Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

CONTENTS
Module-1

❖ Role of Mechanical Engineering in Industries and Society

❖ Emerging Trends and Technologies in different sectors

❖ Introduction and applications of Energy sources

❖ Solar Power: solar photovoltaic principle

❖ Wind Power: principle of operation of a typical wind mill

❖ Hydro Power: Principles of electric power generation from hydro power plants

❖ Nuclear power: Principles of electric power generation from nuclear power plants

❖ Limitations of fossil fuels.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

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 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Role of Mechanical Engineering in Industries and Society

Mechanical Engineering plays a crucial role in both industries and society at large. Here are
some key aspects of its significance:
INDUSTRIES:
1. Product Design and Development: Mechanical engineers are involved in the design and

development of a wide range of products, from consumer electronics to heavy machinery.

They work on everything from initial concept to final manufacturing plans.

2. Manufacturing Processes: They design and optimize manufacturing processes to improve

efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure quality. This includes creating processes for casting,

machining, welding, and more.

3. Automation and Robotics: Mechanical engineers are at the forefront of developing

automated systems and robotics used in manufacturing plants. This leads to higher

production rates, improved precision, and safer working conditions.

4. Energy Systems: Engineers work on energy systems, including renewable energy

technologies such as wind turbines and solar panels. They also design efficient heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for buildings.

5. Transportation: In the automotive industry, mechanical engineers design cars, trucks,

buses, and motorcycles. They also work on improving fuel efficiency, safety features, and

developing electric and autonomous vehicles.

6. Aerospace: Aerospace engineering, a subset of mechanical engineering, focuses on

aircraft and spacecraft design. Engineers work on everything from airframe design to

propulsion systems.

7. Materials Engineering: Mechanical engineers work with materials engineers to develop

new materials with improved properties. This includes metals, composites, and polymers
used in various industries.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

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 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

SOCIETY:
1. Infrastructure Development: Mechanical engineers play a vital role in the design and

construction of infrastructure like bridges, dams, roads, and buildings. They ensure these

structures are safe, durable, and cost-effective.

2. Healthcare: In the medical field, mechanical engineers contribute to the design of medical

devices and equipment such as prosthetics, surgical tools, and imaging machines.

3. Environmental Impact: Engineers work on sustainable technologies to reduce the

environmental impact of industries. This includes developing cleaner energy sources and

improving waste management systems.

4. Safety: Mechanical engineers are involved in ensuring workplace safety through the

design of equipment and processes that adhere to safety standards.

5. Education and Research: Mechanical engineers contribute to education and research,

advancing the field and training future engineers.

6. Quality of Life: Many everyday items we take for granted, from kitchen appliances to

smartphones, are designed and improved by mechanical engineers, enhancing our quality

of life.

In summary, Mechanical Engineering is a versatile field that impacts nearly every

aspect of modern life. Its role in industries and society ranges from designing innovative
products to improving infrastructure and advancing technology for a more sustainable future.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

3
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Emerging Trends and Technologies in different sectors

Emerging trends and technologies are rapidly shaping various sectors, driving innovation and

transformation. Here are some key trends in different sectors:

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML):

• Healthcare: AI is used for disease detection, personalized treatment plans, and managing

patient data.

• Finance: ML algorithms improve fraud detection, risk assessment, and customer service.

• Retail: AI enhances customer experience through personalized recommendations and

predictive analytics.

2. Internet of Things (IoT):

• Smart Home: Connected devices for home automation, security, and energy efficiency.

• Industrial IoT (IIoT): Monitoring and optimizing industrial processes for efficiency and

predictive maintenance.

• Healthcare: IoT devices for remote patient monitoring and healthcare management.

3. Blockchain:

• Finance: Secure and transparent transactions, reducing the need for intermediaries.

• Supply Chain: Traceability of goods, preventing counterfeit products.

• Healthcare: Secure sharing of patient data, ensuring privacy and integrity.

4. Renewable Energy:

• Solar Power: Advancements in solar cell technology for efficiency and cost reduction.

• Wind Power: Improved turbine designs and grid integration for higher output.

