CAM lAB MANUAL 2021 2022

LABORATORY MANUAL
18MEL76 COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LAB
AY 2021-2022
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ATRIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Adjacent to Bangalore Baptist Hospital
Hebbal, Bengaluru-560024
ATRIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
LABORATORY CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ____________________________________
bearing USN _____________________________of _______________semester
and __________________section has satisfactorily completed the course of
experiments in Computer Aided Manufacturing Lab, code 18MEL76 prescribed by
the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi of this Institute for the
Academic year 2021 - 2022.
MARKS
Maximum Marks Marks Obtained
Signature of the Faculty In-Charge Head of the Department

PREFACE
Computer aided Manufacturing (CIM) embodies three components essential to the

implementation of flexible design & manufacturing the means for information storage, retrieval,
manipulation and presentation, the mechanisms by which to sense state, and modify substance
and the methodologies by which to unite them. With the inception of Computer Integrated
Manufacturing (CIM) machine in manufacturing setup, precise and reliable machine with out
human during the machining process had enabled reduction in operational hazards and in job
time through automated machining and tool changing.
This manual gives the perception to build technical knowledge by acting as a guide for imparting
fundamental awareness. Numerous neatly drawn illustrations provided in the manual will help
the students in understanding the subject, and the concepts related it, better. Sincere attempts
have been made to present the contents in a simple language.
PRAVEEN KUMAR B.C.

Vision
To be a Centre of Excellence in Mechanical Engineering education and interdisciplinary research
to confront real world societal problems with professional ethics.
Mission of the Department
M1 - To promote the frontiers of pedagogy amongst students and develop new paradigms in
research.
M2 - To develop products, processes, and technologies for the benefit of the society in
collaboration with industry and commerce.
M3 - To mold young minds and build a comprehensive personality by nurturing strong

professionals with human ethics through interaction with the alumni, experts from academia /
industry, research organizations, higher study institutions and area experts
PO's
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PEO's and PSO's
PEO1: Apply fundamental Basic Science and Computer aided technology to solve problems
encountered in all streams of Mechanical Engineering and beyond like Robotics, Nano science
and Computational Fluid Dynamics.
PEO2: Demonstrate professionalism and accountability by applying their technical skills and
knowledge; across the spectrum of scientific disciplines in Additive Manufacturing, Digital
Mechatronics thereby supporting local and global societies.
PEO3: Work ethically both as an individual and as a team member, eventually becoming leaders
in various domains such as entrepreneurship, education, and administration.
PSO1: Apply concepts and principles from Applied Mechanics to design, develop and evaluate
Mechanical component or systems including Robotics drives for a specified purpose using
computational tools.
PSO2: Create Mechanical systems using energy conversion edifices governing laws of
Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer and Fluid Power and Computation Fluid Dynamics along with
their embedded controllers as per requirements and specifications.
PSO3: Utilizing the knowledge and learning of materials and manufacturing and Nano sciences
to design, plan and monitor production operations in an industry emphasizing Additive
Manufacturing, Digital Mechatronics, Total Quality, Managerial aspects in improvement of life
cycle of a product / system keeping environmental considerations
Lab Layout
DO's and DONT's
SOFTWARE LABORATORY – II
DO’s
• Ensure your presence in the laboratory 5 minutes before the commencement of lab.
• Identity card must be worn during all lab sessions.
• One should own all the necessary stationaries, calculator, observation and record note books
etc., individually while coming for lab sessions.
• Before starting laboratory experiments follow all written and verbal instructions carefully.
• Please follow instructions precisely as instructed by your instructor.
• Every experiment has to be signed by the in-charge before commencement of the next lab
session.
• Save the work in a proper drive folder with your name and USN or as instructed by the
instructor.
• Shut down the systems properly and arrange the chairs before leaving the laboratory.
• Be aware of the location of the fire extinguisher, first aid box and to use them in case of
emergency.
• Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.
• Strict discipline has to be maintained during the laboratory hours.
DONT’s
• Borrow of stationary, calculator, note books etc.,
• Crowd around the computer system.
• Use flash drives in the computers.
• Try to solve any system error information without the knowledge of instructor.
• Uninstall or install any software on your own without the knowledge of instructor.
• Try to create or introduce computer viruses.
• Browse irrelevant websites during lab sessions.
• Insert metal objects such as clips, pins, needles, into the CPU casing.
• Leave computer systems switched ON once after use.
• Use mobile phones within the laboratory.
• Eat or drink inside the lab.
Syllabus
COMPTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LAB

Subject Code : 18MEL76 CIE :40
Teaching Hours /Week (L: T:P): 0:2:2 SEE:60
Credits : 02 Exam Hours :03
PART-A
(1) Manual CNC part programming using ISO Format G/M codes for 2 turning and 2 milling parts.
Selection and assignment of tools, correction of syntax and logical errors, and verification of tool path
using CNC program verification software.
(2) CNC part programming using CAM packages. Simulation of Turning, Drilling, Milling operations
3 typical simulations to be carried out using simulation packages like: Cadem CAMLab-Pro, Master-
CAM. Program generation using software. Optimize spindle power, torque utilization, and cycle time.
Generation and printing of shop documents like process and cycle time sheets, tool list, and tool layouts.
Cut the part in single block and auto mode and measure the virtual part on screen. Post processing of
CNC programs for standard CNC control systems like FANUC, SINUMERIC and MISTUBISHI.
PART-B
(Only for Demo/Viva voce)
(3) FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System): Programming of Automatic storage and Retrieval system
(ASRS) and linear shuttle conveyor Interfacing CNC lathe, milling with loading unloading arm and ASRS
to be carried out on simple components.
(Only for Demo/Viva voce)
Robot programming: Using Teach Pendent & Offline programming to perform pick and place, stacking
of objects (2 programs).
Pneumatics and Hydraulics, Electro-Pneumatics: 3 typical experiments on Basics of these
Conduct of Practical Examination:

1. All laboratory experiments are to be included for practical examination.
2. Breakup of marks and the instructions printed on the cover page of answer script to be
strictly adhered by
the examiners.
3. Students can pick one experiment from the questions lot prepared by the examiners.
Scheme of Examination:
One question from Part A: 40 marks
One question from Part B: 40 Marks
Viva voce: 20 Marks
Total: 100 Marks
CO's and CLO's
18MEL76 COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LAB

COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
Able to define Automation, CIM, CAD, CAM and explain the differences
CO1 between these concepts. Solve simple problems of transformations of entities
on computer screen.
Explain the basics of automated manufacturing industries through
CO2
mathematical models and analyse different types of automated flow lines.
Analyze the automated flow lines to reduce down time and enhance
CO3
productivity.
Explain the use of different computer applications in manufacturing, and able
CO4 to prepare part programs for simple jobs on CNC machine tools and robot
programming.
Visualize and appreciate the modern trends in Manufacturing like additive
CO5 manufacturing, Industry 4.0 and applications of Internet of Things leading to
Smart Manufacturing.
COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

To expose the students to the techniques of CNC programming and cutting
1. tool path generation through CNC simulation software by using G-Codes and
M-codes.
2. To educate the students on the usage of CAM packages.
To make the students understand the importance of automation in industries

3.
through exposure to FMS, Robotics, and Hydraulics and Pneumatics.
Lab In-charge HoD/Mechanical

