INTERDISCIPLINARY

PROJECT
GLOBALIZATION
Shubh Agrawal
10th A
 Name: Shubh Agrawal
Class: 10th A
Roll No.: 10042
Subject: History, Economics & Geography
Submitted to: Sadhna Pathak
Session: 2023-24
School: Sadguru Public Hr. Sec. School
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to my principal
and Social Science teacher Sadhna Mam for their precious
suggestions and guidance for the completion of my Social
Science project activity titled “Globalization”. I am very thankful
to them.
I also acknowledge the endless contribution of my parents and
friends who always encouraged me and supported me and their
wistful cooperation in my studies and to complete this project
within the limited time frame.
CONTENT
History
Economics
Geography
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HISTORY
• HOW GLOBALIZATION STARTED?
• A WORLD ECONOMY TAKES SHAPE
• ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY
• LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY COLONIALISM
• RINDERPEST, OR THE CATTLE PLAGUE
• INDENTURED LABOUR MIGRATION FROM INDIA
• THE GREAT DEPRESSION
• POST-WAR SETTLEMENT AND THE BRETTON WOODS
INSTITUTIONS
• END OF BRETTON WOODS AND THE BEGINNING OF
‘GLOBALISATION’
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HOW GLOBALIZATION STARTED?

The world changed profoundly in the nineteenth century. Economic, political, Social, Cultural and
technological factors interacted in complex ways to transform Societies and reshape external relations.
→ Economists identify three types of movement or 'flows' within international economic exchanges.

1. The flow of trade which in the nineteenth Century referred largely to trade in goods.
2. The flow of labour - the migration of people in search of employment.
3. The Movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.
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A WORLD ECONOMY TAKES SHAPE

Population growth from the late 18th century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain. As
urban centers expanded and industry grew, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up
food grain. prices. Under pressure from landed groups, the government also restricted the import of
Corn. The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as the "Corn Laws". Unhappy
with high food prices, industrialists and urban dwellers forced the abolition of the corn Laws.
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ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

• The railways, steamships, and the telegraph, for example, were important inventions without which
we cannot imagine the transformed nineteenth-century world. However technological advances
were often the result of larger social, political, and economic factors. For example, colonization
stimulated new investments and improvements in transport: faster railways, lighter wagons, and
larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
• The trade-in meat offers a good example of this connected process. Till the 1870s, animals were
shipped live from America to Europe and then slaughtered when they arrived there.
• Animals were also shipped live from America to Europe till the 1870s.
• Meat was considered an expensive luxury. beyond the reach of the European poor.
• To break the earlier monotony of bread and potatoes, many could now add meat to their diet.
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LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY COLONIALISM

• Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late nineteenth century.

• In many parts of the world, the expansion of trade and a closer relationship with the world economy
also meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods.
• Late-nineteenth-century European conquests. produced many painful economic, social and
ecological changes through which the Colonised societies were brought into the world economy.
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RINDERPEST, OR THE CATTLE PLAGUE

In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of Cattle plague impacted people's livelihoods and the
local economy. Africa had abundant land and a relatively small population. In the late nineteenth
century, Europeans were attracted to Africa due to its vast resources of land and minerals. Europeans
came to Africa hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to
Europe. But there was An unexpected problem - a shortage of labour willing to work for wages.
Inheritance laws were changed, and according to the new one, only one member of a family was
allowed to inherit the land. In the late 1880s, Rinderpest arrived in Africa carried by infected cattle
imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East # Africa. The loss of cattle
destroyed African livelihoods.
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INDENTURED LABOUR MIGRATION FROM INDIA

Indentured labour illustrates the two-sided nature of the nineteenth-century world. # world of faster
economic growth as well as great misery, higher incomes for some and poverty for others,
technological advances in Some areas, and new forms of coercion in others. In India, indentured
labourers were hired under contracts, and most of them came from the present-day regions of eastern
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India, and the dry districts of Tamil Nadu. Indian indentured migrants’ main
destinations were the Caribbean islands of Mauritius and Fiji. Indentured workers were also recruited
for tea plantations in Assam. Nineteenth-century indenture has been described as a new system of
slavery.
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THE GREAT DEPRESSION

