CONTENTS

KEY- CONCEPTS
EXERCISE - I
EXERCISE - II
EXERCISE - III
ANSWER - KEY
 KEY CONCEPTS
1. DEFINITION :
Complex numbers are definited as expressions of the form a + ib where a, b R & i = 1 . It is
denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. ‘a’ is called as real part of z (Re z) and ‘b’ is called as imaginary part of
z (Im z).
EVERY COMPLEX NUMBER CAN BE REGARDED AS

Purely real Purely imaginary Imaginary

if b = 0 if a = 0 if b  0
Note :
(a) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the Complete Number
system is N  W  I  Q  R  C.
(b) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c) i = 1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i² =  l ; i3 = i ; i4 = 1 etc.
(d) a b = a b only if atleast one of either a or b is non-negative.

2. CONJUGATE COMPLEX :
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part &
is denoted by z . i.e. z = a  ib.
Note that :
(i) z + z = 2 Re(z) (ii) z  z = 2i Im(z) (iii) z z = a² + b² which is real
(iv) If z lies in the 1 quadrant then z lies in the 4 quadrant and  z lies in the 2nd quadrant.
st th

3. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS :
The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similiar to those on real numbers treating i as a
polynomial. Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex
number is positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless .
However in real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b but in complex numbers,
z12 + z22 = 0 does not imply z1 = z2 = 0.
4. EQUALITY IN COMPLEX NUMBER :
Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real & imaginary
parts coincide.
5. REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS :
(a) Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on
the cartesian plane known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the
ordered pair (x, y).
length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by z &
 is called the argument or amplitude .
eg. z = x 2  y 2 & 
y
 = tan1 (angle made by OP with positive xaxis)
x
NOTE :
z if z  0
(i) z is always non negative . Unlike real numbers z =  is not correct
 z if z  0
(ii) Argument of a complex number is a many valued function . If  is the argument of a complex number
then 2 n+  ; n  I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of a
complex number differ by 2n.
(iii) The unique value of  such that –  <   is called the principal value of the argument.
(iv) Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
(v) By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex number
0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is given by its modulus.
(vi) There exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members of the set of
complex numbers.
(b) Trignometric / Polar Representation :
z = r (cos  + i sin ) where | z | = r ; arg z =  ; z = r (cos  i sin )
Note: cos  + i sin  is also written as CiS .
eix  e ix eix  e ix
Also cos x = & sin x = are known as Euler's identities.
2 2
(c) Exponential Representation :
z = rei ; | z | = r ; arg z =  ; z = re i

6. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE / MODULI / AMPLITUDE :

If z , z1 , z2  C then ;
(a) z + z = 2 Re (z) ; z  z = 2 i Im (z) ; (z) = z ; z1  z 2 = z1 + z 2 ;

 z1 
z1  z 2 = z1  z 2 ; z1 z 2 = z1 . z 2   = z1 ; z2  0
z  z2
 2
2
(b) | z |  0 ; | z |  Re (z) ; | z |  Im (z) ; | z | = | z | = | – z | ; z z = | z | ;
z1 | z1 |
 z1 z2  =  z1 | .  z2  ; = , z2  0 , | zn | = | z |n ;
z2 | z2 |

| z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 – z2 |2 = 2 [| z1 |2  | z 2 |2 ]
z1 z2  z1 + z2  z1+ z2
(c) (i) amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 k. kI
z 
(ii) amp  1  = amp z1  amp z2 + 2 k; kI
 z2 
(iii) amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2k .
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (, ].

(7) VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX :

Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of that point. If the point P
 
represents the complex number z then, OP = z &  OP  = z
NOTE :
   
