CHAPTER 5

GASES

Questions
20. Molecules in the condensed phases (liquids and solids) are very close together. Molecules in
the gaseous phase are very far apart. A sample of gas is mostly empty space. Therefore, one
would expect 1 mole of H2O(g) to occupy a huge volume as compared to 1 mole of H2O(l).

21. The column of water would have to be 13.6 times taller than a column of mercury. When the
pressure of the column of liquid standing on the surface of the liquid is equal to the pressure
of air on the rest of the surface of the liquid, then the height of the column of liquid is a
measure of atmospheric pressure. Because water is 13.6 times less dense than mercury, the
column of water must be 13.6 times longer than that of mercury to match the force exerted by
the columns of liquid standing on the surface.

22. A bag of potato chips is a constant-pressure container. The volume of the bag increases or
decreases in order to keep the internal pressure equal to the external (atmospheric) pressure.
The volume of the bag increased because the external pressure decreased. This seems
reasonable as atmospheric pressure is lower at higher altitudes than at sea level. We ignored n
(moles) as a possibility because the question said to concentrate on external conditions. It is
possible that a chemical reaction occurred that would increase the number of gas molecules
inside the bag. This would result in a larger volume for the bag of potato chips. The last
factor to consider is temperature. During ski season, one would expect the temperature of
Lake Tahoe to be colder than Los Angeles. A decrease in T would result in a decrease in the
volume of the potato chip bag. This is the exact opposite of what actually happened, so
apparently the temperature effect is not dominant.

23. The P versus 1/V plot is incorrect. The plot should be linear with positive slope and a y-
intercept of zero. PV = k, so P = k(1/V). This is in the form of the straight-line equation y =
mx + b. The y-axis is pressure, and the x-axis is 1/V.

24. The decrease in temperature causes the balloon to contract (V and T are directly related).
Because weather balloons do expand, the effect of the decrease in pressure must be dominant.

25. d = (molar mass)P/RT; density is directly proportional to the molar mass of a gas. Helium,
with the smallest molar mass of all the noble gases, will have the smallest density.

26. Rigid container: As temperature is increased, the gas molecules move with a faster average
velocity. This results in more frequent and more forceful collisions, resulting in an increase in
pressure. Density = mass/volume; the moles of gas are constant, and the volume of the
container is constant, so density in this case must be temperature-independent (density is
constant).

139
140 CHAPTER 5 GASES

Flexible container: The flexible container is a constant-pressure container. Therefore, the

final internal pressure will be unaffected by an increase in temperature. The density of the
gas, however, will be affected because the container volume is affected. As T increases, there
is an immediate increase in P inside the container. The container expands its volume to
reduce the internal pressure back to the external pressure. We have the same mass of gas in a
larger volume. Gas density will decrease in the flexible container as T increases.

27. At STP (T = 273.2 K and P = 1.000 atm), the volume of 1.000 mol of gas is:

0.08206L atm
1.000 mol   273.2 K
nRT K mol
V= = = 22.42 L
P 1.000atm

At STP, the volume of 1.000 mole of any gas is 22.42 L, assuming the gas behaves ideally.
Therefore, the molar volume of He(g) and N2(g) at STP both equal 22.42 L/mol. If the
temperature increases to 25.0C (298.2 K), the volume of 1.000 mole of a gas will be larger
than 22.42 L/mole because molar volume is directly related to the temperature at constant
pressure. If 1.000 mole of a gas is collected over water at a total pressure of 1.000 atm, the
partial pressure of the collected gas will be less than 1.000 atm because water vapor is present
(Ptotal = Pgas  PH 2O ). At some partial pressure below 1.000 atm, the volume of 1.000 mole of
a gas will be larger than 22.42 L/mol because molar volume is inversely related to the
pressure at constant temperature.

28. For the first diagram, there is a total volume of 3X after the stopcock is open. The six total
gas particles will be equally distributed (on average) over the entire volume (3X). So per X
volume, there will be two gas particles. Your first drawing should have four gas particles in
the 2X volume flask and two gas particles in the X volume flask.

Applying Boyle’s law, the pressure in the two flasks after the stopcock is opened is:

P1V1 P  2X 2
P1V1 = P2V2, P2 = = 1 = P1
V2 3X 3
The final pressure in both flasks will be two-thirds that of the initial pressure in the left flask.

For the second diagram, there is a total volume of 2X after the stopcock is opened. The gas
particles will be equally distributed (on average) so that your drawing should have three gas
particles in each flask. The final pressure is:

P1V1 P X P
P2 = = 1 = 1
V2 2X 2
The final pressure in both flasks will be one-half that of the initial pressure in the left flask.

29. No; at any nonzero Kelvin temperature, there is a distribution of kinetic energies. Similarly,
there is a distribution of velocities at any nonzero Kelvin temperature. The reason there is a
distribution of kinetic energies at any specific temperature is because there is a distribution of
velocities for any gas sample at any specific temperature.
CHAPTER 5 GASES 141

30. a. Containers ii, iv, vi, and viii have volumes twice those of containers i, iii, v, and vii.
Containers iii, iv, vii, and viii have twice the number of molecules present than
containers i, ii, v, and vi. The container with the lowest pressure will be the one that has
the fewest moles of gas present in the largest volume (containers ii and vi both have the
lowest P). The smallest container with the most moles of gas present will have the
highest pressure (containers iii and vii both have the highest P). All the other containers
(i, iv, v, and viii) will have the same pressure between the two extremes. The order is ii =
vi < i = iv = v = viii < iii = vii.
b. All have the same average kinetic energy because the temperature is the same in each
container. Only temperature determines the average kinetic energy.
c. The least dense gas will be in container ii because it has the fewest of the lighter Ne
atoms present in the largest volume. Container vii has the most dense gas because the
largest number of the heavier Ar atoms are present in the smallest volume. To determine
the ordering for the other containers, we will calculate the relative density of each. In the
table below, m1 equals the mass of Ne in container i, V1 equals the volume of container i,
and d1 equals the density of the gas in container i.

Container
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii

mass, m1, V1 m1, 2V1 2m1, V1 2m1, 2V1 2m1, V1 2m1, 2V1 4m1, V1 4m1, 2V1
volume

density m1 1 2 m1 2 m1 2 m1 2 m1
m1  d1 = d1 = 2d1 = d1 4 m1 4 m1
 mass  = d1 2V1 2
= 2d1
2 V1 V1 2 V1 = 4d1 = 2d1
  V1 V1 V1 2 V1
 volume 

From the table, the order of gas density is ii < i = iv = vi < iii = v = viii < vii.

d. µrms = (3RT/M)1/2; the root mean square velocity only depends on the temperature and the
molar mass. Because T is constant, the heavier argon molecules will have a slower root
mean square velocity than the neon molecules. The order is v = vi = vii = viii < i = ii = iii
= iv.

31. 2 NH3(g)  N2(g) + 3 H2(g); as reactants are converted into products, we go from 2 moles
of gaseous reactants to 4 moles of gaseous products (1 mol N 2 + 3 mol H2). Because the
moles of gas doubles as reactants are converted into products, the volume of the gases will
double (at constant P and T).
 RT 
PV = nRT, P =  n = (constant)n; pressure is directly related to n at constant T and V.
 V 
As the reaction occurs, the moles of gas will double, so the pressure will double. Because 1
mole of N2 is produced for every 2 moles of NH3 reacted, PN2  (1/2)PNH o
3
. Owing to the 3
: 2 mole ratio in the balanced equation, PH2  (3/2)PNH3 .
o

Note: Ptotal  PH2  PN2  (3/2)PNHo

3
 (1/2)PNH
o
3
 2PNH
o
3
. As we said earlier, the total
pressure will double from the initial pressure of NH3 as reactants are completely converted
into products.
142 CHAPTER 5 GASES

32. Statements a, c, and e are true. For statement b, if temperature is constant, then the average
kinetic energy will be constant no matter what the identity of the gas (KEave = 3/2 RT). For
statement d, as T increases, the average velocity of the gas particles increases. When gas
particles are moving faster, the effect of interparticle interactions is minimized. For statement
f, the KMT predicts that P is directly related to T at constant V and n. As T increases, the gas
molecules move faster, on average, resulting in more frequent and more forceful collisions.
This leads to an increase in P.

0.244 atm L2
33. The values of a are: H2, ; CO2, 3.59; N2, 1.39; CH4, 2.25
mol2
Because a is a measure of intermolecular attractions, the attractions are greatest for CO2.

34. The van der Waals constant b is a measure of the size of the molecule. Thus C3H8 should
have the largest value of b because it has the largest molar mass (size).

35. PV = nRT; Figure 5.6 is illustrating how well Boyle’s law works. Boyle’s law studies the
pressure-volume relationship for a gas at constant moles of gas (n) and constant temperature
(T). At constant n and T, the PV product for an ideal gas equals a constant value of nRT, no
matter what the pressure of the gas. Figure 5.6 plots the PV product versus P for three
different gases. The ideal value for the PV product is shown with a dotted line at about a
value of 22.41 L atm. From the plot, it looks like the plot for Ne is closest to the dotted line,
so we can conclude that of the three gases in the plot, Ne behaves most ideally. The O2 plot
is also fairly close to the dotted line, so O2 also behaves fairly ideally. CO2, on the other
hand, has a plot farthest from the ideal plot; hence CO2 behaves least ideally.

36. Dalton’s law of partial pressures holds if the total pressure of a mixture of gases depends only
on the total moles of gas particles present and not on the identity of the gases in the mixtures.
If the total pressure of a mixture of gases were to depend on the identities of the gases, then
each gas would behave differently at a certain set of conditions, and determining the pressure
of a mixture of gases would be very difficult. All ideal gases are assumed volumeless and are
assumed to exert no forces among the individual gas particles. Only in this scenario can
Dalton’s law of partial pressure hold true for an ideal gas. If gas particles did have a volume
and/or did exert forces among themselves, then each gas, with its own identity and size,
would behave differently. This is not observed for ideal gases.

Exercises
Pressure
760 mm Hg 1 torr
37. a. 4.8 atm × = 3.6 × 103 mm Hg b. 3.6 × 103 mm Hg ×
atm mm Hg
= 3.6 × 103 torr
1.013  105 Pa 14.7 psi
c. 4.8 atm × = 4.9 × 105 Pa d. 4.8 atm × = 71 psi
atm atm
CHAPTER 5 GASES 143

1 atm
38. a. 2200 psi × = 150 atm
14.7 psi

1.013  105 Pa 1 MPa

b. 150 atm ×  = 15 MPa
atm 1  106 Pa

760 torr
c. 150 atm × = 1.1 × 105 torr
atm

10 mm 1 atm
39. 6.5 cm × = 65 mm Hg = 65 torr; 65 torr × = 8.6 × 10 2 atm
cm 760 torr

1.013  105 Pa
8.6 × 10 2 atm × = 8.7 × 103 Pa
atm

2.54 cm 10 mm 1 atm
40. 20.0 in Hg ×  = 508 mm Hg = 508 torr; 508 torr × = 0.668 atm
in cm 760 torr

41. If the levels of mercury in each arm of the manometer are equal, then the pressure in the flask
is equal to atmospheric pressure. When they are unequal, the difference in height in
millimeters will be equal to the difference in pressure in millimeters of mercury between the
flask and the atmosphere. Which level is higher will tell us whether the pressure in the flask
is less than or greater than atmospheric.

a. Pflask < Patm; Pflask = 760.  118 = 642 torr

1 atm
642 torr × = 0.845 atm
760 torr

1.013  105 Pa
0.845 atm × = 8.56 × 104 Pa
atm

b. Pflask > Patm; Pflask = 760. torr + 215 torr = 975 torr

1 atm
975 torr × = 1.28 atm
760 torr

1.013  105 Pa
1.28 atm × = 1.30 × 105 Pa
atm

c. Pflask = 635  118 = 517 torr; Pflask = 635 + 215 = 850. torr

42. a. The pressure is proportional to the mass of the fluid. The mass is proportional to the
volume of the column of fluid (or to the height of the column assuming the area of the
column of fluid is constant).
144 CHAPTER 5 GASES
mass
d = density = ; in this case, the volume of silicon oil will be the same as the
volume volume of mercury in Exercise 41.

m m Hg m m d
V= ; VHg = Voil;  oil , m oil  Hg oil
d d Hg d oil d Hg

Because P is proportional to the mass of liquid:

d   1.30 
Poil = PHg  oil   PHg   = (0.0956)PHg
 d Hg   13.6 
 

This conversion applies only to the column of silicon oil.