• Energy Storage: Advancements in battery technology for grid-scale and portable

applications.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

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 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

5. 3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing:

• Manufacturing: Rapid prototyping, customization, and low-volume production.

• Medical: Custom implants, prosthetics, and tissue engineering.

• Construction: 3D printed buildings and infrastructure for faster and cost-effective

construction.

6. Autonomous Vehicles:

• Automotive: Self-driving cars and trucks for improved safety and efficiency.

• Delivery: Autonomous drones and robots for last-mile delivery.

• Agriculture: Autonomous tractors and drones for precision farming.

7. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):

• Gaming and Entertainment: Immersive experiences and realistic simulations.

• Training and Education: Virtual training environments for hands-on learning.

• Healthcare: AR-assisted surgeries and VR therapy for mental health.

8. Cybersecurity:

• AI-driven Security: Using AI to detect and respond to cyber threats in real-time.

• Zero Trust Architecture: Securing networks with strict identity verification.

• IoT Security: Ensuring the security of interconnected devices and data.

9. Green Technologies:
• Circular Economy: Designing products for reuse, recycling, and sustainability.
• Water Purification: Innovative solutions for clean drinking water.
• Biodegradable Materials: Development of eco-friendly materials to replace plastics.
10. HealthTech:
• Telemedicine: Remote consultations and monitoring for improved access to healthcare.
• Wearable Devices: Health tracking for early disease detection and prevention.
• Genomics: Advancements in DNA sequencing for personalized medicine.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

5
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Introduction and Applications of Energy Sources

Energy sources are fundamental to human civilization, powering our homes,
transportation, industries, and technology. Here's an introduction to various energy sources and
their applications:
1. Fossil Fuels:
• Introduction: Fossil fuels are derived from ancient organic matter, such as plants and
animals, that have undergone geological processes. The three main types are coal, oil
(petroleum), and natural gas.
• Applications:
• Electricity Generation: Fossil fuels are burned to produce steam, which turns
turbines to generate electricity.
• Transportation: Gasoline and diesel, derived from oil, power most vehicles.
• Industrial Processes: Used as fuel for heating, processing, and manufacturing.
• Heating and Cooking: Many homes and businesses use natural gas for heating and
cooking.
2. Renewable Energy Sources:
• Introduction: These energy sources are replenished naturally and are considered
sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.
• Applications:
a. Solar Energy:
• Photovoltaic (PV) Systems: Convert sunlight directly into electricity.
• Solar Thermal Systems: Heat water or air for residential or industrial use.
• Applications: Electricity generation, heating water, powering homes, and off-grid
applications.
b. Wind Energy:
• Wind Turbines: Convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity.
• Applications: Electricity generation, especially in windy areas both onshore and
offshore.
c. Hydropower:
• Hydroelectric Dams: Use flowing water to turn turbines for electricity generation.
• Applications: Large-scale electricity generation, often used as a baseload power
source.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

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 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

d. Biomass:
• Bioenergy: Organic materials such as wood, agricultural residues, and waste are
burned or converted into biofuels.
• Applications: Electricity generation, heating, and transportation fuels.
e. Geothermal Energy:
• Geothermal Power Plants: Use heat from the Earth's core for electricity
generation.
• Applications: Heating buildings, generating electricity in regions with geothermal
activity.
f. Tidal and Wave Energy:
• Tidal Barrages: Capture the energy of tides moving in and out.
• Wave Energy Converters: Use the motion of ocean waves to generate electricity.
• Applications: Electricity generation, often in coastal areas with strong tides or
waves.
3. Nuclear Energy:
• Introduction: Nuclear energy is derived from the splitting (fission) or combining (fusion)
of atomic nuclei.
• Applications:
• Nuclear Power Plants: Use nuclear reactions to generate heat, which then drives
turbines for electricity.
• Applications: Large-scale electricity generation, especially in countries with
significant nuclear capacity.
4. Emerging Energy Technologies:
• Hydrogen: Considered a clean energy carrier, hydrogen can be produced from renewable
sources and used in fuel cells for electricity and transportation.
• Energy Storage: Technologies like batteries (lithium-ion, flow batteries), pumped hydro,
and thermal storage are crucial for storing energy from intermittent renewable sources.
• Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Aimed at reducing carbon emissions from fossil
fuel use by capturing CO2 and storing it underground.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

7
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Solar Power: Solar Photovoltaic Principle

Solar power works by converting energy from the sun into power. There are two forms of
energy generated from the sun for our use – electricity and heat. Both are generated through the
use of solar panels, which range in size from residential rooftops to 'solar farms' stretching over
acres of rural land.

