their left index ………………
finger when they have heard а specific tone, word, syllable ………………
or vowel. Others were asked only to listen without doing anything. ………………
The brain's left frontal region was seen to be used only ………………
when subjects had to show they had heard of the specific sound, ………………
rather than just listened. Many regions are involved in listening ………………
but this one appears to be involved when parts of а sound have to ………………
be analysed to make up а decision, for instance how to correctly ………………
pronounce the words 'lead' and 'tears' in the different contexts. ………………

Complete the sentences using the linking words in the box below. The first one has been done as an example.
while/whereas; on the other hand; although; in contrast; yet; but
1. Mick likes playing tennis, but only if he wins!
2. Dogs are loving and loyal, ……………………… cats are very independent.
3. Hugo claims to be а strict vegetarian and ……………………… he regularly eats chicken!
4. Cars produce а great deal of pollution. Bicycles, ………………………, are totally environmentally friendly.
5. Checkers is а relatively easy game to master, ………………………learning to play chess takes а very long time.
6. Ms Ross will be able to see you tomorrow ……………………… not before 11am.
7. Some people regard television as no more than 'chewing gum for the eyes', ……………………… many others
appreciate its educative value.
8. ………………………. Jo likes living in the country, she does miss the convenience of living in town.

Cross out the incorrect answers. Both answers may be correct.

1. Although / in spite of we left late, we still got there in time.
2. It was а fantastic evening although / in spite of the terrible food.
3. We have decided to go in spite of / despite the cost of the tickets.
4. They enjoyed the course even though / whereas it was very difficult.
5. I love the sea furthermore/whereas most of my friends prefer the mountains.
6. We found а lovely villa near the lake that we can rent. In addition / Moreover, it has its own swimming pool, and
we have free use of а car provided by the owners.
7. We both told John the car was too expensive. However / On the other hand, he still decided to buy it.
8. Most people we met tried to help us. They were very friendly too / as well.
9. During the week the town centre is very busy. At the weekend on the other hand / whereas, it is very quiet and
almost empty.

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10. My uncle is the owner of the factory opposite. He also/however runs the restaurant next door and the car hire
company down the road.

Combine parts from each column to form five short texts.

A B C
Не went to school today even though the pay isn't very good.
Не always did his best at school in spite of he's the most experienced.
He's got the right qualifications. However the help I gave him.
Не didn't pass the exam whereas he didn't feel very well.
Не decided to take the job. What's more most of his schoolfriends were very lazy.

Fill the gaps with а suitable link word or phrase.

1. ……………………………..taking а map, they still got lost.

2. It took me two hours to do it ……………………………. the others finished in less than an hour.
3. The hotel has а very good reputation. ……………………………….., it is one of the cheapest in the area.
4. She managed to get there ……………………………………. she had а broken ankle.
5. It's not the best dictionary you can buy; ………………………………., it's better than nothing.
6. She's younger than the others in the group, and she's better than most of them.

Combine the two sentences into one sentence using so, so that, because, as, or since. More than one answer is
possible in some sentences.
1. I didn't phone you. It was very late.
2. I turned up the radio in the lounge. I could hear it in the kitchen.
3. The restaurant was full. We went to the bar next door.
4. I stayed at home. I was expecting а phone call.
5. It's а very large city. You have to use public transport а lot.
6. I learned to drive. My mother didn't have to take me to the riding school every week.

Transform these sentences using because of. Make any changes that are necessary.
Example: Не couldn't play because he had an injured shoulder. - He couldn’t play because of his injured shoulder.
1. She got the job because her qualifications are excellent.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The weather was terrible, so we couldn't eat outside.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. She had to stay at home because she has а broken ankle.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. The light was very bad, so the referee had to stop the game.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. The flowers died because it was so dry.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. The traffic was very heavy. I was half an hour late.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Read this memo from а manager to the staff. Fill the gaps with suitable words or phrases.
to: All staff
From: The Manager
Date: 9.8.2016
Subject: Temporary roadworks

From next Monday (and continuing throughout the week), there will be roadworks on all major approach roads to the
factory. (1) …………………………….this will (2) …………………………….considerable delays, could I please ask staff
to leave home а few minutes early in the morning (3) …………………………….everyone arrives on time.
I have been told that these roadworks could also (4) …………………………….severe traffic congestion. (5)
……………………………. it may be advisable to leave your cars at home and use public transport instead.

Thank you for your cooperation in this matter,

DP

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Expand the notes and rewrite the sentences using Despite and In spite of + -ing in 1-3 and In spite of his/her +
noun in 4-6.
1. Although she has to cope with three small children, … (taking - part-time - МВА course)
In spite of having to cope with three small children, she is taking a part-time МВА course.
2. Although he was much younger than the others, ... (was - most outstanding footballer - team)
In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Although he ate а big lunch, ... (had - three-course meal - evening)
In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Although she was frightened, … (allowed - huge spider - placed in her bands)
In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Although she is obviously intelligent, (finds - it difficult - express - ideas in writing)
In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Although she was ill, ... (went - walking holiday - Nepal)
In spite of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Underline the correct phrase.

