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    Ilovepdf Merged

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    of 15

    PM SHRI KENDRIYA

    VIDYALAYA MANDAPAM

    BIOLOGY

    INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
    SESSION : 2024-2025
    TOPIC: STUDY OF DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF
    HOUSEFLY/COCKROACH
    SUBMITTED BY:
    VIGNESHWARAN
    CLASS:XII-A
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
    I would like to express my special
    thanks of gratitude to my respected
    teacher MRS. JAYASHREE as well as
    our respected principal MRS. RAJI
    KRISHNAN who gave me this golden
    opportunity to do this wonderful
    project on STUDY OF
    DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF
    HOUSEFLY AND COCKROACH,
    which also helped me to know about
    so many new things. Secondly I
    would also like to thank my parents
    who helped me a lot in finishing this
    project successfully. Last and not
    the least I would also like to thank
    my friends who gave me theory
    valuable suggestions.
    CERTIFICATE
    This is to certify that this BIOLOGY
    PROJECT ON TOPIC “STUDY OF
    DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF
    HOUSEFLY AND COCKROACH” has
    been successfully completed by
    VIGNESHWARAN of class XII-A
    under the guidance of BIOLOGY
    TEACHER in particular fulfillment of
    curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF
    SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSC).

    EXAMINER TEACHER
    ______________ _____________
    CONTENTS

    1. INTRODUCTION

    2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    3. EXPERIMENT
    >Aim
    >Materials Required

    A. Developmental Stages Of Housefly


    B. Developmental Stages Of Cockroach

    5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
    INTRODUCTION

    Insects constitute the largest class of animals


    representing over 7,50,000 species. They are the most successful
    land invertebrates, and the only major competitors with humans
    for dominance in the world. Today, the life of every human being
    is affected by insects in one way or the other. Quit a number of
    insect varieties are closely connected with some of our diseases
    like malaria, cholera, plague, etc. and with our day to day life.
    Housefly (Musca nebula) and Cockraoch (Periplanta americana)
    are two such insects which effect the human life the most.

    Houseflies have been pursuing mankind throughout all


    of recorded history, and probably from the time man emerged
    from his caves and began to walk erect Houseflies are
    cosmopolitan in distribution and are intimately associated with
    human life. Hence, they are found in all places of human
    dwelling. They remain active in all seasons except winters. They
    neither bite nor sting us, yet we hate them for their insanitory
    habbit.
    Houseflies spread a number of communicable diseases
    like a cholera, typhoid, dysentery, etc. Indeed Flies are probably
    responsible for more deaths among humans then any perceived
    atrocities we may have misguidedly thrust upon them.

    Cockroaches are also cosmopolitan in distribution and are


    found in such places of human dwellings, where darkness,
    warmth, dampness, and plenty of organic debris are available.
    Thus, one can easily find these hidden in our kitchens, sewers,
    godowns, railway compartments, ship, etc.

    Cockroaches are nocturnal and omnivorous. They


    come out of their hiding places during the night in search of food.
    Cockroaches harm us by chewing our clothes, books, and leather
    wares when normal food in scanty.
    COMMON HOUSEFLY COCKRAOCH

    (Musca nebula) (Periplanta americana)

    EXPERIMENT
    AIM:
    Keeping in view the huge impact that these insects have on
    lives of humans, the study of the developmental stages of the
    insects Housefly and Cockraoch have been selected for this
    project.

    MATERIALS REQUIRED:
    Preserved specimens of different developmental
    stages of housefly/cockroach, notebook, pen, etc.

    EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
    Get the preserved specimen of different
    developmental stages of housefly/cockroach and observe
    the stages carefully. Note down your observations in the
    notebook.
    OBSERVATION

    A. Developmental Stages of Housefly


    (Musca nebula) :

    Body structure of Housefly


    Life history of a Housefly

    1. ADULT HOUSEFLY. Housefly has grey body of


    about 6-7 mm long. The body is divided into head,
    thorax and abdomen:

    Head. Head is ovoid with two large, lateral


    compound eyes. Ommatidia is the unit of compound
    eye. In the centre of head three oscelli or simple
    eyes are present. In front of the head are two small,
    sensitive antennae.

