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    PTY Unit 2 Notes

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    rosechicuarimba333

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    PTY Unit 2 Notes

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    5 views4 pages

    PTY Unit 2 Notes

    Uploaded by

    rosechicuarimba333

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1

    LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

    ❖ PROVIDE A BRIEF DESCRIPTION + CAUSE OF RESPECTIVE DISEASES


    ❖ CLASSIFY THE DIFFERENT DISEASES + PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH

    TASK 1: CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES

    • ICD = International Classification of Disease; The ICD provides a method of classifying


    diseases, injuries + causes of death
    • WHO = World Health organisation -> responsible to direct and lead global health in the
    United Nations

    COMMUNICABLE VS NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

    COMMUNICABLE/INFECTIOUS/TRANSMISSIBLE NON-COMMUNICABLE
    • Illness that results from the infection, • Medical condition/disease which is
    presence of pathogens non-infectious + cannot be passed
    • pass from 1 individual to another from person to person
    • Inheritable • Can be heritable
    e.g. measles, HIV, STDs, hepatitis e.g. heart disease, stroke, cancer

    INTRINSIC VS EXTRINSIC DISEASE

    INTRINSIC EXTRINSIC
    • Disease causing factors which exist • Disease causing factors which enter
    within the human body (act from the human body from outside
    within individual)
    • Diseases caused by intrinsic factors
    -> organic or metabolic disease
    i.e organ function, person’s age, co-morbid i.e. environmental, cultural, related to lifestyle
    disease Diseases: Malaria, rabies, night blindness

    CONGENITAL VS AQUIRED DISEASE

    CONGENITAL AQUIRED
    • Present at the time of birth • Acquired during the lifetime of an
    individual
    • Not present @ birth
    e.g. down syndrome, cystic fibrosis e.g. influenza, bacterial pneumonia

    Notes by Gabriella Adolphe


    2

    TASK 2: CONGENITAL & AQUIRED

    CONGENITAL

    1. Genetic factors = caused due to mutations in one/more genes or damage to


    chromosomes e.g. Down syndrome
    2. Contracted in utero = factors in utero e.g. spina bifida
    3. Developmental = e.g. polydactyly, heart defects, limb defects

    AQUIRED

    1. Traumatic injuries = caused by a wide variety of blunt, penetrating + burn mechanisms


    (external forces on the body) e.g. sport injuries, falls, MVAs, natural disasters
    2. Infective = caused by the spread/direct transfer of bacteria + viruses (pathogens)
    e.g. influenza, measles
    3. Neoplastic = conditions that cause tumour growth – both benign + malignant; due to a
    pathological process called neoplasia e.g. lymphoma, breast cancer
    4. Endocrine = caused by defective functioning of the endocrine glands
    e.g. hyperthyroidism + hypothyroidism, type 1 diabetes, dwarfism
    5. Metabolic =
    • Due to a lack of essential food/nutrints/vitamins
    e.g. Rickets -> lack of vitamin D
    • Disturbances in the metabolic processes
    e.g. Defective removal of uric acid
    6. Chemical poisoning = due to entry of chemical poisons into body
    e.g. cyanide poisoning, lead, arsenic, insectisides
    7. Allergies = a damaging immune response by the body to a substance to which it is
    hypersensitive e.g. pollen, hayfever
    8. Psychiatric = Due to mental status -> caused by genes, family history, life experiences,
    traumatic brain injury
    e.g. depression, dementia, bipolar disorder
    9. Iatrogenic = adverse effect caused by medical treatment -> side effects of prescribed
    medications
    e.g. hair loss due to radiation/chemo
    10. Idiopathic = arising from an unknown cause e.g. idiopathic scoliosis, essential
    hypertension

    Notes by Gabriella Adolphe


    3

    DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT

    THERAPY

    ▪ Treatment of disease with the aim of :


    o Achieving a cure
    o Reducing the signs + symptoms to a level where normal function can be
    restored
    ▪ Different types of therapy (Davies: 12-16)
    o Medical treatment
    o Palliative treatment -> treatment to relieve symptoms, but not curing the cause
    o Surgical treatment
    o Physiotherapy (work closely with occupational therapists)
    o Electrotherapy -> used to maintain active muscle contractions
    o Hydrotherapy
    o Radiotherapy -> treatment by ionizing radiation
    o Psychiatric treatment

    DRUGS FOR PREVENTION/TREATMENT

    DRUG THERAPY:
    Substances that are taken into the body/applied to the body surface (topical) for the
    prevention/treatment of a disease or relief of its symptoms
    ▪ Certain drugs may destroy infecting organisms (e.g. Antibiotics), while certain drugs may
    only relieve the symptoms -> the underlying cause is not corrected (e.g.
    Anticonvulsants)
    TASK 3: FUNCTIONS OF DRUGS

    ▪ Anaesthetics = produces loss of sensitivity to touch + pain (local) or consciousness


    (general) ->prevent pain during surgery + other procedures
    ▪ Analgesics = relieve pain (headaches, injuries, arthritis)
    ▪ Antibiotics = treat/prevent some types of bacterial infection
    ▪ Anticoagulants = prevent + treat existing blood clots (blood thinners)
    ▪ Antihypertensives = treat high blood pressure -> prevent heart failure, heart
    attack/stroke
    ▪ Antihistamines = block action of histamine responsible for allergic reactions -> treat
    symptoms of allergies, may also be used to prevent motion sickness
    ▪ Laxatives = -> promote bowl movement (increases bulk in stool ) ->treat
    constipation
    ▪ Contrast media = used in radiographic practices to increase the visibility of organs
    (soft tissue)
    ▪ Cytotoxins = destroys malignant cells -> the treatment of cancer to prevent dividing
    + spreading
    ▪ Diuretics = increase secretion of urine -> help rid your body of sodium + water
    ▪ Disinfectants = chemicals that destroy pathogens
    ▪ Hormones = secretions of endocrine glands or chemical substitutes -> used to treat
    menopausal symptoms

    Notes by Gabriella Adolphe


    4

    ▪ Hypnotics = used to induce & improve the quality of sleep + relieve pain
    ▪ Sedatives = slow down your brain activity + feel more relaxed; induce sleep -> used
    for anxiety disorders, panic disorders, sleep disorders
    ▪ Steroids = anti-inflammatory drug, treat rheumatologic disease e.g. arthritis,
    vasculitis
    ▪ Tranquilizers =to reduce anxiety, fear, agitation + related states of mental
    disturbance
    ▪ Vaccines and sera = boost the immune system + prevent serious, life-threatening
    diseases

    Notes by Gabriella Adolphe

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