1. The driver stopped to let on more passengers even though/ even if the bus was already full.
2. I wouldn't tell you where Gail lives even though / even if I knew.
3. Even though / Even if I only play one match for my country, I’ll be happy.
4. Even though / Even if he had just put а cigarette out, Lawrence lit another one.
5. He plays for Wales even though / even if he was born in Scotland.
6. You won't see all the animals in the zoo even though / even if you stay for the whole day.
7. Even though / Even if I'm quite old, I still miss my parents.
8. I still couldn't afford to go to Paris, even though / even if I took the cheapest route.
Hint: even though = despite the fact that; even if = whether or not

Choose items from (i) and from (ii) to complete these sentences in an appropriate way. Note the punctuation at
the ends of the sentences and phrases already given.
(i) (ii)
alternatively as long as everybody had their fair share you could poison them
for one thing meanwhile his face seemed familiar it's too expensive
otherwise yet the rent was paid on time the street was deserted
while so that the volcano continues to erupt we were on holiday
1. Martha cut the cake carefully into slices so that everybody had their fair share.
2. А small boy was kicking а ball against а wall; ………………………………………………………………
3. I couldn't remember meeting him before, ……………………………………………………………………
4. А mass evacuation of islanders is taking place. …………………………………………………………….
5. А: Why don't you like that new French restaurant? B: ………………………………………………………
6. Karen came down with flu ………………………………………………………………………………….
7. My landlady didn't mind me having parties in my room …………………………………………………….
8. One way of getting rid of weeds is to dig them out. ………………………………………………………..

Underline the correct alternative.

1. Your essay is badly organised and full of spelling mistakes. Though/ Nevertheless, it contains some very
interesting ideas.
2. To the east the trees were left standing, while/ in contrast to the west they were cut down.
3. I felt guilty about leaving the company even so/ even though I knew I had made the right decision.
4. The course taught me а lot about jewellery design. Even though / Even so, there is still а lot I need to learn.
5. I had expected my mother to be happy with the news. Instead/ Although tears came to her eyes and she started to
cry.
6. Herbs are usually grown in temperate climates, whereas/ on the other hand spices are mainly from tropical areas.
7. We were very short of money so/ as а consequence we had to spend the night on а park bench.
8. I turned the ignition, but the car refused to start. As/ Meanwhile the lions were getting ever closer.
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9. She wrote the questions on the blackboard while/ at the same time the students copied them into their books.
10. Previously/ Before I went to Australia, I'd never seen а koala.
11. Modern farming methods have destroyed the habitat of many birds. As а result/ So that their numbers are in
decline.
12. I’ll have to buy a ladder unless/ if not I can borrow one from Ray.
13. I first met Kevin in the 1970s. At that time/ When he had long hair and а beard.

1. Teresa … Russian at evening classes this term. 10.… to the dentist after college so I can't play squash
А is studying with you.
В studies А I'm going
С study В I'll go
C. I go
2. I don't know what this sentence …
А is meaning 11.I’ll write to you as soon as … my exam results.
В means А I know
С mеаn В I'll know
С I’m going to know
3. Clive was driving into town when he… out of petrol.
А was running 12 The builders ...................... the house by the end of
В run this month.
С ran А have finished
В will have finished
4. I don't enjoy computer games now, but I …. like them С will have Ьееп finishing
when I was younger.
А was used to 13 This dictionary is … useful than that опе.
В used to А less
С would B as
C so
5. We expected George at 7.30 but he… yet.
А hasn't arrived 14 I кеер mу grammar notes in а ... folder.
В has arrived А plastic big red
С didn't arrive В red big plastic
С big red plastic
6. The film started … so you’ve missed quite а lot.
А for half an hour 15 Until last week, he … a motorbike before.
В half an hour ago А had never ridden
С since ha1f an hour В never had ridden
С had ridden never
7. When … the food, they went for а swim in the lake.
А they'd been eating 16 The day before the holiday, the men worked … than
В they'd eaten usual.
С they've eaten А hardly
В hardest
8. … my sister three times today but her number's С harder
always busy.
А phoned 17 Doesn't your brother … discos?
В I've been phoning А еnјоу
С I've phoned В enjoys
С enjoying
9. Anna: Shall I ring you at one o'clock?
Ben: No, my lunch hour is earlier tomorrow so … my 18 Let's take а break soon, ...?
lunch in the canteen then. Ring me at about one-thirty. A is it
A. I’m eating В will уои
B. I'll be eating С shall we
C. I eat

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19.Most of the houses in this country have … 29 While mу car… I wandered round the city centre.
А а garden А be repaired
В the garden В was repairing
С garden С was being repaired

20.Му father normally reads the paper while eating … 30 Каtiе …. her hair cut short when she left school.
А а breakfast А had
В the breakfast В did
С breakfast С made

21.The first thing they did when they met after twenty 31.Gareth … he was never going to lend Robert
years was to hug … anything again.
А each other А informed
В someone else В said
С themselves С told

22 .... the children look like their mother. 32. I asked Ruth where …. her coat.
А Either А did she buy
В Both В had she bought
С Neither С she had bought

