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Chapter 5 - Complex Numbers Notes

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49 views

Chapter 5 - Complex Numbers Notes

Uploaded by

10080
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE STUDY L'ECOLE INTERNATIONALE

CHAPTER - 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Imaginary Numbers
Square root of a negative number is called an imaginary number., for example,

− 9 = −1 9 = i3, − 7 = −1 7 =i 7

Integral Powers of i
i= −1 , i 2 = – 1, i 3 = i 2 i = – i , i 4 = (i 2)2 = (–1)2 = 1.
To compute in for n > 4, we divide n by 4 and write it in the form n = 4m + r, where m is
quotient and r is remainder (0 ≤ r ≤ 4)
Hence in = i4m+r = (i4)m . (i)r = (1)m (i)r = ir
For example, (i)39 = i 4 × 9 + 3 = (i4)9 . (i)3 = i3 = – i
and (i)–435 = i – (4 × 108 + 3) = (i)– (4 × 108) . (i)– 3
1 1 i
= 4 108 . 3 = 4 = i
(i ) (i) (i )
(i) If a and b are positive real numbers, then
− a × −b = −1 a × −1 b = i a × i b = − ab

(ii) a. b = ab if a and b are positive or at least one of them is negative or


zero. However, a b ≠ ab if a and b, both are negative.
Complex Numbers
(a) A number which can be written in the form a + ib, where a, b are real numbers
and i = −1 is called a complex number.
(b) If z = a + ib is the complex number, then a and b are called real and imaginary
parts, respectively, of the complex number and written as Re (z) = a, Im (z) = b.
(c) Order relations “greater than” and “less than” are not defined for complex
numbers.
(d) If the imaginary part of a complex number is zero, then the complex number is
known as purely real number and if real part is zero, then it is called
purely imaginary number, for example, 2 is a purely real number because its
imaginary part is zero and 3i is a purely imaginary number because its real part
is zero.
Algebra of Complex Numbers
(a) Two complex numbers z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are said to be equal if
a = c and b = d.
(b) Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be two complex numbers then
z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d).
Addition properties
1. As the sum of two complex numbers is again a complex number, the set of
complex numbers is closed with respect to addition.
2. Addition of complex numbers is commutative, i.e., z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
3. Addition of complex numbers is associative, i.e., (z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3)
4. For any complex number z = x + i y, there exist 0, i.e., (0 + 0i) complex number
such that z + 0 = 0 + z = z, known as identity element for addition.
5. For any complex number z = x + iy, there always exists a number – z = – a – ib
such that z + (– z) = (– z) + z = 0 and is known as the additive inverse of z.
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id, be two complex numbers. Then
z1 . z2 = (a + ib) (c + id) = (ac – bd) + i (ad + bc)
1. As the product of two complex numbers is a complex number, the set of complex
numbers is closed with respect to multiplication.
2. Multiplication of complex numbers is commutative, i.e., z1.z2 = z2.z1
3. Multiplication of complex numbers is associative, i.e., (z1.z2) . z3 = z1 . (z2.z3)
4. For any complex number z = x + iy, there exists a complex number 1, i.e., (1 + 0i)
such that
z . 1 = 1 . z = z, known as identity element for multiplication.
1
5. For any non zero complex number z = x + i y, there exists a complex number
z
1 1 1 a − ib
such that z ⋅ = ⋅ z = 1 , i.e., multiplicative inverse of a + ib = = .
z z a + ib a 2 + b2
6. For any three complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 ,
z1 . (z2 + z3) = z1 . z2 + z1 . z3
and (z1 + z2) . z3 = z1 . z3 + z2 . z3
i.e., for complex numbers multiplication is distributive over addition.
Let z1 = a + ib and z2( ≠ 0) = c + id. Then
z1 a + ib (ac + bd ) (bc − ad )
z1 ÷ z2 =
= = 2 2
+i 2
z2 c + id c +d c +d2
Conugate of a Complex Number
Let z = a + ib be a complex number. Then a complex number obtained by changing the
sign of imaginary part of the complex number is called the conjugate of z and it is denoted
by z , i.e., z = a – ib.
Note that additive inverse of z is – a – ib but conjugate of z is a – ib.
We have :
1. ( z ) = z
2. z + z = 2 Re (z) , z – z = 2 i Im(z)
3. z = z , if z is purely real.
4. z + z = 0 ⇔ z is purely imaginary
5. z . z = {Re (z)}2 + {Im (z)}2 .
6. ( z1 + z2 ) = z1 + z2 , ( z1 − z2 ) = z1 – z2

z1 (z )
7. ( z1 . z2 ) = ( z1 ) ( z2 ), = 1 ( z2 ≠ 0)
z2 ( z2 )
Modulus of a Complex Number
Let z = a + ib be a complex number. Then the positive square root of the sum of square
of real part and square of imaginary part is called modulus (absolute value) of z and it
is denoted by z i.e., z = a 2 + b2
In the set of complex numbers z1 > z2 or z1 < z2 are meaningless but

z1 > z2 or z1 < z2

are meaningful because z1 and z2 are real numbers.


Properties of modulus of a Complex Number
1. z = 0 ⇔ z = 0 i.e., Re (z) = 0 and Im (z) = 0
2. z = z = −z
3. – z ≤ Re (z) ≤ z and – z ≤ Im (z) ≤ z
2 2 2
4. z z = z , z = z

z1 z
5. z1 z2 = z1 . z2 , = 1 ( z2 ≠ 0)
z2 z2
2 2 2
6. z1 + z2 = z1 + z2 + 2Re ( z1 z2 )
2 2 2
7. z1 − z2 = z1 + z2 − 2 Re ( z1 z2 )
8. z1 + z2 ≤ z1 + z2
9. z1 − z2 ≥ z1 − z2
2 2 2 2
10. az1 − bz2 + bz1 + az2 = ( a 2 + b2 ) ( z1 + z2 )
In particular:
2 2 2 2
z1 − z2 + z1 + z2 = 2 ( z1 + z2 )
11. As stated earlier multiplicative inverse (reciprocal) of a complex number
z = a + ib (≠ 0) is
1 a − ib z
= 2 2 = 2
z a +b z

Argand Plane
A complex number z = a + ib can be represented by a unique point P (a, b) in the
cartesian plane referred to a pair of rectangular axes. The complex number 0 + 0i
represent the origin 0 ( 0, 0). A purely real number a, i.e., (a + 0i) is represented by the
point (a, 0) on x - axis. Therefore, x-axis is called real axis. A purely imaginary number
ib, i.e., (0 + ib) is represented by the point (0, b) on y-axis. Therefore, y-axis is called
imaginary axis.
Similarly, the representation of complex numbers as points in the plane is known as
Argand diagram. The plane representing complex numbers as points is called complex
plane or Argand plane or Gaussian plane.
If two complex numbers z1 and z2 be represented by the points P and Q in the complex
plane, then
z1 − z2 = PQ
Polar Form
Let P be a point representing a non-zero complex number z = a + ib in the
Argand plane. If OP makes an angle θ with the positive direction of x-axis,
then z = r (cosθ + isinθ) is called the polar form of the complex number, where
b
r= z = a 2 + b2 and tanθ = . Here θ is called argument or amplitude of z and we
a
write it as arg (z) = θ.
The unique value of θ such that – π ≤ θ ≤ π is called the principal argument.
arg (z1 . z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2)

 z1 
arg  z  = arg (z1) – arg (z2)
 2
Solution of Quadratic Equations

For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =0,

a, b, c  R, a  0,if b2 – 4ac < 0

then it will have complex roots given by,

b  i 4ac  b2
x
2a

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