Department of Physics

General Physics
(unit - 2)

Particle Dynamics & Planetary Motion

Date:
 Outline
• Force
• Newton’s Laws of motions & applications
• Circular Motion
• Newton’s law of Universal Gravitation
• Kepler’s Laws, Satellites Motion & Weightlessness
• Work, Energy & Linear Momentum
• Conservation of Energy & Linear Momentum/Collision
• Power
• Center of Mass

2
 The Concept of Force

•A force is an external influence(action) on an object that causes the object to change its state of motion.
• It is a manifestation of the interaction between objects which gives us the quantitative description of their
interaction.
• When several forces act simultaneously on an object, the object accelerates only if the net force acting on it is
not equal to zero.
• The net force acting on an object is defined as the vector sum of all forces acting on the object.
•If the net force exerted on an object is zero, the acceleration of the object is zero and its velocity remains
constant.
• That is, if the net force acting on the object is zero, the object either remains at rest or continues to move with
constant velocity.
• When the velocity of an object is constant (including when the object is at rest), the object is said to be in
equilibrium.

3
 Types of Forces
• Force can be classified as either :
 Contact forces
 Non-contact force (Field forces).
Contact forces : are forces that involve physical contact between two objects.
It must touch or be in contact with an object to cause a change.
eg: Spring force, Tension force, Normal force, etc
 Field forces : are forces that do not involve physical contact between two objects.
It is sometimes referred to as "action at a distance" force.
eg: Gravitational force, Electrostatic force, Magnetic force.

4
Contact and Field Forces:

5
 Newton's Law of Motion
1. Newton's First Law of Motion :
- states that an object moves with a velocity that is constant in magnitude and direction unless a nonzero net
force acts on it.
2. Newton’s 2nd law of motion
- states that the acceleration 𝑎 of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.

3. Newton's Third Law of Motion

- States that the forces in nature always come in pairs and the action force is equal in magnitude to the
reaction force and opposite in direction.

 Action and reaction forces cannot be added together to get zero resultant because they act on different bodies
6
Examples

7
Solutions

1.

8
2.

Solution

Because F is the only external horizontal force acting on the

system, we have

9
3. Two objects of mass m 1 and m 2, with m 2 . m 1, are connected by a light, inextensible cord and hung over a frictionless
pulley, as in Figure below. Both cord and pulley have negligible mass. Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the
system and the tension in the cord.

10
4.

11
12
 Motion with Friction

Examples

13
 Solution
1.

14
Solution 2.

15
3. A block with mass m1 =4.00 kg and a ball with mass m 2 = 7.00 kg are connected by a light string that passes over a massless,
frictionless pulley, as shown in Figure below. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface is 0.300.
Find the acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the string.

16
17
18
solutions
4.

19
5.

20
21
22
 Example1.
What is the centripetal acceleration of the Earth as it
moves in its orbit around the Sun?

In case of uniform circular motion:

1. Velocity: is always tangent to the circular path and
perpendicular to the radius of the circular path.

• Velocity is constant in magnitude but varies in direction

2. Acceleration: is always perpendicular to the circular path,

and points towards the center of the circle.
- Such acceleration is called the centripetal acceleration

23
 Tangential and Radial Acceleration(Non-Uniform circular motion)
As the particle moves along the curved path , the direction of the total acceleration vector a changes from point to point.
This vector can be resolved into two components, based on an origin at the center of the dashed circle:
 Tangential (linear)
 Centripetal(radial) ◦ Directed along the Tangent to circle
◦ Directed Toward center ◦ Due to changes in speed or magnitude of velocity,
◦ Due to changes in direction of V, ◦ it is directed parallel to v
◦ it is directed perpendicular to v 𝑑|𝑣|
𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼 = 𝑑𝑡
◦ 𝒂𝒄 = , 𝒂𝒓 = − = - 𝒂𝒄
𝒓 𝒓

Total acceleration = the vector sum of the two component vectors:

𝑎 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑟
Magnitude of the total acceleration is:

𝑎
𝟐
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒓 + 𝒂𝒕 𝟐 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑡 )
𝑎𝑟

N:B The direction of 𝑎𝑡 is either in the same direction as v (if v is increasing) or opposite to v (if v is decreasing).