Solar Photovoltaic Principle:

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is based on the principle of converting sunlight directly into
electricity using semiconductor materials. Here's a simplified explanation of how solar PV works:
1. Photovoltaic Effect: At the heart of solar PV technology is the photovoltaic effect, which
was first observed by French physicist Edmond Becquerel in 1839. This effect describes
how certain materials generate an electric current when they are exposed to light.
2. Semiconductor Materials: Solar panels are made up of semiconductor materials, usually
silicon. Silicon is abundant, efficient, and has the right properties to create the photovoltaic
effect.
3. Layers of a Solar Cell:
• Top Layer (Anti-Reflective Coating): The top layer of a solar panel is an anti-
reflective coating, which allows maximum sunlight to pass through to the next
layer.
• Phosphorus-Doped Silicon (N-type Layer): Beneath the anti-reflective coating is
a thin layer of silicon that is doped with phosphorus. This layer contains free
electrons.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

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 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

• Boron-Doped Silicon (P-type Layer): Below the N-type layer is a thicker layer of
silicon doped with boron. This layer contains "holes" or spaces where electrons
could exist.
• P-N Junction: Where the N-type and P-type layers meet, a P-N junction is formed.
This is the key to the photovoltaic effect.
4. Photons and Electron Excitation:
• When photons (particles of light) from sunlight strike the solar panel, they can be
absorbed by the silicon.
• When a photon with enough energy is absorbed by an atom in the P-N junction, it
can excite an electron in the valence band of the silicon, causing it to jump to the
conduction band.
• This creates an electron-hole pair: the electron is now free to move, leaving a
positively charged hole behind.
5. Electric Field: Due to the way the N-type and P-type layers are doped, an electric field is
established at the junction.
• The free electrons are pushed towards the N-type layer, while the holes are pushed
towards the P-type layer.
6. Flow of Current:
• Because of the electric field, the free electrons are forced to flow in one direction,
creating a current.
• This flow of electrons is what we harness as electricity.
• Metal contacts on the top and bottom of the solar cell capture this flow of electrons
and route them through an external circuit, where they can power electrical devices
or charge batteries.
7. Direct Current (DC) Output: The electricity generated by a single solar cell is direct
current (DC), which is the type of electricity used in batteries. Multiple solar cells are
connected to form a solar panel, and multiple panels can be connected to form a solar
array.
8. Inverter: Since most household appliances use alternating current (AC), the DC electricity
from the solar panels is passed through an inverter to convert it to AC.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

9
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Wind Power: principle of operation of a typical wind mill

Wind power, also known as wind energy, is a renewable energy source that converts
wind's kinetic energy into electricity. Wind turbines use the wind's turning blades to generate
electricity.
Principle of operation of a typical wind mill

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

10
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

How Wind Power Works:

1. Wind Turbines: Wind turbines are the structures that convert the kinetic energy of the
wind into mechanical power, which can then be converted into electricity.
2. Blades: At the top of a wind turbine tower are two or three blades. These blades are
aerodynamically designed, similar to aircraft wings, to capture the kinetic energy of the
wind.
3. Rotor: The blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft. When the wind
blows, it causes the blades to rotate around the hub.
4. Gearbox: The rotating shaft is connected to a gearbox, which increases the rotational
speed of the blades.
5. Generator: The high-speed shaft from the gearbox is connected to a generator. This
generator converts the mechanical energy from the spinning blades into electrical energy.
6. Electricity Production: Inside the generator, the mechanical energy turns a magnet inside
a coil of wire, creating an electric current. This electricity is typically produced as
alternating current (AC), similar to what comes from the outlets in our homes.
7. Inverter: Similar to solar power systems, the electricity produced by wind turbines is
usually converted from AC to DC (direct current) by an inverter. This makes it compatible
with the electricity grid or usable in homes.
8. Tower: The tower of the wind turbine supports the rotor and blades, and it elevates the
turbine to take advantage of stronger and more consistent wind at higher altitudes.