Pflask = 760. torr  (0.0956 × 118) torr = 760.  11.3 = 749 torr

1 atm 1.013  105 Pa

749 torr × = 0.986 atm; 0.986 atm × = 9.99 × 104 Pa
760 torr atm

Pflask = 760. torr + (0.0956 × 215) torr = 760. + 20.6 = 781 torr

1 atm 1.013  105 Pa

781 torr × = 1.03 atm; 1.03 atm × = 1.04 × 105 Pa
760 torr atm
b. If we are measuring the same pressure, the height of the silicon oil column would be 13.6
÷ 1.30 = 10.5 times the height of a mercury column. The advantage of using a less dense
fluid than mercury is in measuring small pressures. The height difference measured will
be larger for the less dense fluid. Thus the measurement will be more precise.

Gas Laws
43. At constant n and T, PV = nRT = constant, so P1V1 = P2V2; at sea level, P = 1.00 atm
= 760. mm Hg.

P1 V1 760. mm  2.0 L
V2 = = = 3.0 L
P2 500. mm Hg
The balloon will burst at this pressure because the volume must expand beyond the 2.5 L
limit of the balloon.

Note: To solve this problem, we did not have to convert the pressure units into atm; the units
of mm Hg canceled each other. In general, only convert units if you have to. Whenever the
gas constant R is not used to solve a problem, pressure and volume units must only be
consistent and not necessarily in units of atm and L. The exception is temperature, which
must always be converted to the Kelvin scale.
CHAPTER 5 GASES 145

44. The pressure exerted on the balloon is constant, and the moles of gas present is constant.
From Charles’s law, V1/T1 = V2/T2 at constant P and n.

V1 T2 700. mL  100. K
V2 = = = 239 mL
T1 (273.2  20.0) K

As expected, as temperature decreases, the volume decreases.

45. At constant T and P, Avogadro’s law holds (V  n).

V1 V Vn 20. L  0.50 mol

 2 , n2  2 1  = 0.89 mol
n1 n2 V1 11.2 L

As expected, as V increases, n increases.

46. As NO2 is converted completely into N2O4, the moles of gas present will decrease by one-half
(from the 2 : 1 mole ratio in the balanced equation). Using Avogadro’s law:

V1 V n 1
= 2 , V2 = V1 × 2 = 25.0 mL × = 12.5 mL
n1 n2 n1 2
N2O4(g) will occupy one-half the original volume of NO2(g). This is expected because the
moles of gas present decrease by one-half when NO2 is converted into N2O4.

0.08206L atm
2.00 mol   (155  273) K
nRT K mol
47. a. PV = nRT, V = = = 14.0 L
P 5.00 atm

PV 0.300 atm  2.00 L

b. PV = nRT, n = = = 4.72 × 10 2 mol
RT 0.08206L atm
 155 K
K mol

PV 4.47 atm  25.0 L

c. PV = nRT, T = = = 678 K = 405°C
nR 0.08206L atm
2.01 mol 
K mol

0.08206L atm
10.5 mol   (273  75) K
nRT K mol
d. PV = nRT, P = = = 133 atm
V 2.25 L

1 atm
48. a. P = 7.74 × 103 Pa × = 0.0764 atm; T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
1.013  105 Pa

PV 0.0764 atm  0.0122 L

PV = nRT, n = = = 3.81 × 10 5 mol
RT 0.08206 L atm
 298 K
K mol
146 CHAPTER 5 GASES

0.08206L atm
0.421 mol   223 K
nRT K mol
b. PV = nRT, P = = = 179 atm
V 0.0430 L

0.08206L atm
4.4  102 mol   (331 273) K
nRT K mol
c. V = = = 3.6 L
P 1 atm
455 torr 
760 torr

 1 atm 
 745 mm Hg    11.2 L
PV  760 mm Hg 
d. T = = = 334 K = 61°C
nR 0.08206L atm
0.401 mol 
K mol

PV 2.70 atm  200.0 L

49. n= = = 22.2 mol
RT 0.08206 L atm
 (273  24) K
K mol

4.003 g He
For He: 22.2 mol × = 88.9 g He
mol
2.016 g H 2
For H2: 22.2 mol × = 44.8 g H2
mol

PV 1.00 atm  6.0 L

50. a. n    0.25 mol air
RT 0.08206L atm
 298 K
K mol
1.97 atm  6.0 L
b. n   0.48 mol air
0.08206L atm/K mol  298 K

0.296 atm  6.0 L

c. n   0.11 mol air
0.08206L atm/K mol  200. K

Air is indeed “thinner” at high elevations.

PV 14.5 atm  (75.0  10 3 L)

51. PV = nRT, n =  = 0.0449 mol O2
RT 0.08206L atm
 295 K
K mol

 1 mol  0.08206L atm

 0.60 g    (273  22) K
nRT  32.00 g  K mol
52. P   = 0.091 atm
V 5.0 L
CHAPTER 5 GASES 147

1 mol Ar
53. a. PV = nRT; 175 g Ar × = 4.38 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar

PV 10.0 atm  2.50 L

T= = = 69.6 K
nR 0.08206L atm
4.38 mol 
K mol
0.08206L atm
4.38 mol   255 K
nRT K mol
b. PV = nRT, P = = = 32.3 atm
V 2.50 L

1.149 g 1 mol O 2
54. 0.050 mL ×  = 1.8 × 10 3 mol O2
mL 32.00 g

0.08206L atm
1.8  103 mol   310. K
nRT K mol
V= = = 4.6 × 10 2 L = 46 mL
P 1.0 atm

P1V1 PV
55. For a gas at two conditions:  2 2
n1T1 n 2 T2

P1 P nPT
Because V is constant:  2 , n2 = 1 2 1
n1T1 n 2 T2 P1T2

1.50 mol  800. torr  298 K

n2 = = 2.77 mol
400. torr  323 K

Moles of gas added = n2 – n1 = 2.77 – 1.50 = 1.27 mol

For two-condition problems, units for P and V just need to be the same units for both con-
ditions, not necessarily atm and L. The unit conversions from other P or V units would cancel
when applied to both conditions. However, temperature always must be converted to the
Kelvin scale. The temperature conversions between other units and Kelvin will not cancel
each other.

PV PV PV
56. PV = nRT, n is constant. = nR = constant, 1 1  2 2
T T1 T2

V1 1.000
V2 = (1.040)V1, 
V2 1.040

P1V1T2 1.000 (273  58) K

P2 = = 75 psi ×  = 82 psi
V2 T1 1.040 (273  19) K

P1V1 P2 V2
57. At two conditions:  ; all gases are assumed to follow the ideal gas law. The
n1T1 n 2 T2
identity of the gas in container B is unimportant as long as we know the moles of gas present.
148 CHAPTER 5 GASES

PB V n T 1.0 L  2.0 mol  560. K

 A B B = = 2.0
PA VB n A TA 2.0 L  1.0 mol  280. K
The pressure of the gas in container B is twice the pressure of the gas in container A.

58. The pressure is doubled so P2 = 2P1 and the absolute temperature is halved so T2 = ½T1 (or T1
= 2T2). The moles of gas did not change, so n2 = n1. The volume effect of these changes is:

P1 V1 P V V Pn T PT P  T2
 2 2, 2  1 2 2  1 2 = 1 =
n 1 T1 n 2 T2 V1 P2 n 1 T1 P2 T1 2P1  2T2

The volume of the gas decreases by a factor of four when the pressure is doubled and the
absolute temperature is halved.

P1 P2 PT 318 K
59. a. At constant n and V,  , P2 = 1 2 = 11.0 atm × = 12.8 atm
T1 T2 T1 273 K

P1 P2 TP 6.50 atm
b.  , T2 = 1 2 = 273 K × = 161 K
T1 T2 P1 11.0 atm

T1 P2 25.0 atm
c. T2 = = 273 K × = 620. K
P1 11.0 atm

60. Because the container is flexible, P is assumed constant. The moles of gas present are also
constant.

P1V1 PV V V
 2 2 , 1  2 ; Vsphere = 4/3 r3
n1T1 n 2 T2 T1 T2

V1T2 4/3 π (1.00 cm)3  361 K

V2 = , 4/3 π(r2 )3 
T1 280. K

361 K
r23 = = 1.29, r2 = (1.29)1/3 = 1.09 cm = radius of sphere after heating
280. K

PV PV P V
61. = nR = constant, 1 1  2 2
T T1 T2

P1 V1 T2 5.0  102 mL (273  820.) K

P2 = = 710. torr ×  = 5.1 × 104 torr
V2 T1 25 mL (273  30.) K

nT V nT n T
62. PV = nRT,  = constant, 1 1  2 2 ; moles × molar mass = mass
P R P1 P2

n1 (molar mass)T1 n (molar mass)T2 mass1  T1 mass2  T2

 2 , 
P1 P2 P1 P2
CHAPTER 5 GASES 149

mass1  T1P2 1.00  103 g  291 K  650. psi

Mass2 =  = 309 g
T2 P1 299 K  2050. psi

PV PV P V VPT
63. PV = nRT, n is constant. = nR = constant, 1 1 = 2 2 , V2 = 1 1 2
T T1 T2 V2T1

760.torr (273  31) K

V2 = 1.00 L ×  = 2.82 L; ΔV = 2.82 - 1.00 = 1.82 L
220. torr (273  23) K

nT P nT n T
64. PV = nRT, P is constant.  = constant, 1 1  2 2
V R V1 V2

n2 TV 294 K 4.20  103 m3

 1 2 =  = 0.921
n1 T2 V1 335 K 4.00  103 m3

Gas Density, Molar Mass, and Reaction Stoichiometry

65. STP: T = 273 K and P = 1.00 atm; at STP, the molar volume of a gas is 22.42 L.

1 mol O 2 4 mol Al 26.98 g Al

2.00 L O2 ×   = 3.21 g Al
22.42 L 3 mol O 2 mol Al

Note: We could also solve this problem using PV = nRT, where n O 2 = PV/RT. You don’t
have to memorize 22.42 L/mol at STP.