24
Note:

 In uniform circular motion ( v = constant) but its direction

changes continuously, the acceleration is always completely
radial.
( 𝑎𝑡 = 0 , 𝑎𝑟 ≠ 0 ).

 if the direction of v does not change, then there is no radial

acceleration and the motion is one-dimensional
(i.e., 𝑎𝑟 = 0 , 𝑎𝑡 ≠ 0 ).
 Examples
1. The Fig below represents the total acceleration of a particle moving clockwise in a circle of radius 2.50 m at a
certain instant of time. At this instant, find
(a) the radial acceleration,
(b) the speed of the particle, and
(c) its tangential acceleration.

2.
3. An automobile whose speed is increasing at a rate of 0.600 m/s2 travels along a circular road of radius 20.0 m.
When the instantaneous speed of the automobile is 4.00 m/s, find
(a) the tangential acceleration component,
(b) the centripetal acceleration component, and
(c) the magnitude and direction of the total acceleration.

4. A car exhibits a constant acceleration of 0.3 m/s2 parallel to the roadway. The car passes over a rise in the roadway
such that the top of the rise is shaped like a circle of radius 500 m. At the moment the car is at the top of the rise, its velocity
vector is horizontal and has a magnitude of 6.00 m/s. What is the magnitude and direction of the total acceleration vector for the
car at this instant?

Solution
Given: 𝑎𝑡 = 0.3 m/s2, V = 6 m/s. R = 500m
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• States that : the Gravitational force, 𝑭𝑔 , between two particles with masses 𝒎1 and 𝒎2 and separated by a distance
r, is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.
• The gravitational force is directed along the line joining the masses.

where 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 is a constant of proportionality called

the universal gravitational constant.
• The gravitational force is always attractive.

𝑁: 𝐵 𝐹12 = the force on mass-1 by mass -2

𝐹21 = the force on mass-2 by mass -1
Examples
1. Calculate the net gravitational force that mass 𝒎𝟐 = 20 kg, 𝒎𝟑 = 10 kg, exerts on mass 𝒎𝟏 = 20 kg, for the case shown
in Fig. below

Solution

29
Exercise
1. A square edge length 20. 0 cm is formed by four spheres of masses 𝒎𝟏 = 5 g , 𝒎𝟐 = 3g , 𝒎𝟑 = 1g and 𝒎𝟒 = 5g as
shown in the Fig below. In unit-vector notation, what is the net gravitational force from them on a central sphere with mass
𝒎𝟓 = 2.50g ?

30
 Kepler’s Law and the Motion of Planets

1. Kepler’s First Law (Law of Orbits):

• States that the orbit of each planet in the solar system is an ellipse, the Sun will be on
one focus.

2. Kepler’s Second Law (The Law of Areas)

• States that the radius vector connecting the centers of the Sun and the Planet sweeps out
equal areas in equal intervals of time.
• A planet moves fastest when it is closest to the sun and slowest when it is furthest from
the sun.
1
V∝ 𝑅

31
3. Kepler’s Third Law (The Law of Harmony)
• States that the square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the average distance
between the centers of the planet and the sun.

𝑇2 ∝ 𝑟3 𝑜𝑟 𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑎3
𝑎 = semi-major axis
𝑇2
= constant
𝑟3

 Can be derived from Newton’s law of gravitation

32
 Work and Energy
 Scientifically work is defined as the amount of energy transferred when an object is moved through a certain distance by a
force acting on it.

 For work to be done on an object, three essential conditions should be satisfied:

• Force must be exerted on the object
• The force must cause a motion or displacement
• The force should have a component along the line of displacement

• The area under the graph of force(F) versus displacement(S) is equal to the work done(W) by the force.

