COMPLEX NUMBERS

CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

* A number of the form (a + ib) where a b  R, the set of real numbers, and i =  1 (iota) is called a
complex number. It is denoted by z, z = a + ib. “a” is called the real part of complex number z and
“b”
is the imaginary part i.e. Re(z) = a and Im(z) = b.
* Two complex numbers are said to be equal i.e. z1 = z2.
 (a + ib) = (c + id)
 a = c and b = d
 Re (z1) = Re (z2) & Im(z1) = Im(z2).
* A complex number z is said to be purely real if Im(z) = 0
and is said to be purely imaginary if Re(z) = 0.
* The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the set of complex number C, because every real
number
can be considered as a complex number with imaginary part zero.
* i4n = (i4)n = (1)n = 1 i4n+1 = i4n.i = (1).i = i
i4n+2 = i4n. i2 = (1) (–1) = –1 i4n+3 = i4n.i3 = (1)( –i) = – i.
Algebra of Complex Numbers
** Addition of two complex numbers : Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex numbers.
Then, the sum z1 + z2 is defined as follows: z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d), which is again a complex
number.
The addition of complex numbers satisfy the following properties:
(i) The closure law The sum of two complex numbers is a complex number, i.e., z1 + z2 is a complex
number for all complex numbers z1 and z2 .
(ii) The commutative law For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
(iii) The associative law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3, (z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3).
(iv) The existence of additive identity There exists the complex number 0 + i 0 (denoted as 0), called
the additive identity or the zero complex number, such that, for every complex number z, z + 0 = z.
(v) The existence of additive inverse To every complex number z = a + ib, we have the complex
number – a + i(– b) (denoted as – z), called the additive inverse or negative of z. Thus z + (–z) = 0
(the additive identity).
** Difference of two complex numbers : Given any two complex numbers z1 and z2, the difference
z1 – z2 is defined as follows: z1 – z2 = z1 + (– z2).
** Multiplication of two complex numbers : Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex
numbers.
Then, the product z1 z2 is defined as follows: z1 z2 = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc)
**The multiplication of complex numbers possesses the following properties :
(i) The closure law The product of two complex numbers is a complex number, the product z1 z2 is a
complex number for all complex numbers z1 and z2.
(ii) The commutative law For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 z2 = z2 z1
(iii) The associative law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3, (z1 z2) z3 = z1 (z2 z3).
(iv) The existence of multiplicative identity There exists the complex number 1 + i 0 (denoted as 1),
called the multiplicative identity such that z.1 = z, for every complex number z.
(v) The existence of multiplicative inverse For every non-zero complex number z = a + ib or a + bi
a b 1
(a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0), we have the complex number 2 i 2 (denoted by or z 1 ), called the
a b 2
a b 2
z
1
multiplicative inverse of z such that z.  1 (the multiplicative identity).
z
(vi) The distributive law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3,
26
 (a) z1 (z2 + z3) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 (b) (z1 + z2) z3 = z1 z3 + z2 z3
**Division of two complex numbers : Given any two complex numbers z1 and z2, where z2 ≠ 0 , the
z1 z 1
quotient is defined by 1  z1. .
z2 z2 z2
**Modulus a Complex Number : Let z = a + ib be a complex number. Then, the modulus of z,
denoted by | z |, is defined to be the non-negative real number a 2  b2 , i.e., | z | = a 2  b2
** Properties of Modulus :
If z, z1, z2 are three complex numbers then
(i) |z| = 0  z = 0 i.e., real part and imaginary part are zeroes.
(ii) |z| = | z | = |– z |
(iii) z. z = | z |2
(iv) |z1.z2| = |z1|.|z2|
z1 | z1 |
(v)  , z 0
z2 | z2 | 2
(vi) |z1+z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2+ 2Re(z1 z2 )
(vii) |z1-z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 – 2Re(z1 z2 )
(viii) |z1+z2|2 + |z1-z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2)
**Conjugate of a Complex Number : Let z = a + ib then its conjugate is denoted by z  (a  ib) .