(i) If OP = z = r ei  then OQ = z1 = r ei ( + ) = z . e i. If OP and OQ are
 
of unequal magnitude then OQ  OP e i
(ii) If A, B, C & D are four points representing the complex numbers
z1, z2 , z3 & z4 then
z z
AB  CD if 4 3 is purely real ;
z 2  z1
z 4  z3
AB  CD if z  z is purely imaginary ]
2 1
(iii) If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle where z0 is its circumcentre then
(a) z 12 + z 22 + z 23  z1 z2  z2 z3  z3 z1 = 0 (b) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 = 3 z 20
8. DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM :
Statement : cos n  + i sin n  is the value or one of the values of (cos + i sin )n ¥ n  Q. The
theorem is very useful in determining the roots of any complex quantity
Note : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined
using theory of equations.
9. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY :
 1 i 3  1 i 3
(i) The cube roots of unity are 1 , , .
2 2
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w² = 0. In general
1 + wr + w2r = 0 ; where r  I but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2 2 4 4
cos 0 + i sin 0 ; cos + i sin , cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of an equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c  R &  is the cube root of unity)
a3  b3 = (a  b) (a  b) (a  ²b) ; x2 + x + 1 = (x  ) (x  2) ;
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a + b) (a + 2b) ;
a3 + b3 + c3  3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b + ²c) (a + ²b + c)
10. nth ROOTS OF UNITY :
If 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 ..... n  1 are the n , nth root of unity then :
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2/n) &
(ii) 1p +  1p +  2p + .... + pn  1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii) (1  1) (1  2) ...... (1  n  1) = n &
(1 + 1) (1 + 2) ....... (1 + n  1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
(iv) 1 . 1 . 2 . 3 ......... n  1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.
11. THE SUM OF THE FOLLOWING SERIES SHOULD BE REMEMBERED :
sin n 2  n 1
(i) cos  + cos 2  + cos 3  + ..... + cos n  = cos   
sin  2  2 
sin n 2  n  1 
(ii) sin  + sin 2  + sin 3  + ..... + sin n  = sin   
sin  2  2 
Note : If  = (2/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.
12. STRAIGHT LINES & CIRCLES IN TERMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS :
nz  mz 2
(A) If z1 & z2 are two complex numbers then the complex number z = 1 divides the joins of z1
mn
& z2 in the ratio m : n.
Note:
(i) If a , b , c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ;
where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1 , z2 & z3
are collinear.
(ii) If the vertices A, B, C of a  represent the complex nos. z1, z2, z3 respectively, then :
z1  z 2  z 3
(a) Centroid of the  ABC = :
3
(b) Orthocentre of the  ABC =
a sec A z1  b sec Bz 2  c sec Cz3 z1 tan A  z 2 tan B  z 3 tan C
OR
a sec A  b sec B  c sec C tan A  tan B  tan C
(c) Incentre of the  ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3)  (a + b + c) .
(d) Circumcentre of the  ABC = :
(Z1 sin 2A + Z2 sin 2B + Z3 sin 2C)  (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) .
(B) amp(z) =  is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle  to the x axis.
(C) z  a = z  b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
(D) The equation of a line joining z1 & z2 is given by ;
z = z1 + t (z1  z2) where t is a perameter.
(E) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z1 & perpendicular to oz1.
(F) The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as

z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear..
z2 z2 1
(G) Complex equation of a straight line through two given points z1 & z 2 can be written as
z z1  z 2   z z1  z 2   z1z 2  z1z 2  = 0, which on manipulating takes the form as  z   z  r = 0
where r is real and  is a non zero complex constant.
(H) The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius  is :
z  z0 =  or z z  z0 z  z 0 z + z 0 z0  ² = 0 which is of the form

zz  zz r = 0 , r is real centre  & radius  r .

Circle will be real if    r  0 .
(I) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter is :
z  z2 
(i) arg = ± or (z  z1) ( z  z 2) + (z  z2) ( z  z 1) = 0
z  z1 2
(J) Condition for four given points z1 , z2 , z3 & z4 to be concyclic is, the number
z 3  z1 z 4  z 2
. is real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear points z1, z2 & z3 can be
z 3  z 2 z 4  z1
z  z 2  z 3  z1  z  z 2 z 3  z1  z  z 2 z3  z1 
is real 
taken as
z  z1  z 3  z 2  z  z1 z3  z 2  = z  z1 z3  z 2 
13.(a) Reflection points for a straight line :
Two given points P & Q are the reflection points for a given straight line if the given line is the right
bisector of the segment PQ. Note that the two points denoted by the complex numbers z1 & z2 will be
the reflection points for the straight line  z   z  r  0 if and only if ;  z   z  r  0 , where r is
1 2
real and is non zero complex constant.
(b) Inverse points w.r.t. a circle :
Two points P & Q are said to be inverse w.r.t. a circle with centre 'O' and radius , if :
(i) the point O, P, Q are collinear and on the same side of O. (ii) OP . OQ = 2.
Note that the two points z1 & z2 will be the inverse points w.r.t. the circle
z z   z   z  r 0 if and only if z1 z 2   z1   z 2  r 0 .
14. PTOLEMY’S THEOREM :
It states that the product of the lengths of the diagonals of a convex quadrilateral inscribed in
a circle is equal to the sum of the lengths of the two pairs of its opposite sides.
i.e. z1  z3 z2  z4 = z1  z2 z3  z4 + z1  z4 z2  z3.
15. LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX QUANTITY :
1  
(i) Loge (+ i ) = Loge (² + ²) + i  2n  tan 1  where n  I.
2  
 
 2 n  
(ii) ii represents a set of positive real numbers given by e  2
, n  I.

VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE

Q.1 Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi
2
 1  2i 
2
(b) i (9 + 6 i) (2  i)1
 4i 3  i 
(c)   3  2i 3  2i 2  i 2 2  i 2

(a)    2i  1 
(d)  (e)
 2i    2  5i 2  5i 2i 2i
Q.2 Given that x , y  R, solve : (a) (x + 2y) + i (2x  3y) = 5  4i (b) (x + iy) + (7  5i) = 9 + 4i
(c) x²  y²  i (2x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3i) x²  (3  2i) y = 2x  3y + 5i
(e) 4x² + 3xy + (2xy  3x²)i = 4y²  (x2/2) + (3xy  2y²)i
Q.3 Find the square root of : (a) 9 + 40 i (b) 11  60 i (c) 50 i
Q.4 (a) If f (x) = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2  x + 4, find f ( – 5 + 4i)
(b) If g (x) = x4  x3 + x2 + 3x  5, find g(2 + 3i)

Q.5 Among the complex numbers z satisfying the condition z  3  3 i  3 , find the number having the
least positive argument.
Q.6 Solve the following equations over C and express the result in the form a + ib, a, b  R.
(a) ix2  3x  2i = 0 (b) 2 (1 + i) x2  4 (2  i) x  5  3 i = 0
Q.7 Locate the points representing the complex number z on the Argand plane:
2 2 z3
(a) z + 1  2i = 7 ; (b) z  1  z  1 = 4 ; (c) = 3 ; (d) z  3 = z  6
z3
Q.8 If a & b are real numbers between 0 & 1 such that the points z 1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi & z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then find the values of 'a' and 'b'.
Q.9 For what real values of x & y are the numbers  3 + ix2 y & x2 + y + 4i conjugate complex?
Q.10 Find the modulus, argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
2i
(i) 6 (cos 310°  i sin 310°) (ii) 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) (iii)
4 i  (1  i) 2
 x y
Q.11 If (x + iy)1/3 = a + bi ; prove that 4 (a2  b2) =  .
a b
a  ib a 2  b2
Q.12(a) If = p + qi , prove that p2 + q2 = 2 .
c  id c  d2
(b) Let z1, z2, z3 be the complex numbers such that
z1 + z2 + z3 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 = 0.
Prove that | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 |.
1 z  z2
Q.13 Let z be a complex number such that z  c\R and R, then prove that | z | =1.
1  z  z2
Q.14  
Prove the identity, | 1  z1z 2 |2  | z1  z 2 |2  1 | z1 |2 1 | z 2 |2 
Q.15 For any two complex numbers, prove that z1  z 2  z1  z 2
2 2
 2
= 2 z1  z 2
2
 . Also give the
geometrical interpretation of this identity.
Q.16 (a) Find all nonzero complex numbers Z satisfying Z = i Z².
(b) If the complex numbers z1, z2, .................zn lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 then show that
|z1 + z2 + ..............+zn| = |z1–1+ z2–1+................+zn–1| .
Q.17 Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of 'z' in the complex plane satisfying, | z – 4 | + z + 4 | = 16.
Q.18 If  is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :
(a) (1 +   ²)3  (1  + ²)3 = 0 (b) (1   + ²)5 + (1+   ²)5 = 32
(c) If  is the cube root of unity, Find the value of, (1 + 52 + 4) (1 + 54 + 2) (53 +  + 2).
Q.19 If  is a cube root of unity, prove that ; (i) (1 +   2)3  (1   + 2)3
a  b  c  2
(ii) 2
= 2 (iii) (1 ) (1 2) (1 4) (1 8) = 9
c  a  b
Q.20 If x = a + b ; y = a + b2 ; z = a2 + b, show that
(i) xyz = a3 + b3 (ii) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6ab (iii) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 (a3 + b3)