33
 Examples
1. A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum cleaner with a force of magnitude F = 50.0 N at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal
. Calculate the work done by the force on the vacuum cleaner as the vacuum cleaner is displaced 3.00 m to the right.
Solution:

2.

34
 Work Done by a Spring
• A block on a horizontal, frictionless surface is connected to a
spring. If the spring is either stretched or compressed a
small distance from its upstretched (equilibrium)
configuration, it exerts on the block a force that can be
expressed as:

𝑭𝒔 = - kx (Hook’s Law)
• The work done by the spring force on the block is :

(d) Graph of 𝑭𝒔 versus x for the block–spring system. The work done by the spring force as the block moves from
𝟏
& − 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 to 0 is the area of the shaded triangle, = 𝟐 𝒌𝒙𝟐

35
 N:B The work done on the spring by an external agent(by an applied force on the spring)
• The applied force 𝑭𝒂𝒑𝒑 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the
spring force 𝑭𝒔 :

𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 = − −𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥

• Now let us consider the work done on the spring by an external agent (𝑭𝒂𝒑𝒑 ) that
stretches the spring very slowly from 𝑥𝑖 = 0 to 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥

 This work is equal to the negative of the work done by the spring force for this displacement.

• The work done by an applied force on a block–spring system between arbitrary positions of the block is:

Notice that this is the negative of the work done by the spring. This is consistent with the fact that the spring force and the applied force are of equal magnitude but
in opposite directions.

36
Energy:
• is defined as the capacity of a physical system to perform work.
• exists in several forms such kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical and other forms.
• its SI unit is joule (J).
Kinetic energy (KE)
• is the capacity of an object to do work by virtue of its motion.
• Is the energy possessed by an object when it is set into motion.
• For an object of mass m and moving with speed v, the kinetic energy is calculated as:

Potential Energy (PE) :

• is the energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative to some zero position.

37
 Work–Energy Theorem
• States that : the work done by an unbalanced external force on an object is equal to the change in kinetic energy of
the object/system.

Example-1
1. A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal, frictionless surface by a constant horizontal
force of 12 N. Find the speed of the block after it has moved 3.0 m.
Solution:
W = F x = (12 N)(3.0 m) = 36 J

Example-2.
A 0.600-kg particle has a speed of 2.00 m/s at point A and kinetic energy of 7.50 J at point B. What is :
(a) its kinetic energy at A? (b) its speed at B? (c) the total work done on the particle as it moves from A to B?

38
The law of conservation of Mechanical Energy :
• ME is defined as the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.
ME = KE + PE
• The law of conservation of Mechanical energy states that:
In a system the total mechanical energy remains constant unless a frictional force is acting on it

• The mechanical energy of an isolated, friction-free system is conserved.

Examples
1. A 3.00-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp is 1m in length and inclined at an angle of 30°, as shown in the fig. below.
The crate starts from rest at the top, experiences a constant friction force of magnitude 5N, and continues to move a short
distance on the horizontal floor after it leaves the ramp. Use energy methods to determine the speed of the crate at the bottom of
the ramp.

39
Solution:

40
2. A 0.500-kg block rests on a horizontal, frictionless surface as in Figure below. The block is pressed back against a spring having a
constant of k = 625 N/m, compressing the spring by 10.0 cm to point Ⓐ. Then the block is released.
(a) Find the maximum distance d the block travels up the frictionless incline if = 30°.
(b) How fast is the block going at half its maximum height?

41
42
3. A 10.0-kg block is released from point A in Fig below. The track is frictionless except for the portion between points B and C,
which has a length of 6.00 m. The block travels down the track, hits a spring of force constant 2250 N/m, and compresses the
spring 0.30 m from its equilibrium position before coming to rest momentarily. Determine (a)The speed of the block at point B,
(b)The speed of the block at point C, (c) the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the rough surface between points
B and C

43
Solution:

44
Method 2 for part (C):

45
4. A bead slides without friction around a loop-the-loop (see Fig.below). The bead is released from rest at a height h = 3.50R.
What is its speed at point A ?