List of Programs
Chapter-1 01- 10
Chapter-2 13- 22
Chapter-3 CNC PROGRAMS

SL.
Name of The Experiment Page No.
NO.
TURNING EXERCISE
1 Turning Exercise 1 23
MILLING EXERCISE
8 Milling Exercise 1 41
Chapter-5 FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (FMS) 55-61

Chapter-6 A HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 62-65
Chapter-7 VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS 66-68
LAB PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SHEET
Department of
:……………………………………………………………………………………………
Name of the Student
:………………………………………………………….USN:…………………………
Lab:………………………………………………………Course
Code:…………………….Sem:…………….
CIE-I (Max. Marks : 20)

Sl. Pro. Name of the Total Signature
Date 1 2 3
No. No. Program Marks Staff Student
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1. Writing the Program (04 Marks)

2. Executing of Program (10 Marks)
3. Record Writing (06 Marks)
CIE-II (Max. Marks: 20)

Program Execution of
Write Up Program
Date of Viva - voce Total
Turning + Turning + Staff Signature
Lab CIE (04 Marks) Marks
Milling Milling
(04 Marks) (12 Marks)
Marks Obtained
CIE – I CIE – II
Student Staff
Record and Performance Lab Test and Viva Total
Signature Signature
(20 Marks) (20 Marks)
HoD/Mechanical
COMPTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LAB 18MEL76
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Numerical control :( NC)

It can be defined has form of programmable automation in which the process is controlled by numbers, letters
and symbols in NC the numbers forms a program of instructions designed for a particular work part or job.
When the job changes the program of instruction is changed. This capability will change program for each
new job is what gives NC flexibility.
Ex: GOO XO YO ZO
Computer numerical control :( CNC)

Numerical control integrated computer control includes one or more microprocessor, mini computers. The
logic function or program the control comprises a program that is stored in the memory.
Fig.1.1
Direct numerical control: (DNC)

It can be defined has a manufacturing system in which a number of machines are controlled by a computer
through direct connection & in real time.
NC motion control system:

In NC there are 3 basic types of machine control system
1. Point to Point
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 1|Page

2. Straight cut
3. Contouring
1) Point to point
It is also sometimes called positioning system. In point to point the objective of the machine tool control
system is to the cutting to pre defined location once the tool reaches the defined location the machining
operation is performed at that position.
EX: NC drill presses.
Fig.1.2
2) Straight cut NC
Straight cut control system is capable of moving the cutting tool, parallel to one of the major axes at controlled
rate suitable for machining. It is therefore appropriate for performing milling operation to fabricate work piece
of rectangular configurations.
Fig.1.3
2) Contouring: The continuous-path control system is also known as the contouring system. It involves
simultaneous motion control of two or more axes. The contouring system is more complex because each axis

of motion requires separate position and velocity loops. The contouring along a predefined tool path is
implemented by means of interpolation, in which the system generates a set of intermediate data points
between given coordinate positions.
Fig.1.4
NUMERICAL CONTROL PROCEDURE

The following are the basic steps in NC procedure
• Process Planning
• Part Programming
• Part Program entry
• Proving the part program
• Production

A) PROCESS PLANNING
The part programmer will often carry out the task of process planning. Process planning is the procedure of
deciding what operations are to be done on the component, in what order, and with what tooling and work
holding facilities. Both the process planning and part programming aspects of manufacture occur after the
detail drawings of a component have been prepared. The following procedure may be used as a guide to assist
the programmer, by describing each step required in preparing the method of production.
PROCESS PLANNING
Receive the part drawing from part drawing information, check suitability of part
to be machined against the machine capacity.
Determine a method of driving the component (chuck type, chuck size, type of
jaw) and the method of machining.
Determine the tooling required to suit the method of machining and utilize as
much as possible the tools which are permanently in the turret set upon the
machine.
Determine the order of machining and the tooling stations.

Determine planned stops for checking dimensional sizes where required by
operator
Determine cutting speeds based on

- Component material, method of driving, rigidity of component
- Tooling selected for roughing and finishing
Determine the depths of cut and feeds for roughing operations
Determine surface finish requirements, the cutter nose radius most suited for
finishing operations and determine feed rates.
Allocates tool offsets as required

Complete planning sheet

B) PART PROGRAMMING
After completing the planning sheet, draw the component showing the cutter paths
(a simple sketch is sufficient for simple components)
Select a component datum and carryout the necessary calculations at slopes and
arcs.
Prepare tooling layout sheet showing tools to be used in the program and indicate
the station number for each tool.
Indicate the ordering code for each tool and grade and type of inserts to be used.
Write the part program according to the sequence of operations.
C) PART PROGRAM ENTRY (OR) TAPE PREPARATION

The part program is prepared / punched on a 25 mm wide paper tape with 8 tracks and is fed to MCU in order
to produce a component of interest on machine tool. Other forms of input media include, punched cards,
magnetic tape, 35 mm motion picture film. The input to the NC system can be in two ways:
1. Manual data input
2. Direct Numerical control.
1) Direct Data Input (MDI): Complete part programs are entered into CNC control unit via the console
keyboard. It is suited only for relatively simple jobs. The most common application for MDI is the editing of
part programs already resident in controllers memory.
One variation of MDI is a concept called “Conversational Programming”. CNC machines are programmed via
a question and answer technique whereby a resident software program asks the operator a series of questions.
In response to the operators input, and by accessing a preprogrammed data file, the computer control can.
- Select numerical values for use within machining calculations

- Perform calculations to optimize machining conditions
- Identify standard tools and coordinates
- Calculate cutter paths and coordinates
- Generate the part program to machine the component

A typical dialogue from the machine would be as follows for the operator to identify such things as:
- Material to be cut
- Surface roughness tolerance
- Machined shape required
- Size of the raw material blank
- Machining allowances, cut
directions
- Tools and tool detail etc.

The operator may then examine and prove the program via computer graphics simulation on the console VDU.
After this, the program is stored or punched on tape. Although there is some sacrifice in machine utilization,
actual programming time is minimal and much tedious production engineering work is eliminated.
2) Direct Numerical Control: The process of transferring part programs into memory of a CNC machine
tool from a host computer is called Direct Numerical Control or DNC
D) PROVING PART PROGRAMS

It is safe practice to check the programmed path for any interference between the tool and the work before
using the part program for production. The proving part program is done by:
- Visual inspection
- Single step execution
- Dry run
- Graphical simulation.
Visual Inspection: It represents the method of checking visually the program present in the memory of the
CNC machine. In this, actual program is run and the programmed movements in all axes are to be checked
along with ensuring the tool offset and cutter compensation feature. This method represents the least form of
verification and should not be relied up on entirely.
Single Step Execution: Before auto-running the part program it should be executed in a step mode i.e. block
by block. During this execution, spindle speed and feed rate override facilities are to be used so that axes
movement can be easily monitored. This operation may be carried out with or without mounting the
component on the machine.

