Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 12(ELECTROSTATICS)

Question 12.1:- Compare magnitudes of electrical and gravitational forces on an object (mass
= 10.0 g, charge = 20.0 µC) by an identical object that is placed 10.0 cm from the first. (G =
6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2)
Solution:- Mass = m1 = m2 = 10.0 g = 0.01 kg
Charge = q1 = q2 = 20.0 µC = 20.0 x 10-6 C = 2.0 x 10-5 C
Distance = r = 10.0 cm = 0.10 m
q1 q2
Fe = k 2 where k = 9 x 109 N m2 C-2
r
−5 −5
(2.0 x 10 )(2.0 x 10 )
Fe = (9 x 109) 2 = 3.6 x 102 N
0.10
m1 m2 (0.01)(0.01)
Fg = G = (6.67 x 10-11) = 6.67 x 10-13 N
r
2
0.10 2
We can compare Fe with Fg by taking ratio as under:-
Fe 3.6 x 10
2
15
= =0.54 x 10
F g 6.67 x 10−13
Fe
= 5.4 x 1014
Fg
Question 12.2:- Calculate vectorially the net electrostatic force on q as shown in the figure.
Solution:- q1 = 1.0 µC = 1.0 x 10-6 C
q2 = -1.0 µC = - 1.0 x 10-6 C
q = 4.0 µC = 4.0 x 10-6 C
We can see from the diagram that | ⃗
r 1 | = |⃗
r 2| = r

= 1.0 m
r 1=¿) m
⃗
r 2=¿) m
⃗
Since |⃗
r 1| = |⃗
r 2 | = r = 1.0 m so we can say that r^1= ⃗
r 1 & r^2= ⃗
r2
The net force on q is vector sum of the forces applied by q 1 and q2.
q1 q
⃗
F1 = k 2 r^1
r1
q2 q
⃗
F2 = k 2 r^2
r2

F =⃗
⃗ F1 + ⃗
F2
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics
q1 q q2 q
⃗
F=k 2 r^1 + k 2 r^2
r1 r2
−6 −6 −6 −6
(1.0 x 10 )(4.0 x 10 ) (1.0 x 10 )(4.0 x 10 )
⃗
F = (9 x 109) 2 ¿) + (9 x 109) ¿)
(1.0) (1.0)2
F = (0.036) ¿) + (0.036) ¿) = 0.04 i^ N
⃗

F = 0.04 i^ N
⃗
Question 12.3:- A point charge q = -8.0 x 10 -8 C is placed at the origin. Calculate electric field
at a point 2.0 m from the origin on the z-axis.
Solution:- Charge = q = -8.0 x 10-8 C
Distance = r = 2.0 m
q −8
E =k 2 r^ = (9 x 109) (−8.0 x 10 ) k^
⃗
r ¿¿
E =¿ (- 1.8 x 102 k^ ) N C-1
⃗
Question 12.4:- Determine the electric field at the position r⃗ =¿) m caused by a point charge q
= 5.0 x 10-6 C placed at the origin.
Solution:- Charge = q = 5.0 x 10-6 C
Position vector = r⃗ =¿) m
Distance = r = √ ❑ = 5 m
^ ^j
r⃗ 4 i+3
Unit vector = r^ = =
r 5
q ^ ^
E =k 2 r^ = (9 x 109) (5.0 x 10 ) ( 4 i+3 j ) = (360)(4 i+3
−6
⃗ ^ ^j¿
r ¿¿ 5
⃗ ^ 1080 ^j¿ N C-1
E = (1440 i+
Question 12.5:- Two point charges q 1 = -1.0 x 10-6 C and q2 = +4.0 x 10-6 C, are separated by a
distance of 3.0 m. Find and justify the zero-field location.
Solution:- q1 = -1.0 x 10-6 C
q2 = +4.0 x 10-6 C
Distance = 3.0 m
Suppose q1 and q2 are placed horizontally
3.0 m apart as shown in figure. Electric field cannot be zero between these two opposite
charges. It is zero either on a point left side of q 1 or on right side of q2 because fields of both
charges are in opposite direction on these points. In this case magnitude of q 1 is less than q2,
therefore, zero-field location lies near q1 i.e. on left side of q1.
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Consider a point P on left side of q 1 at a distance x. Electric fields due to q 1 and q2 on this point
are in opposite direction. The net electric field on this point will be zero if electric fields due
to q1 and q2 on this point are equal in magnitude.
E1 = E2
q1 q2
k 2 =k 2
r 1 r2
We can see that r1 = x and r2 = 3 + x
−6 −6
1.0 x 10 4.0 x 10
2
= 2
x (3+ x )

Rearranging as (3+x)2 = 4x2

9 + x2 + 6x = 4x2
3x2 – 6x – 9 = 0
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
x2 – 3x + x – 3 = 0
x (x-3) + 1 (x-3) = 0
(x + 1) (x – 3) = 0
x = - 1.0 m & 3.0 m
We can choose x = 3.0 m as negative distance is neglected.
Electric field is zero at distance of 3.0 m on left side of q 1.
Question 12.6:- Find the electric field strength required to hold suspended a particle of mass
1.0 x 10-6 kg and charge 1.0 µC between two plates 10.0 cm apart.
Solution:- Mass = m = 1.0 x 10-6 kg
Charge = q = 1.0 µC = 1.0 x 10-6 C
Distance = d = 10.0 cm = 0.1 m
The particle will suspend if the magnitudes of gravitational force (weight) acting downwards
will be equal to magnitude of electric force acting upwards.
Fe = F g
qE = mg
−6
mg (1.0 x 10 )(9.8)
E= =
q (1.0 x 10−6 )
E = 9.8 V m-1 = 9.8 N C-1
Question 12.7:- A particle having a charge of 20 electrons on it falls through a potential
difference of 100 volts. Calculate the energy acquired by it in electron volts (eV).
Solution:- Charge = q = 20 e
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Potential difference = ΔV = 100 V

Energy = W = q ΔV = (20 e) (100 V)
W = 2000 eV
W = 2.0 x 103 eV
Question 12.8:- In Millikan’s experiment, oil droplets are introduced into the space between
two flat horizontal plates, 5.00 mm apart. The plate voltage is adjusted to exactly 780 V so
that droplet is held stationary. The plate voltage is switched off and the selected droplet is
observed to fall a measured distance of 1.50 mm in 11.2 s. Given that the density of oil used is
900 kg m-3, and the viscosity of air at the laboratory temperature is 1.80 x 10 -5 N m-2 s,
calculate a) The mass, and b) The charge on the droplet (Assume g = 9.8 m s -2)
Solution:- Distance between plates = d = 5.00 mm = 5.00 x 10-3 m
Potential difference = V = 780 V
Distance covered by falling particle = S = 1.50 mm = 1.50 x 10-3 m
Time taken by particle = t = 11.2 s
Terminal velocity of particle = vt = S/t = (1.50 x 10-3)/11.2 = 1.34 x 10-4 m s-1
Density of oil = ρ = 900 kg m-3
Viscosity of air = ƞ = 1.80 x 10-5 N m-2 s
r = √ ❑ = √ ❑ = 1.1 x 10-6 m
4 3 4
a) Mass of particle = m = ρ V = ρ ( π r ¿ = (900) (3.14) (1.1 x 10-6)3
3 3
m = 5.14 x 10-15 kg
mgd ( 1.1 x 10−6 ) ( 9.8 ) (1.50 x 10−3 )
b) Charge = q = =
V 780
q = 3.20 x 10-19 C
Question 12.9:- A proton placed in a uniform electric field of 5000 N C -1 directed to right is
allowed to go a distance of 10.0 cm from A to B. Calculate (a) Potential difference between the
two points (b) Work done by the field (c) The change in P.E. of proton (d) The change in K.E.
of the proton (e) Its velocity (mass of proton is 1.67 x 10-27 kg)
Solution:- Electric field = E = 5000 N C-1
Distance between A and B = Δr = 10.0 cm = 0.1 m
Charge on proton = q = e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
ΔV
We know that E = -
Δr
(a) Potential difference between A and B = ΔV = - E Δr = - (5000) (0.1)
ΔV = - 500 V
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Magnitude of potential difference = |ΔV| = 500 V