1 mol CO 2
66. CO2(s)  CO2(g); 4.00 g CO2 × = 9.09 × 10 2 mol CO2
44.01g CO 2

22.42 L
At STP, the molar volume of a gas is 22.42 L. 9.09 × 10 2 mol CO2 × = 2.04 L
mol CO 2

67. 2 NaN3(s)  2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)

PV 1.00 atm  70.0 L

n N2 = = = 3.12 mol N2 needed to fill air bag.
RT 0.08206L atm
 273 K
K mol
2 mol NaN3 65.02 g NaN3
Mass NaN3 reacted = 3.12 mol N2 ×  = 135 g NaN3
3 mol N 2 mol NaN3

68. Because the solution is 50.0% H2O2 by mass, the mass of H2O2 decomposed is 125/2 =
62.5 g.
1 mol H 2O 2 1 mol O 2
62.5 g H2O2 ×  = 0.919 mol O2
34.02 g H 2O 2 2 mol H 2 O 2
150 CHAPTER 5 GASES

0.08206L atm
0.919 mol   300. K
nRT K mol
V= = = 23.0 L O2
P 1 atm
746 torr 
760 torr

  100 cm 
3
1L 
1.0 atm  4800 m 3     
PV   m  1000 cm3 
69. n H2 = = = 2.1 × 105 mol
RT 0.08206 L atm
 273 K
K mol
2.1 × 105 mol H2 is in the balloon. This is 80.% of the total amount of H2 that had to be
generated:

0.80(total mol H2) = 2.1 × 105, total mol H2 = 2.6 × 105 mol

1 mol Fe 55.85 g Fe
2.6 × 105 mol H2 ×  = 1.5 × 107 g Fe
mol H 2 mol Fe

1 mol H 2SO 4 98.09 g H 2SO 4 100 g reagent

2.6 × 105 mol H2 ×  
mol H 2 mol H 2SO 4 98 g H 2SO 4
= 2.6 × 107 g of 98% sulfuric acid
1 mol S
70. 5.00 g S × = 0.156 mol S
32.07 g
0.156 mol S will react with 0.156 mol O2 to produce 0.156 mol SO2. More O2 is required to
convert SO2 into SO3.

1 mol O 2
0.156 mol SO2 × = 0.0780 mol O2
2 mol SO 2

Total mol O2 reacted = 0.156 + 0.0780 = 0.234 mol O2

0.08206L atm
0.234 mol   623 K
nRT K mol
V= = = 2.28 L O2
P 5.25 atm

PV 0.500 atm  15.0 L

71. Kr(g) + 2 Cl2(g)  KrCl4(s); nKr =  = 0.147 mol Kr
RT 0.08206 L atm
 623 K
K mol

We could do the same calculation for Cl2. However, the only variable that changed is the
pressure. Because the partial pressure of Cl2 is triple that of Kr, moles of Cl2 = 3(0.147) =
0.441 mol Cl2. The balanced equation requires 2 moles of Cl2 to react with every mole of Kr.
However, we actually have three times as many moles of Cl2 as we have of Kr. So Cl2 is in
excess and Kr is the limiting reagent.
CHAPTER 5 GASES 151

1 mol KrCl 4 225.60 g KrCl 4

0.147 mol Kr   = 33.2 g KrCl4
mol Kr mol Kr

P1 P P n
72. PV = nRT, V and T are constant.  2, 2  2
n1 n 2 P1 n1

Let's calculate the partial pressure of C3H3N that can be produced from each of the starting
materials assuming each reactant is limiting. The reactant that produces the smallest amount
of product will run out first and is the limiting reagent.
2 MPa C3H3 N
PC3H 3 N  0.500 MPa  = 0.500 MPa if C3H6 is limiting
2 MPa C3H6

2 MPa C3H 3 N
PC3H3 N  0.800 MPa  = 0.800 MPa if NH3 is limiting
2 MPa NH3

2 MPa C3H 3 N
PC3H3 N  1.500 MPa  = 1.000 MPa if O2 is limiting
3 MPa O 2
C3H6 is limiting. Although more product could be produced from NH3 and O2, there is only
enough C3H6 to produce 0.500 MPa of C3H3N. The partial pressure of C3H3N in atmospheres
after the reaction is:
1 atm
0.500 × 106 Pa × = 4.94 atm
1.013  105 Pa
PV 4.94 atm  150. L
n =  = 30.3 mol C3H3N
RT 0.08206 L atm
 298 K
K mol

53.06 g
30.3 mol × = 1.61 × 103 g C3H3N can be produced.
mol

73. CH3OH + 3/2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O or 2 CH3OH(l) + 3 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

0.850 g 1 mol
50.0 mL ×  = 1.33 mol CH3OH(l) available
mL 32.04 g

PV 2.00 atm  22.8 L

n O2 = = = 1.85 mol O2 available
RT 0.08206 L atm
 300. K
K mol
Assuming CH3OH is limiting:
4 mol H 2O
1.33 mol CH3OH  = 2.66 mol H2O
2 mol CH 3OH
152 CHAPTER 5 GASES

Assuming O2 is limiting:
4 mol H 2 O
1.85 mol O2  = 2.47 mol H2O
3 mol O 2
Because the O2 reactant produces the smaller quantity of H2O, O2 is limiting and 2.47 mol of
H2O can be produced.

74. For ammonia (in 1 minute):

PNH3  VNH 3 90. atm  500. L
n NH 3   = 1.1 × 103 mol NH3
RT 0.08206L atm
 496 K
K mol
NH3 flows into the reactor at a rate of 1.1 × 103 mol/min.

For CO2 (in 1 minute):

PCO2  VCO2 45 atm  600. L

n CO2   = 6.6 × 102 mol CO2
RT 0.08206L atm
 496 K
K mol
CO2 flows into the reactor at 6.6 × 102 mol/min.

If NH3 is limiting:

1.1  103 mol NH3 1 mol urea 60.06 g urea

  = 3.3 × 104 g urea/min
min 2 mol NH3 mol urea
If CO2 is limiting:

660 mol CO 2 1 mol urea 60.06 g urea

  = 4.0 × 104 g urea/min
min mol CO 2 mol urea
Because the NH3 reactant produces the smaller quantity of product, NH3 is limiting and
3.3 × 104 g urea/min can be formed.

75. a. CH4(g) + NH3(g) + O2(g) → HCN(g) + H2O(g); balancing H first, then O, gives:
3
CH4 + NH3 + O 2 → HCN + 3 H2O or 2 CH4(g) + 2 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g) 
2
2 HCN(g) + 6 H2O(g)
V1 V V n
b. PV = nRT, T and P constant;  2, 1  1
n1 n 2 V2 n2
The volumes are all measured at constant T and P, so the volumes of gas present are
directly proportional to the moles of gas present (Avogadro’s law). Because Avogadro’s
law applies, the balanced reaction gives mole relationships as well as volume
relationships.
CHAPTER 5 GASES 153

2 L HCN
If CH4 is limiting: 20.0 L CH4  = 20.0 L HCN
2 L CH 4

2 L HCN
If NH3 is limiting: 20.0 L NH3  = 20.0 L HCN
2 L NH 3

2 L HCN
If O2 is limiting: 20.0 L O2 × = 13.3 L HCN
3 L O2

O2 produces the smallest quantity of product, so O2 is limiting and 13.3 L HCN can be
produced.

76. From the balanced equation, ethene reacts with hydrogen in a 1 : 1 mole ratio. Because T and
P are constant, a greater volume of H2 and thus more moles of H2 are flowing into the
reaction container than moles of ethene. So ethene is the limiting reagent.

In 1 minute:
PV 25.0 atm  1000. L
n C2 H 4    532 mol C2H4 reacted
RT 0.08206L atm
 573 K
K mol

532 mol C2H 4 1 mol C2H6 30.07 g C2H6 1 kg

Theoretical yield =   
min mol C2H 4 mol C2H6 1000 g
= 16.0 kg C2H6/min
15.0 kg/min
Percent yield = × 100 = 93.8%
16.0 kg/min

dRT
77. Molar mass = , where d = density of gas in units of g/L.
P
0.08206L atm
3.164g/L   273.2 K
K mol
Molar mass = = 70.98 g/mol
1.000atm

The gas is diatomic, so the average atomic mass = 70.93/2 = 35.47 u. From the periodic table,
this is chlorine, and the identity of the gas is Cl2.

mass mass
78. P × (molar mass) = dRT, d = , P × (molar mass) = × RT
volume V
0.08206L atm
0.800 g   373 K
mass  RT K mol
Molar mass =  = 96.9 g/mol
PV 1 atm
(750. torr  )  0.256 L
760 torr

96.9
Mass of CHCl  12.0 + 1.0 + 35.5 = 48.5 g/mol; = 2.00; molecular formula is C2H2Cl2.
48.5
154 CHAPTER 5 GASES

 1 atm 
 745 torr    352.0 g/mol
P  (molar mass)  760 torr 
79. d UF6 = = = 12.6 g/L
RT 0.08206L atm
 333 K
K mol

80. d = P × (molar mass)/RT; we need to determine the average molar mass of air. We get this
by using the mole fraction information to determine the weighted value for the molar mass. If
we have 1.000 mol of air:

28.02 g N 2 32.00 g O 2
average molar mass = 0.78 mol N2 × + 0.21 mol O2 ×
mol N 2 mol O 2
39.95 g Ar
+ 0.010 mol Ar × = 28.98 = 29 g
mol Ar

1.00 atm  29 g/mol

dair = = 1.3 g/L
0.08206L atm
 273 K
K mol

Partial Pressure

81. The container has 5 He atoms, 3 Ne atoms, and 2 Ar atoms for a total of 10 atoms. The mole
fractions of the various gases will be equal to the molecule fractions.

5 He atoms 3 Ne atoms
He = = 0.50; Ne = = 0.30
10 totalatoms 10 totalatoms

Ar = 1.00 – 0.50 – 0.30 = 0.20

PHe = He  Ptotal = 0.50(1.00 atm) = 0.50 atm

PNe = Ne  PTotal = 0.30(1.00atm) = 0.30 atm

PAr = 1.00 atm – 0.50 atm – 0.30 atm = 0.20 atm

82. a. There are 6 He atoms and 4 Ne atoms, and each flask has the same volume. The He flask
has 1.5 times as many atoms of gas present as the Ne flask, so the pressure in the He flask
will be 1.5 times greater (assuming a constant temperature).

b. Because the flask volumes are the same, your drawing should have the various atoms
equally distributed between the two flasks. So each flask should have 3 He atoms and 2
Ne atoms.

c. After the stopcock is opened, each flask will have 5 total atoms and the pressures will be
equal. If six atoms of He gave an initial pressure of PHe, initial, then 5 total atoms will have
a pressure of 5/6  PHe, initial.
CHAPTER 5 GASES 155

Using similar reasoning, 4 atoms of Ne gave an initial pressure of PNe, initial, so 5 total
atoms will have a pressure of 5/4  PNe, initial. Summarizing:

5 5
Pfinal = PHe, initial  PNe, initial
6 4

d. For the partial pressures, treat each gas separately. For helium, when the stopcock is
opened, the six atoms of gas are now distributed over a larger volume. To solve for the
final partial pressures, use Boyle’s law for each gas.

P1V1 X PHe, initial

For He: P2 = = PHe, initial  
V2 2X 2

The partial pressure of helium is exactly halved. The same result occurs with neon so
that when the volume is doubled, the partial pressure is halved. Summarizing:

PHe, initial PNe, initial

PHe, final  ; PNe, final 
2 2

 1 mol  0.08206L atm

 7.8 g     300. K
nRT  44.01 g  K mol
83. PCO2 = = = 1.1 atm
V 4.0 L

With air present, the partial pressure of CO2 will still be 1.1 atm. The total pressure will be
the sum of the partial pressures, Ptotal = PCO2 + Pair.