1 1 i  w2 w2
Q.21 If (w  1) is a cube root of unity then 1  i 1 w 2 1 =
 i  i  w 1 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) i (D) w
Q.22(a) (1 + w)7 = A + Bw where w is the imaginary cube root of a unity and A, B  R, find the ordered pair
(A, B).
(b) The value of the expression ;
1. (2  w) (2  w²) + 2. (3  w) (3  w²) + ............. + (n  1) . (n  w) (n  w²), where w is an
imaginary cube root of unity is ________.
n 1 n
Q.23 If n  N, prove that (1 + i)n + (1  i)n = 2 2 . cos .
4
2n
 2k 2 k 
Q.24 Show that the sum k 1
 sin
 2n  1
 i cos  simplifies to a pure imaginary number..
2n  1
a  n
Q.25 If x = cos  + i sin  & 1 + 1  a 2 = na, prove that 1 + a cos  = (1 + nx)  1   .
2n  x
Q.26 The number t is real and not an integral multiple of /2. The complex number x1 and x2 are the roots of
the equation, tan2(t) · x2 + tan (t) · x + 1 = 0
 2 n 
Show that (x1)n + (x2)n = 2 cos  cotn(t).
 3 
 EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi :
2
 4i 3  i  3  2i 3  2i
(a) i (9 + 6 i) (2  i)1 (b)  
 (c) 
 2 i  1  2  5i 2  5i

(d)
2  i 2 
2  i 2
(e) i   i
2i 2i
Q.2 Find the modulus , argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.

 10   10 
(i) z = 1 + cos   + i sin  9  (ii) (tan1 – i)2
 9   

5  12i  5  12i i 1
(iii) z = (iv)  2  2
5  12i  5  12i i 1  cos   sin
 5  5
Q.3 Given that x, y  R, solve :
x y 5  6i
(a) (x + 2y) + i (2x  3y) = 5  4i 
(b) 
1  2i 3  2i 8i  1
(c) x²  y²  i (2x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3i) x²  (3  2i) y = 2x  3y + 5i
(e) 4x² + 3xy + (2xy  3x²)i = 4y²  (x2/2) + (3xy  2y²)i

Q.4(a) Let Z is complex satisfying the equation, z2 – (3 + i)z + m + 2i = 0, where m  R.

Suppose the equation has a real root, then find the value of m.
(b) a, b, c are real numbers in the polynomial, P(Z) = 2Z4 + aZ3 + bZ2 + cZ + 3
If two roots of the equation P(Z) = 0 are 2 and i, then find the value of 'a'.

Q.5(a) Find the real values of x & y for which z1 = 9y2  4  10 i x and
z2 = 8y2  20 i are conjugate complex of each other.
(b) Find the value of x4  x3 + x2 + 3x  5 if x = 2 + 3i

Q.6 Solve the following for z :

(a) z2 – (3 – 2 i)z = (5i – 5) (b) z+ z = 2 + i

Q.7(a) If i Z3 + Z2  Z + i = 0, then show that | Z | = 1.

z1  2z 2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that = 1 and | z2 |  1, find | z1 |.
2  z1z 2
z  z1 
(c) Let z1 = 10 + 6i & z2 = 4 + 6i. If z is any complex number such that the argument of, is , then
z  z2 4
prove that z  7  9i= 3 2 .

Q.8 Show that the product,

  1i    1i     1i     1i  

2 22 2n
 
1 2  1 2   1 2  ......1 2   is equal to  1  1n  (1+ i) where n  2 .
              22 
  
Q.9 Let a & b be complex numbers (which may be real) and let,
Z = z3 + (a + b + 3i) z2 + (ab + 3 ia + 2 ib  2) z + 2 abi  2a.
(i) Show that Z is divisible by, z + b + i.
(ii) Find all complex numbers z for which Z = 0.
(iii) Find all purely imaginary numbers a & b when z = 1 + i and Z is a real number.
Q.10 Interpret the following locii in z  C.
 z  2i 
(a) 1 < z  2i < 3 (b) Re    4 (z  2i)
iz 2
(c) Arg (z + i)  Arg (z  i) = /2 (d) Arg (z  a) = /3 where a = 3 + 4i.

Q.11 Prove that the complex numbers z1 and z2 and the origin form an isosceles triangle with vertical angle
2/3 if z12  z 22  z1 z 2  0 .

Q.12 P is a point on the Aragand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that  POQ =  QOR = . If ‘O’ is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z1 , Z2 & Z3 respectively, show that : Z22 . cos 2  = Z1 . Z3 cos².
Q.13 Let z1, z2, z3 are three pair wise distinct complex numbers and t1, t2, t3 are non-negative real numbers
such that t1 + t2 + t3 = 1. Prove that the complex number z = t1z1 + t2z2 + t3z3 lies inside a triangle with
vertices z1, z2, z3 or on its boundry.
Q.14 If a CiS  , b CiS  , c CiS  represent three distinct collinear points in an Argand's plane, then prove
the following :
(i)  ab sin () = 0.
(ii) (a CiS ) b 2  c 2  2bc cos(  ) ± (b CiS ) a 2  c 2  2ac cos(   )
 (c CiS ) a 2  b 2  2ab cos(  ) = 0.