(b) Work done by the field = W = q |ΔV| = (1 e) (500 V) = 500 eV
(c) Change in P.E. of proton = ΔP.E. = q ΔV = (1 e) (-500 V) = -500 eV
(d) Change in K.E. of proton = ΔK.E. = W = 500 eV (Work energy principle)
(e) Velocity of proton = v
1
K.E. = m v2
2
v = √ ❑ = √ ❑ = 3.097 x 105 m s-1
Question 12.10:- Using zero reference point at infinity, determine the amount by which a
point charge of 4.0 x 10-8 C alters the electric potential at a point 1.2 m away, when (a) Charge
is positive (b) Charge is negative.
Solution:- Magnitude of charge = q = 4.0 x 10-8 C
Distance = r = 1.2 m
(a) Charge is positive
−8
q + 4.0 x 10
V=k = (9 x 109) ( ) = +300 V
r 1.2
V = + 3.0 x 102 V
(b) Charge is negative
−8
q −4.0 x 10
V=k = (9 x 10 ) (
9
) = -300 V
r 1.2
V = - 3.0 x 102 V
Question 12.11:- In Bohr’s atomic model of hydrogen atom, the electron is in orbit around the
nuclear proton at a distance of 5.29 x 10-11 m with a speed of 2.18 x 106 m s-1. (e = 1.60 x 10-19
C, mass of electron = 9.10 x 10-31 kg). Find (a) The electric potential that a proton exerts at
this distance (b) Total energy of the atom in eV (c) The ionization energy for the atom in eV.
Solution:- Distance = r = 5.29 x 10-11 m
Charge of proton = q = e = 1.60 x 10-19 C
Charge of proton = -e = -1.60 x 10-19 C
Mass of electron = m = 9.10 x 10-31 kg
Speed of electron = v = 2.18 x 106 m s-1
−19
q 1.60 x 10
(a) Potential exerted by the proton = V = k = (9 x 10 ) (
9
−11 )
r 5.29 x 10
V = +27.20 V
1 1
(b) K.E. = = m v2 = = (9.10 x 10-31) (2.18 x 106)2 = 21.6 x 10-19 J
2 2
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics
−19
21.6 x 10
K.E. = −19 eV = 13.60 eV
1.60 x 10
P.E. = Work done = -e V = (-1 e) (27.20 V)
P.E. = -27.20 eV
Total energy = E = K.E. + P.E. = 13.60 eV + (-27.20 eV)
E = -13.60 eV
(c) The minimum energy required to remove an electron from valence shell of atom is called
ionization energy.
Ionization energy = - (Total energy of electron)
Ei = -E = -(-13.60 eV)
Ei = + 13.60 eV
Question 12.12:- The electronic flash attachment for a camera contains a capacitor for storing
the energy used to produce the flash. In one such unit, the potential difference between the
plates of a 750 µF capacitor is 330 V. Determine the energy that is sued to produce the flash.
Solution:- Capacitance of the capacitor = C = 750 µF = 750 x 10-6 F
Potential difference between the plate of capacitor = V = 330 V
1 1
Energy stored in capacitor = W = C V2 = (750 x 10-6) (330)2
2 2
W = 40.8 J
Question 12.13:- A capacitor has a capacitance of 2.5 x 10 -8 F. In the charging process,
electrons are removed from one plate and placed on the other one. When the potential
difference between the plates is 450 V, how many electrons have been transferred? (e = 1.60
x 10-19 C)
Solution:- Capacitance of the capacitor = C = 2.5 x 10-8 F
Potential difference between the plate of capacitor = V = 450 V
Charge on one plate of the capacitor = Q = CV = (2.5 x 10-8) (450) = 11.25 x 10-8 C
Charge in terms of electrons = Q = ne
We can say that ne = CV
CV (2.5 x 10−8 )(450)
n= =
e 1.60 x 10
−19

n = 7.0 x 1013 electrons

Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 13(CURRENT ELECTRICITY)

Question 13.1:- How many electrons pass through an electric bulb in one minute if the 300
mA current is passing through it?
Solution:- Current = I = 300 mA = 300 x 10-3 A = 0.3 A
Time = 1 minute = 60 s
Current = I = Charge/time = q/t
q = It = (0.3)(60) = 1.8 C
We know that total charge passing through the bulb in terms of electronic charge e is q = ne.
We can say that q = ne
1.8
n = q/e = −19 = 1.12 x 10
19
1.60 x 10
n = 1.12 x 1019
Question 13.2:- A charge of 90 C passes through a wire in 1 hour and 15 minutes. What is the
current in the wire?
Solution:- Charge = q = 90 C
Time = t = 1 hour 15 minutes = 75 minutes = 75 x 60 s = 4500 s
Current = I = Charge/time = q/t
I = 90/4500 = 1/50 A
I = 0.02 A
I = 20 mA
Question 13.3:- Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit, total current drawn from the
source and the current through each resistor.
Solution:- EMF of battery = V = 6 V
We can see that R1 and R2 are connected in
parallel. The parallel combination of R 1 and R2 is
connected in series with R3.
1 1
We can solve parallel combination as = +
R 12 R1
1
R2
R1 R2 (6)(6)
R12 = = =3Ω
R 1+ R 2 6+ 6
RT = R12 + R3 = 3 + 3 ∴ R12 is in series with R3
RT = 6 Ω
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