 1 atm 
Ptotal = 1.1 atm +  740 torr   = 1.1 + 0.97 = 2.1 atm
 760 torr 

1 mol H 2 1 mol He
84. n H 2 = 1.00 g H2 × = 0.496 mol H2; n He = 1.00 g He ×
2.016 g H 2 4.003 g He
= 0.250 mol He
0.08206L atm
0.496 mol   (273  27) K
n H 2  RT K mol
PH 2 = = = 12.2 atm
V 1.00 L

n He  RT
PHe = = 6.15 atm; Ptotal = PH 2 + PHe = 12.2 atm + 6.15 atm = 18.4 atm
V

85. Treat each gas separately and determine how the partial pressure of each gas changes when
the container volume increases. Once the partial pressures of H2 and N2 are determined, the
total pressure will be the sum of these two partial pressures. At constant n and T, the
relationship P1V1 = P2V2 holds for each gas.
156 CHAPTER 5 GASES

P1V1 2.00 L
For H2: P2 = = 475 torr × = 317 torr
V2 3.00 L

1.00 L 760 torr

For N2: P2 = 0.200 atm × = 0.0667 atm; 0.0667 atm × = 50.7 torr
3.00 L atm

Ptotal = PH 2  PN 2 = 317 + 50.7 = 368 torr

P1V1 2.00 L
86. For H2: P2 = = 360. torr × = 240. torr
V2 3.00 L

Ptotal = PH2  PN2 , PN2  Ptotal  PH2 = 320. torr  240. torr = 80. torr

P2 V2 3.00 L
For N2: P1 = = 80. torr × = 240 torr
V1 1.00 L

87. P1V1 = P2V2; the total volume is 1.00 L + 1.00 L + 2.00 L = 4.00 L.

P1 V1 1.00 L
For He: P2 = = 200. torr × = 50.0 torr He
V2 4.00 L

1.00 L 760 torr

For Ne: P2 = 0.400 atm × = 0.100 atm; 0.100 atm × = 76.0 torr Ne
4.00 L atm

2.00 L 1 atm 760 torr

For Ar: P2 = 24.0 kPa × = 12.0 kPa; 12.0 kPa × 
4.00 L 101.3 kPa atm
= 90.0 torr Ar
Ptotal = 50.0 + 76.0 + 90.0 = 216.0 torr

88. We can use the ideal gas law to calculate the partial pressure of each gas or to calculate the
total pressure. There will be less math if we calculate the total pressure from the ideal gas
law.
1g 1 mol O 2
n O2 = 1.5 × 102 mg O2   = 4.7 × 103 mol O2
1000 mg 32.00 g O 2

1 mol NH 3
n NH3 = 5.0 × 1021 molecules NH3 × = 8.3 × 10−3 mol NH3
6.022  10 23
molecules NH 3

ntotal = n N 2  n O2  n NH3 = 5.0 × 102 + 4.7 × 103 + 8.3 × 103 = 6.3 × 102 mol total

0.08206L atm
6.3  102 mol   273 K
n total  RT K mol
Ptotal    1.4 atm
V 1.0 L

n N2 5.0  102 mol

PN 2   N 2  Ptotal ,  N 2  ; PN 2   1.4 atm  1.1 atm
n total 6.3  102 mol
CHAPTER 5 GASES 157

4.7  103 8.3  103

PO2   1.4 atm  0.10 atm; PNH3   1.4 atm  0.18 atm
6.3  102 6.3  102

PCH 4 0.175 atm

89. a. Mole fraction CH4 = χ CH4 = = = 0.412
Ptotal 0.175 atm  0.250 atm

χ O 2 = 1.000  0.412 = 0.588

Ptotal  V 0.425 atm  10.5 L

b. PV = nRT, ntotal = = = 0.161 mol
RT 0.08206L atm
 338 K
K mol
n CH4
c. χ CH4  , n CH4 = χ CH4 × ntotal = 0.412 × 0.161 mol = 6.63 × 10 2 mol CH4
n total
16.04 g CH 4
6.63 × 10 2 mol CH4 × = 1.06 g CH4
mol CH 4

32.00 g O2
n O 2 = 0.588 × 0.161 mol = 9.47 × 10 2 mol O2; 9.47 × mol O2 ×
mol O2
= 3.03 g O2
1 mol O 2 1 mol CO 2
90. 52.5 g O2  = 1.64 mol O2; 65.1 g CO2  = 1.48 mol CO2
32.00 g O 2 44.01g CO 2

n O2 1.64 mol
 O2    0.526
n total (1.64  1.48) mol

PO2   O2  Ptotal = 0.526  9.21 atm = 4.84 atm

PCO 2 = 9.21 – 4.84 = 4.37 atm

1 atm
91. Ptotal = PH 2  PH 2O , 1.032 atm = PH 2 + 32 torr × , PH 2 = 1.032 − 0.042 = 0.990 atm
760 torr

PH 2 V 0.990 atm  0.240 L

n H2 = = = 9.56 × 10 3 mol H2
RT 0.08206L atm
 303 K
K mol
1 mol Zn 65.38 g Zn
9.56 × 10 3 mol H2 ×  = 0.625 g Zn
mol H 2 mol Zn

92. To calculate the volume of gas, we can use Ptotal and ntotal (V = ntotal RT/Ptotal), or we can use
PHe and nHe (V = nHeRT/PHe). Because n H 2O is unknown, we will use PHe and nHe.

PHe + PH 2 O = 1.00 atm = 760. torr, PHe + 23.8 torr = 760. torr, PHe = 736 torr
158 CHAPTER 5 GASES

1 mol
nHe = 0.586 g × = 0.146 mol He
4.003 g

0.08206L atm
0.146 mol   298 K
n He RT K mol
V= = = 3.69 L
PHe 1 atm
736 torr 
760 torr

93. 2 NaClO3(s) → 2 NaCl(s) + 3 O2(g)

Ptotal = PO 2 + PH 2 O , PO 2 = Ptotal  PH 2 O = 734 torr  19.8 torr = 714 torr

 1 atm 
 714 torr    0.0572 L
PO 2  V  760 torr 
n O2 = = = 2.22 × 10 3 mol O2
RT 0.08206L atm
 (273  22) K
K mol

2 mol NaClO3 106.44 g NaClO3

Mass NaClO3 decomposed = 2.22 × 10 3 mol O2 × 
3 mol O 2 mol NaClO3
= 0.158 g NaClO3
0.158 g
Mass % NaClO3 = × 100 = 18.0%
0.8765 g

94. 10.10 atm − 7.62 atm = 2.48 atm is the pressure of the amount of F2 reacted.

P P P P n
PV = nRT, V and T are constant. = constant, 1  2 or 1  1
n n1 n2 P2 n2

Moles F2 reacted 2.48 atm

= = 2.00; so Xe + 2 F2  XeF4
Moles Xe reacted 1.24 atm

95. Because P and T are constant, V and n are directly proportional. The balanced equation
requires 2 L of H2 to react with 1 L of CO (2 : 1 volume ratio due to 2 : 1 mole ratio in the
balanced equation). If in 1 minute all 16.0 L of H2 react, only 8.0 L of CO are required to
react with it. Because we have 25.0 L of CO present in that 1 minute, CO is in excess and H 2
is the limiting reactant. The volume of CH3OH produced at STP will be one-half the volume
of H2 reacted due to the 1 : 2 mole ratio in the balanced equation. In 1 minute, 16.0 L/2 =
8.00 L CH3OH is produced (theoretical yield).

PV 1.00 atm  8.00 L

n CH3OH = = = 0.357 mol CH3OH in 1 minute
RT 0.08206 L atm
 273 K
K mol
32.04 g CH 3OH
0.357 mol CH3OH × = 11.4 g CH3OH (theoretical yield per minute)
mol CH 3OH
CHAPTER 5 GASES 159

actual yield 5.30 g

Percent yield = × 100 =  100 = 46.5% yield
theoretical yield 11.4 g

12 mL C2H5OH
96. 750. mL juice × = 90. mL C2H5OH present
100 mL juice

0.79 g C 2 H5OH 1 mol C2 H5OH 2 mol CO 2

90. mL C2H5OH ×   = 1.5 mol CO2
mL C 2 H5OH 46.07 g C2 H5OH 2 mol C2 H5OH

The CO2 will occupy (825  750. =) 75 mL not occupied by the liquid (headspace).

0.08206L atm
1.5 mol   298 K
n CO2 RT K mol
PCO2   = 490 atm
V 75  103 L

Actually, enough CO2 will dissolve in the wine to lower the pressure of CO2 to a much more
reasonable value.

97. 2 HN3(g)  3 N2(g) + H2(g); at constant V and T, P is directly proportional to n. In the

reaction, we go from 2 moles of gaseous reactants to 4 moles of gaseous products. Because
moles doubled, the final pressure will double (Ptotal = 6.0 atm). Similarly, from the 2 : 1 mole
ratio between HN3 and H2, the partial pressure of H2 will be 3.0/2 = 1.5 atm. The partial
pressure of N2 will be (3/2)3.0 atm = 4.5 atm. This is from the 2 : 3 mole ratio between HN3
and N2.

98. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g); because P and T are constant, volume ratios will equal mole
ratios (Vf/Vi = nf/ni). Let x = mol SO2 = mol O2 present initially. From the balanced
equation, 2 mol of SO2 react for every 1 mol of O2 that reacts. Because we have equal moles
of SO2 and O2 present initially, and because SO2 is used up twice as fast as O2, SO2 is the
limiting reagent. Therefore, no SO2 will be present after the reaction goes to completion.
However, excess O2(g) will be present as well as the SO3(g) produced.

1 mol O 2
Mol O2 reacted = x mol SO2 × = x/2 mol O2
2 mol SO 2
Mol O2 remaining = x mol O2 initially  x/2 mol O2 reacted = x/2 mol O2

2 mol SO 3
Mol SO3 produced = x mol SO2 × = x mol SO3
2 mol SO 2

Total moles gas initially = x mol SO2 + x mol O2 = 2x

Total moles gas after reaction = x/2 mol O2 + x mol SO3 = (3/2)x = (1.5)x
nf V (1.5)x 1.5
 f   = 0.75; Vf/Vi = 0.75 : l or 3 : 4
ni Vi 2x 2
The volume of the reaction container shrinks to 75% of the initial volume.
160 CHAPTER 5 GASES

1 mol (CH 3 ) 2 N 2 H 2 3 mol N 2

99. 150 g (CH3)2N2H2 ×  = 7.5 mol N2 produced
60.10 g mol (CH 3 ) 2 N 2 H 2

0.08206L atm
7.5 mol   400. K
nRT K mol
PN 2  = = 0.98 atm
V 250 L

We could do a similar calculation for PH 2O and PCO2 and then calculate Ptotal ( PN2  PH2O
 PCO2 ) . Or we can recognize that 9 total moles of gaseous products form for every mole of
(CH3)2N2H2 reacted (from the balanced equation given in the problem). This is three times the
moles of N2 produced. Therefore, Ptotal will be three times larger than PN 2 .

Ptotal = 3 × PN 2 = 3 × 0.98 atm = 2.9 atm.