Dry run: A dry run consists of running the part program in auto-mode. During this, the component is not
installed on the machine table and the cutting is done in air. The purpose of this run is to verify the programmed
path of the tool under continuous operation and to check whether adequate clearance exist between the
clamping arrangement and other projections within the set up. Feed rate override facilities are used to slow
down the speed of execution of the program.
Graphical simulation: A graphical simulation package emulates the machine tool and, using computer
graphics, plots out the machine movements on a VDU screen. Machine movement often takes the form a
cutting tool shape moving around the screen according to the programmed movements. When the tool shape
passes over a shaded representation of the component, it erases that part of the component. The resulting shape,
lest after the execution represents the shape of the finished component. Any gross deviations from the intended
tool path can be observed and any potential interference can be highlighted.
Part Programming Geometry:

1. Coordinate System for a CNC Lathe: Machining of a workpiece by an NC program requires a coordinate
system to be applied to the machine tool. As all machine tools have more than one slide. It is important
that each slide is identified individually. There are three planes in which movement can take place.
➢ Longitudinal
➢ Vertical
➢ Transverse
Each plane is assigned a letter and is referred to as an axis. i.e.,

➢ Axis X
➢ Axis Y
➢ Axis Z
The three axes are identified by upper case X, Y and Z and the direction 0 movement along each axis is
specified as either PLUS (+) or MINUS (-). The Z-axis is: always parallel to the main spindle of the
machine. The X-axis is always parallel to tilt work-holding surface, and always at right angles to the Z-
axis. The Y-axis is at right angle to both Z and X-axis. The Coordinate System for turning operations is
shown in Fig. 1.5

Fig. 1.5
The coordinate system for designating the axes is the conventional “Right Hand Coordinate System” as
shown in Fig.1.6. A labeling of the axes is a right hand coordinate system whenever the fingers of the fight
hand are aligned with the positive X axis and are then rotated (through the smaller angle) toward the positive
Y axis, then the thumb of the right hand points in the direction of the positive Z axis. Otherwise, the orientation
is a “Left Hand Coordinate System”.
The right hand coordinate system is also known as “Clockwise Rotating Coordinate System”. The reason
for this is the sequence of the axis definitions if the X-axis is rotating in the direction of the Y-axis, the
movement is the same as if a screw is turned in the Z direction as shown in Fig.1.6.
Fig.1.6.
One could use his right hand to get these alternative relative positions of the same right hand coordinate system as
shown in Fig.1.6.
2. Coordinate System for a CNC Mill

Machining of a work piece by an NC program requires a coordinate system to be applied to the machine tool.
As all machine tools have more than one slide, it is important that each slide is identified individually. There
are three planes in which movement can take place.

➢ Longitudinal
➢ Vertical
➢ Transverse
Each plane is assigned a letter and is referred to as an axis, i.e,
➢ Axis X
➢ Axis Y
➢ Axis Z
The three axes are identified by upper case X, Y and Z and the direction of movement along each axis is
specified as either ‘+’ or ‘-‘. The Z axis is always parallel to the main spindle of the machine. The X axis is
always parallel to the work holding surface, and always at right angles to the Z axis. The Y axis is at right
angles to both Z and X axis. Figure shows the coordinate system for milling.
Fig 1.7

Reference Point (R): This point serves for calibrating and for controlling the measuring system of the slides
and tool traverses. The position of the reference point as shown in FIG.8 is accurately predetermined every
traverse axis by the trip dogs and limit switches Therefore, the reference point coordinates always have the
same, precisely known numerical value in relation to the machine zero
point. After initiating the control system, the reference point must always be approached from all axes to
calibrate the traverse measuring system. If current slide and tool position data should be lost in the control
system as, for example, through an electrical failure. The machine must again be positioned to the reference
point to re-establish the proper positioning values.
Workpiece Zero Point (W): This point determines the workpiece coordinate system in relation to the machine
zero point. The workpiece zero point is chosen by the programmer and input into the CNC system when setting
up the machine. The position of the workpiece zero point can be freely chosen by the programmer within the
workpiece envelope of the machine. It is, however, advisable to place the workpiece zero point in such a
manner that the dimensions in the workpiece drawing can be conveniently converted into coordinate values
and orientation when damping/chucking, setting up and checking, the traverse measuring system can be
effected easily. For turned parts, the workpiece zero point should be placed along the spindle axis (center line),
in line with the right-hand or left-hand end face of the finished contour as shown in FIG.9. Occasionally, the
workpiece zero point is also called the “Program Zero Point”.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 10 | P a g e

CHAPTER 2
CNC PRAGRAMMING
NC Program Buildup:
Table. 1: Address Characters
In an NC program, the machining steps (operations) for producing a part on the machine tool are laid down in
a form that the control system can understand. A program is composed of several blocks. A block is a collection
of NC words
CHARACTER MEANING
A,B,C Co-ordinate axis move command
F Feed
G Preparatory function, identifying the action to be executed
I,J,K Co-ordination for arc center
M Auxiliary function
N Block number/Sequence Number
S Spindle speed
T Tool
U, V, W Second movement parallel to X, Y, Z axes respectively.
X Movement in X-axis
Y Movement in Y-axis
Z Movement in Z-axis
O Program
P Subprogram
L Number of Subprogram repetitions
MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION (M Codes) For Turning
M Codes are instructions describing machine functions such as calling the tool, spindle rotation, coolant on,
door close/open etc.
M CODES
M00 Program Stop
M02 Optional Stop

M03 Spindle Forward (CW)
M04 Spindle Reverse (CCW)
M05 Spindle Stop
M06 Tool Change
M08 Coolant On
M09 Coolant Off
M10 Vice Open
M11 Vice Close
M13 Spindle Forward, Coolant On
M14 Spindle Reverse, Coolant On
M30 Program End
M38 Door Open
M39 Door Close
M98 Subprogram Call
M99 Subprogram Exit
M01 Optional Stop: Cycle operation is stopped after a block containing MO1 is executed. This code is only
effective when the optional stop switch on the machine control panel has been pressed. Example: M01
M02 Program End: This code is inserted at the end of the program. When encountered the cycle will encl.
To produce another the system must be reset.
Example: M02

M03 Spindle Forward: Starts the spindle spinning forward, clockwise or negative direction at the last
specified spindle rate. Example: M03 5120
Fig.2.1
M04 Spindle Reverse: Starts the spindle spinning reverse, counter clockwise of positive direction at the last
specified spindle rate. Example: M04 51000
Fig.2.2
M05 Stop Spindle: Stops the spindle without changing the spindle speed. Example: MOS
M06 Tool Change: The M06 in conjunction with “T” WORD, is used to can up the required tool on an
automatic indexing turret machine, and to activate its tool offsets. The left most digit of the “T” ignoring zeros
selects the new tool. Tool changes are normally performed with the tool post at a safe position away from the
workpiece, so the code G28 REFERENCE POINT RETURN would be used in the block prior to M06.
Example: M06 and T0200

& T20
& T2 all select tool 2
M08 Coolant On: M08 turns the coolant on.

Fig.2.3
M09 Coolant Off: M09 turns the coolant off

M10 Chuck Open: M10 opens pneumatic or similar automatic chuck to allow for bar feed.
M11 Chuck Close: M11closes the chuck
M13 Spindle Forward, Coolant On: Sets spindle rotation forward and coolant all. Example: M13 51000
PREPARATORY FUNCTION (G-Codes) For Turning.
G CODES
G00 Positioning (Rapid Transverse)
G01 Linear Interpolation (Feed)
G02 Circular Interpolation (CW)
G03 Circular Interpolation (CCW)
G04 Dwell
G20 Inch Data Input
G21 Metric Data Input
G28 Reference point return
G40 Tool nose radius compensation cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation right
G50 Work coordinate change/ Max. Spindle speed setting

G70 Finishing cycle
G71 Multiple Turning Cycle in turning
G72 Stock removal in facing
G73 Pattern repeating
G74 Peck drilling in Z axis
G75 Grooving in X axis
G76 Thread cutting cycle
G90 Cutting cycle A (Turning)
G94 Cutting cycle B (Facing)
G96 Constant surface speed control
G97 Constant surface speed control cancel
G98 Feed per minute
G99 Feed per revolution
FAST TRAVERSE – G00