The current drawn from the source is IT = V/RT = 6/6

IT = 1 A
Since R1 and R2 are connected in parallel, voltage drop is same across them but current
coming from the source V is divided in two part I1 and I2.
The potential drop across parallel combination of R1 and R2 = V12 = IT R12 = (1)(3) = 3 V
Current through R1 = I1 = V12/R1 = 3/6
I1 = 0.5 A
Current through R2 = I2 = V12/R2 = 3/6
I2 = 0.5 A
The current passing through R1 and R2 is added up to pass through R3.
Current through R3 = I3 = IT = I1 + I2
I3 = 1 A
Question 13.4:- A rectangular bar of iron is 2.0 cm by 2.0 cm in cross section and 40 cm long.
Calculate its resistance if the resistivity of iron is 11 x 10 -8 Ω m.
Solution:- Resistivity of iron = ρ = 11 x 10-8 Ω m
Length of iron bar = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Width of iron bar = W = 2.0 cm = 0.02 m
Breadth of iron bar = B = 2.0 cm = 0.02 m
Area of cross section = A = Width x Breadth = W x B = 0.02 x 0.02 = 4 x 10-4 m2
L 0.4
Resistance = R = ρ = (11 x 10-8) ( −4
¿
A 4 x 10
R = 1.1 x 10-4 Ω
Question 12.5:- The resistance of an iron wire at 0 oC is 1 x 104 Ω. What is the resistance at
500 oC if the temperature coefficient of resistance of iron is 5.2 x 10-3 K-1?
Solution:- Temperature coefficient of resistance of iron = α = 5.2 x 10-3 K-1
Resistance at 0 oC = Ro = 1 x 104 Ω
Initial temperature = t1 = 0 oC = 273 K
Final temperature = t2 = 500 oC = 773 K
Rise in temperature = t = t2 – t1 = 773 – 273 = 500 K
R t −R o
We know that α =
Ro t
Rearranging gives Rt = Ro (1 + αt)
Rt = (1 x 104) [1 + (5.2 x 10-3)(500)] = (1 x 104) (1 + 2.6)
Rt = 3.6 x 104 Ω
Question 13.6:- Calculate the terminal potential difference of each of cells in circuit of figure.
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Solution:- EMF of first cell = E1 = 24 V

Internal resistance of first cell = r1 = 0.10 Ω
EMF of second cell = E2 = 6 V
Internal resistance of second cell = r2 = 0.90 Ω
External resistance = R = 8.0 Ω
EMF of first cell = E1 = 24 V
Internal resistance of first cell = r1 = 0.10 Ω
In the given circuit, both batteries oppose each other as positive terminals of both are
connected to each other. The circuit is a series circuit. The current is being supplied by the
first battery E1 and second battery is being charged by current of first battery.
E 1−E2 24−6
Current supplied by the first cell = I = =
r 1+ r 2+ R 0.10+0.90+ 8.0
I=2A
Terminal potential difference of first cell = V1 = E1 – I r1 = 24 – (2)(0.10)
V1 = 23.8 V
Terminal potential difference of first cell = V2 = E2 – I r2 = 6 + (2)(0.90)
V2 = 7.8 V
Question 13.7:- Find the current which flows in all the resistances of the circuit of figure.
Solution:- First of all, label all the branches
of circuit. Assign current to R 1 and R2 with
the arrow symbol showing the direction of
conventional current.
EMF of first cell = E1 = 9.0 V
EMF of second cell = E2 = 6.0 V
We can easily see this is a parallel circuit.
Since, R1 and E1 are connected in parallel:
Current through R1 = I1 = E1/R1 = 9.0/18
I1 = 0.5 A (Direction of conventional current is from B to A)
We can also see that E1 is in parallel with series combination of R2 and E2, so we can say that
E1 = I2 R2 – E2
9.0 = I2 (12) – 6
9+6
I2 =
12
I2 = 1.25 A (Direction of conventional current is from B to A)
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Question 13.8:- Find the current and power dissipated in each resistance of the circuit, shown
in figure.
Solution:- First of all, label all the branches of
circuit. There are two closed conducting
paths i.e. loops in the circuit. We have
assigned current to both loops in clockwise
direction.
We will write the equations of both loops by
using Kirchhoff’s second rule and solve them.
LOOP 1:
CONVENTIONS
-I1 R1 – (I1 – I2) R3 – I1 R3 + E1 = 0
Put values of R1, R2, R3 and E1.
6 = 4 I1 – 2 I2
3 = 2 I1 – I2 ----------------------- Eq. (1)
LOOP 2:
-I2 R4 – I2 R6 – E2 – I2 R5 – (I2 – I1) R3 = 0
Put values of R3, R4, R5, R6 and E2.
10 = 2 I1 – 6 I2
5 = I1 – 3 I2 ---------------------- Eq. (2)
We can solve these equations algebraically.
Multiply Eq. (2) with 3 and subtract it from Eq. (2) gives the value of I1 = 0.8 A
Put the value of I1 = 0.8 A in Eq. (1) gives 3 = 2 (0.8) – I2
I2 = -1.4 A (The negative sign indicates that actual current is flowing opposite to the assigned
direction)
Current through R1 and R2 = I1 = 0.8 A (Clockwise direction)
Current through R3 = I1 – I2 = 0.8 – (-1.4) = 2.2 A (Clockwise direction)
Current through R4, R5 and R6 = |I2| = 1.4 A (Anticlockwise direction)
Power drop across R1 and R2 = I12 R12 = I12 R22 = (0.8)2 (1) = 0.64 W
Power drop across R3 = (I1 – I2)2 R32 = (2.2)2 (2) = 9.68 W
Power drop across R4 and R5 = I22 R42 = I22 R52 = (1.4)2 (1) = 1.96 W
Power drop across R6 = I22 R6 = (1.4)2 (2) = 3.92 W
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 14(ELECTROMAGNETISM)

Question 14.1:- Find the value of the magnetic field that will cause a maximum force of 7.0 x
10-3 Non a 20.0 cm straight wire carrying a current of 10.0 A.
Solution:- Maximum force = Fmax = 7.0 x 10-3 N
Length of wire = L = 20.0 cm = 0.20 m
Current = I = 10.0 A
Force on a current carrying wire = F = I L B sin α
For maximum force, α = 90o and sin α = 1
Fmax = I L B
F max
B= = (7.0 x 10-3)/(10.0)(0.20)
IL
B = 3.5 x 10-3 T
Question 14.2:- How fast must a proton move in a magnetic field of 2.50 x 10 -3 T such that the
magnetic force is equal to its weight?
Solution:- Applied magnetic field = B = 2.50 x 10-3 T
Charge of proton = q = 1.60 x 10-19 C
Mass of proton = m = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
According to condition of the question: Magnetic force on proton = Weight of proton
q v B sin θ = m g
Since θ is not given in the question, we will consider it 90 o for maximum force on moving
proton.
q v B sin 90o = m g
−27
mg 1.67 x 10 x 9.8
v= =
qB −19
1.60 x 10 x 2.50 x 10
−3

v = 4.09 x 10-5 m s-1

Question 14.3:- A velocity selector has a magnetic field of 0.30 T. If a perpendicular electric
field of 10,000 V m-1 is applied, what will be the speed of the particle that will pass through
the selector?
Solution:- Applied magnetic field = B = 0.30 T
Applied electric field = E = 10,000 V m-1
In a velocity selector, only those particles pass through its un-deflected for which maximum
magnetic force is equal to electric force.
qvB=qE
vB=E
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