Q.15 Find all real values of the parameter a for which the equation
(a  1)z4  4z2 + a + 2 = 0 has only pure imaginary roots.
Q.16 Let A  z1 ; B  z2; C  z3 are three complex numbers denoting the vertices of an acute angled triangle.
If the origin ‘O’ is the orthocentre of the triangle, then prove that
z1 z 2 + z 1 z2 = z2 z 3 + z 2 z3 = z3 z 1 + z 3 z1
hence show that the  ABC is a right angled triangle  z1 z 2 + z1 z2 = z2 z 3 + z 2 z3 = z3 z1 + z 3 z1 = 0
Q.17 If the complex number P(w) lies on the standard unit circle in an Argand's plane and
z = (aw+ b)(w – c)–1 then, find the locus of z and interpret it. Given a, b, c are real.
Q.18(a) Without expanding the determinant at any stage , find K R such that
4i 8  i 4  3i
 8  i 16i i has purely imaginary value.
 4  Ki i 8i
(b) If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle

e 2iA e iC e iB
D= e
iC
e  2iB e iA where i = 1
e iB e iA e 2iC

then find the value of D.

Q.19 If w is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :
(a) (1  w + w2) (1  w2 + w4) (1  w4 + w8) ..... to 2n factors = 22n .
(b) If w is a complex cube root of unity, find the value of
(1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w4) (1 + w8) ..... to n factors .

 1  sin   i cos  
n
 n   n 
Q.20 Prove that   = cos  2  n  + i sin  2  n  . Hence deduce that
 1  sin   i cos      
5 5
    
1  sin  i cos  + i 1  sin  i cos  = 0
 5 5  5 5
Q.21 If cos (  ) + cos (  ) + cos (  ) =  3/2 then prove that :
(a)  cos 2 = 0 =  sin 2 (b)  sin (+ ) = 0 =  cos (+ )
(c)  sin  =  cos  = 3/2
2 2 (d)  sin 3 = 3 sin (+ + )
(e)  cos 3 = 3 cos (+ + )
(f) cos3 (+ ) + cos3 (+ ) + cos3 (+ ) = 3 cos (+ ) . cos (+ ) . cos (+ ) where R.

Q.22 Resolve Z5 + 1 into linear & quadratic factors with real coefficients. Deduce that : 4·sin  ·cos = 1.
10 5

Q.23 If x = 1+ i 3 ; y = 1  i 3 & z = 2 , then prove that xp + yp = zp for every prime p > 3.

Q.24 If the expression z5 – 32 can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors over real coefficients as
(z5 – 32) = (z – 2)(z2 – pz + 4)(z2 – qz + 4) then find the value of (p2 + 2p).
Q.25(a) Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are real numbers. Let A and B be the sets defined by
A = {z | | z |  2} and B = {z | (1 – i)z + (1 + i) z  4}. Find the area of the region A  B.
1
(b) For all real numbers x, let the mapping f (x) = , where i =  1 . If there exist real number
x i
a, b, c and d for which f (a), f (b), f (c) and f (d) form a square on the complex plane. Find the area of
the square.
EXERCISE–II
p q r
Q.1 If q r p  0 ; where p , q , r are the moduli of nonzero complex numbers u, v, w respectively,,
r p q
2
w  w  u
prove that, arg = arg   .
v  v u 
Q.2 The equation x3 = 9 + 46i where i =  1 has a solution of the form a + bi where a and b are integers.
Find the value of (a3 + b3).
Q.3 Show that the locus formed by z in the equation z3 + iz = 1 never crosses the co-ordinate axes in the
 Im(z)
Argand’s plane. Further show that |z| =
2 Re(z) Im( z)  1
Q.4 If  is the fifth root of 2 and x =  + 2, prove that x5 = 10x2 + 10x + 6.
Q.5 Prove that , with regard to the quadratic equation z 2 + (p + ip) z + q + iq = 0
where p , p, q , q are all real.
(i) if the equation has one real root then q 2  pp  q + qp 2 = 0 .
(ii) if the equation has two equal roots then p2  p2 = 4q & pp = 2q .
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
Q.6 If the equation (z + 1)7 + z7 = 0 has roots z1, z2, .... z7, find the value of
7 7
(a)  Re(Zr ) and (b)  Im(Zr )
r 1 r 1