Description: The rapid traverse instruction
(function) is identified by the program word
GOO. A rapid traverse instruction traverses
the tool to the target point at maximum
traverse rate. As supplementary functions it
will be necessary to input the coordinates of
the target point. The tool normally takes the
shortest path from the starting point to the

destination point. The tool path is determined Note: The rapid traverse rate in the G00
by the non-linear interpolation type command is set for each axis independently by
positioning. Positioning is done separately the machine tool builder. Accordingly, the
with each axis. The rapid traverse is used for rapid traverse rate cannot be specified in the
movements where no tools in engagement. address F when programming.
G01 Linear Motion

Description: In accordance with the
established standards, the instruction
"straight-line at feed rate" requires the
program word G01. The following
Supplementary Functions are also needed:
Target point coordinates feed rate, spindle
speed or cutting speed. GO I traverses the tool
along a linear path to the given target point
with the feed rate input as a supplementary
function. The feed rate determines the speed
with which the workpiece is machined. The
choice of feed rate depends on the tool (tool When giving the instructions G01, the
point geometry and tool material), the material coordinates of the destination point can be
being machined, and the required surface expressed using either absolute or
finish and the drive rating and rigidity of the incremental dimensions.
machine tool.
Note on G02/G03:
➢ 10 and K0 can be omitted.
➢ If X (U) all Z (W) are both omitted or if the end point is located at the same position as the start point, and
when the center is commanded by I & K, an arc of 360 (q complete circle) is assumed.
➢ If I, K & R addresses are specified simultaneously the arc specified by address R lakes precedence and the
others are ignored.

G04 DWELL
Description Illustration
A G04 causes the program to wait for a specified amount of time. The
time can be specified in seconds with the “X” or “U” prefixes or in
G04 X 1.5
milliseconds with the “p” prefix. During cutter motion the NC controller
G04 U 1.5
usually applies a deceleration at the end of the motion specified by one
G04 P 1500
statement and acceleration at the start of the motion specified by the next
statement. A G04 code can be inserted between the two statements to
make a sharp comer.
G20 Imperial: A G20 causes position to be as being in imperial units. All the input values are in inches. This
can only be at the start of the main program.
G21 Metric: A G21 causes positions to be interpreted as being in metric units. All the input values are in nun.
This can only be at the start of the main program.
G28 Go to Reference Point:
Description Illustration
A G28 causes a fast traverse 10 the specified, position and then to the G28 X35 Z5
machine datum G28 DO WO
Compensate Function:
Description: Tool offset is used to compensate for the difference when the tool actually used differs from the
imagined tool used in programming (usually, standard tool), During programming, a four digit number is
programmed following the letter T, the first two digits represent toe Tool number, and the second two digits
represents the Tool offset number. Fig.18 illustrate the concept of Tool offsets
Fig.2.4

Tool Geometry Offset & Tool Wear Offset: With the option of tool geometry and wear compensation, it is
possible to divide the tool offset for compensating the tool shape or mounting position to the geometry offset,
& tool wear to the wear offset. The total value of the tool geometry offset and tool wear offset are set as the
tool offset value if the tool geometry and wear compensation option is not equipped
Fig.2.5
PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS (G CODES) For Milling
G CODES
G00 Positioning (Rapid Transverse)

G01 Linear Interpolation (Feed)
G02 Circular Interpolation (CW)
G03 Circular Interpolation (CCW)
G04 Dwell
G20 Inch Data Input

G21 Metric Data Input
G28 Reference point return
G40 Tool nose radius compensation cancel

G41 Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation right

G43 Tool length compensation + direction
G44 Tool length compensation - direction
G73 Peck drilling cycle

G74 Counter tapping cycle
G76 Fine Boring
G80 Canned cycle cancel
G81 Drilling cycle, spot boring
G82 Drilling cycle, counter boring
G83 Peck drilling cycle
G84 Tapping cycle
G85 Boring cycle
G86 Boring cycle
G87 Back boring cycle
G88 Boring cycle
G89 Boring cycle
G90 Absolute command

G91 Incremental command
G92 Programming of Absolute zero point.
G94 Feed per minute

G95 Feed per revolution
G98 Return to initial point in canned cycle Return

to R point in canned cycle.
G99

MISCELLANEOUS AND PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS FOR MILLING
M Codes are instructions describing machine functions such as calling the tool, spindle rotation, coolant on,
door close/open etc.
M CODES
M00 Program stop
M01 Optional stop
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle forward
M04 Spindle reverse
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M10 Vice open
M11 Vice close
M13 Coolant, spindle fwd
M14 Coolant, spindle rev
M30 Program stop and rewind
M70 X mirror On
M71 Y mirror On
M80 X mirror off
M81 Y mirror off
M98 Subprogram call
M99 Subprogram exit
Sub program: If a program consists of sequence or frequently repeated pattern, such a sequence or Pattern
can be stored as a sub program is ------------ to simplify the program. A sub program can be called from the
main program.

Sub program cycle.
A Subprogram is called by the calling statement of the form
M98 P___ L_____ Where P = Subprogram Number L = Number of times the subprogram is called
repeatedly.
3. PROGRAMMING CNC TURNING CENTRES
Canned cycle for turning centers
Canned cycles are set of programmed instruction that eliminate the need for many lines of programming.
Canned cycles or fixed cycles are used to simplify the programming of repetitive turning operations such as
rough turning, grooving and threading.
Rough Turning cycle G71 (for horizontal)
G71 Pns Qnf U___ W____ D____ F_____ R______
ns = Block or line number the designated the start of the part profile
nf = Block or line number the designated the end of the part profile
U = Amount of stock to be left on the X- Axis for finishing
W = Amount of stock to be left on the Z- Axis for finishing
D = Depth of cut per pass
F = Feed rate
R = Distance by which the tool will be withdrawn from the part for the return pass
Finishing cycle G70
The general form of the finishing cycle is

G70 Pns Qnf
ns = Block or line number the designated the start of the part profile
nf = Block or line number the designated the end of the part profile
A finishing feed rate can also be included in this block. Like the roughing cycle, the tool needs to be positioned
to stock boundary with Z clearance prior to the calling of the G70 finishing cycle. When the cycle G70 is
terminated the tool is returned to the start point and the next block is real

Turning cycle G72 (for vertical)
This cycle is used to cut the groove of varying widths. To use the turning cycle (vertical), the tool must be
positioned to the start of the groove prior to calling. During cutting operation, the tool moves perpendicular to
the axis or rotation. The general for of the turning cycle vertical is
G72 Pns Qns U___ W____ D____ F_____ R______
ns = Block or line number the designates the start of the part profile
nf = Block or line number the designates the end of the part profile
U = Amount of stock to be left on the X- Axis for finishing
D = Depth of cut per pass
F = Feed rate
R = Distance by which the tool will be with drawn from the part for the return pass

Chapter-3
CAM - EXERCISES
TURNING EXERCISE
TURNING EXERCISE - 1
Write the NC part program to turn the work piece as shown in figure with the use FANUC controller. The
diameter of the stock is 50mm.
% TURNING
O001
N10 G90 G21
N20 T01
N30 G27 X100 Z100
N40 G96 G94 S100 M03 M08 F10
N50 G00 X50 Z5
N60 G71 P70 Q100 U1.0 W1.0 D1.0 R2.0
N70 G00 X25
N80 G01 Z-20
N90 X40 Z-60
N100 Z-80
N110 G70 P70 Q100 S200 F5.0
N120 G27 X100 Z100