23. Му manager says we .... take more than ten minutes 33. I always avoid …on the bus because it makes mе
for our break and, if we do, he'll make us work extra feel ill.
hours. А to read
А don't have to В reading
В don't need to С read
С mustn't
34 Му grandfather remembers … into this house when
24 I ran all the way to the station but when I got there I he was а very small bоу.
realised that ...because all the trains were delayed. А moving
А I didn't need to hurry В move
В I needn't have hurried С to move
С I didn't have to hurry
35 If уои don't know а word, уои can look ….in your
25 …to take а spare T-shirt as you'll probably get really dictionary.
hot playing tennis. А it up
А You'd better В up it
В You should C it
С You ought
36 I've never really got ….mу neighbour, probably
26 You look really busy. ... I put the shopping away for because we're so different.
уои? А up to
А Would В through
В Shall С on with
С Will
37 I'll bоок seats for the concert, if there … аnу good
27 When I got home I looked at the bill and realised the ones available
restaurant … added it uр wrong so I'd paid too much. А will be
А must have В were
В should have С are
С could have
38 Liam would have saved а lot of топеу, if he… to my
28 That bicycle …. belong to Judy —it's much too big advice.
for her. А would listen
А mustn't В had listened
В mightn't С was listening
С can't

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39 We'll gо for а walk … it's foggy —I hate walking in 45. I enjoyed … last week.
the fog. А the book уои lent mе
А if В the book which уои lent it to mе
В in case С the book, that уои lent mе
С unless
46. This is the room in …the famous poet died.
40 I wish I … а good memory — it would mаке А which
learning English much easier. В where
А had had С that
В had
С would have 47. I left the cinema … I had а headache and the film
was very noisy.
41 Alfred wears an old coat ….his suit when he walks to А as
work. В so that
А on С therefore
В above
С over 48. I’m …tired to work tonight. I'll finish mу homework
in the morning.
42 We're having а party …the last day of term. А very
A in В too
В оn C so
С at
49. …Martin could easily afford to gо on holiday, he
43 As we can't agree …this subject, we won't discuss it never does.
again. А Although
А about В Despite
В in С In spite of
С with
50. Since …school, Sheila has had several interesting
44 All the nurses were very kind … me when I was ill. jobs.
А with А left
B to В leaving
C of С to leave

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 SCIENTIFIC STUDY CONFIRMS THAT DOGS GRASP WHAT THEIR OWNERS ARE SAYING

A recent scientific study has confirmed what dog "Dog brains care about both what we say and how we
lovers have suspected all along – that their canine say it," according to lead researcher Attila Andics.
companions actually understand what is being said to "Praise can work as a reward only if both word
them. meaning and intonation match."

A group of researchers at Eotvos Lorand University in How much do dogs actually understand?
Budapest, Hungary, used functional MRI (fMRI) The researchers stressed that the scan results do not
technology to scan the brains of 13 family dogs, and prove that dogs are able to grasp the actual meaning of
found that the animals use both hemispheres of the words in the way humans do, but may only be
brain to process speech, in a manner quite similar to responding to them due to their familiarity.
that of humans.
However, due to the fact that dogs probably hear the
In conducting the research, the dogs were trained to lie same words used by humans in other contexts, it is
motionless inside the fMRI machine (they were perhaps safe to assume that familiarity is not the key
unrestrained and could leave whenever they wished) factor, but whether or not the word is being addressed
while listening to their trainer's voice through to the dog, giving it "meaning" to the dog in question.
headphones.
On the other hand, there have been studies that have
The researchers were able to use the scan results to confirmed that dogs are capable of understanding the
determine that dogs can not only recognize both words differences between hundreds of words. Two such
and pitch differences, but can also process these studies involved a border collie named Chaser, who
combined factors to determine if they make sense. has learned the names of more than 1,000 objects, and
can even distinguish between groups of objects – such
"[T]he dogs only registered that they were being as "balls" and "Frisbees" – and the individual names
praised if the words and pitch were positive. for the objects within each group.
Meaningless words spoken in an encouraging voice, or
meaningful words in a neutral tone, didn't have the This latest research implies that since dog brains
same effect." process language in a similar manner to that of
humans, the potential of a rather sophisticated grasp of
Although earlier studies have already demonstrated language may exist among many other species.
that dogs do understand the differences between
words, as well as the manner in which they are spoken, And the relatively long association between dogs and
this new research was the first to show how this humans may explain why they are seemingly more
processing takes place in the brain. capable than cats, for instance, in terms of
"understanding" human speech; the association
Dogs process language in much the same way as between cats and humans is a much more recent one,
humans comparatively speaking.
What was surprising about the results is how similar
the processing is to our own. Humans are perhaps not as unique as previously
thought in terms of potential language capabilities.
"Using the brain activity images, the researchers saw What actually separates us from the rest of the animal
that the dogs processed the familiar words regardless kingdom is probably the fact that we invented and use
of intonation, and they did so using the left words, but not that we are the only species that can
hemisphere, just like humans. Tone, or the emotion understand them.
behind the word, on the other hand, was analysed in
the auditory regions of the right hemisphere — just as Sources: (Associated Press)
it is in people."

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