The Great Depression began around 1929. and lasted till the mid-1930s, most parts of the world
experienced catastrophic declines in production, employment, incomes, and trade. The most affected
areas were agricultural regions and communities. A combination of several factors led to depression.
The first factor is agricultural overproduction, the second is in the mid-1920s, many countries financed
their investments through loans from the US. The rest of the world is affected by the withdrawal of us
loans in different ways. The US was also severely affected by depression. Unfortunately, the US banking
system collapsed as thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close.
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POST-WAR SETTLEMENT AND THE

BRETTON WOODS INSTITUTIONS
Two Key lessons were drawn from inter-war economic experience. First, mass production cannot be
sustained without mass communication. The second lesson. related to a country's economic links with
the outside world. The Bretton Woods conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to
deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations. The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up to finance postwar
reconstruction. The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.
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END OF BRETTON WOODS AND THE

BEGINNING OF ‘GLOBALISATION’
The US's financial and competitive strength was weakened due to the rising costs of its overseas
involvement from the 1960s. In the mid-1970s, the international financial system also changed and the
industrial world was also hit by unemployment. MNCS began to shift their production to low-wage.
Asian countries. China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs. In the last two
decades, the world's economic geography has been transformed as Countries such as India, China, and
Brazil have undergone rapid economic transformation.
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ECONOMICS
• WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
• FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALIZATION
• WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
• IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIA
• THE STRUGGLE FOR A FAIR GLOBALIZATION
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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

The term “globalization" refers to the process of integrating the economy of India with the economy of
the rest of the entire globe. So that there can be an unrestricted flow of goods, services, and
investments from other parts of the world. At the same time that there has been an increase in foreign
trade between countries, there has also been a rise in the amount of foreign investment made by
multinational corporations in Asia and Africa. Multinational corporations exercise Significant influence
over significant portions of the world's trade.
The process of countries becoming more rapidly integrated or interconnected is referred to as
globalization. The flow of commodities and services, investments, and technological advancements
across countries continues to increase. The most common reasons for people to migrate from one
nation to another are the pursuit of higher incomes, better jobs, or better educational opportunities.
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FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLED

GLOBALIZATION
The factors which have enabled globalization, are as follows:
• Technology
The improvement of technologies rapidly has been one of the major and important factors that have
stimulated the process of globalization. Globalization has helped to make the process faster over long
distances with less cost. The developments. in information, as well as communication technology, have
helped with instant accessibility.
• Liberalization of Foreign Trade and Foreign Trade Investment Policy
Different types of trade barriers are set up by the government for certain forms of restriction. The
government can use the trade barriers to increase as well as decrease foreign trade and also to decide
which goods and how much of each, should Come from the country and taxes on imports are one of its
examples.
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WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

The World Trade Organization, also known as the WTO, is an international organization with 164
member countries that are concerned with the regulations that govern international trade. Its purpose is
to make sure that commercial transactions go off without a hitch and with as much accuracy as
possible. The World Commerce Organization (WTO) is a global organization that deals with the rules of
Commerce between States.
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IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIA

Globalization impacts lives of the people in the following manner:

• Provides greater opportunities for consumers to enjoy improved quality and also for Lowering the
price of certain several products.
• Higher standards of living are a result of the help of globalization. Several of the top Indian
companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. They have invested in newer
technology and production methods and raised their production Standards.
Globalization has also created newer Opportunities for companies providing services, particularly in the
IT Sector.
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THE STRUGGLE FOR A FAIR