Factors Affecting Wind Power Generation:

• Wind Speed: The most crucial factor for wind power generation is wind speed. Higher
wind speeds mean more kinetic energy available to the turbine, resulting in more
electricity generation.
• Wind Direction: Turbines are usually mounted on a mechanism that allows them to turn
and face the wind. This ensures they capture the maximum amount of wind energy.
• Site Selection: Wind farms are usually located in areas with consistent, strong winds.
Coastal areas, plains, and hilltops are common locations.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

11
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Advantages of Wind Power:

1. Renewable: Wind is a renewable resource, meaning it won't run out as long as the sun
shines and the Earth rotates.
2. Clean Energy: Wind power does not produce greenhouse gases or air pollutants during
operation, unlike fossil fuels.
3. Low Operating Costs: Once a wind turbine is installed, the ongoing costs for operation
and maintenance are relatively low compared to other forms of power generation.
4. Scalability: Wind farms can range from small, single-turbine installations to large utility-
scale farms with hundreds of turbines.

Challenges of Wind Power:

1. Intermittency: Wind is not always consistent, so wind power is intermittent. This means
there needs to be backup power or energy storage for times when the wind isn't blowing.
2. Land Use: Wind farms require significant land area, which can sometimes lead to
conflicts with other land uses such as agriculture or wildlife habitats.
3. Visual and Noise Impact: Some people find wind turbines visually unappealing, and they
can produce low-level noise when operating.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

12
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Hydro Power: Principles of electric power generation from hydro

power plants
Hydropower, also known as hydroelectric power or water power, is a renewable energy
source that uses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. Hydropower plants are
typically located near a water source, and use the elevation difference between water flowing in on
one side of the plant and out on the other to generate power. The greater the flow and the higher
the head, the more electricity that can be generated.

Principles of electric power generation from hydro power plants

Principles of Hydropower Generation:

1. Water Reservoir: A hydropower plant begins with a water reservoir, which is often
created by building a dam on a river. This reservoir stores a large volume of water.
2. Gravity and Potential Energy: Water stored in the reservoir has gravitational potential
energy due to its elevated position. The higher the water is above the turbine, the more
potential energy it possesses.
3. Intake Structure: Near the base of the dam, there is an intake structure or a penstock.
This is a pipe or tunnel that directs the water from the reservoir towards the turbines.
4. Turbines: As the water flows through the penstock, it passes through the turbines. The
force of the flowing water causes the turbines to spin.
5. Generator: The turbines are connected to a generator. As the turbines spin, they turn the
generator rotor, which is a large electromagnet. This rotation induces an electric current in
the generator's stator windings through electromagnetic induction.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

13
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

6. Electromagnetic Induction: According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,

when a conductor (the stator windings) is exposed to a changing magnetic field (from the
spinning rotor), it induces a voltage. This voltage creates an electric current in the
windings.
7. AC Electricity Generation: The electricity generated is typically in the form of
alternating current (AC). AC is the standard form of electricity for transmission and
distribution in power grids.
8. Transformer: The AC electricity produced by the generator is sent through a transformer.
Transformers increase the voltage of the electricity for efficient long-distance
transmission.
9. Transmission Lines: The high-voltage electricity is sent through transmission lines to
substations and then to distribution lines that deliver electricity to homes and businesses.
10. Switchyard: At the power plant, there is a switchyard where the electricity is directed to
the power grid. Here, the voltage is controlled, and the electricity is synchronized with the
grid.
Types of Hydropower Plants:
1. Run-of-the-River: These plants use the natural flow of the river to generate electricity
without a large reservoir. The water flows through the turbines, generating electricity as it
passes.
2. Reservoir: These plants have a dam and a large reservoir to store water. Water is released
from the reservoir to generate electricity when demand is high.
Advantages of Hydropower:
• Renewable and Clean: Hydropower is renewable, relying on the natural water cycle. It
produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation.
• Reliable: Unlike solar and wind, which can be intermittent, hydropower can provide a
steady and reliable source of electricity.
• Storage: Reservoir-based hydropower plants can store water, acting as a form of energy
storage for times of high demand.
Challenges of Hydropower:
• Environmental Impact: Large dams can have significant environmental impacts,
including disrupting ecosystems, affecting fish migration, and altering river flow.
• Cost: Building large hydropower plants and dams can be costly and time-consuming.
• Limited Locations: Not all regions have suitable rivers or topography for hydropower
generation.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