N130 M30

TURNING EXERCISE -2
diameter of the stock is 50mm
% TURNING
0002
N10 G90 G21
N20 T01
N30 G27 X100 Z100
N40 G96 G94 S100 M03 M08 F10
N50 G00 X50 Z5
N60 G71 P70 Q120 U1.0 W1.0 D1.0 R1.0
N70 G00 X20
N80 G01 Z0
N90 X30 Z-20
N100 Z-55
N110 G02 X40 Z-60 I5 K0
N120 G01 Z-80
N130 G70 P70 Q120 S200 F5.0
N140G27 X100 Z100

N150 M30

TURNING EXERCISE -3
O003
N10 G90 G21
N20 T01
N30 G27 X100 Z100
N40 G96 G94 S100 M03 M08 F10
N50 G00 X70 Z5
N60 G71 P70 Q120 U1.0 W1.0 D1.0 R2.0
N70 G00 X0
N80 G01 Z0
N90 G03 X40 Z-20 I0 K-20
N100 G01 Z-50
N110 G02 X60 Z-60 I10 K0
N120 G01 Z-100
N130 G70 P70 Q120 S200 F5.0
N140 G27 X100 Z100
N150 T02
N160 G00 X70 Z-74
N170 G72 P180 Q200 U0.0 W0.0 D1.0 R3.0

N180 G01 X50

N190 G02 X50 Z-90 I0 K-10
N200 G01 X60
N210 G97 X100 Z100
N220 M30

Grooving Cycle (G87)
The Grooving cycle is used to cut grooving of varying width. To use the grooving cycle , the tool must be
positioned to the start the groove prior to calling the grooving cycle. The general form of grooving cycle is
G87 R___ X____ Z____ U_____ W____ P___ Q____ F____
R = Return amount in the first line

X = Diameter at the bottom of the groove
Z = End position of the groove in Z- Direction
U = Amount of the stock to be left on the X- Axis for finishing
P = Depth of cut on the X-Axis
Q = Depth of cut on the z-Axis
F = Feed rate

TURNING EXERCISE -4
O005
N10 G90 G21
N20 T01
N30 G27 X100 Z100
N40 G96 G94 S100 M03 M08 F10.0
N50 G00 X60 Z5
N60 G71 P70 Q100 U1.0 W1.0 D1.0 R1.0
N70 G00 X0
N80 G01 Z0
N90 G03 X50 Z-25 T0 K-25
N100 G01 Z-145
N110 G70 P70 Q100 S200 F50
N120 G27 X100 Z100
N130 T02
N140 G00 X60 Z-55
N150 G87 R2 X25 Z-115 U0 W0 P1 Q1 F5
N160 G01 X50
N170 X25 Z-75
N180 Z-95

N190 X50 Z-115

N200 G27 X100 S200
N210 M30

Thread Cutting Cycle (G76)
The G76 thread cutting cycle can cut multi pass threads with one block of information. The control will
automatically calculate the correct number of The general form of the thread cutting cycle is,
G76 X___ z____ F____ P_____ Q____ R___
X = Minor diameter of the thread d1

Z = Absolute Z- Position of the end of the thread
F = Thread lead = pitch p for single start thread = 2p for double start thread
P = Total thread height or total depth of cut expressed in radius value
= (d-d1)/2
Q = Depth of cut in first pass in the radius value

R = Thread finishing allowance in radius value
Thread angle q = 600

Thread Height h = 0.86603p
Minor diameter d1 = Major diameter d-2 X thread height h = d – 2h

TURNING EXERCISE -5
O0012
N10 G90 G21
N20 T01
N30 G27 X100 Z100
N40 G96 G94 S100 M03 M08 F10.0
N50 G00 X60 Z5
N60 G71 P70 Q100 U1.0 W1.0 D1.0 R2.0
N70 G00 X30
N80 G01 Z-50
N90 X50
N100 Z-100
N110 G70 P70 Q100 S200 F5.0
N120 G27 X100 Z100
N130 T02
N140 G00 X60 Z-34
N150 G72 P160 Q180 U0.0 W0.0 D1.0 R2.0
N160 G01 X20
N170 Z-50.0

N180 X50
N190 G27 X100 Z100
N200 G97
N210 T03
N220 M03 S100
N230 G00 X30 Z5
N240 G76 X26.536 Z-35 F2.0 P1.732 Q1.0 R0.0
N250 G27 X100 Z100
N260 M30

TURNING EXERCISE -6
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01
N30 G27 X100 Z100
N40 G96 G94 M03 S100 M08 F10.0
N50 G00 X70 Z5
N60 G71 P70 Q120 U1.0 W1.0 D1.0 R2.0
N70 G00 X40
N80 G01 Z-35
N90 G02 X45 Z-40 I5 K0
N100 G01 X65
N110 G03 X70 Z-45 I0 K-5
N120 G01 Z-80
N130 G70 P70 Q120 S200 F5.0
N140 G27 X100 Z100
N150 G97

N160 T02
N170 M03 S200
N180 G00 X0.0 Z5
N190 G83 X0.0 Z-20.0 Q5.0 R5.0 L4 P10 F10
N200 G27 X100 Z100
N210 M30

Peck Drilling Cycle G83

The peck drilling cycle will peck drill holes with automatic retract and incremental depth of cut. The general
form of the peck drilling cycle is
G83 X___ Z____ Q____ R_____ L____ P___ F___
X = 0.0, Which is the centre of the work piece

Z = Full depth of the drilled hole (real)
Q = Peck increment (Depth of each peck)
R = Peck retract
L = Peck Repeats in integer
P = me Dwell time at the bottom of the hole
F = Feed rat

TURNING EXERCISE -7
Write NC manual part program to turn the work piece as shown in fig. Then drill a 12 mm diameter hole at
the center to a depth of 20mm. Take the diameter as 80mm.
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01
N30 G27 X100 Z100
N40 G96 G94 M03 S100 M08 F10.0
N50 G00 X70 Z5
N60 G71 P70 Q120 U1.0 W1.0 D1.0 R2.0
N70 G00 X40
N80 G01 Z-35
N90 G02 X45 Z-40 I5 K0
N100 G01 X65
N110 G03 X70 Z-45 I0 K-5
N120 G01 Z-80
N130 G70 P70 Q120 S200 F5.0
N140 G27 X100 Z100
N150 G97
N160 T02

N170 M03 S200

N180 G00 X0.0 Z5
N190 G83 X0.0 Z-20.0 Q5.0 R5.0 L4 P10 F10
N200 G27 X100 Z100
N210 M30

Drill Cycle
The most commonly used cycle to drill a hole is G81 canned drilling cycle. The Z position is very important
when we call the canned cycle. The machine will normally rapid back to the Z initial position before a rapid
to the next hole. The general form of the drill cycle is
G81 X___ Y____ Z____ R_____ F____
X = X- Coordinate of the hole

Y = Y- Coordinate of the hole
Z = Depth of the hole
R = Reference plane position above the Zo
F = Feed rate of the tool

MILLING EXERCISE
MILLING EXERCISE -1
Write the NC program to mill the profile of the part shown in figure. The stock is 160X160X10mm.
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01 M06
N30 G97 G94 S1000 M03 M08 F10
N40 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N50 M98 P333 L6
N60 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N70 M30
O333
N80 G91 G01 Z-4 R5 F10
N90 G90 G01 X0 Y75
N100 X0 Y140
N110 G02 X10 Y150 I10 J0
N120 G01 X60 Y150
N130 X60 Y130
N140 G03 X90 Y130 I15 J0