Q.7 Find the roots of the equation Zn = (Z + 1)n and show that the points which represent them are collinear
on the complex plane. Hence show that these roots are also the roots of the equation
2 2
 m  2  m 
 2 sin  Z +  2 sin  Z + 1 = 0.
 n   n 
Q.8 Dividing f(z) by z  i, we get the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get the remainder
1 + i. Find the remainder upon the division of f(z) by z² + 1.
Q.9 Let z1 & z2 be any two arbitrary complex numbers then prove that :

z1 + z2 
1
 | z1 |  | z 2 |  z1  z 2 .
2 | z1 | | z 2 |

Q.10 If Zr, r = 1, 2, 3, ......... 2m, m  N are the roots of the equation

2m
1
Z2m + Z2m-1 + Z2m-2 + ............. + Z + 1 = 0 then prove that r1 Z  1 =  m
r

Q.11 If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x² + .... + Cn xn (n  N), prove that :

1  n 1 n 1  n 1 n
(a) C0 + C4 + C8 + .... = 2  2 n / 2 cos (b) C1 + C5 + C9 + .... = 2  2 n / 2 sin
2  4  2  4 

1  n 1 n 1  n 1 n
(c) C2 + C6 + C10 + ..... = 2  2 n / 2 cos (d) C3 + C7 + C11 + .... = 2  2 n / 2 sin
2  4  2  4 

1  n n
(e) C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + ........ = 2  2 cos 3 
3  

Q.12 Let z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 be the vertices A , B , C , D respectively of a square on the Argand diagram

taken in anticlockwise direction then prove that :
(i) 2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1 i)z3 & (ii) 2z4 = (1 i) z1 + (1 + i) z3
n

Q.13 Show that all the roots of the equation  1  i x   1  i a a  R are real and distinct.
 1  i x 1  ia

Q.14 Prove that:

x  n  2
(a) cos x + nC1 cos 2x + nC2 cos 3x + ..... + nCn cos (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . cos  x
2  2 

x  n  2
(b) sin x + nC1 sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + ..... + nCn sin (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . sin  x
2  2 

 2   4   6   2n  1
(c) cos   + cos   + cos   + ..... + cos   =  When n  N.
 2 n  1  2 n  1  2 n  1  2 n  1 2

Q.15 Show that all roots of the equation a0zn + a1zn – 1 + ...... + an – 1z + an = n,
n 1
where | ai |  1, i = 0, 1, 2, .... , n lie outside the circle with centre at the origin and radius .
n
Q.16 The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 respectively on a complex plane & the angle
1
B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to (   ) . Show that
2

(z2  z3)² = 4 (z3  z1) (z1  z2) sin 2 .
2
2 2 2
A1 A2 An
Q.17 Show that the equation   ......  = k has no imaginary root, given that:
x  a1 x  a 2 x  an
a1 , a2 , a3 .... an & A1, A2, A3 ..... An, k are all real numbers.

a b c
Q.18 Let a, b, c be distinct complex numbers such that = = = k. Find the value of k.
1 b 1 c 1 a
Q.19 Let ,  be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
2 2
z   + z   = k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the circle.
Q.20 C is the complex number. f : C  R is defined by f (z) = | z3 – z + 2|. What is the maximum value of f on
the unit circle | z | = 1?

Q.21 Let f (x) = logcos 3x (cos 2 i x ) if x  0 and f (0) = K (where i =  1 ) is continuous at x = 0 then find
the value of K. Use of L Hospital’s rule or series expansion not allowed.

Q.22 If z1 , z2 are the roots of the equation az2 + bz + c = 0, with a, b, c > 0 ; 2b2 > 4ac > b2 ;
z1  third quadrant ; z2  second quadrant in the argand's plane then, show that
1/ 2
 z1   b2 
 
arg  z  = 2cos 
–1 
4 ac 
 2  

Q.23 Find the set of points on the argand plane for which the real part of the complex number
(1 + i) z2 is positive where z = x + iy , x, y  R and i = 1 .

Q.24 If a and b are positive integer such that N = (a + ib)3 – 107i is a positive integer. Find N.
Q.25 If the biquadratic x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a, b, c, d  R) has 4 non real roots, two with sum
3 + 4i and the other two with product 13 + i. Find the value of 'b'.

EXERCISE–III
p
32  10  2q 2q  
Q.1 Evaluate:  (3 p  2)    sin
  i cos  .
11  
p 1  q 1  11

Q.2(a) Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0 , where the coefficients p and q may be
complex numbers. Let A and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If AOB =  0 and
 
OA = OB, where O is the origin . Prove that p2 = 4 q cos2   .
 2
n 1
2k n
(b) Prove that  (n  k) cos
n
=
2
where n  3 is an integer .
k 1
Q.3(a) If  is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 +   2)7 equals
(A) 128 (B)  128 (C) 1282 (D)  1282

 i n  i n1 
13
(b) The value of the sum , where i = 1 , equals
n 1
(A) i (B) i  1 (C)  i (D) 0
Q.4 Find all the roots of the equation (3z  1)4 + (z  2)4 = 0 in the simplified form of a + ib.