**Properties of conjugates :
(i) (z) = z
(ii) z+ z = 2Re(z)
(iii) z– z = 2iIm(z)
(iv) z+ z = 0  z is purely real.
(v) z. z = [Re(z)]2 + [Im(z)]2.
(vi) z1  z2  z1  z2
(vii) z1.z2  z1.z2
 z1  z1
(viii)    , z2  0
 z2  z2

**Argand Plane and Polar Representation

Some complex numbers such as 2 + 4i, – 2 + 3i, 0 + 1i, 2 + 0i, – 5 –2i
and 1 – 2i which correspond to the ordered pairs (2, 4), ( – 2, 3), (0, 1),
(2, 0), ( –5, –2), and (1, – 2), respectively, have been represented
geometrically by the points A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively.
The plane having a complex number assigned to each of its
point is called the complex plane or the Argand plane.

In the Argand plane, the modulus of the complex number

x + iy = x 2  y 2 is the distance between the point P(x, y) to
the origin O (0, 0). The points on the x-axis corresponds to the
complex numbers of the form a + i 0 and the points on the y-axis
corresponds to the complex numbers of the form 0 + i b.
The x-axis and y-axis in the Argand plane are called, respectively,
the real axis and the imaginary axis.
27
The representation of a complex number z = x + iy and its
conjugate z = x – iy in the Argand plane are, respectively,
the points P (x, y) and Q (x, – y).
Geometrically, the point (x, – y) is the mirror image
of the point (x, y) on the real axis.
** Polar representation of a complex number :
Let the point P represent the non zero complex number
z = x + iy. Let the directed line segment OP be of length r and
θ be the angle which OP makes with the positive direction of
x-axis .
The point P is uniquely determined by the ordered pair of
real numbers (r, θ), called the polar coordinates of the point P.
We consider the origin as the pole and the positive direction of
the x axis as the initial line.
We have, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and therefore,
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) is said to be the polar form of the complex number. Here r = x 2  y2 = |z| is
the modulus of z and θ is called the argument (or amplitude) of z which is denoted by arg z .
For any complex number z ≠ 0, there corresponds only one value of θ in 0 ≤ θ < 2π. However,
any other interval of length 2π, for example – π < θ ≤ π, can be such an interval. We shall take the
value of θ such that – π < θ ≤ π, called principal argument of z and is denoted by arg z, unless
specified otherwise.
** Cube roots of unity :
Let = 31
 3 = 1
 3 – 1 = 0
 (- 1) (2 +  + 1) = 0
1 i 3
  = 1, or ω .
2
**Properties of cube roots of unity :
(i) One of the cube roots of unity is real and the other two are conjugate complex numbers
(ii) Each complex cube root of unity is the square of the other.
(iii) The product of three cube roots of unity is one.
(iv) The sum of the three cube roots of unity is zero
(v) If the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0 has roots  and 2 the roots of equation x2 – x + 1 = 0 has
roots – and -2.
(vi) Each complex cube root of unity is the reciprocal of the other.
(vii) Cube roots of 1 are 1, , 2, then cube roots of –1 are –1, – , – 2.

**Triangle inequalities :
(i) |z1 + z2|  |z1 | + |z2|
(ii) |z1 – z2|  |z1 | + |z2|
(iii) |z1 + z2|  |z1 | – |z2|
(iv) |z1 – z2|  ||z1 | – |z2||
**Quadratic Equations : Roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 with real coefficients
 b  4ac  b2 i
a, b, c , a ≠ 0 and b2 – 4ac < 0 are .
2a

28
II. Some illustrations/Examples (with solution) preferably of different types.

MCQ
1 Multiplicative inverse of complex number (1+i) is ……..
1
(a)2 (1 − i)
1
(b)− 2 (1 − i)
1
( c) 2 (1 + i)
1
(d)− 2 (1 + i)

Sol. Multiplicative inverse of complex number (1+i) is

1 1 1−i 1−i 1 𝟏
z-1= = × = = (1 − i) (a) (𝟏 − 𝐢)
1+i 1+i 1−i 1−i 2 2 𝟐

2 If (2+5 i)z=(3-7 i), then z =……

(a)1 + i (b) 1 − i (c) −1 + i (d) −1 − i
Sol. 2 + 5i z = 3 − 7i
3−7i 2−5i 6+35i 2 −15i−14i −29−29i
z= × = = = −1 − i (d) −𝟏 − 𝐢
2+5i 2−5i 4−25i 2 29

3 If If z1, = 5 − 3i and z2 = 4 + 5i then z1 − z2 = . ..

(a)3 + 5i (b) 7 − 5i (c) 9 + 2i (d) 1 + 8i
Sol. z1 = 5 + 3i , z2 = 4 − 5i
z1 − z2 = 5 + 3i – 4 − 5i = 1 + 8i (d) 𝟏 + 𝟖𝐢
4 1+i
z= then z 4 = …
1−i

