Basic Mathematics I

Lecturer: Terry Kwok

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 Syllabus

• 1.) Linear and Quadratics

• 2.) Polynomial and Rational Functions
• 3.) Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• 4.) System of Equations and Inequalities
• 5.) Trigonometric Functions
• 6.) Analytic Trigonometry
• 7.) Applications of Trigonometric Functions
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 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

~ Systems of Linear Equations

~ Graphing

~ Substitution

~ Elimination

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 Assessment

• 1 ~ 2 Assignments 25%
• 1 Test 25%
• Examination 50%
 System of Linear Equations
What is a System of Equations:

A set of equations is called a system of equations.

The solutions must satisfy each equation in the system.

If all equations in a system are linear, the system is a

system of linear equations, or a linear system.

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 System of Linear Equations
System of Linear Equations:

A system of linear equations is simply two or more linear

equations using the same variables.

We will only be dealing with systems of two equations

using two variables, x and y.

If the system of linear equations is going to have a

solution, then the solution will be an ordered pair (x , y)
where x and y make both equations true at the same time.

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 System of Linear Equations
Systems of Linear Equations and Their Solutions
We have seen that all equations in the form Ax + By = C are straight
lines when graphed. Two such equations, such as those listed below, are
called a system of linear equations. A solution to a system of linear
equations is an ordered pair that satisfies all equations in the system.
For example, (5, 4) satisfies the system

x+y=9 (5 + 4 is, indeed, 9.)

x–y=1 (5 – 4 is indeed, 1.)

Thus, (5, 4) satisfies both equations and is a solution of the system. The
solution can be described by saying that x = 5 and y = 4. The solution
can also be described using set notation. The solution set to the system is
{(5, 4)} - that is, the set consisting of the ordered pair (5, 4).

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 System of Linear Equations
Systems of Linear Equations and Solutions: Example
Determine whether (4, -1) is a solution of the system
x + 2y = 2
x – 2y = 6.
Solution Because 4 is the x-coordinate and -1 is the y-coordinate of
(4, -1), we replace x by 4 and y by -1.

x + 2y = 2 x – 2y = 6
4 + 2(-1) = 2 4 – 2(-1) = 6
4 + (-2) = 2 4 – (-2) = 6
4+2=6
2 = 2 true 6 = 6 true
The pair (4, -1) satisfies both equations: It makes each equation true.
Thus, the pair is a solution of the system. The solution set to the system
is {(4, -1)}.
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 System of Linear Equations
Solve Systems of Linear Equations
Systems of Linear Equations:
There are four ways to solve systems of linear equations:
1. By graphing
2. By substitution
3. By elimination
4. By multiplication

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 System of Linear Equations
3 Different Systems:

There are 3 different types of systems of linear equations

3 Different Systems:
1) Consistent-independent
2) Inconsistent
3) Consistent-dependent

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 System of Linear Equations
1.) Consistent - Independent System:
A system of linear equations having exactly one solution is
described as being consistent - independent.
y
The system has exactly
one solution at the point of
intersection

x The two lines intersect at a

single point. The coordinates
give the solution of the system.
In this case, the solution is
“consistent” and the equations
are “independent”.

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 System of Linear Equations
1.) Consistent - Independent System: Example

2x – y = 2
x + y = -2
2x – y = 2
-y = -2x + 2
y = 2x – 2
Different slope
x + y = -2
y = -x - 2

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 System of Linear Equations
2.) Inconsistent System:
A system of linear equations having no solutions is
described as being inconsistent.
y
The system has no solution,
the lines are parallel

x The graphs are parallel lines.

(Slopes are equal) In this case the
system is “inconsistent” and the
solution set is 0 or null.

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 System of Linear Equations
2.) Inconsistent System: Example
3x + 2y = 3
3x + 2y = -4

3x + 2y = 3
2y = -3x + 3
y = -3/2 x + 3/2

3x + 2y = -4
2y = -3x -4 Same slope, different intercept
y = -3/2 x - 2

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 System of Linear Equations
3.) Consistent - Dependent System:
A system of linear equations having an infinite number of
solutions is described as being consistent-dependent.
y
The system has infinite
solutions, the lines are identical

x The graphs are the same line.

(Slopes and y-intercepts are the
same) In this case, the equations are
“dependent” and the solution set is
an infinite set of ordered pairs.

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 System of Linear Equations
3.) Consistent - Dependent System: Example

x – y = -3
2x – 2y = -6

x – y = -3
-y = -x – 3
y =x+3

2x – 2y = -6 Same slope, Same intercept

-2y = -2x – 6 Same equation
y=x+3

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 System of Linear Equations
By Graphing: Number of Solutions
The number of solutions to a system of two linear equations in two
variables is given by one of the following.