334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3
Q.5(a) If i = 1 , then 4 + 5     + 3     is equal to :
 2 2   2 2 
(A) 1  i 3 (B)  1 + i 3 (C) i 3 (D)  i 3
2 2
(b) For complex numbers z & , prove that, z   z = z  if and only if,
z =  or z  = 1
2i 20
Q.6 If  = e 7 and f(x) = A0 +  Ak xk, then find the value of,
k 1
f(x) + f(x) + ...... + f(6x) independent of  .

 1 1 1 
Q.7(a) If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that z1 = z2 = z3 =     = 1, then
 z1 z 2 z 3 
z1 + z2 + z3 is :
(A) equal to 1 (B) less than 1 (C) greater than 3 (D) equal to 3

(b) If arg (z) < 0 , then arg ( z)  arg (z) =

 
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D)
2 2

2 2
Q.8 Given , z = cos 2 n  1 + i sin , 'n' a positive integer, find the equation whose roots are,
2n  1
 = z + z + ...... + z
3 2n  1 &  = z2 + z4 + ...... + z2n .

z1  z 3 1  i 3
Q.9(a) The complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 satisfying  are the vertices of a triangle which is
z2  z3 2
(A) of area zero (B) right-angled isosceles
(C) equilateral (D) obtuse – angled isosceles

(b) Let z1 and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend a right angle at the origin. Then n must be of the form
(A) 4k + 1 (B) 4k + 2 (C) 4k + 3 (D) 4k

Q.10 Find all those roots of the equation z12 – 56z6 – 512 = 0 whose imaginary part is positive.
 1 1 1
1 3
Q.11(a) Let     i . Then the value of the determinant 1 1    2 is
2

2 2
1 2 4
(A) 3 (B) 3 ( – 1) (C) 32 (D) 3(1 – )
(b) For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying |z1| = 12 and |z2 – 3 – 4i| = 5, the minimum value of
|z1 – z2| is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 7 (D) 17

(c) Let a complex number  ,   1, be a root of the equation

zp+q – zp – zq + 1 = 0 where p, q are distinct primes.
Show that either 1 +  + 2 + ...... + p–1 = 0 or 1 +  + 2 + ...... + q–1 = 0 , but not both together.

1  z1 z 2
Q.12(a) If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that | z1 | < 1 < | z2 | then prove that  1.
z1  z 2

1 n
(b) Prove that there exists no complex number z such that | z | <
3
and  a r zr = 1 where | ar | < 2.
r 1

Q.13(a)  is an imaginary cube root of unity. If (1 + 2)m = (1 + 4)m , then least positive integral value of m is
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3

( z  )
(b) Find centre and radius of the circle determined by all complex numbers z = x + i y satisfying k,
(z  )
where   1  i 2 ,   1  i 2 are fixed complex and k  1.

Q.14(a) The locus of z which lies in shaded region is best represented by

(A) z : |z + 1| > 2, |arg(z + 1)| < /4
(B) z : |z - 1| > 2, |arg(z – 1)| < /4
(C) z : |z + 1| < 2, |arg(z + 1)| < /2
(D) z : |z - 1| < 2, |arg(z - 1)| < /2
(b) If a, b, c are integers not all equal and w is a cube root of unity (w  1), then the minimum value of
|a + bw + cw2| is
3 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 2

(c) If one of the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z – 1| = 2 is 2  3 i . Find the other
vertices of square.
w  wz
Q.15 If w =  + i where   0 and z  1, satisfies the condition that is purely real, then the set of
1 z
values of z is
(A) {z : | z | = 1} (B) {z : z = z ) (C) {z : z  1} (D) {z : | z | = 1, z  1}
 ANSWER KEY
VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
7 24 21 12 22
Q.1 (a)  i; (b)  i; (c) 3 + 4i; (d)  8 + 0i; (e) i
25 25 5 5 29 5
 2 2  5 3K
Q.2 (a) x =1, y = 2; (b) (2, 9); (c) (2 , 2) or   3 ,  3  ; (d) (1 ,1)  0 ,  (e) x = K, y = , KR
 2 2