v = E/B
v = 10,000/0.30
v = 3.3 x 104 m s-1
Question 14.4:- A coil of 0.1 m x 0.1 m and of 200 turns carrying a current of 1.0 mA is placed
in a uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T. Calculate the maximum torque that acts on the coil.
Solution:- Length of coil = L = 0.1 m
Width of coil = W = 0.1 m
Area of cross section of coil = A = L x W = 0.1 x 0.1 = 0.01 m2
Current through coil = I = 1.0 mA = 0.001 A
Applied magnetic field = B = 0.1 T
Number of turns of coil = N = 200
The torque applied by magnetic field on a current carrying coil is τ = N I B A cos α
For maximum torque, angle α must be 0o.
τmax = N I B A
τmax = (200) (0.001) (0.1) (0.01)
τmax = 2 x 10-4 N m
Question 14.5:- A power line 10.0 m high carries a current 200 A. Find the magnetic field of
the wire at the ground.
Solution:- Height of power line = r = 10.0 m
Current in power line = I = 200 A
According to Ampere’s law ⃗
B .⃗
∆ L=μo I
B ΔL cos θ = μo I
Consider an Amperian loop in the form of circle of radius r = 10.0 m around the power line.
Since wire is straight, the magnetic field and length element both are along the tangent i.e. θ =
0o and cos θ = 1.
Length of circular Amperian loop of radius r = ΔL = 2 π r
B (2 π r) = μo I
μo I −7
4 x 3.14 x 10 x 200
B= =
2π r 2 x 3.14 x 10
B = 4 x 10-6 T
Question 14.6:- You are asked to design a solenoid that will give a magnetic field of 0.10 T, yet
the current must not exceed 10.0 A. Find the number of turns per unit length that the solenoid
should have.
Solution:- Required magnetic field = B = 0.10 T
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Current passing through solenoid = I = 10.0 A

Magnetic field inside the solenoid = B = µo n I
B 0.10
n= =
μo I −7
4 x 3.14 x 10 x 10.0
n = 7.96 x 103 turns m-1
Question 14.7:- What current should pass through a solenoid that is 0.5 m long with 10,000
turns of copper wire so that it will have a magnetic field of 0.4 T?
Solution:- Length of solenoid = L = 0.5 m
Number of turns of solenoid = N = 10,000
Required magnetic field inside solenoid = B = 0.4 T
N
B = µo n I = µ o I
L
BL 0.4 x 0.5
I= = = 15.96 A
μo N −7
4 x 3.14 x 10 x 10,000
I = 16.0 A
Question 14.8:- A galvanometer having an internal resistance R g = 15.0 Ω gives full scale
deflection with current Ig = 20.0 mA. It is to be converted into an ammeter of range 10.0 A.
Find the value of shunt resistance RS.
Solution:- Internal resistance of galvanometer = Rg = 15.0 Ω
Full scale deflection current = Ig = 20.0 mA = 0.020 A
Range of ammeter = I = 10.0 A
I g Rg (0.020)(15.0)
RS = =
I −I g 10−0.020
RS = 0.030 Ω
Question 14.9:- The resistance of a galvanometer is 50.0 Ω and reads full scale deflection with
a current of 2.0 mA. Show by a diagram how to convert this galvanometer into voltmeter
reading 200 V full scale.
Solution:- Internal resistance of galvanometer = Rg = 50.0 Ω
Full scale deflection current = Ig = 2.0 mA = 0.002 A
Range of voltmeter = V = 200 V
V
Rh = -R
Ig g
200
Rh = – 50.0
0.002
Rh = 99,950 Ω
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Question 14.10:- The resistance of a galvanometer coil is 10.0 Ω and reads full scale with a
current of 1.0 mA. What should be the values of resistances R 1, R2 and R3 to convert this
galvanometer into multirange ammeter of 100, 10.0 and 1.0 A as shown in the figure.
Solution:- Internal resistance of galvanometer = Rg = 10.0 Ω
Full scale deflection current = Ig = 1.0 mA = 0.001 A
(a) Range of ammeter = I = 100 A
I g Rg (0.001)(10.0)
R1 = =
I −I g 100−0.001
R1 = 0.0001 Ω
(b) Range of ammeter = I = 10.0 A
I g Rg (0.001)(10.0)
R2 = =
I −I g 10−0.001
R2 = 0.001 Ω
(c) Range of ammeter = I = 1.0 A
I g Rg (0.001)(10.0)
R3 = =
I −I g 1.0−0.001
R3 = 0.01 Ω
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 15(ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION)

Question 15.1:- An emf of 0.45 V is induced between the ends of a metal bar moving through a
magnetic field of 0.22 T. What field strength would be needed to produce an emf of 1.5 V
between the ends of the bar, assuming that all other factors remain the same?
Solution:- First case:
Induced emf = ɛ1 = 0.45 V
Magnetic field = B1 = 0.22 T
Second case:
Induced emf = ɛ2 = 1.5 V
Magnetic field = B2
All other factors i.e. v, L and sin θ are same. We will use the relation of motional emf for both
cases.
ɛ1 = - v B1 L sin θ
ɛ2 = - v B2 L sin θ
ε 1 −v B 1 L sin sinθ B1
Diving both equations gives = =
ε 2 −v B 2 L sin sinθ B 2
0.45 0.22
Put the values =
1.5 B2
B2 = (1.5)(0.22)/(0.45)
B2 = 0.73 T
Question 15.2:- The flux density B in a region between the poles faces of a horse-shoe magnet
is 0.5 Wb m-2 directed vertically downward. Find the emf induced in a straight wire 5.0 cm
long, perpendicular to B when it is moved in a direction at angle of 60 o with the horizontal
with a speed of 100 cm s-1.
Solution:- Magnetic flux density = B = 0.5 Wb m-2 vertically downwards (-ve y-axis)
Length of wire = L = 5.0 cm = 0.05 m
Speed of wire = v = 100 cm s-1 = 1 m s-1
Angle between horizontal and direction of movement of wire = α = 60o
The angle between velocity and magnetic flux density = θ = 90o – α = 90o - 60o = 30o
Induced emf = ɛ = - v B L sin θ = - (1) (0.5) (0.05) sin 30o
ɛ = -1.25 x 10-2 V ∴ -ve sign indicates the induced emf opposes the change which produced
it.
Magnitude of induced emf = +1.25 x 10-2 V
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Question 15.3:- A coil of wire has 100 loops. Each loop has an area of 1.5 x 10 -3 m2. A magnetic
field is perpendicular to the surface of each loop at all times. If the magnetic field is changed
from 0.05 T to 0.06 T in 0.1 s, find the average emf induced in the coil during this time.
Solution:- Number of turns = N = 100
Area of each loop = A = 1.5 x 10-3 m2
Initial magnetic field = B1 = 0.05 T
Final magnetic field = B2 = 0.06 T
Change in magnetic field = ΔB = B2 – B1 = 0.06 – 0.05 = 0.01 T
Time taken to change the field = Δt = 0.1 s
Angle between magnetic field and surface of loop = α = 90o
Angle between magnetic field and area vector of loop = θ = 90o – α = 0o
∆ϕ ∆ B A cos cos θ
Induced emf = ɛ = -N = -N
∆t ∆t
( 0.01 ) ( 1.5 x 10−3 ) cos cos 0o
ɛ = -(100)
0.1
ɛ = -1.5 x 10-3 V ∴ -ve sign indicates the induced emf opposes the change which produced
it.
Magnitude of induced emf = +1.5 x 10-3 V
Question 15.4:- A circular coil has 15 turns or radius 2 cm each. The plane of the coil lies at
40o to a uniform magnetic field of 0.2 T. If the field in increased by 0.5 T in 0.2 s, find the
magnitude of induced emf.
Solution:- Number of turns = N = 15
Radius of each turn = r = 2 cm = 0.02 m
Initial magnetic field = B = 0.2 T
Change in magnetic field = ΔB = 0.5 T
Time taken to change magnetic field = Δt = 0.2 s
Angle between plane of coil and magnetic field = α = 40o
Angle between area vector of coil and magnetic field = θ = 90o – α = 90o – 40o = 50o
Area of each loop = A = π r2 = (3.14) (0.02)2 = 0.001256 m2 = 1.26 x 10-3 m2
∆ϕ ∆ B A cos cos θ
Induced emf = ɛ = -N = -N
∆t ∆t
( 0.5 ) ( 1.26 x 10−3 ) cos cos 5 0o
ɛ = -(15)
0.2
ɛ = -1.8 x 10-2 V ∴ -ve sign indicates the induced emf opposes the change which produced
it.
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Magnitude of induced emf = +1.8 x 10-2 V