Number of Solutions What This Means Graphically

Exactly one ordered-pair solution The two lines intersect at one point.
No solution The two lines are parallel.
Infinitely many solutions The two lines are identical.
y y y

x x x

Exactly one solution No Solution (parallel lines) Infinitely many solutions

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(lines coincide)
 System of Linear Equations
Linear System in Two Variables:

Three possible solutions to a linear system in two variables:

One solution: coordinates of a point
No solutions: inconsistent case
Infinitely many solutions: dependent case
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 System of Linear Equations
Determine without Graphing:
•There is a somewhat shortened way to determine what
type (one solution, no solutions, infinitely many solutions)
of solution exists within a system.

•Notice we are not finding the solution, just what type of

solution.

•Write the equations in slope-intercept form: y = mx + b.

(i.e., solve the equations for y, remember that m =
slope, b = y - intercept).

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 System of Linear Equations
Determine without Graphing:
Once the equations are in slope-intercept form, compare
the slopes and intercepts.

~ If the lines have different slopes m, the system is

consistent-independent. (i.e. One Solution)

~ If the lines have the same slope m, but different y-

intercepts b, the system is inconsistent. (i.e. No Solution)

~ If the lines have the same slope m, and the same y-

intercept b, then the system is consistent-dependent.
(i.e. Infinitely many Solution)
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 System of Linear Equations
Determine without Graphing: Example
Determine the following system, what type of solution exists,
3x = 6y + 5
y = (1/2)x – 3

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 System of Linear Equations
Determine without Graphing: Example
Determine the following system, what type of solution exists,
3x = 6y + 5
y = (1/2)x – 3

Writing each in slope-intercept form y = mx + b

y = (1/2)x – 5/6 ------- (1)
y = (1/2)x – 3 --------- (2)

Since the lines have the same slope and different y-intercepts,
there is no solution to the system of equations. The lines are
parallel.

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 System of Linear Equations
By Graphing
Solving Systems by Graphing:
When solving a system by graphing:
Step 1: Find ordered pairs that satisfy each of the equations.

Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs and sketch the graphs of both
equations on the same axis.

Step 3: The coordinates of the point or points of intersection of

the graphs are the solution or solutions to the system of
equations.

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 System of Linear Equations
By Graphing: Example
Consider the following system: y

x – y = –1
x + 2y = 5
Using the graph to the right, we can see
that any of these ordered pairs will x
(1 , 2)
make the first equation true since they
lie on the line.
We can also see that any of these points will
make the second equation true.
However, there is ONE coordinate that makes both true at the same
time…
The point where they intersect makes both equations true at
the same time. 24
 System of Linear Equations
By Substitution:
Procedure for Substitution Method

Step 1. Solve either of the equations for one variable in terms of

the other.
Step 2. Substitute the expression found in step 1 into the
other equation.
Step 3. Now solve for the remaining variable.
Step 4. Substitute the value from step 2 into the equation
written in step 1, and solve for the remaining variable.
Step 5. Check the proposed solution in both of the system's
given equations.
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 System of Linear Equations
By Substitution: Example
Solve by the substitution method:
5x – 4y = 9
x – 2y = -3.
Solution
Step 1: Solve either of the equations for one variable in terms of the other.
x - 2y = -3 This is the second equation in the given system.
x = 2y - 3 Solve for x by adding 2y to both sides.
Step 2 Substitute the expression from step 1 into the other equation. We
substitute 2y - 3 for x in the first equation.

x = 2y – 3 5 x – 4y = 9
This gives us an equation in one variable, namely
5(2y - 3) - 4y = 9.
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 System of Linear Equations
By Substitution: Example
Step 3: Solve the resulting equation containing one variable.
5(2y – 3) – 4y = 9 This is the equation containing one variable.
10y – 15 – 4y = 9 Apply the distributive property.
6y – 15 = 9 Combine like terms.
6y = 24 Add 15 to both sides.
y=4 Divide both sides by 6.
Step 4: Back-substitute the obtained value into the equation from step 1.
x = 2y – 3 Use the equation obtained in step 1.
x = 2 (4) – 3 Substitute 4 for y.
x=8–3 Multiply.
x=5 Subtract.
With x = 5 and y = 4, the proposed solution is (5, 4).
Step 5: Check. Take a moment to show that (5, 4) satisfies both given
equations. The solution set is {(5, 4)}.
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 System of Linear Equations
By Substitution: Example
Solve by the substitution method:
y = 4x
x + 3y = –39

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 System of Linear Equations
By Substitution: Example
Solve by the substitution method:
y = 4x
x + 3y = –39
Solution
Step 1: Solve either of the equations for one variable in terms of the other.
y = 4x

Step 2 Substitute the expression from step 1 into the other equation. We
substitute 4x for y in the first equation.

y = 4x x + 3 y = -39
This gives us an equation in one variable, namely
x + 3(4x) = -39.
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 System of Linear Equations
By Substitution: Example
Step 3: Solve the resulting equation containing one variable.
x + 12 x = -39
13x = -39
x = -3

Step 4: Back-substitute the obtained value into the equation from step 1.
y = 4x
y = 4 (-3)
y = -12
With x = -3 and y = -12, the proposed solution is (-3, -12).