    Mouth parts. The proboscis(mouth0 is made


    up of three parts :
    (1) Rostrum
    (2) Raustellum
    (3) Oral disc (sucker)

    For feeding, the raustellum forms food channel. This


    pierces into the food and sucks it into the alimentary canal.

    Thorax: It is divided into three parts :

    (1)Prothorax

    (2)Mesothorax

    (3)Metathorax

    Three pairs of legs arise from the segements of thorax.


    Each has five joints – (a) Coxa, (b) Trochanter, (c) Femur. (4)
    Tibia and (5) Tarsus.

    The mesothorax contains a pair of wings. They are


    transparent and have supporting veins. Metathorax contains
    halters, the vestigial wings.

    Abdomen: Female has five visible segments


    in the abdomen with five pairs of spiracles present on the lateral
    side. The male has sixth and seventh vestigial segment also with
    two pairs of spiracles on them. Fine hair are presen all over the
    abdomen. In females 6-9 segments form the ovipositor involved
    in reproduction.

    2. EGGS. Egs are cylindrical, white, about, 1 mm long.


    Female lays about 120-150 eggs at a time. These
    hatch out between 8 to 24 hours, depending on the
    temperature.

    3. LARVA. The larva (maggot) is creamy, soft,


    wriggling worm-like. The body is made up of 12
    segments and a distinct head, covered by cuticle.
    The head consists of maxilla, mandibles in pairs and
    a labium. The first and last segments have spiracles.
    The larva remains embedded inside the organic
    matter. It moults twice within 6-8 days to grow in
    size. The full grown larva is 12 mm long.

    4. PUPA. The imago breaks the purium and emerges


    out. It is a weak small fly. It beomes active within
    few hours. The imago starts laying egs within two
    weeks.

    B. Developmental Stages of Cockroach


    (Periplanata americana) :
    Body Structure of Cockroach

    Life History of Cockroach


    1. ADULT COCKRAOCH. Cockroach is a brown,
    elongated, dorsoventrally flat creature of about 40
    mm long and 10-12 mm broad. The body is covered
    by sclerites (plates) made up of chitin. The body is
    divided into head, thorax and abdomen.

    (1) Head: The head is triangular, hanging


    downwards. A pair of long sensitive antenna is
    seen in front of two lateral compound eyes. The
    mouth parts include labrum, mandibles,
    maxillae, and hypopharnyx. These help the
    cockroach in eating varied type of things.

    (2) Thorax: It is divided into parathorax,


    mesothorax and metathorax, each bearing a
    pair of legs. Like housefly here also the legs are
    made up of five joints, pulvinus and claws.
    Meso and metathorax bear a pair of wings each.

    (3) Abdomen: It contains ten segments gradually


    narrowing down. The sclerites on dorsal side
    are called tergum and on ventral side sternum.
    Sternum are only nine. In females 7th and 9th
    sternum make brood pouh. They also bear a
    pair of appendages called anal cerci. Males
    pocess anal cerci and anal style in pairs.

    2. OOTHECA (Egg case). It is a purse shape structure


    containing sixteen fertilized eggs in two rows. It is
    formed by the secretion of the collateral glands over
    the fertilized eggs in the genital pouch of the female
    cockroach. The female deposits the case in some
    warm dark sheltered place.
    3. NYMPH: Inside the ootheca the eggs develop into
    the young one called nymphs. The ootheca wall is
    broken in about 7-8 days and young nymphs emerge
    out of it.

    A nymph is small, light broen creature like the adult


    cockroach. However, I lacks wings and has immature
    gonads. The body is covered by chitin which
    gradually hardens and prevents growth of nymph.
    Each nymph undergoes 6 to 7 mounting to develop
    into an adult cockroach.
    BIBLIOGRAPHY
    The information has been referred
    from
    • Lab manual in biology
    • NCERT textbook
    • Google etc.

    THANK YOU

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