Question 15.5:- Two coils are placed side by side. An emf of 0.8 V is observed in one coil when
the current is changing at the rate of 200 A s -1 in the other coil. What is the mutual inductance
of the coils.
Solution:- Induced emf in secondary coil = ɛs = 0.8 V
Time rate of change of current in primary coil = ΔIp/Δt = 200 A s-1
We know that ɛs = M ΔIp/Δt
εs
M = ∆ I p = 0.8/200 = 0.004
∆t
M = 4 mH
Question 15.6:- A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 0.75 H. If the current in the
primary changes from 0 A to 10 A in 0.025 s, what is the average induced emf in the
secondary? What is the change in flux in it if the secondary has 500 turns?
Solution:- Mutual inductance = M = 0.75 H
Initial current = I1 = 0 A
Final current = I2 = 10 A
Change in current = ΔIp = 10 – 0 = 10 A
Time taken to change the current = Δt = 0.025 s
Number of turns in secondary coil = Ns = 500
We know that ɛs = M ΔIp/Δt
ɛs = (0.75)(10)/(0.025)
ɛs = 300 V
∆ ϕs
We also know that magnitude of average induced emf is ɛs = Ns
∆t
Δϕs = ɛs Δt / Ns
Δϕs = (300) (0.0.25) / (500)
Δϕs = 1.5 x 10-2 Wb
Question 15.7:- A solenoid has 250 turns and its self inductance is 2.4 mH. What is the flux
through each turn when the current is 2 A? What is the induced emf when the current
changes at 20 A s-1?
Solution:- Number of turns of solenoid = N = 250
Self inductance = L = 2.4 mH = 0.0024 H
Current = I = 2 A
For a solenoid of N turns, N ϕ = L I
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

ϕ = LI/N = (0.0024)(2)/250 = 0.0000192 Wb

ϕ = 1.92 x 10-5 Wb
Rate of change of current = ΔI/Δt = 20 A s-1
Magnitude of induced emf = ɛ = L ΔI/Δt = (0.0024)(20) = 0.048 V
ɛ = 48 mV
Question 15.8:- A solenoid of length 8.0 cm and cross sectional area 0.5 cm 2 has 520 turns.
Find the self inductance of the solenoid when the core is air. If the current in the solenoid
increases through 1.5 A in 0.2 s, find the magnitude of induced emf in it. (µ o = 4π x 10-7 Wb A-1
m-1)
Solution:- Length of solenoid = l = 8.0 cm = 0.08 m
Area of cross section = A = 0.5 cm2 = 0.5 x 10-4 m2
Number of turns = N = 520
Change in current = ΔI = 1.5 A
Time taken to change the current = Δt =0.2 s
−4
N 2 2 A 2 (0.5 x 10 )
Self inductance of coil = L = µo n A l = µo ( ) A l = µo N
2
= (4π x 10 ) (520)
-7
l l 0.08
L = 2.12 x 10-4 H
Magnitude of induced emf in the coil is ɛ = L ΔI/Δt
ɛ = (2.12 x 10-4)(1.5)/(0.2)
ɛ = 1.6 x 10-3 V
Question 15.9:- When current through a coil changes from 100 mA to 200 mA in 0.005 s, an
induced emf of 40 mV is produced in the coil. (a) What is the self inductance of the coil? (b)
Find the increase in the energy stored in the coil.
Solution:- Initial current = I1 = 100 mA = 0.1 A
Final current = I2 = 200 mA = 0.2 A
Change in current = ΔI = I2 – I1 = 0.2 – 0.1 = 0.1 A
Time taken to change the current = Δt = 0.005 s
Average induced emf = ɛ = 40 mV = 0.04 V
(a) ɛ = L ΔI/Δt
L = ɛ Δt/ΔI = (0.04)(0.005)/(0.1) = 0.002 H
L = 2 mH
1 1
(b) Increase in energy stored = ΔE = Final energy – Initial energy = LI 2- LI 2
2 2 2 1
1 1
ΔE = L (I22 – I12) = (0.002) [(0.2)2 – (0.1)2]
2 2
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

ΔE = 0.03 J
Question 15.10:- Like any field, the earth’s magnetic field stores energy. Find the magnetic
energy stored in the space where strength of earth’s magnetic field is 7 x 10 -5 T, if the space
occupies an area 10 x 108 m2 and has a height of 750 m.
Solution:- Earth’s magnetic field = B = 7 x 10-5 T
Area of space = A = 10 x 108 m2
Height of space = l = 750 m
1 B2 1 (7 x 10−5)2
Energy stored in earth’s magnetic field = UB = (Al) = (10 x 108 x 750)
2 μo 2 4 x 3.14 x 10−7
UB = 1.46 x 109 J
Question 15.11:- A square coil of side 16 cm has 200 turns and rotates in a uniform magnetic
field of magnitude 0.05 T. If the peak emf is 12 V, what is the angular velocity of the coil?
Solution:- Length of one side of square coil = l = 16 cm = 0.16 m
Number of turns of coil = N = 200
Applied magnetic field = B = 0.05 T
Peak emf = ɛ = 12 V
We know the peak emf of generator coil is ɛ = N ω A B
ε ε 12
ω= = =
N A B N l B ( 200 ) ¿ ¿
2