100. The partial pressure of CO2 that reacted is 740. − 390. = 350. torr. Thus the number of moles
of CO2 that react is given by:

350.
atm  3.00 L
PV
n=  760 = 5.75 × 102 mol CO2
RT 0.08206 L atm
 293 K
K mol
1 mol MgO 40.31 g MgO
5.75 × 102 mol CO2 ×  = 2.32 g MgO
1 mol CO 2 mol MgO

2.32 g
Mass % MgO = × 100 = 81.4% MgO
2.85 g

Kinetic Molecular Theory and Real Gases

101. KEavg = (3/2)RT; the average kinetic energy depends only on temperature. At each tem-
perature, CH4 and N2 will have the same average KE. For energy units of joules (J), use R =
8.3145 J/K•mol. To determine average KE per molecule, divide the molar KEavg by Avo-
gadro’s number, 6.022 × 1023 molecules/mol.

3 8.3145 J
At 273 K: KEavg =  × 273 K = 3.40 × 103 J/mol = 5.65 × 1021 J/molecule
2 K mol

3 8.3145 J
At 546 K: KEavg =  × 546 K = 6.81 × 103 J/mol = 1.13 × 1020 J/molecule
2 K mol

228 g n CH n CH
102. nAr = = 5.71 mol Ar; χ CH4 = 4
 0.650  4
39.95 g/mol n CH  n Ar n CH  5.71
4 4

0.650( n CH4 + 5.71) = n CH4 , 3.71 = (0.350)n CH 4 , n CH4 = 10.6 mol CH4
CHAPTER 5 GASES 161

3
KEavg = RT for 1 mole of gas
2
KEtotal = (10.6 + 5.71) mol × 3/2 × 8.3145 J/K•mol × 298 K = 6.06 × 104 J = 60.6 kJ

1/ 2
 3 RT  8.3145 J
103. rms =   , where R = and M = molar mass in kg.
 M  K mol

For CH4, M = 1.604 × 102 kg, and for N2, M = 2.802 × 102 kg.
1/ 2
 8.3145 J 
3   273 K 
For CH4 at 273 K: rms =  K mol  = 652 m/s
 1.604  102 kg/mol 
 
 
Similarly, rms for CH4 at 546 K is 921 m/s.
1/ 2
 8.3145 J 
3   273 K 
For N2 at 273 K: rms =  K mol  = 493 m/s
 2.802  102 kg/mol 
 
 
Similarly, for N2 at 546 K, rms = 697 m/s.

1/ 2
 3 RT UF6 
 
1/ 2
μ UF6  M UF   M He TUF6 
1/ 2
 3 RT   
rms =   = 
6
104. ; =
 M  μ He 1/ 2  M UF THe 
 3 RT He   
 
6

 M 
 He 
We want the root mean square velocities to be equal, and this occurs when:
M He TUF6  M UF6 THe

TUF6 M UF6 352.0

The ratio of the temperatures is:   = 87.93
THe M He 4.003
The heavier UF6 molecules would need a temperature 87.93 times that of the He atoms in
order for the root mean square velocities to be equal.

105. The number of gas particles is constant, so at constant moles of gas, either a temperature
change or a pressure change results in the smaller volume. If the temperature is constant, an
increase in the external pressure would cause the volume to decrease. Gases are mostly
empty space so gases are easily compressible.

If the pressure is constant, a decrease in temperature would cause the volume to decrease. As
the temperature is lowered, the gas particles move with a slower average velocity and don’t
collide with the container walls as frequently and as forcefully. As a result, the internal
pressure decreases. In order to keep the pressure constant, the volume of the container must
decrease in order to increase the gas particle collisions per unit area.
162 CHAPTER 5 GASES

106. In this situation, the volume has increased by a factor of two. One way to double the volume
of a container at constant pressure and temperature is to double the number of moles of gas
particles present. As gas particles are added, more collisions per unit area occur and the
internal pressure increases. In order to keep the pressure constant, the container volume must
increase.

Another way to double the volume of a container at constant pressure and moles of gas is to
double the absolute temperature. As temperature increases, the gas molecules collide more
frequently with the walls of the container. In order to keep pressure constant, the container
volume must increase.

The last variable which can be changed is pressure. If the external pressure exerted on the
container is halved, the volume will double (assuming constant temperature and moles). As
the external pressure applied is reduced, the volume of the container must increase in order to
equalize the higher internal pressure with the lower external applied pressure.

107. a b c d

Avg. KE increase decrease same (KE  T) same

1
Avg. velocity increase decrease same ( mv2 = KE  T) same
2
Wall coll. freq increase decrease increase increase

Average kinetic energy and average velocity depend on T. As T increases, both average
kinetic energy and average velocity increase. At constant T, both average kinetic energy and
average velocity are constant. The collision frequency is proportional to the average velocity
(as velocity increases, it takes less time to move to the next collision) and to the quantity n/V
(as molecules per volume increase, collision frequency increases).

108. V, T, and P are all constant, so n must be constant. Because we have equal moles of gas in
each container, gas B molecules must be heavier than gas A molecules.

a. Both gas samples have the same number of molecules present (n is constant).

b. Because T is constant, KEavg must be the same for both gases [KEavg = (3/2)RT].

c. The lighter gas A molecules will have the faster average velocity.

d. The heavier gas B molecules do collide more forcefully, but gas A molecules, with the
faster average velocity, collide more frequently. The end result is that P is constant
between the two containers.

109. a. They will all have the same average kinetic energy because they are all at the same tem-
perature [KEavg = (3/2)RT].

b. Flask C; H2 has the smallest molar mass. At constant T, the lighter molecules have the
faster average velocity. This must be true for the average kinetic energies to be the same.
CHAPTER 5 GASES 163

110. a. All the gases have the same average kinetic energy since they are all at the same
temperature [KEavg = (3/2)RT].

b. At constant T, the lighter the gas molecule, the faster the average velocity [avg  rms 
(1/M)1/2].

Xe (131.3 g/mol) < Cl2 (70.90 g/mol) < O2 (32.00 g/mol) < H2 (2.016 g/mol)
slowest fastest

c. At constant T, the lighter H2 molecules have a faster average velocity than the heavier O2
molecules. As temperature increases, the average velocity of the gas molecules
increases. Separate samples of H2 and O2 can only have the same average velocities if
the temperature of the O2 sample is greater than the temperature of the H2 sample.

1/ 2
Rate1 M 
111. Graham’s law of effusion:   2 
Rate2  M1 
Let Freon-12 = gas 1 and Freon-11 = gas 2:

1/ 2
1.07  137.4  137.4
  , 1.14 = , M1 = 121 g/mol
1.00  M1  M1

The molar mass of CF2Cl2 is equal to 121 g/mol, so Freon-12 is CF2Cl2.

1/ 2
Rate1 M  24.0 mL 47.8 mL 16.04 g
112.   2  ; rate1 = ; rate2 = ; M2 = ; M1 = ?
Rate 2  M1  min min mol
1/ 2
24.0  16.04  16.04 63.7 g
  = 0.502, 16.04 = (0.502)2 × M1, M1 = 
47.8  M 1  0.252 mol

1/ 2 1/ 2
Rate1  M 2 
1/ 2
rate(12 C17 O)  30.0  Rate(12 C16O)  30.0 
113.   ,   = 1.02;   = 1.04
Rate2  M1  rate(12 C18O)  29.0  Rate(12 C18O)  28.0 

The relative rates of effusion of 12C16O to 12

C17O to 12
C18O are 1.04 : 1.02 : 1.00.

Advantage: CO2 isn't as toxic as CO.

Major disadvantages of using CO2 instead of CO:

1. Can get a mixture of oxygen isotopes in CO2.

2. Some species, for example, 12C16O18O and 12C17O2, would effuse (gaseously diffuse)
at about the same rate because the masses are about equal. Thus some species cannot
be separated from each other.
164 CHAPTER 5 GASES

1/ 2
Rate1  M 2 
114.   , where M = molar mass; let gas (1) = He and gas (2) = Cl2.
Rate2  M1 

Effusion rates in this problem are equal to the volume of gas that effuses per unit time
(L/min). Let t = time in the following expression.
1 .0 L
1/ 2
4.5 min  70.90  t
=   , = 4.209, t = 19 min
1 .0 L  4.003  4.5 min
t

115. a. PV = nRT
0.08206L atm
0.5000 mol   (25.0  273.2) K
nRT K mol
P=  = 12.24 atm
V 1.0000 L

 n 
2
b.  P  a    (V  nb) = nRT; for N2: a = 1.39 atm L /mol and b = 0.0391 L/mol
2 2

  V  

  0.5000
2

P  1.39  atm (1.0000 L  0.5000 × 0.0391 L) = 12.24 L atm
  1.0000  

(P + 0.348 atm)(0.9805 L) = 12.24 L atm

12.24 L atm
P=  0.348 atm = 12.48  0.348 = 12.13 atm
0.9805 L

0.11
c. The ideal gas law is high by 0.11 atm, or × 100 = 0.91%.
12.13

116. a. PV = nRT
0.08206L atm
0.5000 mol   298.2 K
nRT K mol
P=  = 1.224 atm
V 10.000 L

 n 
2

P  a   (V – nb) = nRT; for N2: a = 1.39 atm L /mol and b = 0.0391 L/mol
2 2
b.
  V  

  0.5000
2

P  1.39  atm (10.000 L  0.5000 × 0.0391 L) = 12.24 L atm
  10.000  
CHAPTER 5 GASES 165

(P + 0.00348 atm)(10.000 L  0.0196 L) = 12.24 L atm

12.24 L atm
P + 0.00348 atm = = 1.226 atm, P = 1.226  0.00348 = 1.223 atm
9.980 L

c. The results agree to ±0.001 atm (0.08%).

d. In Exercise 115, the pressure is relatively high, and there is significant disagreement. In
Exercise 116, the pressure is around 1 atm, and both gas laws show better agreement.
The ideal gas law is valid at relatively low pressures.

Atmospheric Chemistry

117. χHe = 5.24 × 10 6 from Table 5.4. PHe = χHe × Ptotal = 5.24 × 10 6 × 1.0 atm = 5.2 × 10 6 atm

n P 5.2  106 atm

 = = 2.1 × 10 7 mol He/L
V RT 0.08206L atm
 298 K
K mol

2.1  107 mol 1L 6.022  1023 atoms

 3
 = 1.3 × 1014 atoms He/cm3
L 1000 cm mol

P1 V1 P V
118. At 15 km, T  −60°C and P = 0.1 atm. Use = 2 2 since n is constant.
T1 T2

V1 P1 T2 1.0 L  1.00 atm  213 K

V2 =  =7L
P2 T1 0.1 atm  298 K

119. S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g), combustion of coal

2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g), reaction with atmospheric O2

SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq), reaction with atmospheric H2O

120. H2SO4(aq) + CaCO3(s)  CaSO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

121. a. If we have 1.0 × 106 L of air, then there are 3.0 × 102 L of CO.
VCO 3.0  102
PCO = χCOPtotal; χCO = because V n; PCO = × 628 torr = 0.19 torr
Vtotal 1.0  106

PCO V
b. nCO = ; assuming 1.0 m3 air, 1 m3 = 1000 L:
RT
166 CHAPTER 5 GASES

0.19
atm  (1.0  103 L)
nCO = 760 = 1.1 × 102 mol CO
0.08206L atm
 273 K
K mol

6.02  1023 molecules

1.1 × 102 mol × = 6.6 × 1021 CO molecules in 1.0 m3 of air
mol
3
6.6  1021 molecules  1m  6.6  1015 molecules CO
c.    
m3  100 cm  cm3