(a)1 (b) −1 (c) 0 (d) 2

1+i 1+i 1+2i+i 2
Sol. z = × = = i
1−i 1+i 1−i 2

z 4 = i4 = 1 (a)𝟏
Case based study
5 We have , 𝐢 = −𝟏. So, we can write the higher powers of 𝐢 as follow
𝐢𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝐢𝟑 = −𝐢 , 𝐢𝟒 = 𝟏 .........
In order to compute 𝐢𝐧 for n>4, write 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐢𝟒𝐪+𝐫 for some 𝐪, 𝐫 ∈ 𝐍 and
𝟎 ≤ 𝐫 ≤ 𝟑.
Then 𝐢𝐧 = 𝐢𝟒𝐪 𝐢𝐫 = 𝐢𝟒 𝐪 𝐢𝐫 = 𝟏 𝐪 𝐢𝐫 = 𝐢𝐫 .
In general for any integer k,
𝐢𝟒𝐤 = 𝟏, 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟏 = 𝐢 , 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟐 = −𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟑 − 𝐢.

On the basis of the above information , answer the following question.

(i) What is the value of 𝐢−𝟑𝟎.
(ii) If 𝐳 = 𝐢𝟗 + 𝐢𝟏𝟗, then write z in the form of 𝐚 + 𝐢𝐛
(iii) Find the sum 𝐢 + 𝐢𝟐 + 𝐢𝟑 + 𝐢𝟒 + ⋯ 𝐮𝐩𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐬

Sol.
(i) i−30 = i−32+2 = i−32 i2 = i4 (−8) i2 = 1 −8 −1 = 1 × −1 = −1
(ii) z = i9 + i19 = i4×2+1 + i4×4+3 = i + i3 = i − i = 0 = 0 + 0i
(iii) i + i2 + i3 + i4 + ⋯ upto 1000 terms
29
 = (i + i2 + i3 + i4 ) + (i5 + i6 + i7 + i8 ) + ⋯ upto 1000 terms
Sum of four consecutive power power of i is 0
= 0+ 0+ 0+.... upto 250 term
=0
Short answer type questions
6. 1+i 100
if 1−i = a + ib, then find the value of a, b

1+i 100 1+i 1+i 100

Sol. = a + ib, × = a + ib
1−i 1−i 1+i
100
1+2i+i 2
= a + ib, i100 = a + ib, 1= a + ib , a=1 and b=0
1−i 2

(a,b)=(1,0)
7. Show that The set of all the points z in the argand plane for which
z+1 2+ z−1 2
= 4 is represent a circle.
Sol. z + 1 2 + z − 1 2
=4 z = x + iy
x + iy + 1 2 + x + iy − 1 2
=4
2 2
(x + 1)2 + y 2 + (x − 1)2 + y 2 =4
2 x2 + y2 + 1 = 4
x 2 + y 2 = 1 Which represent a circle
8. 𝟏+𝟐𝐢+𝟑𝐢𝟐
Find the Value of 𝟏−𝟐𝐢+𝟑𝐢𝟐
1+2i+3i 2 1+2i−3 −2+2i −2+2i (−2)2 +(2)2 4
Sol. = = = = = =1
1−2i+3i 2 1−2i−3 −2−2i −2−2i (−2)2 +(−2)2 4

Long answer type questions

9 𝟑+𝟐𝐢 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
Find real 𝛉 such that is purely real
𝟏−𝟐𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉

3+2i sin θ 3+2i sin θ 1+2isin θ 3+6i sin θ+2isin θ−4 sin 2 θ
Sol. We have , = =
1−2isin θ 1−2isin θ 1+2isin θ 1+4si nθ 2
2
3 − 4 sin θ 8isinθ
=+
1 + 4 sin θ 1 + 4 sin2 θ
2
We are given the complex number to be real. Therefore
8isin θ
= 0 , i.e. sinθ = 0 . thus θ = nπ where n is aninteger
1+4 si n 2 θ

10 𝟏+𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
Find the real value of 𝛉 for which the expression 𝟏−𝟐𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 is a real number.