ω = 47 rad s-1
Question 15.12:- A generator has a rectangular coil consisting of 360 turns. The coil rotates at
420 rev per min in 0.14 T magnetic field. The peak value of emf produced by the generator is
50 V. If the coil is 5.0 cm wide, find the length of the side of the coil.
Solution:- Length of rectangular coil = l
Width of square coil = W = 5.0 cm = 0.05 m
Number of turns of coil = N = 360
2 x 3.14
Angular velocity of coil = ω = 420 rev per min = 420 rad s-1 = 44 rad s-1
60
Applied magnetic field = B = 0.14 T
Peak emf = ɛ = 50 V
We know the peak emf of generator coil is ɛ = N ω A B
ɛ = N ω (l x W) B
ε 50
l= = = 0.45 m
N ω W B 360 x 44 x 0.05 x 0.14
l = 45 cm
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Question 15.13:- It is desired to make an ac generator that can produce an emf of maximum
value 5 kV with 50 Hz frequency. A coil of area 1 m 2 having 200 turns is used as armature.
What should be the magnitude of the magnetic field in which the coil rotates?
Solution:- Peak emf of generator = ɛ = 5 kV = 5000 V
Frequency = 50 Hz
Area of coil = A = 1 m2
Number of turns of coil = N = 200
Applied magnetic field = B
Peak emf induced in generator coil is ɛ = N ω A B = N (2 π f) A B
ɛ 5000
B= =
N ( 2 π f ) A (200)¿ ¿
B = 0.08 T
Question 15.14:- The back emf in a motor is 120 V when the motor is turning at 1680 rev per
min. What is the back emf when the motor turns 3360 rev per min?
Solution:- Initial back emf of the coil = ɛ1 = 120 V
Initial angular frequency of rotation = ω1 = 1680 rev per min
Final back emf of the coil = ɛ2
Final angular frequency of rotation = ω2 = 3360 rev per min
ɛ 1 = N ω1 A B
ɛ 2 = N ω2 A B
ɛ 2 ω2
=
ɛ 1 ω1
ɛ2 = ɛ1 ω2 / ω1 = (120)(3360)/(1680)
ɛ2 = 240 V
Question 15.15:- A DC motor operates at 240 V and has a resistance of 0.5 Ω. When the motor
is running at normal speed, the armature current is 15 A. Find the back emf in the armature.
Solution:- Applied emf = V = 240 V
Resistance of coil = R = 0.5 Ω
Armature current = I = 15 A
Back emf = ɛ
V=ɛ+IR
ɛ = V – I R = 240 – (15)(0.5)
ɛ = 232.5 V
Question 15.16:- A copper ring has a radius of 4.0 cm and resistance of 1.0 mΩ. A magnetic
field is applied over the ring, perpendicular to its plane. If the magnetic field increases from
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

0.2 T to 0.4 T in a time interval of 5 x 10 -3 s, what is the current in the ring during this
interval?
Solution:- Radius of copper ring = r = 4.0 cm = 0.04 m
Area of cross section = A = π r2 = (3.14) (0.04)2 = 5.02 x 10-3 m2
Resistance of copper ring = R = 1.0 mΩ = 0.001 Ω
Initial magnetic field = B1 = 0.2 T
Final magnetic field = B2 = 0.4 T
Change in magnetic field = ΔB = 0.4 – 0.2 = 0.2 T
Time interval = Δt = 5 x 10-3 s
Angle between plane of coil and magnetic field = α = 90o
Angle between area vector and magnetic field = θ = 90o – α = 0o
∆ϕ ∆ B A cos cos θ
Magnitude of induced emf = ɛ = N =N
∆t ∆t
( 0.2 ) ( 5.02 x 10−3 ) cos cos 0o
ɛ = (1) −3
= 0.201 V
5 x 10
I = ɛ/R = 0.201/0.001
I = 201 A
Question 15.17:- A coil of 10 turns and 35 cm 2 area is in a perpendicular magnetic field of 0.5
T. The coil is pulled out of the field in 1.0 s. Find the induced emf in the coil as it is pulled out
of the field.
Solution:- Number of turns of coil = N = 10
Area of coil = A = 35 cm2 = 35 x 10-4 m2
Initial magnetic field = B1 = 0.5 T
Final magnetic field = B2 = 0 T
Change in magnetic field = ΔB = B2 – B1 = -0.5 T
Time taken to change magnetic field = Δt = 1.0 s
Angle between plane of coil and magnetic field = α = 90o
Angle between area vector and magnetic field = θ = 90o – α = 0o
∆ϕ ∆ B A cos cos θ
Induced emf = ɛ = -N = -N
∆t ∆t
(−0.5 ) ( 35 x 10−4 ) cos cos 0o
ɛ = -(10) = 0.0175 V
1.0
ɛ = 1.75 x 10-2 V
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Question 15.18:- An ideal step down transformer is connected to main supply of 240 V. It is
desired to operate a 12 V, 30 W lamp. Find the current in the primary and the transformation
ratio.
Solution:- Primary voltage = VP = 240 V
Secondary Voltage = VS = 12 V
Output power = Pout = 30 W
(a) We know that Pin = Pout
VP IP = Pout
IP = Pout/VP = 30/240
IP = 0.125 A
NS V S
(b) =
NP VP
N S 12
=
N P 240
NS 1
=
N P 20
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 16(ALTERNATING CURRENT)

Question 16.1:- An alternating current is represented by the equation I = 20 sin 100πt.

Compute its frequency and the maximum and rms values of current.
Solution:- Given representation of alternating current source I = 20 sin 100πt
Standard representation of alternating current source I = Io sin 2πft
Comparing both equations gives Io = 20 A and 2πft = 100πt
Frequency = f = 50 Hz
Maximum value = Io = 20 A
Root mean square value of current = Irms = Io/√ ❑ = 20/1.414
Irms = 14 A
Question 16.2:- A sinusoidal A.C. has a maximum value of 15 A. What is its rms value? If the
time is recorded from the instant the current is zero and is becoming positive, what is the
instantaneous value of the current after 1/300 s, given the frequency is 50 Hz.
Solution:- Peak value of current = Io = 15 A
Root mean square value of current = Irms = Io/√ ❑ = 15/1.414
Irms = 10.6 A
Time instant = t = 1/300 s
Frequency = f = 50 Hz
1
Instantaneous value of current = I = Io sin 2πft = (15) sin 2π(50)( ¿
300
π
I = 15 sin = 15 sin 60o = 15 (0.866)
3
I = 13.0 A
Question 16.3:- Find the rms value of current and the inductive reactance when A.C. voltage of
220 V at 50 Hz is passed through an inductor of 10 H.
Solution:- Root mean square value of alternating voltage = Vrms = 220 V
Frequency = f = 50 Hz
Inductance of inductor = L = 10 H
Inductive reactance of inductor = XL = ω L = 2 π f L
XL = 2 (3.14) (50) (10)
XL = 3140 Ω
Root mean square value of current = Irms = Vrms/XL
Irms = 220/3140
Irms = 0.07 A
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Question 16.4:- A circuit has an inductance of 1/π H and resistance of 2000 Ω. A 50 Hz A.C. is
supplied to it. Calculate the reactance and impedance offered by the circuit.
Solution:- Inductance of the inductor = L = 1/π H
Resistance = R = 2000 Ω
Frequency = f = 50 Hz
Reactance = XL = ω L = 2 π f L = 2 (π) (50) (1/π)
XL = 100 Ω
Impedance offered by RL circuit = Z = √ ❑ = √ ❑
Z = 2002.5 Ω
Question 16.5:- An inductance of pure inductance 3/π H is connected in series with a
resistance of 40.0 Ω. Find (i) the peak value of the current (ii) The rms value, and (iii) the
phase difference between the current and the applied voltage V = 350 sin (100 πt).
Solution:- Inductance of inductor = L = 3/π H
Resistance = R = 40.0 Ω
Given representation of alternating voltage is V = 350 sin (100 πt)
Standard representation of alternating voltage is V = Vo sin 2πft
Comparing both equation gives Vo = 350 V and 2πft = 100πt
f = 50 Hz
Reactance of the inductor = XL = 2 π f L = 2 π (50) (3/π) = 300 Ω
Impedance offered by RL circuit = Z = √ ❑ = √ ❑ = 302.65 Ω
(i) Peak value of current = Io = Vo/Z = 350/302.65
Io = 1.16 A
(ii) Root mean square value of current = Irms = Io/√ ❑ = 1.16/1.414
Irms = 0.81 A
(iii) Phase angle = θ = tan-1 (XL/R) = tan-1 (300/40)
θ = tan-1 (7.5)
θ = 81.4o
Question 16.6:- A 10 mH, 20 Ω coil is connected across a 240 V and 180/π Hz source. How
much power does it dissipate?
Solution:- Inductance of the coil = L = 10 mH = 0.010 H
Resistance of the coil = R = 20 Ω
Root mean square voltage = Vrms = 240 V
Frequency of the source = f = 180/π Hz
Power dissipated = P = Vrms Irms cos θ
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Reactance of the coil = XL = 2 π f L = 2 π (180/π) (0.010) = 3.6 Ω