122. For benzene:

1 mol
89.6 × 10-9 g × = 1.15 × 109 mol benzene
78.11 g

0.08206L atm
1.15  109 mol   296 K
n benzeneRT K mol
Vbenzene =  = 2.84 × 108 L
P 1 atm
748 torr 
760 torr

2.84  108 L
Mixing ratio = × 106 = 9.47 × 103 ppmv
3.00 L

vol. of X  109 2.84  108 L

Or ppbv =  × 109 = 9.47 ppbv
totalvol. 3.00 L

1.15  109 mol benzene 1L 6.022  1023 molecules

 
3.00 L 1000 cm3 mol
= 2.31 × 1011 molecules benzene/cm3

For toluene:
1 mol
153 × 109 g C7H8 × = 1.66 × 109 mol toluene
92.13 g

0.08206L atm
1.66  109 mol   296 K
n tolueneRT K mol
Vtoluene =  = 4.10 × 108 L
P 1 atm
748 torr 
760 torr

4.10  108 L
Mixing ratio = × 106 = 1.37 × 102 ppmv (or 13.7 ppbv)
3.00 L

1.66  109 mol toluene 1L 6.022  1023 molecules

 
3.00 L 1000 cm3 mol
= 3.33 × 1011 molecules toluene/cm3
CHAPTER 5 GASES 167

Additional Exercises
123. a. PV = nRT b. PV = nRT c. PV = nRT
 nR   P 
PV = constant P=   × T = const × T T=   × V = const × V
 V   nR 

PV P T

V T V

nR constant
d. PV = nRT e. P =  f. PV = nRT
V V
1 PV
PV = constant P = constant × = nR = constant
V T

P P PV
T

V 1/V P

Note: The equation for a straight line is y = mx + b, where y is the y-axis and x is the x-axis.
Any equation that has this form will produce a straight line with slope equal to m and a y
intercept equal to b. Plots b, c, and e have this straight-line form.

124. At constant T and P, Avogadro’s law applies; that is, equal volumes contain equal moles of
molecules. In terms of balanced equations, we can say that mole ratios and volume ratios
between the various reactants and products will be equal to each other. Br 2 + 3 F2 → 2 X; 2
moles of X must contain 2 moles of Br and 6 moles of F; X must have the formula BrF3 for a
balanced equation.

3
2.54 cm 10 mm 1 atm  2.54 cm  1L
125. 14.1 × 102 in Hg•in3 ×      
in 1 cm 760 mm  in  1000 cm3
= 0.772 atm•L

Boyle’s law: PV = k, where k = nRT; from Example 5.3, the k values are around 22 atm•L.
Because k = nRT, we can assume that Boyle’s data and the Example 5.3 data were taken at
different temperatures and/or had different sample sizes (different moles).
168 CHAPTER 5 GASES

x
126. Mn(s) + x HCl(g)  MnClx(s) + H2(g)
2

PV 0.951atm  3.22 L
n H2 = = = 0.100 mol H2
RT 0.08206L atm
 373 K
K mol
x mol Cl
Mol Cl in compound = mol HCl = 0.100 mol H2 × = 0.200 mol Cl
x
mol H 2
2
Mol Cl 0.200 mol Cl 0.200 mol Cl
 = = 4.00
Mol Mn 2.747 g Mn  1 mol Mn 0.05000 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
The formula of compound is MnCl4.

127. Assume some mass of the mixture. If we had 100.0 g of the gas, we would have 50.0 g He
and 50.0 g Xe.
50.0 g
n He 4.003g/mol 12.5 mol He
χ He     0.970
n He  n Xe 50.0 g

50.0 g 12.5 mol He  0.381 mol Xe
4.003g/mol 131.3g/mol
No matter what the initial mass of mixture is assumed, the mole fraction of helium will
always be 0.970.

PHe = χHePtotal = 0.970 × 600. torr = 582 torr; PXe = 600.  582 = 18 torr

128. Assuming 100.0 g of cyclopropane:

1 mol C
85.7 g C × = 7.14 mol C
12.01 g

1 mol H 14.2
14.3 g H × = 14.2 mol H; = 1.99
1.008 g 7.14

The empirical formula for cyclopropane is CH2, which has an empirical mass  12.0 + 2(1.0)
= 14.0 g/mol.
0.08206L atm
1.88 g / L   273 K
dRT K mol
P × (molar mass) = dRT, molar mass = =
P 1.00 atm
 42.1g/mol
Because 42.1/14.0  3.0, the molecular formula for cyclopropane is (CH2)× 3 = C3H6.
CHAPTER 5 GASES 169

1 atm
129. Ptotal = PN 2  PH2O , PN 2 = 726 torr – 23.8 torr = 702 torr × = 0.924 atm
760 torr

PN 2  V 0.924 atm  31.8  103 L

n N2   = 1.20 × 103 mol N2
RT 0.08206L atm
 298 K
K mol

28.02 g N 2
Mass of N in compound = 1.20 × 103 mol N2 × = 3.36 × 102 g nitrogen
mol
3.36  102 g
Mass % N = × 100 = 13.3% N
0.253 g

12.01 mg C 9.14 mg
130. 33.5 mg CO2 × = 9.14 mg C; % C = × 100 = 26.1% C
44.01 mg CO 2 35.0 mg

2.016 mg H 4.60 mg
41.1 mg H2O × = 4.60 mg H; % H = × 100 = 13.1% H
18.02 mg H 2 O 35.0 mg

740.
PN 2 V atm  35.6  103 L
n N2   760 = 1.42 × 103 mol N2
RT 0.08206 L atm
 298 K
K mol

28.02 g N 2
1.42 × 10-3 mol N2 × = 3.98 × 102 g nitrogen = 39.8 mg nitrogen
mol N 2

39.8 mg
Mass % N = × 100 = 61.0% N
65.2 mg

Or we can get % N by difference: % N = 100.0  (26.1 + 13.1) = 60.8%

Out of 100.0 g:
1 mol 2.17
26.1 g C × = 2.17 mol C; = 1.00
12.01 g 2.17

1 mol 13.0
13.1 g H × = 13.0 mol H; = 5.99
1.008 g 2.17

1 mol 4.34
60.8 g N × = 4.34 mol N; = 2.00; empirical formula is CH6N2.
14.01 g 2.17

1/ 2
Rate1  M  26.4
   = 1.07, M = (1.07)2 × 39.95 = 45.7 g/mol
Rate2  39.95  24.6

Empirical formula mass of CH6N2  12 + 6 + 28 = 46 g/mol. Thus the molecular formula is

also CH6N2.
170 CHAPTER 5 GASES

131. We will apply Boyle’s law to solve. PV = nRT = constant, P1V1 = P2V2

Let condition (1) correspond to He from the tank that can be used to fill balloons. We must
leave 1.0 atm of He in the tank, so P1 = 200.  1.00 = 199 atm and V1 = 15.0 L. Condition (2)
will correspond to the filled balloons with P2 = 1.00 atm and V2 = N(2.00 L), where N is the
number of filled balloons, each at a volume of 2.00 L.

199 atm × 15.0 L = 1.00 atm × N(2.00 L), N = 1492.5; we can't fill 0.5 of a balloon, so N =
1492 balloons or, to 3 significant figures, 1490 balloons.

PV 1.00 atm  1.75  103 L

132. Mol of He removed = = = 7.16 × 10 5 mol
RT 0.08206L atm
 298 K
K mol
In the original flask, 7.16 × 10 5 mol of He exerted a partial pressure of 1.960 − 1.710
= 0.250 atm.

nRT 7.16  105 mol  0.08206  298 K

V= = = 7.00 × 10 3 L = 7.00 mL
P 0.250 atm

133. For O2, n and T are constant, so P1V1 = P2V2.

P2 V2 1.94 L
P1 = = 785 torr × = 761 torr = PO 2
V1 2.00 L

Ptotal = PO 2  PH 2O , PH 2O = 785  761 = 24 torr

P1 P P n
134. PV = nRT, V and T are constant.  2 or 1  1
n1 n2 P2 n2
When V and T are constant, then pressure is directly proportional to moles of gas present, and
pressure ratios are identical to mole ratios.

At 25°C: 2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(l), H2O(l) is produced at 25C.

The balanced equation requires 2 mol H2 for every mol O2 reacted. The same ratio (2 : 1)
holds true for pressure units. So if all 2.00 atm of H2 react, only 1.00 atm of O2 will react
with it. Because we have 3.00 atm of O2 present, oxygen is in excess and hydrogen is the
limiting reactant. The only gas present at 25C after the reaction goes to completion will be
the excess O2.

1 atm O 2
PO 2 (reacted) = 2.00 atm H2 × = 1.00 atm O2
2 atm H 2

PO 2 (excess) = PO 2 (initial)  PO 2 (reacted) = 3.00 atm - 1.00 atm = 2.00 atm O2 = Ptotal

At 125°C: 2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g), H2O(g) is produced at 125C.

CHAPTER 5 GASES 171

The major difference in the problem at 125C versus 25C is that gaseous water is now a
product (instead of liquid H2O), which will increase the total pressure because an additional
gas is present. Note: For this problem, it is assumed that 2.00 atm of H2 and 3.00 atm of O2
are reacted at 125°C instead of 25°C.

2 atm H 2 O
PH 2O (produced) = 2.00 atm H2 × = 2.00 atm H2O
2 atm H 2

Ptotal = PO 2 (excess) + PH 2O (produced) = 2.00 atm O2 + 2.00 atm H2O = 4.00 atm = Ptotal

1000 g 1 mol Mo
135. 1.00 × 103 kg Mo ×  = 1.04 × 104 mol Mo
kg 95.94 g Mo

1 mol MoO3 7/2 mol O 2

1.04 × 104 mol Mo ×  = 3.64 × 104 mol O2
mol Mo mol MoO3

0.08206L atm
3.64  104 mol   290. K
n O 2 RT K mol
VO 2 = = = 8.66 × 105 L of O2
P 1.00 atm

100 L air
8.66 × 105 L O2 × = 4.1 × 106 L air
21 L O 2

3 mol H 2
1.04 × 104 mol Mo × = 3.12 × 104 mol H2
mol Mo

0.08206L atm
3.12  104 mol   290. K
K mol
VH 2 = = 7.42 × 105 L of H2
1.00 atm

P1V1 2.00 L
136. For NH3: P2 = = 0.500 atm × = 0.333 atm
V2 3.00 L

P1V1 1.00 L
For O2: P2 = = 1.50 atm × = 0.500 atm
V2 3.00 L

After the stopcock is opened, V and T will be constant, so P  n.

4 atm NO
Assuming NH3 is limiting: 0.333 atm NH3  = 0.333 atm NO
4 atm NH3

4 atm NO
Assuming O2 is limiting: 0.500 atm O2  = 0.400 atm NO
5 atm O 2
NH3 produces the smaller amount of product, so NH3 is limiting and 0.333 atm of NO can be
produced.
172 CHAPTER 5 GASES

137. Out of 100.00 g of compound there are:

1 mol C 4.872
58.51 g C   4.872 mol C;  2.001
12.01 g C 2.435

1 mol H 7.31
7.37 g H   7.31 mol H;  3.00
1.008 g H 2.435

1 mol N 2.435
34.12 g N   2.435 mol N;  1.000
14.01 g N 2.435
The empirical formula is C2H3N.
1/ 2
M 
1/ 2
Rate1  M2 
  2  ; let gas (1)  He; 3.20    , M 2  41.0 g/mol
Rate2  M1   4.003 

The empirical formula mass of C2H3N  2(12.0) + 3(1.0) + 1(14.0) = 41.0 g/mol. So the
molecular formula is also C2H3N.