Solution:

46
 Power
• is defined as the time rate of energy transfer.
• Is the rate at which energy is being transferred from one system into another one by an external force.

Example
1. An older model car of mass m accelerates from rest to speed v in 10 seconds. A newer, more powerful car of same
mass accelerates from rest to 2v in the same time period. What is the ratio of the power of the newer car to that of the
older car?
Solution : W = change in KE. P= W/t
47
 Linear Momentum
Linear Momentum :
• is defined as the total quantity of motion possessed by a moving object when a force is acting on it.
• Linear momentum provides a quantitative description about the effort required to get an object in motion or to stop it
from moving.
• the larger the momentum on a moving object the more difficult it will be to stop it and the vice versa.
• The linear momentum of a particle or an object that can be modeled as a particle of mass m moving with a velocity v is
defined to be the product of its mass and velocity:
P = mv
• is a vector quantity in the direction of the velocity, SI unit = kgm/s.

Impulse :
• it is the measure of the degree to which an external force changes the the momentum on a moving object.

48
examples
1. In a crash test, a car of mass 1500 kg collides with a wall and rebounds as in Figure below. The initial and final
velocities of the car are vi =-15.0 m/s and vf = 2.60 m/s, respectively. If the collision lasts for 0.150 s, find (a)
the impulse delivered to the car due to the collision and (b) the magnitude and direction of the average force
exerted on the car.

49
50
2. A car traveling at 27 m/s collides with a building. The collision with the building causes the car to come to a stop in
approximately 1 second. The driver, who weighs 860 N, is protected by a combination of a variable-tension seatbelt and an
airbag (Figure below). (In effect, the driver collides with the seatbelt and airbag and not with the building.) The airbag and
seatbelt slow his velocity, such that he comes to a stop in approximately 2.5 s.
a. What average force does the driver experience during the collision?
b. Without the seatbelt and airbag, his collision time (with the steering wheel) would have been approximately 0.20 s. What
force would he experience in this case?

51
Solution

52
 Conservation of Linear Momentum
• states that whenever two or more particles in an isolated system interact, the total momentum of the system remains
constant.

(law of conservation of linear momentum)

Example:
A 60-kg archer stands at rest on frictionless ice and fires a 0.50-kg arrow horizontally at 50 m/s. With what velocity does
the archer move across the ice after firing the arrow?
Solution:
Let 𝑚1 be the mass of the archer and 𝑚2 be mass of the arrow

53
 Collisions
1. Elastic collision
• both kinetic energy as well as total momentum of the system is conserved.

2. Inelastic collision
• Only momentum is conserved, but not Kinetic energy

Perfectly Inelastic Collisions

- The two masses stick together after collision
- the two masses will have the same final velocity.

Note: It is important to indicate the direction of the velocities. We shall indicate the velocity as positive if a particle
moves to the right, and negative if it moves to the left.

54
 Two-Dimensional Collisions

• For such two dimensional elastic collisions, we obtain two component equations for conservation of momentum

• Similarly, for such two dimensional elastic collisions, we obtain two component equations for conservation of kinetic
energy

55
Examples: 1.

56
2. An object of mass 6 kg, moving with an initial velocity of 10 m/s collides with another object of mass 4 kg moving with
an initial velocity of 20 m/s. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, calculate final velocity of the masses after collision?

57
 The Center of Mass
Center of Mass is a point in a rigid body at which the total mass of the body is assumed to be concentrated.

58
 example

1. Four objects are situated along the y axis as follows: a 2.00 kg object is at +3.00 m, a 3.00-kg
object is at +2.50 m, a 2.50-kg object is at the origin, and a 4.00-kg object is at -0.500 m.
Where is the center of mass of these objects?

solution

2. Five objects are situated along the x and y axis as follows: a 1kg object is at (2, 2) m, a 2 kg object is at (-2, 2) m, a 3-
kg object is at (-2, -2)m, a 4-kg object is at (2, -2)m, and a 6-kg object is at (0, 0)m. find the X and Y coordinates of the
center of mass of the system?

------The end ---- 59