14
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Nuclear power: Principles of electric power generation from nuclear

power plants
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be
obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion.
Principles of electric power generation from nuclear

Nuclear power plants generate electricity through the process of nuclear fission, which involves
splitting atoms of uranium or plutonium. Here are the principles behind electric power generation
from nuclear power plants:
Principles of Nuclear Power Generation:
1. Nuclear Fuel: Nuclear power plants use uranium-235 (U-235) or plutonium-239 (Pu-239)
as fuel. These isotopes are chosen because they are fissile, meaning they can sustain a
chain reaction of nuclear fission.
2. Nuclear Fission: Inside the nuclear reactor core, nuclear fission occurs when a neutron
collides with a U-235 or Pu-239 atom, splitting it into two smaller nuclei, releasing a large
amount of energy, and several neutrons.
3. Control Rods: Control rods made of materials such as boron or cadmium are inserted into
the reactor core. These rods absorb neutrons, controlling the rate of the chain reaction. By
raising or lowering the control rods, operators can regulate the reactor's power output.
4. Heat Generation: The energy released during nuclear fission is primarily in the form of
heat. This heat is used to boil water, creating steam.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

15
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

5. Steam Generation: The steam produced by the heat from the reactor core is directed to a
steam turbine.
6. Steam Turbine: The steam flows through a turbine, causing it to spin.
7. Generator: The spinning turbine is connected to a generator. The generator converts the
mechanical energy from the spinning turbine into electrical energy.
8. Transformer: The electricity produced by the generator is sent through a transformer to
increase the voltage for efficient transmission.
9. Grid Connection: The high-voltage electricity is then sent to the power grid through
transmission lines.
Types of Nuclear Reactors:
1. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR):
• Water flows through the reactor core, absorbing heat from the nuclear reaction.
• The hot water is then pumped through a heat exchanger, where it heats a separate
water loop to create steam.
• The steam drives a turbine connected to a generator.
2. Boiling Water Reactor (BWR):
• Water flows through the reactor core and is heated by the nuclear reaction.
• The heated water boils and turns into steam within the reactor vessel itself.
• The steam directly drives the turbine connected to the generator.
Advantages of Nuclear Power:
• Low Carbon Emissions: Nuclear power plants produce electricity without emitting
greenhouse gases like CO2, helping to combat climate change.
• High Energy Density: Nuclear fuel has a very high energy density, meaning a small
amount of fuel can produce a large amount of electricity.
• Reliability: Nuclear power plants can operate continuously for long periods, providing a
stable and reliable source of electricity.
Challenges of Nuclear Power:
• Nuclear Waste: The spent fuel from nuclear reactors is highly radioactive and needs to be
carefully stored and managed for thousands of years.
• Safety Concerns: Accidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima have highlighted the potential
risks of nuclear power.
• Cost: Building and decommissioning nuclear power plants can be expensive.
• Public Perception: Nuclear power plants face public opposition due to concerns about
safety and the long-term effects of nuclear accidents.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

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 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