Q.3 (a) ± (5 + 4i) ; (b) ± (5  6i) (c) ± 5(1 + i) Q.4 (a) 160 ; (b)  (77 +108 i)
3 3 3 3  5i 1 i
Q.5 –  i Q.6 (a)  i ,  2i (b) or 
2 2 2 2
Q.7 (a) on a circle of radius 7 with centre (1, 2) ; (b) on a unit circle with centre at origin
(c) on a circle with centre (15/4, 0) & radius 9/4 ; (d) a straight line
Q.8 a=b=2 3; Q.9 x = 1, y =  4 or x =  1, y =  4
5 5
Q.10 (i) Modulus = 6 , Arg = 2 k  + (K  I) , Principal Arg = (K  I)
18 18
7 5
(ii) Modulus = 2 , Arg = 2 k  + , Principal Arg = 
6 6
5
(iii) Modulus = , Arg = 2 k  tan1 2 (K  I) , Principal Arg =  tan12
6

3 i 3 i x 2 y2
Q.16 (a)  ,   ,i ; Q.17   1 ; Q.18 (c) 64 ; Q.21 A
2 2 2 2 64 48
 n  n  1 
2

Q.22 (a) (1, 1) ; (b)   n

 2 

EXERCISE–I
21 12 8 22
Q.1 (a)  i (b) 3 + 4 i (c)  +0i (d) i (e) + 2  0 i or 0  2 i
5 5 29 5
4 4 4
Q.2 (i) Principal Arg z =  ; z = 2 cos ; Arg z = 2 k  k I
9 9 9
(ii) Modulus = sec21 , Arg = 2 n (2 –  ) , Principal Arg = (2 –  )
 3  2
(iii) Principal value of Agr z =  & z = ; Principal value of Arg z = & z =
2 2 2 3
1  11 11
(iv) Modulus = cos ec , Arg z = 2n  , Principal Arg =
2 5 20 20
 2 2  5 3K
Q.3(a) x = 1, y = 2; (b) x = 1 & y = 2 ; (c) (2 , 2) or   3 ,  3  ; (d) (1 ,1)  0 ,  ; (e) x =K, y = KR
 2 2
Q.4 (a) 2, (b) – 11/2 Q.5 (a) [( 2, 2) ; ( 2,  2)] (b)  (77 +108 i)
3  4i
Q.6 (a) z = (2 + i) or (1 – 3i); (b) z =
4
Q.7 (b) 2
 2 ti   5
Q.9 (ii) z =  (b + i) ;  2 i ,  a (iii)  , ti  where t  R    
 3t  5   3
Q.10 (a) The region between the co encentric circles with centre at (0 , 2) & radii 1 & 3 units
1 1
(b) region outside or on the circle with centre + 2i and radius .
2 2
(c) semi circle (in the 1st & 4th quadrant) x² + y² = 1 (d) a ray emanating from the point
(3 + 4i) directed away from the origin & having equation 3 x  y  4  3 3  0
Q.15 [3 , 2] Q.17 (1 – c2) | z |2 – 2(a + bc) (Re z) + a2 – b2 = 0
Q.18 (a) K = 3 , (b) – 4 Q.19 (b) one if n is even ;  w² if n is odd
Q.22 (Z + 1) (Z²  2Z cos 36° + 1) (Z²  2Z cos 108° + 1) Q.24 4
Q.25 (a)  – 2 ; (b) 1/2

EXERCISE–II
7 iz 1
Q.2 35 Q.6 (a) – , (b) zero Q.8  i Q.18 –  or – 2
2 2 2
1 2
Q.19 k>    Q.20 | f (z) | is maximum when z = , where  is the cube root unity and | f (z) | = 13
2
4
Q.21 K=–
9
Q.23 required set is constituted by the angles without their boundaries, whose sides are the straight lines
y = ( 2  1) x and y + ( 2  1) x = 0 containing the x  axis
Q.24 198 Q.25 51

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 48(1  i) Q.3 (a) D (b) B
(29  20 2 )  i(15  25 2 ) (29  20 2 )  i(15  25 2 )
Q.4 Z= , Q.5 (a) C
82 82
sin 2 n  2
Q.6 7 A0 + 7 A7 x7 + 7 A14 x14 Q.7 (a) A (b) A Q.8 z2 +z+ = 0, where  =
sin 2  2n  1

Q.9 (a) C, (b) D Q.10 +1 + i 3 ,

 3i , 2i Q.11 (a) B ; (b) B
2

Q.13 (a) D ; (b) Centre 

k 2  
2
k 1
, Radius =
1
2
( k  1)
 
|   k 2 |2  k 2 . |  |2  |  |2 . k 2  1 
Q.14 (a) A, (b) B, (c) z2 = –  
3 i ; z3 = 1  3  i ; z 4 = 1  3  i   Q.15 D