Impedance of RL circuit = Z = √ ❑ = √ ❑ = 20.32 Ω
Phase angle = θ = tan-1 (XL/R) = tan-1 (3.6/20)
θ = tan-1 (0.18)
θ = 10.2o
Irms = Vrms/Z = 240/20.32 = 11.81 A
P = Vrms Irms cos θ = (240) (11.81) cos (10.2o) = 240 x 11.81 x 0.98
P = 2778 W
Question 16.7:- Find the value of current flowing through a capacitor 0.5 µF when connected
to a source of 150 V at 50 Hz.
Solution:- Capacitance of the capacitor = C = 0.5 µF = 0.5 x 10-6 F
Root mean square voltage = Vrms = 150 V
Frequency = f = 50 Hz
Capacitive reactance of capacitor = XC = 1/ωC = 1/2πfC = 1/(2)(3.14)(50)(0.5 x 10-6)
XC = 0.006369 x 106 Ω = 6369 Ω
Root mean square current = Irms = Vrms/XC = 150/6369
Irms = 0.024 A
Question 16.8:- An alternating source of emf 12 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to a
capacitor of capacitance 3 µF in series with a resistance of 1 kΩ. Calculate the phase angle.
Solution:- Root mean square voltage = Vrms = 12 V
Frequency = f = 50 Hz
Capacitance of the capacitor = C = 3 µF
Resistance = R = 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω
Capacitive reactance = XC = 1/ωC = 1/2πfC = 1/(2)(3.14)(50)(3 x 10-6)
XC = 0.001061 x 106 Ω
XC = 1061 Ω
Phase angle = θ = tan-1 (XC/R) = tan-1 (1061/1000)
θ = tan-1 (1.061)
θ = 46.7o
Question 16.9:- What is the resonance frequency of a circuit which includes a coil of
inductance 2.5 H and capacitance 40 µF?
Solution:- Capacitance of the capacitor = C = 40 µF = 40 x 10-6 F
Inductance of the coil = L = 2.5 H
1 1
Resonant frequency = fo = =
2 π √ ❑ 2(3.14) √ ❑
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics
1
fo = Hz
( 6.28 ) (10 x 10−3)
fo = 15.9 Hz
Question 16.10:- An inductor of inductance 150 µH is connected in parallel with a variable
capacitor whose capacitance can be changed from 500 pF to 20 pF. Calculate the maximum
frequency and minimum frequency for which the circuit can be tuned.
Solution:- Inductance of the inductor = L = 150 µH = 150 x 10-6 H
Minimum value of capacitance = Cmin = 20 pF = 20 x 10-12 F
Maximum value of capacitance = Cmax = 500 pF = 500 x 10-12 F
1 1
Maximum resonant frequency = fmax = =
2 π √ ❑ 2(3.14) √ ❑
1
fmax = = 2.91 x 106 Hz
( 6.28 ) (54.77 x 10 ¿¿−9)¿
fmax = 2.91 MHz
1 1
Minimum resonant frequency = fmin = =
2 π √ ❑ 2(3.14) √ ❑
1
fmin = = 5.814 x 105 Hz
( 6.28 ) (273.86 x 10¿¿−9)¿
fmin = 0.58 MHz
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 17(PHYSICS OF SOLIDS)

Question 17.1:- A 1.25 cm diameter cylinder is subjected to a load of 2500 kg. Calculate the
stress on the bar in mega pascals.
Solution:- Diameter of the cylinder = d = 1.25 cm
Load on the cylinder = m = 2500 kg
mg
F 4m g 4(2500)(9.8)
Stress = σ = = π d 2 = 2 =
A πd 3.14(0.0125)2
4
σ = 199745222 Pa
σ = 200 x 106 Pa
σ = 200 MPa
Question 17.2:- A 1.0 m long copper wire is subjected to stretching force and its length
increases by 20 cm. Calculate the tensile strain and the percent elongation which the wire
undergoes.
Solution:- Length of copper wire = l = 1.0 m
Change in length if copper wire = Δl = 20 cm = 0.20 m
Tensile strain = ɛ = Δl/l = 0.20/1
ɛ = 0.20
Percent elongation = Tensile strain x 100 %
Percent elongation = (0.20) x 100 %
Percent elongation = 20 %
Question 17.3:- A wire 2.5 m long and cross sectional area 10 -5 m2 is stretched 1.5 mm by a
force of 100 N in the elastic region. Calculate (i) the strain (ii) Young’s modulus (iii) the
energy stored in the wire.
Solution:- Length of wire = l = 2.5 m
Cross sectional area of wire = 10-5 m2
Change in length of wire = Δl = 1.5 mm = 1.5 x 10-3 m
Stretching force = F = 100 N
(a) Strain = ɛ = Δl/l = (1.5 x 10-3)/2.5 = 0.6 x 10-3
ɛ = 6.0 x 10-4
(b) Young’s modulus = Y = Stress/Strain = σ/ɛ
F
A
Y=
∆l
l
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics
100
−5
Y = 10
−4
6 x 10
Y = 0.166 x 1011 Pa
Y = 1.66 x 1010 Pa
1 1
(c) Energy stored in the wire = W = F Δl = (100) (1.5 x 10-3)
2 2
W = 7.5 x 10-2 J
Question 17.4:- What stress would cause a wire to increase by 0.01 % if the Young’s modulus
of the wire is 12 x 1010 Pa. What force would produce this stress if the diameter of the wire is
0.56 mm?
Solution:- Diameter of the wire = d = 0.56 mm = 0.56 x 10-3 m
Young’s modulus of wire = Y = 12 x 1010 Pa
Strain in the wire = ɛ = 0.01 %
ɛ = 0.01/100 = 1 x 10-4
Stress of the wire = σ
Young’s modulus = Y = Stress / Strain = σ/ɛ
Stress = σ = Y x ɛ = (12 x 1010) x (1 x 10-4)
σ = 1.2 x 107 Pa ∴ The answer in the book is not correct
πd
2
3.14 x ( 0.56 x 10−3 ) ( 0.56 x 10−3 )
Area of cross section of wire = A = =
4 4
A = 2.466 x 10-7 m2
σ = F/A
F=σA
F = (1.2 x 107) x (2.466 x 10-7)
F = 2.96 N
Question 17.5:- The length of a steel wire is 1.0 m and its cross-sectional area is 0.03 x 10 -4 m2.
Calculate the work done in stretching the wire when a force of 100 N is applied within the
elastic region. Young’s modulus of steel is 3.0 x 1011 N m-2.
Solution:- Length of wire = l = 1.0 m
Cross sectional area of wire = A = 0.03 x 10-4 m2
Applied force = F = 100 N
Young’s modulus of wire = Y = 3.0 x 1011 N m-2
Change in length of wire = Δl
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics
F
A
Y=
∆l
l
∆l
= F/AY
l
∆ l=Fl / AY