1+icos θ 1+2icos θ 1+2icos θ+icos θ+2i 2 cos 2 θ

Sol. z = × 1+2icos θ =
1−2icos θ 1−4i 2 cos 2 θ

1−2cos 2 θ +i(3cos θ)
= 1+4cos 2 θ
The given number is a real number hence the imaginary part of the complex number is
zero

(3cosθ)
∴ =0
1 + 4cos2 θ

∴ cosθ = 0
π
∴ θ = 2kπ ± ; kϵZ
2

30
III .Questions for Practice
MCQ
1 The value of i528
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) i
(d) – i
2 2
1 25
i19 + is equal to
i

(a) 4
(b) -4
(c) i
(d) −i
3 The conjugate of i-35
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) i
(d) –i
2 2
4 If z1 = 3 + 2i and z2 = 2 − 4i and z1 + z2 + z1 − z2 is equal
(a) 11
(b) 22
(c) 55
(d) 66
5 1+i 2
The real part of is
3−i
1
(a) 3
1
(b) − 5
−1
(c) 3
(d) None of these
6 If 4x + i 3x − y = 3 + i −6 then the values of x and y are
(a) x =3, y =4
(b) x=3/4, y= 33/4
(c) x =4. y =3
(d) x =33. Y =4
7 If i103 = a + ib then a +b is equal to
(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 0
(d) 2
8 Which of the following options defined 'imaginary number'?
(a)Square root of any number
(b)Square root of positive number
(c) Square root of negative number
(d)Cube root of number
9 7−i
If z = 3−4i then z 14
(a) 27
31
 (b) 27 i
(c) -27
(d) -27 i
Assertion- Reason
10 Assertion (A) if 𝐢 = −𝟏 then 𝐢𝟒𝐤 = 𝟏,𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟏 = 𝐢 , 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟐 = −𝟏 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟑 = −𝐢.
Reason (R) 𝐢𝟒𝐤 + 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟏 +𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟐 + 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟑 = 𝟏

(a) A is true, R is true; R is a correct explanation of A.

(b) A is true, R is true; R is not a correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true; R is false
(d) A is false; R is true.

Short answer type

u v
11 If x + iy 3 = u + iv, then showthat x + y = 4(x 2 − y 2 )

12 1
Simplify (1 + i)4 (1 + i )4

13 If z1, = 2 − i and z2 = −2 + i find

z1 z2 1
(i) Re z1
(ii) Im z1 z 1

14 x−1 y−1
Find the real values of x and y if + =i.
3+i 3−i

15 z−2
Show that = 2 represents a circle. Find centre and radius .
z−3

16 1+a
If a =cosθ + isinθ, find the value of 1−a

17 If(x + iy) (2 - 3i) = 4 + i, then find x and y

18 1+ i 3 1−i 3
Find x and y if + = x + iy
1−i 1+i

19 If z(2 - i) = (3 + i), then z20 is equal to

20 3+2i 3−2i
Express z = + in the form of a+ib.
2−3i 2+3i

Long answer type

21 a+ib a 2 +b 2
If x+iy= , then prove that (x 2 + y 2 )2 =
c+id c 2 +d 2

22 1−iz
If z = x + iy and w = and w = 1 then show that z is purely real.
z−i

23 For what values of x and y are the numbers 3 + ix 2 y and x 2 + y + 4i are conjugate
of each other.
24 If z + 1 = 2 z − 1 prove that z describes a circle.
25 3+2isin θ
Find real θ such that 1−2i sin θ is purely real

32
IV. ANSWERS (Practice Questions)

Q.1 a Q.2 b Q.3 c Q.4 d Q.5 b

Q.6 b Q.7 b Q.8 c Q.9 a Q.10 c
2
X=-4 r= and
3
−2
Q.11 ------ Q.12 16 Q.13 ,0 Q.14 and y = Q.15 10
5 cnetre ( 3 , 0
6
)
x=
θ 5/13, x= 0,
Q.16 icot Q.17 Q.18 Q.19 −210 Q.20 0+i0
2 y=14/1 y=0
3

x = ±2,
Q.21 ------ Q.22 ----- Q.23 Q.24 ------ Q.25 θ = nπ
y = −1

Complex Number and Quadratic Equation

Test-1 ( 20 Marks)

1 The value of i528 1

(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) i (d) – i

2 The conjugate of i-35 1
(a)1 (b) -1 (c)i (d) –i
3 If i103 = a + ib then a +b is equal to 1
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d) 2
4 If Z1 = 1 + i, Z2 = 2 − i and z1 z2 = a +ib, then a +b is equal to 1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
5 8 8
(1+i) +(1-i) equal to 1
(a) 1 (b)2 (c) 8 (d) 32
6 Assertion-Reason 1
Assertion (A) if 𝐢 = −𝟏 then 𝐢𝟒𝐤 = 𝟏,𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟏 = 𝐢 , 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟐 = −𝟏𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟑 = −𝐢.
Reason (R) 𝐢𝟒𝐤 + 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟏 +𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟐 + 𝐢𝟒𝐤+𝟑 = 𝟏

(a) A is true, R is true; R is a correct explanation of A.