N150 G01 X90 Y150

N160 X140 Y150
N170 G02 X150 Y140 I0 J-10
N180 G01 X150 Y75
N190 X110 Y0
N200 X40 Y0
N210 X0 Y75
N220 M99

MILLING EXERCISE -2
Write the NC program to perform the following operations.
(i)Mill the profile 10mm deep.
(ii)Drill 10mm diameter holes at 3 places as shown in figure.
The stock is 160X160X10mm.
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01 M06
N30 G97 G94 S100 F10 M03 M08
N40 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z5
N50 M98 P222 L6
N60 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N70 T02 M06
N80 G81 X25 Y25 Z-15 R5 F10
N90 X50 Y50
N100 X75 Y75
N110 G80

N120 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20

N130 M30
O222
N140 G91 G01 Z-4 R5 F10
N150 G90 G01 X0 Y0
N160 X0 Y50
N170 G02 X50 Y100 I50 J0
N180 G01 X100 Y100
N190 G01 X100 Y50
N200 G01 X50 Y0
N210 G01 X0 Y0
N220 M99

MILLING EXERCISE -3
(3) Write the NC program to perform the following operations.
(i)Mill the profile 10mm deep.
(ii)Drill 10mm diameter holes at 5 places as shown in figure. Take stock size as 285X160X10mm. 5 Holes
10mm deep.
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01 M06
N30 G97 G94 S100 M03 M08
N40 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z5
N50M98 P123 L6
N60G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N70T02 M06
N80G81 X200 Y25 Z-15 R5 F10
N90 X200 Y125
N100 X235.35 Y42.677
N110 X235.35 Y 107.323

N120 X250 Y75

N130G80
N140G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N150M30
O123
N160 G91 G01 Z-4 R5 F10
N170 G90 G01 X75 Y0
N180 X0 Y50
N190 Y100
N200 X75 Y150
N210 X200
N220 G02 Y0 J-75
N230 G01 X75
N240 M99

MILLING EXERCISE -4
(i) Mill the profile 10mm deep.
(ii) Drill 10mm diameter holes at 6 places as shown in figure.
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01 M06
N30 G97 G94 S100 M03 M08 F10
N40 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z5
N50 M98 P333 L6
N60 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N70 T02 M06
N80 G81 X25 Y30 Z-12 R2 F10
N90 X50 Y30
N100 X75 Y30
N110 X75 Y55
N120 X50 Y55
N130 X25 Y55
N140 G80
N150 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N160 M30

O333
N170 G91 G01 X0 Y0 Z-2 F40
N180 G90 G01 X20 Y0
N190 G03 X0 Y20 I-20 J0
N200 G01 X0 Y55
N210 G02 X20 Y75 I20 J0
N220 G01 X80 Y75
N 230 G02 X100 Y55 I0 J-20
N240 G01 X100 Y20
N250 G03 X80 Y0 J-20
N260 G01 X20 Y0
N270 M99

MILLING EXERCISE -5
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01 M06
N30 G97 G94 S1000 M03 M08 F10
N40 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z5
N50 M98 P333 L6
N60 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N70 T02 M06
N80 G81 X20 Y20 Z-12 R2 F10
N90 X65 Y20
N100 X20 Y60

N110 G80
N120 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N130 M30
O333
N140 G91 G01 Z-2 F10
N150 G90 G01 X20

N160 G02 X0 Y20 I0 J20

N170 G01 X0 Y60
N180 G02 X20 Y80 I20 J0
N190 G01 X60 Y80
N200 G03 X90 Y50 I30 J0
N210 G01 X90 Y30
N220 G02 X60 Y0 I-30
N230 G01 X20 Y0
N240 M99

MILLING EXERCISE -6
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01 M06
N30 G97 G94 S1000 M03 M08 F10
N40 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z5
N50 M98 P333 L6
N60 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N70 T02 M06
N80 G81 X25 Y10 Z-15 R2 F10
N90 X50 Y10
N100 X50 Y60
N110 X25 Y60
N120 G80
N130 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N140 M30
O333

N150 G91 G01 Z-5 F10

N160 G90 G01 X75 Y0
N170 G03 X75 Y70 J35
N180 G01 X0 Y70
N190 G01 X0 Y50
N200 G01 X75 Y50
N210 G02 X75 Y20 J-25
N220 G01 X0 Y20
N230 G01 X0 Y0
N240 M99

MILLING EXERCISE -7
N10 G90 G21

N20 T01 M06
N30 G97 G94 S1000 M03 M08 F10
N40 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z10
N50 M98 P333 L6
N60 T02 M06
N70 G81 X20 Y20 Z-12 R2 F10
N80 X60 Y20
N90 M30
N100 G90
N110 G00 X-20 Y-20 Z20
N120
O333
N130 G91 G01 Z-10F10
N140 G90 G01 X20
N150 G02 X20 Y40 J20 I0
N160 G01 X60
N170 G02 X60 Y0 J-20 I0

N180 G01 X20

N190 M99

Chapter-5
FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (FMS)
Introduction
In the middle of the 1960s, market competition became more intense. During 1960 to 1970 cost was the
primary concern. Later quality became a priority. As the market became more and more complex, speed of
delivery became something customer also needed. A new strategy was formulated: Customizability. The
companies have to adapt to the environment in which they operate, to be more flexible in their operations and
to satisfy different market segments (customizability). Thus the innovation of FMS became related to the effort
of gaining competitive advantage. First of all, FMS is a manufacturing technology.
Secondly, FMS is a philosophy. "System" is the key word. Philosophically, FMS incorporates a system view
of manufacturing. The buzz word for today’s manufacturer is "agility". An agile manufacturer is one who is
the fastest to the market, operates with the lowest total cost and has the greatest ability to "delight" its
customers. FMS is simply one way that manufacturers are able to achieve this agility.
An MIT study on competitiveness pointed out those American companies spent twice as much on product
innovation as they did on process innovation. Germans and Japanese did just the opposite. In studying FMS,
we need to keep in mind what Peter Drucker said: "We must become managers of technology not merely users
of technology". Since FMS is a technology, well adjusted to the environmental needs, we have to manage it
successfully.
1. Flexibility concept. Different approaches

Today flexibility means to produce reasonably priced customized products of high quality that can be quickly
delivered to customers. Different approaches to flexibility and their meanings are shown Table 1. So, what is
flexibility in manufacturing? While variations abound in what specifically constitutes flexibility, there is a
general consensus about the core elements. There are three levels of manufacturing flexibility

Approach Flexibility meaning
Manufacturing • The capability of producing different parts without major

retooling
• A measure of how fast the company converts its process (es)
from making an old line of products to produce a new product
• The ability to change a production schedule, to modify a part,
or to handle multiple parts
Operational • The ability to efficiently produce highly customized and

unique products
Customer • The ability to exploit various dimension of speed of delivery
Strategic • The ability of a company to offer a wide variety of products to

its customers
Capacity • The ability to rapidly increase or decrease production levels or

to shift capacity quickly from one product or service to another
(a) Basic flexibilities
• Machine flexibility - the ease with which a machine can process various operations
• Material handling flexibility - a measure of the ease with which different part types can be transported
and properly positioned at the various machine tools in a system
• Operation flexibility - a measure of the ease with which alternative operation sequences can be used
for processing a part type
(b) System flexibilities
• Volume flexibility - a measure of a system’s capability to be operated profitably at different volumes

of the existing part types
• Expansion flexibility - the ability to build a system and expand it incrementally