GLOBALIZATION
• More equitable globalization would not only expand people's access to possibilities but additionally
guarantee that the advantages of globalization are more evenly distributed.
• It can ensure that the labor laws are properly implemented and the workers also have their rights.
• Support to the small producers for improving their performance.
• The government needs to use both trade and investment barriers.
• For negotiating WTO for "fairer rules".
• Alignment of other developing countries with similar interests for fighting against the domination of
developed countries in WTO.
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GEOGRAPHY
• TRANSPORT
• ROADWAYS
• RAILWAYS
• PIPELINES
• WATERWAYS
• AIRWAYS
• COMMUNICATION
• TRADE
• TOURISM
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TRANSPORT

The movement of goods and services from supply locations to demand locations is termed as
transportation.
 ROADWAYS
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India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating about 56 lakh km.
Road transport is growing in importance as compared to railways because –
• The cost of constructing roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
• Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
• Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and can traverse mountains like the Himalayas.
• Road transport is economical in the transportation of a few people and a relatively smaller amount
of goods over short distances.
• It provides door-to-door services, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
• It is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport as they provide a link between railway
stations, air and sea ports.
Classification of Roads based on capacity:
Super Highways, National Highways, State Highways, District Roads, Rural Roads, Rural Roads.
Problem faced by Road Transportation:
• Many roads are unmelted, due to which transportation is difficult during the rainy season.
• Inadequate reach of National Highways in many places.
• High traffic congestion on roads in cities
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• Railways are the principal mode of transport for freight (Goods) and passengers in India, carry bulky
weight and are excellent for long distances.
• The Indian Railways have a network of 7,133 stations spread over a route length of 64,460km.
• For administrative convenience, Indian railways are divided into 16 zones.
• There are 3 types of gauges (Railway track) broad gauge, meter gauge, and narrow guage.
• There are many challenges for Indian Railways as
➢ It is difficult to lay railway lines in the sandy plains of Western India, hilly and mountainous regions
of peninsular India and the Himalayas.
➢ It requires construction of bridges over rivers in North and Eastern India
➢ There are problems with the sinking of railway tracks and landslides blocking the track.
➢ The initial costs of laying the tracks are too high
Problems faced by Railways:-
• Many passengers travel without a ticket.
• Thefts and damage of railway property.
• People pull chains unnecessarily which causes heavy damage to railways.
• Delaying of trains.
• Landslides and sinking of tracks in some stretches
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PIPELINES

• Pipelines transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India.

• Earlier, it was used to transport water to cities and industries.
• Now, these are used to transport crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas from natural gas
fields to refiners, fertilizer factories, and big thermal power plants.
• The initial cost of laying the pipeline is high but subsequent running costs are minimal.
• It reduces trans-shipment losses or delays
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WATERWAYS

• Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.

• It is suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
• It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.
• India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500km in length.
• 95% of country’s trade volume (68% in terms of value) is moved by sea
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AIRWAYS

• Airways is the fastest, most comfortable, and most prestigious mode of transport.
• It can cover difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests, and long oceanic
stretches with great ease.
• Pawanhans Helicopter Ltd. provides helicopter service to Oil and Natural Gas Corporation CONGC)
in its offshore operations.
• The air transport was nationalised in 1953.
• Air travel is not within the reach of common people, it is only in the northeastern States that special
provisions have been made to extend the service to the common people
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COMMUNICATION

Communication is the act of exchanging information.

Personal communication:
• Postal system
• Telecom Networks
Mass communication:
• Television and Radio
• Newspapers, Periodicals & Magazines
• Films
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TRADE

Exchange of goods between people, States, and countries is known as trade,

International Trade:
The trade between two countries is known as International Trade.
Balance of Trade (BoT):
The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its exports and its imports.
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TOURISM

• More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. It also promotes national
integrity, and provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
• It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.
• Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, business tourism,
cultural tourism and medical tourism
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• India and the Contemporary World II, A Social
Science Textbook for Class X, History, NCERT
• Understanding Economic Development, A Social
Science Textbook for Class X, Economics, NCERT
• Contemporary India II, A Social Science Textbook for
Class X, Geography, NCERT
• www.google.com
• www.britannica.com
• www.Wikipedia.org
THANK YOU
Shubh Agrawal