(b) A is true, R is true; R is not a correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true; R is false
(d) A is false; R is true.
7 Case study 4
An ant is moving around a few food pieces scattered on the floor along the
curve
z−2
= 2.
z−3

(a)What is the shape of the path described by the ant

(b) Find the equation of the path described.

8 If(x + iy)(2 − 3i) = 4 + i, then find x and y 2

33
9 3+2isin θ 2
Find real θ such that 1−2i sin θ is purely real

10 If z1, = 2 − i and z2 = −2 + i find 3

z1 z2 1
(i)Re (ii) Im
z1 z1 z 1
11 2+i 2 3
Find the modulus and conjugate of 3+i

Answers Test-1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
−2
(i)Circle x= 5/13, θ ,0 |z|=
10
,
5
ii x 2 + y 2 y= 14/13 = nπ 2
a c b a d c
− 8x + 14 = 0 13 9
z=10 − i 10

Complex Number and Quadratic Equation

Test-2 ( 30 Marks)

1 in + in+1 + in+2 + in+3 is equal to 1

(a)0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) 2
2 If z1 = 3 + 2i and z1 = 2 − 4i and z1 + z2 2 + z1 − z2 2
is equal 1
(a) 11 (b)22 (c) 55 (d)66
3 1+i 2 1
The real part of is
3−i
1 1 −1
(a)3 (b)− 5 (c) 3 (d) None of these
−15 −8
4 If z = −5i − 6i then z is equal to 1
(a) -6-5i (b) -6 +5i (c) 6 -5i (d) 6 +5i
5 Multiplicative Inverse of complex number (1-2i)=... 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
(a)5 + i 5 (b)5 − i 5 (c)− 5 + i 5 (d) None of these

6 Assertion-Reason 1
2
Assertion: The equation ix − 3ix + 2i = 0 has non real roots.
Reason: If a, b, c are real and b2 − 4ac ≥ 0, then the roots of the equation ax2
+bx +c =0 are real and if b2 − 4ac < 0,then the roots of the equation ax2 +bx
+c =0 are non-real.

(a) A is true, R is true; R is a correct explanation of A.

(b) A is true, R is true; R is not a correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true; R is false
(d) A is false; R is true.

34
7 Case study 4
The conjugate of a complex number z is the complex number obtained by
replacing i with -i number. It is denoted by z.
The modulus of a complex number z = a + ib is defined as the non-negative
real number a2 + b 2 . It is denoted by z i. e
z = a2 + b 2

(a)If x − iy 3 + 5i is the conjugate of −6 − 24i, the find the value of x + y

7−z
(b) If f z = 1− z 2 ,where z = 1 + 2i then find f(z) .
8 Express the following complex number in the form a + ib 2

3 − −16
1 − −9
9 Evaluate 1 + i2 + i4 + i6 + ⋯ + i20 . 2
10 z 1, z 2 3
If z1, z2 are 1 − i and −2 + 4i respectively find Im Z1

6 3
11 Find the value of 1 + i + 1−i
12 Solve the equation z + 1 = z + 2(1 + i) 3
13 1−iz 5
If z = x + iy and w = and w = 1 then show that z is purely real.
z−i
14 a+ib a 2 +b 2 5
If x+iy= , then prove that (x 2 + y 2 )2 =
c+id c 2 +d 2

Answers Test-2
Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6 Q.7
5
a d d a a d (i)0, (ii) 2
Q.8 Q.9 Q.10 Q.11 Q.12 Q.13 Q.14
3 1 1
+2 i 1 2 −2 − 10i z = − 2i ------ -------
2 2

35
 CLICK ON IMAGE TO
JOIN US ON TELEGRAM

CLICK HERE TO JOIN

US ON TELEGRAM