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Statistical Analysis

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14 views

Statistical Analysis

Uploaded by

akimahgozon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS – INFERENTIAL STATISTIC

Descriptive Statistic – describing collected data

Inferential Statistic – drawing conclusions about a population based on data collected


from a sample of individuals from that population.

Hypothesis
 a statement or claim regarding a characteristic of one or more populations.
 A preconceived idea, assumed to be true but has to be tested for its truth or
falsity.

Hypothesis Testing
 Is a procedure on sample evidence and probability, used to test claims regarding
a characteristic of one or more population.

Procedures for Testing Hypothesis


 State the null and alternative hypothesis.
 Set the level of significance or alpha level (α)
 Determine the test distribution to use.
 Calculate test statistic or p-value.
 Make statistical decision
 Draw conclusion

 State the null and alternative hypothesis.

Two Types of Hypotheses

1. Null Hypothesis
- Denoted by 𝐻𝑜
- The statement being tested.
- Assumed true until evidence indicates otherwise.
- Must contain the condition of equality and must be written with the
symbol
=, ≤ or ≥.

2. Alternative Hypothesis
- Denoted by 𝐻𝑎
- Statement that must be true if the null hypothesis is false.
- Sometimes referred to as the research hypothesis
- Must contain the condition of equality and must be written with the
symbol
≠, < or >

Example 1:
𝐻𝑜: Students who do not eat breakfast will perform the same on a math
exam.
𝐻𝑎: Students who eat breakfast will perform better on a math exam.

Example 2:
𝐻𝑜: Students who do not experience test anxiety prior to an English exam will
get the same scores.
𝐻𝑎: Students who experience test anxiety prior to an English exam will get
higher scores than students who do not experience test anxiety.

Reminders:
If you are conducting a research study and you want to use a hypothesis
test to support your claim, the claim must be stated in such a way that it
becomes the alternative hypothesis, so it cannot contain the condition of
equality.

Two Types of Alternative Test


1. One-Tailed Test
- Left tailed
- Right tailed

2. Two-Tailed Test

Example 1: (One-tailed test: Left-tailed test)


Suppose it’s assumed that the average weight of a certain widget
produced at a factory is 20 grams. However, one engineer believes that a new
method produces widgets that weigh less than 20 grams.
𝐻0: 𝜇 ≥ 20
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 < 20

Example 2: (One-tailed test: Right-tailed test)


A professor currently teaches students to use a studying method that
results in an average exam score of 82. However, he believes a new studying
method can produce exam scores with an average value greater than 82.
𝐻0: 𝜇 ≤ 82
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 > 82

Example 3: (Two-tailed test)


Suppose a standard fertilizer has been shown to cause a species of plants
to grow by an average of 10 inches. However, one botanist believes a new
fertilizer causes this species of plants to grow by an average amount different
than 10 inches.
𝐻0: 𝜇 = 10
𝐻𝑎: 𝜇 ≠ 10
 Set the Level of Significance or Alpha Level (α)
 The generally accepted levels are 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01.
 Be as rigorous as possible.

Reminders:
 It is important to note that we want to set (α) before we start our study because
the Type I error is the more ‘grievous’ error to make.
 The smaller (α) is, the smaller the region of rejection.

 Determine the test distribution to use.


o Dependent Sample t−Test
o Independent Sample t-Test
o One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Test
o Pearson r
o Chi-square test

Example 1:
“How many are pro or against the merging of departments when analyzed by gender?”
Type of Analysis: - Descriptive
Nature of Data: - Nominal
Data Analysis: - Frequency distribution, Percentage distribution

Example 2:
“Do the average grade of those students who attended the review significantly differ
from those who did not attend?”
Type of Analysis: - Comparative
Nature of Data: - Interval or Ratio (2 number of means compared coming from different
samples)
Data Analysis: -T-test for independent samples

Example 3:
“Is there a significant difference in the work performance of employees who are 5 years
or below, 6-10 years and 11 or more years in the company?”
Type of Analysis: - Comparative
Nature of Data: - Interval or Ratio (3 groups, from different samples)
Data Analysis: - ANOVA

Example 4:
“Is there a significant relationship between the gender of the youth and their stand on
abortion issue?”
Type of Analysis: - Correlational
Nature of Data - Nominal
Data Analysis - Chi-square test of association, Phi coefficient

 Calculate test statistic or p-value.


Performing statistical analysis using statistical software such as Excel, SPSS, R,
Minitab, SAS etc.

 Make statistical decision


o Using Confidence Interval
o Using p-value approach
o Using traditional method

Using Confidence Interval


 Reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic is not within the range specified by
the confidence interval.

Using P-value Approach


 Reject the null hypothesis if the computed p-value is less than or equal to the set
significance level, otherwise do not reject the null hypothesis.

Example: If the level of significance (α=0.05),


Using Traditional Approach
 Reject 𝐻𝑜 if the computed value of the test statistic falls in the region of rejection.

In stating your decision, you can use:


 Fail to reject the null hypothesis/ Do not reject the null hypothesis/ Retain the null
hypothesis.
 Reject the Null hypothesis.

It is important to recognize that we never “accept” the null hypothesis. We are merely
saying that the sample evidence is not strong enough to warrant rejection of the null
hypothesis.

Two Types of Error


In statistics, a Type I error is a false positive conclusion, while a Type II error is a
false negative conclusion.
Making a statistical decision always involves uncertainties, so the risks of making
these errors are unavoidable in hypothesis testing.
The probability of making a Type I error is the significance level, or alpha (α), while
the probability of making a Type II error is beta (β). These risks can be minimized
through careful planning in your study design.

Example:
𝐻𝑜: The defendant is not guilty.
𝐻𝑎: The defendant is guilty.

𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑢𝑟𝑦 Type I and type II error?

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
A type I error is like putting an innocent person in jail.
A type II error is like letting a guilty person go free.

Example 2:
𝐻𝑜: The company cannot give a 30% return of the investment.
𝐻𝑎: The company can give a 30% return of the investment.

𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 type I and type II error?

𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:

A type I error is like the company might claim that they can give a 30% return even
though they cannot really do it financially.

A type II error is like the company might reduce the percentage of the return of the
investment even though they can actually give the 30% return.

 Draw conclusion
 Record conclusions and recommendations in a report, and associate
interpretations to justify your conclusion or recommendations.

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