• Routing flexibility - a measure of the alternative paths that a part can effectively follow through a
system for a given process plan
• Process flexibility - a measure of the volume of the set of part types that a system can produce without
incurring any setup
• Product flexibility - the volume of the set of part types that can be manufactured in a system with minor
setup
(c) Aggregate flexibilities
• Program flexibility - the ability of a system to run for reasonably long periods without external
intervention
• Production flexibility - the volume of the set of part types that a system can produce without major
investment in capital equipment
• Market flexibility - the ability of a system to efficiently adapt to changing market conditions
2. Seeking benefits on flexibility
Today’s manufacturing strategy is to seek benefits from flexibility. This is only feasible when a production
system is under complete control of FMS technology. Having in mind the Process- Product Matrix you may
realize that for an industry it is possible to reach for high flexibility by making innovative technical and
organizational efforts. See the Volvo’s process structure that makes cars on movable pallets, rather than an
assembly line. The process gains in flexibility. Also, the Volvo system has more flexibility because it uses
multi-skill operators who are not paced by a mechanical line.
So we may search for benefits from flexibility on moving to the job shop structures. Actually, the need is for
flexible processes to permit rapid low cost switching from one product line to another. This is possible with
flexible workers whose multiple skills would develop the ability to switch easily from one kind of task to
another. As main resources, flexible processes and flexible workers would create flexible plants as plants
which can adapt to changes in real time, using movable equipment, knockdown walls and easily accessible
and re-routable utilities.
3. FMS- an example of technology and an alternative layout
The idea of an FMS was proposed in England (1960s) under the name "System 24", a flexible machining
system that could operate without human operators 24 hours a day under computer control. From the beginning

the emphasis was on automation rather than the "reorganization of workflow". Early FMSs were large and
very complex, consisting of dozens of Computer Numerical Controlled machines (CNC) and sophisticate
material handling systems. They were very automated, very expensive and controlled by incredibly complex
software. There were only a limited number of industries that could afford investing in a traditional FMS as
described above. Currently, the trend in FMS is toward small versions of the traditional FMS, called flexible
manufacturing cells (FMC). Today two or more CNC machines are considered a flexible cell and two ore more
cells are considered a flexible manufacturing system.
Thus, a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) consists of several machine tools along with part and tool
handling devices such as robots, arranged so that it can handle any family of parts for which it has been
designed and developed.
Different FMSs levels are: Flexible Manufacturing Module (FMM).
Example : a NC machine, a pallet changer and a part buffer;
Flexible Manufacturing (Assembly) Cell (F(M/A)C).
Example : Four FMMs and an AGV(automated guided vehicle);
Flexible Manufacturing Group (FMG).
Example : Two FMCs, a FMM and two AGVs which will transport parts from a Part Loading area, through
machines, to a Part Unloading Area;
Flexible Production Systems (FPS).
Example : A FMG and a FAC, two AGVs, an Automated Tool Storage, and an Automated Part/assembly
Storage;
Flexible Manufacturing Line (FML).
Example : multiple stations in a line layout and AGVs.

4. Advantages and disadvantages of FMSs implementation
Advantages
• Faster, lower- cost changes from one part to another which will improve capital utilization
• Lower direct labor cost, due to the reduction in number of workers
• Reduced inventory, due to the planning and programming precision
• Consistent and better quality, due to the automated control
• Lower cost/unit of output, due to the greater productivity using the same number of workers
• Savings from the indirect labor, from reduced errors, rework, repairs and rejects
Disadvantages
• Limited ability to adapt to changes in product or product mix (ex. machines are of limited capacity and
the tooling necessary for products, even of the same family, is not always feasible in a given FMS)
• Substantial pre-planning activity
• Expensive, costing millions of dollars
• Technological problems of exact component positioning and precise timing necessary to process a
component
• Sophisticated manufacturing systems
FMSs complexity and cost are reasons for their slow acceptance by industry. In most of the cases FMCs are
favored.
Robot Programming: The methods used for development of robot programs or more generally called as
teaching a robot is as follows
1. Lead by nose
2. Tech pendant
3. Offline programming

Robot programming
INTRODUCTION Robots are devices that are programmed to move parts, or to do work with a tool. Robotics
is a multidisciplinary engineering field dedicated to the development of autonomous devices, including
manipulators and mobile vehicles.
There are three basic methods for programming industrial robots but currently over 90% are programmed
using the teach method.
Teach Method
The logic for the program can be generated either using a menu based system or simply using a text editor but
the main characteristic of this method is the means by which the robot is taught the positional data. A teach
pendant with controls to drive the robot in a number of different co-ordinate systems is used to manually drive
the robot to the desired locations.
These locations are then stored with names that can be used within the robot program. The co-ordinate systems
available on a standard jointed arm robot are :-
Joint Co-ordinates
The robot joints are driven independently in either direction.
Global Co-ordinates
The tool centre point of the robot can be driven along the X, Y or Z axes of the robots global axis system.
Rotations of the tool around these axes can also be performed
Tool Co-ordinates
Similar to the global co-ordinate system but the axes of this one are attached to the tool centre point of the
robot and therefore move with it. This system is especially useful when the tool is near to the work piece.
Work piece Co-ordinates

With many robots it is possible to set up a co-ordinate system at any point within the working area. These
can be especially useful where small adjustments to the program are required as it is easier to make them
along a major axis of the co-ordinate system than along a general line. The effect of this is similar to moving
the position and orientation of the global co-ordinate system.

This method of programming is very simple to use where simple movements are required. It does have the
disadvantage that the robot can be out of production for a long time during reprogramming. While this is not
a problem where robots do the same task for their entire life, this is becoming less common and some robotic
welding systems are performing tasks only a few times before being reprogrammed.
Lead Through
This system of programming was initially popular but has now almost disappeared. It is still however used by
many paint spraying robots. The robot is programmed by being physically moved through the task by an
operator. This is exceedingly difficult where large robots are being used and sometimes a smaller version of
the robot is used for this purpose. Any hesitations or inaccuracies that are introduced into the program cannot
be edited out easily without reprogramming the whole task. The robot controller simply records the joint
positions at a fixed time interval and then plays this back.
Off-line Programming
Similar to the way in which CAD systems are being used to generate NC programs for milling machines it is
also possible to program robots from CAD data. The CAD models of the components are used along with
models of the robots being used and the fixturing required. The program structure is built up in much the same
way as for teach programming but intelligent tools are available which allow the CAD data to be used to
generate sequences of location and process information. At present there are only a few companies using this
technology as it is still in its infancy but its use is increasing each year. The benefits of this form of
programming are:-Reduced down time for programming. Programming tools make programming easier.
Enables concurrent engineering and reduces product lead time. Assists cell design and allows process
optimization.

