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Lecture 1.2 Complex Numbers - Operations

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Jhan Cleofas
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15 views

Lecture 1.2 Complex Numbers - Operations

Uploaded by

Jhan Cleofas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX NUMBERS: OPERATIONS 1.

2
I
E
N
ADVANCED G
MATHEMATICS FOR
IE 7
0

LECTURE 1.2

0
COMPLEX NUMBERS: OPERATIONS 1.2
STANDARD FORM (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊)

Addition and Subtraction


1) 5𝑖 + 8𝑖 = 13𝑖
2) 5 + (2 − 3𝑖) = 7 − 3𝑖
3) 6𝑖 − (2 − 4𝑖) = −2 + 10𝑖
4) (−5 − 11𝑖) + (4 + 𝑖) = −1 − 10𝑖
5) (3 − 𝑖) − (2 − 7𝑖) = 1 + 6𝑖

Multiplication
1) 2(4 − 6𝑖) = 8 − 12𝑖
2) −3𝑖(−1 − 2𝑖) = 3𝑖 − 6𝑖 2 = 3𝑖 − 6(−1) = −6 + 3𝑖
3) (4 + 𝑖)2 = 16 + 8𝑖 + 𝑖 2 = 16 + 8𝑖 − 1 = 15 + 8𝑖
4) (5 − 𝑖)(−3 + 2𝑖) = −13 + 13𝑖
5) (4 − 5𝑖)(4 + 5𝑖) = 41

Division
3
1) 𝑖
In dividing complex numbers in standard form, we try to
eliminate i in the denominator by rationalizing it.

3 𝑖 3𝑖 3𝑖
∗ = = = −3𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 2 −1
4
2) − 3𝑖
4 𝑖 4𝑖 4𝑖 4
− ∗ =− 2=− = 𝑖
3𝑖 𝑖 3𝑖 3(−1) 3
6
3) 1−𝑖
6 1 + 𝑖 6 + 6𝑖 6 + 6𝑖 6 + 6𝑖
∗ = 2
= = = 3 + 3𝑖
1−𝑖 1+𝑖 1−𝑖 1 − (−1) 2

2𝑖
4) 3+8𝑖
2𝑖 3 − 8𝑖 6𝑖 − 16𝑖 2 6𝑖 + 16 16 6
∗ = = = + 𝑖
3 + 8𝑖 3 − 8𝑖 9 − 64𝑖 2 73 73 73
1+𝑖 3 1
5) = + 𝑖
2+𝑖 5 5

1
COMPLEX NUMBERS: OPERATIONS 1.2
POLAR FORM 𝒓(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)

Multiplication
𝒛𝟏 = 𝑹𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝟏 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏 )
𝒛𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝟐 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐 )
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 [𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )]

1) 𝑧1 = 5(𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛30°) 𝑧2 = 7(𝑐𝑜𝑠35° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛35°)


𝑧1 𝑧2 = 35(𝑐𝑜𝑠65° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛65°)

2) 𝑧1 = 8(𝑐𝑜𝑠60° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛60°) 𝑧2 = 5(𝑐𝑜𝑠100° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛100°)


𝑧1 𝑧2 = 40(𝑐𝑜𝑠160° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛160°)

Division
𝒛𝟏 = 𝑹𝟏 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝟏 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏 )
𝒛𝟐 = 𝑹𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝟐 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐 )
𝒛𝟏 𝑹𝟏
= [𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )]
𝒛𝟐 𝑹𝟐

1) 𝑧1 = 12(𝑐𝑜𝑠80° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛80°) 𝑧2 = 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛30°)


𝑧1
= 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠50° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛50°)
𝑧2

2) 𝑧1 = 5(𝑐𝑜𝑠60° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛60°) 𝑧2 = 35(𝑐𝑜𝑠190° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛190°)


𝑧1 1
= [cos(−130°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(−130°)]
𝑧2 7
𝑧1 1
= [cos(230°) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(230°)]
𝑧2 7

POWERS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS


Given 𝑧 = 𝑟[𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛]
To find 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 [cos(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃)]

Examples: Solve in polar and standard form.


1) [3(𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛30°)]4
34 (𝑐𝑜𝑠120° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛120°)
81(𝑐𝑜𝑠120° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛120°) − 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟
81 81√3
− + 𝑖 − 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
2 2

2) [2(𝑐𝑜𝑠40° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛40°)]6
26 (𝑐𝑜𝑠240° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛240°)
64(𝑐𝑜𝑠240° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛240°) − 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟
−32 − 32√3𝑖 − 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟

2
COMPLEX NUMBERS: OPERATIONS 1.2
ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
𝜽 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒌 𝜽 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒌
𝒛𝒌 = 𝒏√𝒓[𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )]
𝒏 𝒏

𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒌 = 𝒏 − 𝟏, 𝒂𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒕 𝟎

Examples:
1) What are the two complex square roots of 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠90° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛90°)

𝑛 = 2, 𝑘 = 0, 1, 𝑛√𝑟 = √4 = 2
𝜽+𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒌
Solving for the values of ( 𝒏 ) first,

@ k=0
90 + 360(0)
= 45°
2
@ k=1
90 + 360(1)
= 225°
2
𝑧0 = 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠45° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛45°) 𝑜𝑟 √2 + √2𝑖
𝑧1 = 2(𝑐𝑜𝑠225° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛225°) 𝑜𝑟 − √2 − √2𝑖

2) Find all complex cube roots of 64.


3
𝑛 = 3, 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2 𝑛√𝑟 = √64 = 8

𝑧0 = 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠0° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛0°) 𝑜𝑟 4 + 0𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑦 4


𝑧1 = 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠120° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛120°) 𝑜𝑟 − 2 + 2√3𝑖
𝑧2 = 4(𝑐𝑜𝑠240° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛240°) 𝑜𝑟 − 2 − 2√3𝑖

3) Find all complex cube roots of 𝑖


𝑛 = 3, 𝑘 = 0,1,2 𝜃 = 90°

√3 1
𝑧0 = 1(𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛30°) 𝑜𝑟 + 𝑖
2 2

√3 1
𝑧1 = 1(𝑐𝑜𝑠150° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛150°) 𝑜𝑟 − + 𝑖
2 2

𝑧2 = 1(𝑐𝑜𝑠270° + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛270°) 𝑜𝑟 0 − 𝑖

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