138. If Be3+, the formula is Be(C5H7O2)3 and molar mass  13.5 + 15(12) + 21(1) + 6(16)
= 311 g/mol. If Be2+, the formula is Be(C5H7O2)2 and molar mass  9.0 + 10(12) + 14(1) +
4(16) = 207 g/mol.

Data set I (molar mass = dRT/P and d = mass/V):

0.08206L atm
0.2022 g   286 K
mass  RT K mol
molar mass =  = 209 g/mol
PV 1 atm 3
(765.2 torr  )  (22.6  10 L)
760 torr
Data set II:
0.08206L atm
0.2224 g   290. K
mass  RT K mol
molar mass =  = 202 g/mol
PV 1 atm
(764.6 torr  )  (26.0  103 L)
760 torr
These results are close to the expected value of 207 g/mol for Be(C5H7O2)2. Thus we
conclude from these data that beryllium is a divalent element with an atomic weight (mass) of
9.0 u.

12.01 g C 7.548  102 g

139. 0.2766 g CO2 × = 7.548 × 102 g C; % C = × 100 = 73.78% C
44.01 g CO 2 0.1023g

2.016 g H 1.11  102 g

0.0991 g H2O × = 1.11 × 10 2 g H; % H = × 100 = 10.9% H
18.02 g H 2 O 0.1023g

PV 1.00 atm  27.6  103 L

PV = nRT, n N 2 = = = 1.23 × 10 3 mol N2
RT 0.08206L atm
 273 K
K mol
CHAPTER 5 GASES 173

28.02 g N 2
1.23 × 10 3 mol N2 × = 3.45 × 10 2 g nitrogen
mol N 2

3.45  10 2 g
Mass % N = × 100 = 7.14% N
0.4831g

Mass % O = 100.00  (73.78 + 10.9 + 7.14) = 8.2% O

Out of 100.00 g of compound, there are:

1 mol 1 mol
73.78 g C × = 6.143 mol C; 7.14 g N × = 0.510 mol N
12.01 g 14.01 g

1 mol 1 mol
10.9 g H × = 10.8 mol H; 8.2 g O × = 0.51 mol O
1.008 g 16.00 g

Dividing all values by 0.51 gives an empirical formula of C12H21NO.

4.02 g 0.08206L atm
  400. K
dRT L K mol
Molar mass = = = 392 g/mol
P 1 atm
256torr 
760 torr

392
Empirical formula mass of C12H21NO  195 g/mol; 2
195
Thus the molecular formula is C24H42N2O2.

140. At constant T, the lighter the gas molecules, the faster the average velocity. Therefore, the
pressure will increase initially because the lighter H2 molecules will effuse into container A
faster than air will escape. However, the pressures will eventually equalize once the gases
have had time to mix thoroughly.

ChemWork Problems
The answers to the problems 141-148 (or a variation to these problems) are found in OWL. These
problems are also assignable in OWL.

Challenge Problems

149. BaO(s) + CO2(g)  BaCO3(s); CaO(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s)

750.
Pi V atm  1.50 L
ni = = initial moles of CO2 = 760 = 0.0595 mol CO2
RT 0.08206L atm
 303.2 K
K mol
174 CHAPTER 5 GASES

230.
Pf V atm  1.50 L
nf = = final moles of CO2 = 760 = 0.0182 mol CO2
RT 0.08206L atm
 303.2 K
K mol
0.0595 − 0.0182 = 0.0413 mol CO2 reacted

Because each metal reacts 1 : 1 with CO2, the mixture contains a total of 0.0413 mol of BaO
and CaO. The molar masses of BaO and CaO are 153.3 and 56.08 g/mol, respectively.

Let x = mass of BaO and y = mass of CaO, so:

x y
x + y = 5.14 g and  = 0.0413 mol or x + (2.734)y = 6.33
153.3 56.08
Solving by simultaneous equations:

x + (2.734)y = 6.33
x y = −5.14
(1.734)y = 1.19, y – 1.19/1.734 = 0.686

y = 0.686 g CaO and 5.14 − y = x = 4.45 g BaO

4.45 g BaO
Mass % BaO = × 100 = 86.6% BaO; %CaO = 100.0 − 86.6 = 13.4% CaO
5.14 g

150. Cr(s) + 3 HCl(aq)  CrCl3(aq) + 3/2 H2(g); Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
 1 atm 
 750. torr    0.225 L
PV  760 torr 
Mol H2 produced = n    9.02 × 103 mol H2
RT 0.08206L atm
 (273  27) K
K mol
9.02 × 103 mol H2 = mol H2 from Cr reaction + mol H2 from Zn reaction

From the balanced equation: 9.02 × 103 mol H2 = mol Cr × (3/2) + mol Zn × 1

Let x = mass of Cr and y = mass of Zn, then:

(1.5) x y
x + y = 0.362 g and 9.02 × 103 = 
52.00 65.38
We have two equations and two unknowns. Solving by simultaneous equations:

9.02 × 103 = (0.02885)x + (0.01530)y

0.01530 × 0.362 = (0.01530)x  (0.01530)y
3.48  103
3.48 × 103 = (0.01355)x, x = mass of Cr = = 0.257 g
0.01355
0.105 g
y = mass of Zn = 0.362 g  0.257 g = 0.105 g Zn; mass % Zn = × 100
0.362 g = 29.0% Zn
CHAPTER 5 GASES 175

151. Assuming 1.000 L of the hydrocarbon (CxHy), then the volume of products will be 4.000 L,
and the mass of products (H2O + CO2) will be:

1.391 g/L × 4.000 L = 5.564 g products

PV 0.959 atm  1.000 L

Mol CxHy = n C x H y  = = 0.0392 mol
RT 0.08206L atm  298 K
K mol
PV 1.51 atm  4.000 L
Mol products = np = = = 0.196 mol
RT 0.08206L atm
 375 K
K mol

CxHy + oxygen  x CO2 + y/2 H2O

Setting up two equations:

(0.0392)x + 0.0392(y/2) = 0.196 (moles of products)

(0.0392)x(44.01 g/mol) + 0.0392(y/2)(18.02 g/mol) = 5.564 g (mass of products)

Solving: x = 2 and y = 6, so the formula of the hydrocarbon is C2H6.

152. a. Let x = moles SO2 = moles O2 and z = moles He.

P  MM
, where MM = molar mass
RT
1.000 atm  MM
1.924 g/L = , MMmixture = 43.13 g/mol
0.08206L atm
 273.2 K
K mol
Assuming 1.000 total moles of mixture is present, then: x + x + z = 1.000 and:

64.07 g/mol × x + 32.00 g/mol × x + 4.003 g/mol × z = 43.13 g

2x + z = 1.000 and (96.07)x + (4.003)z = 43.13

Solving: x = 0.4443 mol and z = 0.1114 mol

Thus: χHe = 0.1114 mol/1.000 mol = 0.1114

b. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g)

Initially, assume 0.4443 mol SO2, 0.4443 mol O2, and 0.1114 mol He. Because SO2 is
limiting, we end up with 0.2222 mol O2, 0.4443 mol SO3, and 0.1114 mol He in the
gaseous product mixture. This gives ninitial = 1.0000 mol and nfinal = 0.7779 mol.
176 CHAPTER 5 GASES

mass 1
In a reaction, mass is constant. d = and V  n at constant P and T, so d  .
V n
n initial 1.0000 d  1.0000 
  final , d final    × 1.924 g/L, dfinal = 2.473 g/L
n final 0.7779 d initial  0.7779

153. a. The reaction is CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g).

PV PCH4 VCH4 P V
PV = nRT, = RT = constant,  air air
n n CH4 n air

The balanced equation requires 2 mol O2 for every mole of CH4 that reacts. For three
times as much oxygen, we would need 6 mol O2 per mole of CH4 reacted (n O2  6n CH4 ).
Air is 21% mole percent O2, so n O 2 = (0.21)nair. Therefore, the moles of air we would
need to deliver the excess O2 are:
n air
n O 2 = (0.21)nair = 6n CH4 , nair = 29n CH4 , = 29
n CH4

In 1 minute:
n air PCH4 1.50 atm
Vair  VCH4   = 200. L  29  = 8.7 × 103 L air/min
n CH4 Pair 1.00 atm

b. If x mol of CH4 were reacted, then 6x mol O2 were added, producing (0.950)x mol CO2
and (0.050)x mol of CO. In addition, 2x mol H2O must be produced to balance the
hydrogens.

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g); CH4(g) + 3/2 O2(g)  CO(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Amount O2 reacted:
2 mol O 2
(0.950)x mol CO2 × = (1.90)x mol O2
mol CO 2

1.5 mol O 2
(0.050)x mol CO × = (0.075)x mol O2
mol CO

Amount of O2 left in reaction mixture = (6.00)x  (1.90)x  (0.075)x = (4.03)x mol O2

79 mol N 2
Amount of N2 = (6.00)x mol O2 × = (22.6)x  23x mol N2
21 mol O 2

The reaction mixture contains:

(0.950)x mol CO2 + (0.050)x mol CO + (4.03)x mol O2 + (2.00)x mol H2O
+ 23x mol N2 = (30.)x mol of gas total
CHAPTER 5 GASES 177

(0.050) x (0.950) x (4.03) x

χ CO   0.0017; χ CO2   0.032; χ O2   0.13
(30.) x (30.) x (30.) x

(2.00) x 23x
χ H 2O   0.067; χ N2   0.77
(30.) x (30.) x

154. The reactions are:

C(s) + 1/2 O2(g)  CO(g) and C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)

 RT 
PV = nRT, P = n   = n(constant)
 V 
Because the pressure has increased by 17.0%, the number of moles of gas has also increased
by 17.0%.

nfinal = (1.170)ninitial = 1.170(5.00) = 5.85 mol gas = n O2  n CO  n CO2

n CO  n CO2 = 5.00 (balancing moles of C). Solving by simultaneous equations:

n O2  n CO  n CO2 = 5.85
 (n CO  n CO2 = 5.00)
_______________________
n O2 = 0.85

If all C were converted to CO2, no O2 would be left. If all C were converted to CO, we would
get 5 mol CO and 2.5 mol excess O2 in the reaction mixture. In the final mixture, moles of
CO equals twice the moles of O2 present ( n CO  2n O2 ).

n CO  2n O2 = 1.70 mol CO; 1.70 + n CO2 = 5.00, n CO2 = 3.30 mol CO2

1.70 3.30 0.85

χ CO   0.291; χ CO 2   0.564; χ O2   0.145  0.15
5.85 5.85 5.85
4 3 4
155. a. Volume of hot air: V = πr  π(2.50 m) 3 = 65.4 m3
3 3

(Note: Radius = diameter/2 = 5.00/2 = 2.50 m)

3
 10 dm  1L
65.4 m3 ×    = 6.54 × 104 L
 m 
3
dm

 1 atm 
 745 torr    6.54  104 L
PV  760 torr 
n=  = 2.31 × 103 mol air
RT 0.08206 L atm
 (273  65) K
K mol
178 CHAPTER 5 GASES

29.0 g
Mass of hot air = 2.31 × 103 mol × = 6.70 × 104 g
mol
745
atm  6.54  104 L
PV
Air displaced: n =  760 = 2.66 × 103 mol air
RT 0.08206 L atm
 (273  21) K
K mol

29.0 g
Mass of air displaced = 2.66 × 103 mol × = 7.71 × 104 g
mol
Lift = 7.71 × 104 g  6.70 × 104 g = 1.01 × 104 g

b. Mass of air displaced is the same, 7.71 × 104 g. Moles of He in balloon will be the same
as moles of air displaced, 2.66 × 103 mol, because P, V, and T are the same.