Chapter-6
PART C
A hydraulic system
A suitable hydraulic system is shown in Figure. The system requires a liquid fluid to operate: expensive and
messy and, consequently, the piping must act as a closed loop, with fluid transferred from a storage tank to
one side of the piston, and returned from the other side of the piston to the tank. Fluid is drawn from the tank
by a pump which produces fluid flow at the required 150 bar. Such high pressure pumps, however, cannot
operate into a dead end load as they deliver constant volumes of fluid from input to output ports for each
revolution of the pump shaft. With a dead-end load, fluid pressure rises indefinitely, until a pipe or the pump
itself fails. Some form of pressure regulation, as shown, is therefore required to spill excess fluid back to the
tank.
Fig.6.1

HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT DESIGN

Control of a single acting hydraulic cylinder
Figure 5.1 shows how a two-position, three-way, manually actuated, spring-offset directional control valve
(DCV) can be used to control the operation of a single acting cylinder. In the spring-offset mode, full pump
flow goes to the tank via the pressure relief valve. The spring in the rod end of the cylinder retracts the piston
as oil from the blank end drains back to the tank. When the valve is manually actuated into its left envelope
flow path configuration, pump flow extends the cylinder. At full extension, pump flow goes through the relief
valve. Deactivation of the DCV allows the cylinder to retract as the DCV shifts into -its spring-offset mode.
Fig.6.2
Control of a double acting hydraulic cylinder
Figure 5.2 gives a circuit used to control a double acting hydraulic cylinder. The operation is described as
follows:
1) When the four-way valve is in its spring-centered position, the cylinder is hydraulically locked. Also the
pump is unloaded back to the tank at essentially atmospheric pressure.

2) When the four-way valve is actuated into the flow path configuration of the left envelope, the cylinder is
extended against its load force Fload as oil flows from port P through port A. Also, oil in the rod end of the
cylinder is-free to flow back to
the tank via the four-way valve from port B through port T. Note that the cylinder could not extend if this oil
were not allowed to leave the rod end of the cylinder.
3) When the four-way valve is deactivated, the spring-centered envelope prevails, and the cylinder is once
again hydraulically locked.
4) When the four-way valve is actuated into the right envelope configuration, the cylinder retracts as oil flows
from port P through port B. Oil in the blank end is returned to the tank via the flow path from port A to port
T.
5) At the end of the stroke, there is no system demand for oil. Thus, the pump flow goes through the relief
valve at its pressure-level setting unless the four way valve is deactivated. In any event, the system is protected
from any cylinder overloads.
Fig.6.3
A pneumatic system
Figure shows the components of a pneumatic system. The basic actuator is again a cylinder, with maximum
force on the shaft being determined by air pressure and piston cross sectional area. Operating pressures in
pneumatic systems are generally much lower than those in a hydraulic systems; 10 bar being typical which
will lift 10 kg cm-2 of piston area, so a 16 cm diameter piston is required to lift the 2000 kg load specified in
the previous section. Pneumatic systems therefore require larger actuators than hydraulic systems for the same
load. The valve delivering air to the cylinder operates in a similar way to its hydraulic equivalent. One notable
difference arises out of the simple fact that air is free; return air is simply vented to atmosphere.

Fig.6.4

Chapter-7
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define the term CAD & CAM.

2. Give the abbreviations of CAD,CAM ,CIM ,CAPP,CAQC,CNC, EIA,ACC & ACO
3. List some of the commonly used Modeling packages.
4. Difference between Solid & Wire frame modeling.
5. What are the advantages of solid modeling over wire frame modeling.
6. Differentiate between C-rep and B-rep.
7. List the benefits of CAD
8. List the achievements of CAD
9. Differentiate between topology and geometry.
10. Define the term Numerical control
11. Differentiate between NC and CNC.
12. List the operation devices that are commonly used in a CAD system.
13. Distinguish between ACC and ACO
14. Enlist the commonly used NC words.
15. What are the different NC motion controllers.
16. Configuration of hardware components in a CAD systems.
17. Give basic configuration of the system for usages of CAD/CAM.
18. List some of the commonly used analysis packages.
19. Where NC is most Appropriate
20. Advantages and Disadvantages of NC machines.
21. What is Fixed zero and Floating zero.
22. What is Absolute & Incremental; NC machine tool system.
23. What are G Codes & M Codes.
24. Give the General procedure for NC programming
25. Give the general procedure for Manual part programming for turning
26. What is FMS
27. What are the benefits of FMS
28. What are the major elements of FMS
29. Discuss the importance of material handling system in FMS

30. Give the name of materials handling devices in a FMS

31. How is FMS optimized
32. What are different type s of data associated with FMS
33. How are jobs scheduled in FMS
34. How NC program control is effective in a FMS
35. What are the significant advantages of using a robot in a computer integrated manufacturing system
36. Describe the elements of a robot system
37. How do you justify the use of a robot
38. How do you classify robot
39. What are the different types of derives used in robot
40. What are the different type of control system used in robots
41. How do you specify a robot
42. Discuss the basic types of robot programming languages
43. Briefly describe significant application areas of robot.
44. When do we use G01
45. Differentiate G2 and G3.
46. Which code is used for rough turning cycle
47. What is G70
48. Differentiate G71 and G72
49. When do we use Grooving Cycle
50. Which code is used for Grooving Cycle
51. When do we use G83
52. What is the function for Prepatory codes
53. Describe absolute programming
54. Describe incremental programming
55. Briefly Explain the circular interpolation
56. What is canned cycle? Give Example
57. What is the use of G20
58. Which code is used for Absolute programming
59. What is the use M00
60. When do we use M30
61. Differentiate M04 and M05
62. When do we G21

63. What is cutter compensation

64. What is the use of G27
65. What is the use of N codes
66. Describe Drilling cycle
67. Explain Rapid positioning
68. What machining operations can be performed on machining center
69. Write note on high speed machining and high speed machine tool
70. Explain word address programming
71. Explain the configuration of main program and subprogram

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LABORATORY MANUAL

18MEL76 COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LAB

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ____________________________________

bearing USN _____________________________of _______________semester

and __________________section has satisfactorily completed the course of

experiments in Computer Aided Manufacturing Lab, code 18MEL76 prescribed by

the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi of this Institute for the

Academic year 2021 - 2022.

Maximum Marks Marks Obtained

Signature of the Faculty In-Charge Head of the Department

Computer aided Manufacturing (CIM) embodies three components essential to the

PRAVEEN KUMAR B.C.

Mission of the Department

M3 - To mold young minds and build a comprehensive personality by nurturing strong

COMPTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LAB

Conduct of Practical Examination:

18MEL76 COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LAB

COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

2. To educate the students on the usage of CAM packages.

To make the students understand the importance of automation in industries

Lab In-charge HoD/Mechanical

Chapter-3 CNC PROGRAMS

Chapter-5 FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS (FMS) 55-61

CIE-I (Max. Marks : 20)

1. Writing the Program (04 Marks)

CIE-II (Max. Marks: 20)

Numerical control :( NC)

Computer numerical control :( CNC)

Direct numerical control: (DNC)

NC motion control system:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 1|Page

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 2|Page

NUMERICAL CONTROL PROCEDURE

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 3|Page

Determine the order of machining and the tooling stations.

Determine cutting speeds based on

Allocates tool offsets as required

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 4|Page

C) PART PROGRAM ENTRY (OR) TAPE PREPARATION

- Select numerical values for use within machining calculations

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 5|Page

- Tools and tool detail etc.

D) PROVING PART PROGRAMS

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 6|Page

Part Programming Geometry:

Each plane is assigned a letter and is referred to as an axis. i.e.,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 7|Page

2. Coordinate System for a CNC Mill

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 8|Page

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 9|Page

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 10 | P a g e

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION (M Codes) For Turning

M02 Optional Stop

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology 11 | P a g e

M03 Spindle Forward (CW)

M04 Spindle Reverse (CCW)

M05 Spindle Stop

M06 Tool Change

bearing USN _______________of _semester