Step 5: Check. Take a moment to show that (-3, -12) satisfies both given
equations. The solution set is {(-3, -12)}.
–3 + 3(– 12) = –39
–12 = 4(–3)
–12 = –12 ! –3 – 36 = –39 !
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–39 = –39
 System of Linear Equations
Example:
Solve the system using substitution 3y + x = 7
4x – 2y = 0

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 System of Linear Equations
By Elimination
Step 1: rewrite both equations in the form Ax + By = C.
Step 2: multiply either equation or both equations by appropriate
nonzero numbers so that the sum of the x-coefficients or
the sum of the y-coefficients is 0.
Step 3: Add the equations in step 2. The sum is an equation in
one variable.
Step: 4: Solve the equation from step 3.
Step 5: Back-substitute the value obtained in step 4 into either of
the given equations and solve for the other variable.
Step 6: Check the solution in both of the original equations.

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 System of Linear Equations
By Elimination: Example
Solve by the elimination method:
2x = 7y - 17
5y = 17 - 3x.
Step 1: rewrite both equations in the form Ax + By = C.
2x - 7y = -17
3x + 5y = 17
Step 2: multiply either equation or both equations by appropriate
nonzero numbers so that the sum of the x-coefficients or
the sum of the y-coefficients is 0.

2x – 7y = -17 3•2x – 3•7y = 3(-17) 6x - 21y = -51

3x + 5y = 17 -2•3x + (-2)5y = -2(17) -6x + (-10y) = -34

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 System of Linear Equations
By Elimination: Example
Step 3 & 4: Add the equations and solve the variable.
6x – 21y = -51
Add: -6x – 10y = -34
-31y = -85
-31y -85
=
-31 -31
y = 85/31

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 System of Linear Equations
By Elimination: Example
Step 5: Back-substitute the value obtained in step 4 into either of
the given equations and solve for the other variable.
x = 34/31

Step 6: Check. For this system, a calculator is helpful in showing

the solution (34/31, 85/31) satisfies both equations.
Consequently, the solution set is {(34/31, 85/31)}.

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 System of Linear Equations
Rules for Special Cases

When solving a system of two linear equations in two variables:

Case 1: If an identity is obtained, e.g. 3 = 3, then the system has

an infinite number of solutions. The equations are dependent and,
since a solution exists, the system is consistent.

Case 2: If a contradiction is obtained, e.g. 1 = 7, then the system

has no solution. The system is inconsistent.

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 System of Linear Equations
Rules for Special Cases: Example
Solve the following system of equations:
3y -2x = 6 -----------A
-12y + 8x = -24 --------B
By Substitution

A consistent system has infinitely many solutions.

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 System of Linear Equations
Rules for Special Cases: Example
Solve the following system of equations:
y = -3x +5 -----------A
y = -3x -2 ------------B
By Substitution

A inconsistent system has no solutions.

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 System of Linear Equations
By Elimination: Example
Solve by the elimination method:

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 Tutorial 4
1.) Determine the following system, what type of solution
exists, x + 5y = 9
3x – 2y = 12
Answer: The system will have one solution and is classified as being consistent
independent.
2.) Solve the following system of equations by substitution.
a. b.

Answer: a.) x = -4, y = -1 b.) x = 1, y = 4

3.) Find k, if the system is inconsistent.

3x = 3 - ky
6x + 4y = -8
Answer: k = 2
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 Tutorial 4
4.) Solve the following system of equations by elimination.
5x – 2y = –15
3x + 8y = 37
Answer: x = -1, y = 5

5.) Solve the following system of equations using the

elimination method.
6x – 3y = –3 and 4x + 5y = –9

Answer: x = -1, y = -1

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 Here are some further worked problems on solving more
difficult simultaneous equations. 1 1
Let = x and =y
a b
Problem 8. Solve
Tutorial 4 then x 3
ystems'with'Three'Variables' + y
2 5
6.) Solve 2 3
g to be a fairly short section + in= the
7 sense that it’s (1)really only going to consist1 o
x y 4x + y
xamples to illustrate how1 to 4take the methods from the previous section and 2us
near system with three equations − = −2and three variables.
(2) To remove fractions, equati
x y
giving
Answer: x = 1/2, y = 1 #
startedIn with an example.
this type of equation the solution is easier if a ! x "
1 1 10 + 10
7.)substitution
Solve the following
is initially made.system
Let = aofand equation
=b 2
x y
Solve the following system of equations. i.e. 5x
Thus equation (1) becomes x 2a2+y3b = 3 z7 7 (3)
Multiplying equation (4) by
and equation (2) becomes 2 xa − 4b
y = z−2 4 (4)
8x
Multiplying equation (4) by32x gives
2y 2z 10
Multiplying equation (6) by

ng to try Answer:
and findx =values
2, y =2aof−zx,
-1, = y,
8b 1= and
−4 a z that will satisfy
(5) all three equations at
48xth
re going to use elimination to eliminate one of the variables from one of the eq
he variables from another of the equations. The reason for doing this will be a
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actually done it.