Limitations of fossil fuels

1. Finite Resource:
• Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. They are formed over millions of years from the
remains of plants and animals, and once they are used up, they cannot be replenished on a
human timescale.
• There is a limited supply of fossil fuels on Earth, and continued extraction leads to
depletion of these resources.
2. Environmental Impact:
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and other
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, contributing to global
warming and climate change.
• Air Pollution: Fossil fuel combustion also emits pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. These pollutants contribute to smog, acid
rain, and respiratory illnesses.
• Water Pollution: Mining and drilling for fossil fuels can contaminate water sources with
chemicals and heavy metals.
• Oil Spills: Accidents during oil extraction or transportation can lead to devastating oil
spills, causing harm to marine ecosystems and coastal communities.
3. Health Impacts:
• Air pollution from burning fossil fuels has serious health consequences, including
respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer.
• Communities near fossil fuel extraction sites often suffer from health problems due to
water contamination and air pollution.
4. Volatility of Prices:
• Fossil fuel prices can be highly volatile due to geopolitical factors, supply disruptions, and
market speculation.
• This volatility can impact industries and consumers, leading to fluctuations in energy
costs.
5. Energy Security:
• Reliance on fossil fuels can create energy security concerns for countries that are heavily
dependent on imports.
• Geopolitical tensions in regions rich in fossil fuels can disrupt supply chains and lead to
energy shortages.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

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 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

6. Land Use and Habitat Destruction:

• Extracting fossil fuels often requires large areas of land for mining, drilling, and
infrastructure development.
• This can lead to habitat destruction, deforestation, and disruption of ecosystems.
7. Water Use:
• Fossil fuel extraction and processing require significant amounts of water, which can strain
water resources in already water-stressed regions.
8. Reserves in Inaccessible Areas:
• Some remaining fossil fuel reserves are located in environmentally sensitive areas, such as
deep-sea drilling sites, Arctic regions, and pristine wilderness areas.
• Extracting these reserves can have severe ecological consequences.
9. Long-Term Economic Costs:
• While fossil fuels may seem cheaper in the short term, the long-term costs of
environmental cleanup, healthcare for pollution-related illnesses, and climate change
adaptation can be substantial.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

18
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

MODULE-1
QUESTION BANK
Q.1. In detail explain the Role of Mechanical Engineering in Industries and Society.

Q.2. Explain briefly Emerging Trends and Technologies in different sectors.

Q.3. What is energy resource? List and explain the applications of various energy resources.

Q.4. What is solar Power? Explain with diagram the working Principle of Solar Photovoltaic.

Q.5. What is wind Power? Explain with diagram the working Principle of wind mill.

Q.6. What is hydro Power? Explain with diagram the working Principles of electric power

generation from hydro power plants.

Q.7. What is Nuclear Power? Explain with diagram the working Principles of Principles of electric

power generation from nuclear power plants.

Q.8. List and explain the limitations of fossil fuels.

Q.9. List the advantages & challenges of Hydro-power plant.

Q.10.List the advantages & challenges of Nuclear power plant.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

19
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

MODULE-1
Assignment Questions
Q.1. In detail explain the Role of Mechanical Engineering in Industries and Society.

Q.2. What is energy resource? List and explain the applications of various energy resources.

Q.3. What is wind Power? Explain with diagram the working Principle of wind mill.

Q.4. What is hydro Power? Explain with diagram the working Principles of electric power

generation from hydro power plants.

Q.5. List and explain the limitations of fossil fuels.

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

20
 Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (22ESC244)-Module-I

MODULE-1
E-Content/Resources
Sl.No Topic Name Video URL/link
1. Role of Mechanical Engineering in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZqyueCmvuc
Industries and Society
2. Emerging Trends and Technologies in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wChItZKSvIU
different sectors
3. Introduction and applications of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dk4zyqH8dvM
Energy sources
4. Solar Power: solar photovoltaic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0OZ6tpZ3Mc
principle
5. Wind Power: principle of operation of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE
a typical wind mill
6. Hydro Power: Principles of electric https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_c9tBOjny28
power generation from hydro power
plants
7. Nuclear power: Principles of electric https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vufW6z0AgsU
power generation from nuclear power
plants
8. Limitations of fossil fuels. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJkjNKfP3Us

Prepared by: PRASHANT MULGE, Assistant Professor, M.Tech. in AI & DS and PE, (Ph.D.)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Sharnbasva University, Kalaburgi, Karnataka
2023-24

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