4.003 g
Mass of He = 2.66 × 103 mol × = 1.06 × 104 g
mol
Lift = 7.71 × 104 g  1.06 × 104 g = 6.65 × 104 g
630.
atm  (6.54  104 L)
PV
c. Hot air: n =  760 = 1.95 × 103 mol air
RT 0.08206 L atm
 338 K
K mol

29.0 g
1.95 × 103 mol × = 5.66 × 104 g of hot air
mol
630.
atm  (6.54  104 L)
PV
Air displaced: n =  760 = 2.25 × 103 mol air
RT 0.08206 L atm
 294 K
K mol

29.0 g
2.25 × 103 mol × = 6.53 × 104 g of air displaced
mol
Lift = 6.53 × 104 g  5.66 × 104 g = 8.7 × 103 g

156. a. When the balloon is heated, the balloon will expand (P and n remain constant). The mass
of the balloon is the same, but the volume increases, so the density of the argon in the
balloon decreases. When the density is less than that of air, the balloon will rise.

b. Assuming the balloon has no mass, when the density of the argon equals the density of
air, the balloon will float in air. Above this temperature, the balloon will rise.

P  MM air
dair = , where MMair = average molar mass of air
RT

MMair = 0.790 × 28.02 g/mol + 0.210 × 32.00 g/mol = 28.9 g/mol

CHAPTER 5 GASES 179

1.00 atm  28.9 g/mol

dair = = 1.18 g/L
0.08206L atm
 298 K
K mol
1.00 atm  39.95 g/mol
dargon = = 1.18 g/L, T = 413 K
0.08206L atm
T
K mol
Heat the Ar above 413 K or 140.°C, and the balloon would float.

157. a. Average molar mass of air = 0.790 × 28.02 g/mol + 0.210 × 32.00 g/mol = 28.9 g/mol
Molar mass of helium = 4.003 g/mol
A given volume of air at a given set of conditions has a larger density than helium at
those conditions due to the larger average molar mass of air. We need to heat the air to a
temperature greater than 25°C in order to lower the air density (by driving air molecules
out of the hot air balloon) until the density is the same as that for helium (at 25°C and
1.00 atm).
b. To provide the same lift as the helium balloon (assume V = 1.00 L), the mass of air in the
hot air balloon (V = 1.00 L) must be the same as that in the helium balloon. Let MM =
molar mass:

MM  PV
P•MM = dRT, mass = ; solving: mass He = 0.164 g
RT

28.9 g/mol  1.00 atm  1.00 L

Mass air = 0.164 g =
0.08206L atm
T
K mol
T = 2150 K (a very high temperature)

 an 2  an 2 V an 3 b
158. P   × (V  nb) = nRT, PV +  nbP  = nRT
 V 2  V2 V2


an 2 an 3 b
PV +  nbP  = nRT
V V2
At low P and high T, the molar volume of a gas will be relatively large. Thus the an2/V and
an3b/V2 terms become negligible at low P and high T because V is large. Because nb is the
actual volume of the gas molecules themselves, nb << V and the nbP term will be neg-
ligible as compared to PV. Thus PV = nRT.

159. d = molar mass(P/RT); at constant P and T, the density of gas is directly proportional to the
molar mass of the gas. Thus the molar mass of the gas has a value which is 1.38 times that of
the molar mass of O2.

Molar mass = 1.38(32.00 g/mol) = 44.2 g/mol

180 CHAPTER 5 GASES

Because H2O is produced when the unknown binary compound is combusted, the unknown
must contain hydrogen. Let AxHy be the formula for unknown compound.

1 mol A x H y
Mol AxHy = 10.0 g AxHy  = 0.226 mol AxHy
44.2 g

1 mol H 2 O 2 mol H
Mol H = 16.3 g H2O   = 1.81 mol H
18.02 g mol H 2 O

1.81 mol H
= 8 mol H/mol AxHy; AxHy = AxH8
0.226 mol A x H y

The mass of the x moles of A in the AxH8 formula is:

44.2 g  8(1.008 g) = 36.1 g

From the periodic table and by trial and error, some possibilities for AxH8 are ClH8, F2H8,
C3H8, and Be4H8. C3H8 and Be4H8 fit the data best, and because C3H8 (propane) is a known
substance, C3H8 is the best possible identity from the data in this problem.

160. a. Initially PN 2  PH 2 = 1.00 atm, and the total pressure is 2.00 atm (Ptotal = PN 2  PH 2 ). The
total pressure after reaction will also be 2.00 atm because we have a constant-pressure
container. Because V and T are constant before the reaction takes place, there must be
equal moles of N2 and H2 present initially. Let x = mol N2 = mol H2 that are present
initially. From the balanced equation, N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g), H2 will be limiting
because three times as many moles of H2 are required to react as compared to moles of
N2. After the reaction occurs, none of the H2 remains (it is the limiting reagent).

2 mol NH 3
Mol NH3 produced = x mol H2 × = 2x/3
3 mol H 2

1 mol N 2
Mol N2 reacted = x mol H2 × = x/3
3 mol H 2

Mol N2 remaining = x mol N2 present initially  x/3 mol N2 reacted = 2x/3 mol N2

After the reaction goes to completion, equal moles of N2(g) and NH3(g) are present
(2x/3). Because equal moles are present, the partial pressure of each gas must be equal
(PN 2  PNH3 ).

Ptotal = 2.00 atm = PN 2  PNH 3 ; solving: PN2  1.00 atm  PNH3

b. V  n because P and T are constant. The moles of gas present initially are:

n N 2  n H 2 = x + x = 2x mol

After reaction, the moles of gas present are:

CHAPTER 5 GASES 181

2x 2x
n N 2  n NH3 =  = 4x/3 mol
3 3
Vafter n 4 x/ 3 2
 after  
Vinitial n initial 2x 3

The volume of the container will be two-thirds the original volume, so:

V = 2/3(15.0 L) = 10.0 L

Integrative Problems
161. The redox equation must be balanced. Each uranium atom changes oxidation sates from +4
in UO2+ to +6 in UO22+ (a loss of two electrons for each uranium atom). Each nitrogen atom
changes oxidation states from +5 in NO3 to +2 in NO (a gain of three electrons for each
nitrogen atom). To balance the electrons transferred, we need two N atoms for every three U
atoms. The balanced equation is:

2 H+(aq) + 2 NO3(aq) + 3 UO2+(aq)  3 UO22+(aq) + 2 NO(g) + H2O(l)

PV 1.5 atm  0.255 L

nNO =  = 0.015 mol NO
RT 0.08206L atm
 302 K
K mol

3 mol UO 2
0.015 mol NO × = 0.023 mol UO2+
2 mol NO

1.34 g
162. a. 156 mL × = 209 g HSiCl3 = actual yield of HSiCl3
mL
PV 10.0 atm  15.0 L
nHCl =  = 5.93 mol HCl
RT 0.08206L atm
 308 K
K mol
1 mol HSiCl 3 135.45 g HSiCl 3
5.93 mol HCl ×  = 268 g HSiCl3
3 mol HCl 1 mol HSiCl 3

actual yield 209 g

Percent yield =  100   100 = 78.0%
theoreticalyield 268 g

1 mol HSiCl 3 1 mol SiH 4

b. 209 g HiSCl3 ×  = 0.386 mol SiH4
135.45 g HSiCl 3 4 mol HSiCl 3
This is the theoretical yield. If the percent yield is 93.1%, then the actual yield is:

0.386 mol SiH4 × 0.931 = 0.359 mol SiH4

182 CHAPTER 5 GASES

0.08206L atm
0.359 mol   308 K
nRT K mol
VSiH4   = 0.907 L = 907 mL SiH4
P 10.0 atm

163. ThF4, 232.0 + 4(19.00) = 308.0 g/mL

molar mass  P 308.0 g/mol  2.5 atm

d=  = 4.8 g/L
RT 0.08206L atm
 (1680  273) K
K mol
The gas with the smaller molar mass will effuse faster. Molar mass of ThF4 = 308.0 g/mol;
molar mass of UF3 = 238.0 + 3(19.00) = 295.0 g/mol. Therefore, UF3 will effuse faster.

Rate of effusion of UF3 molar mass of ThF4 308.0g/mol

  = 1.02
Rate of effusion of ThF4 molar mass of UF3 295.0g/mol

UF3 effuses 1.02 times faster than ThF4.

164. The partial pressures can be determined by using the mole fractions.

Pmethane = Ptotal × methane = 1.44 atm × 0.915 = 1.32 atm; Pethane = 1.44 – 1.32 = 0.12 atm

Determining the number of moles of natural gas combusted:

PV 1.44 atm  15.00 L

nnatural gas =  = 0.898 mol natural gas
RT 0.08206 L atm
 293 K
K mol
nmethane = nnatural gas × methane = 0.898 mol × 0.915 = 0.822 mol methane

nethane = 0.898  0.822 = 0.076 mol ethane

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l); 2 C2H6 + 7 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

2 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O
0.822 mol CH4 ×  = 29.6 g H2O
1 mol CH 4 mol H 2 O

6 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O
0.076 mol C2H6 ×  = 4.1 g H2O
2 mol C 2 H 6 mol H 2 O

The total mass of H2O produced = 29.6 g + 4.1 g = 33.7 g H2O.

CHAPTER 5 GASES 183

Marathon Problem

165. a. The formula of the compound AxBy depends on which gas is limiting, A2 or B2. We need
to determine both possible products. The procedure we will use is to assume one reactant
is limiting, and then determine what happens to the initial total moles of gas as it is
converted into the product. Because P and T are constant, volume  n. Because mass is
conserved in a chemical reaction, any change in density must be due to a change in
volume of the container as the reaction goes to completion.

1 d n
Density = d  and V  n, so: after  initial
V d initial n after
Assume the molecular formula of the product is AxBy where x and y are whole numbers.
First, let’s consider when A2 is limiting with x moles each of A2 and B2 in our equimolar
mixture. Note that the coefficient in front of AxBy in the equation must be 2 for a
balanced reaction.

x A2(g) + y B2(g)  2 AxBy(g)

Initial x mol x mol 0 mol

Change x mol y mol +2 mol
Final 0 (x  y) mol 2 mol

d after n 2x
 1.50  initial 
d initial n after x y 2

(1.50)x  (1.50)y + 3.00 = 2x, 3.00  (1.50)y = (0.50)x

Because x and y are whole numbers, y must be 1 because the above equation does not
allow y to be 2 or greater. When y = 1, x = 3 giving a formula of A3B if A2 is limiting.

Assuming B2 is limiting with y moles in the equimolar mixture:

x A2(g) + y B2(g)  2 AxBy(g)

Initial y y 0
Change x y +2
After yx 0 2

densityafter n 2y
 1.50  initial 
densitybefore n after yx2
Solving gives x = 1 and y = 3 for a molecular formula of AB3 when B2 is limiting.

b. In both possible products, the equations dictated that only one mole of either A or B had
to be present in the formula. Any number larger than 1 would not fit the data given in the
problem. Thus the two formulas determined are both molecular formulas and not just
empirical formulas.