Δl = (100)(1.0)/(0.03 x 10-4)(3.0 x 1011)

Δl = 1.11 x 10-4 m
1 1
Work done = W = F Δl = (100) (1.11 x 10-4) = 0.555 x 10-2 J
2 2
W = 5.6 x 10-3 J
Question 17.6:- A cylindrical copper wire and a cylindrical steel wire each of length 1.5 m and
diameter 2.0 mm are joined at one end to form a composite wire 3.0 m long. The wire is
loaded until its length becomes 3.003 m. Calculate the strain in copper and steel wires and the
force applied to the wire. (Young’s modulus of copper is 1.2 x 10 11 Pa and for steel is 2.0 x 1011
Pa).
Solution:- Length of steel wire = lS = 1.5 m
Length of copper wire = lC = 1.5 m
Combined length of wires = l = lS + lC = 3.0 m
Final length of combined wire = l’ = 3.003 m
Change in length of combined wire = Δl = l’ – l = 3.003 – 3.0 = 0.003 m
We know that Δl = ΔlS + ΔlC = 0.003 & ΔlS = 0.003 - ΔlC
Young’s modulus of steel wire = YS = 2.0 x 1011 Pa
Young’s modulus of steel wire = YC = 1.2 x 1011 Pa
Diameter of both wires = d = 2.0 mm = 2.0 x 10-3 m
2
d
Area of cross section of both wires = A = π = (3.14) (¿ ¿)
4
A = 3.14 x 10-6 m2
Both wires of same diameter are connected to form a composite wire, therefore applied stress
would be same on both.
σS = σC
∆ lS ∆ lC
YS x = YC x
lS lC
(2.0 x 1011) (0.003 - ΔlC) = (1.2 x 1011) ΔlC ∴ l C = lS
0.006 – 2 ΔlC = 1.2 ΔlC
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

3.2 ΔlC = 0.006

ΔlC = 0.001875 m
(i) Strain in copper wire = ɛC = ΔlC/lC = (0.001875)/1.5
ɛC = 1.25 x 10-3
(ii) Strain in steel wire = ɛS = ΔlS/lS = (0.003 - ΔlC)/1.5 = (0.003 – 0.001875)/1.5
ɛS = 0.75 x 10-3
(iii) Force applied to the wire = F
F
A
We know that Young’s modulus can be determined by Y = .
∆l
l
Y C A ∆ lC Y S A ∆ lS
We can find force by using any of the following relation F = or F =
lC lS
Y S A ∆ lS
We use F = = YS A ɛS
lS
F = (2.0 x 1011) (3.14 x 10-6) (0.75 x 10-3)
F = 4.71 x 102 N
F = 471 N
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 18(ELECTRONICS)

Question 18.1:- The current flowing into the base of a transistor is 100 µA. Find its collector
current IC, its emitter current IE and the ratio IC/IE, if the value of current gain β is 100.
Solution:- Base current = IB = 100 µA = 100 x 10-6 A = 0.1 mA
Current gain = β = 100
Collector current = IC = β IB = (100) (100 x 10-6)
IC = 1 x 10-2 A = 10 x 10-3 A
IC = 10 mA
Emitter current = IE = IC + IB = 10 mA + 0.1 mA
IE = 10.1 mA
The ratio of currents = IC/IE = 10 mA/10.1 mA
IC/IE = 0.99
Question 18.2:- Fig.P.18.2 shows a transistor which operates a relay as the switch S is closed.
The relay is energized by a current of 10 mA. Calculate the value of R B which will just make
the relay to operate. The current gain β of the transistor is 200. When the transistor conducts,
its VBE can be assumed to be 0.6 V.
Solution:- Power supply voltage = VCC = 9 V
Relay current = IC = 10 mA = 0.01 A
Current gain = β = 200
Potential drop between base and emitter = VBE = 0.6 V
We can find IB by using the relation IC = β IB
IB = IC/β = 0.01/200 = 0.00005 A = 50 x 10-6 A = 50 µA
Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule to base loop gives VCC = IB RB + VBE
RB = (VCC – VBE)/IB = (9 – 0.6)/(50 x 10-6)
RB = 0.168 x 106 Ω = 168 x 103 Ω
RB = 168 kΩ
Question 18.3:- In circuit (Fig.P.18.3), there is negligible potential drop between B and E, if β
is 100. Calculate (i) base current (ii) collector current (iii) potential
drop across RC (iv) VCE.
Solution:- Current gain = β = 100
Base resistance = RB = 800 kΩ = 800 x 103 Ω
Collector resistance = RC = 1 kΩ = 1 x 103 Ω
Power supply voltage = VCC = 9 V
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Potential drop between base and emitter = VBE = 0 V

(i) Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule across base loop gives V CC = IB RB + VBE
IB = (VCC – VBE)/RB
IB = (9 – 0)/(800 x 103) = 0.01125 x 10-3 A
IB = 11.25 x 10-6 A
IB = 11.25 µA
(ii) Collector current = IC = β IB = (100) (11.25 x 10-6) = 1.125 x 10-3 A
IC = 1.125 mA
(iii) Potential drop across RC = IC RC = (1.125 x 10-3) (1 x 103)
Potential drop across RC = 1.125 V
(iv) Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule across collector loop gives V CC = IC RC + VCE
VCE = VCC – IC RC = 9 – (1.125 x 10-3) (1 x 103)
VCE = 9 – 1.125
VCE = 7.875 V
Question 18.4:- Calculate the output of the op-amp circuit shown in Fig.P.18.4.
Solution:- R2 = 20 kΩ
R1 = 10 kΩ
R1’ = 4 kΩ
V1 = +5 V
V2 = -2 V
There are two input voltages V 1 and V2. We have to find
output voltages due to both input separately and then them.
In an amplifier, Vout = G Vin where G is voltage gain. For op-amp in inverting configuration, G =
-R2/R1
Vout = (-R2/R1) V1 + (-R2/R1’) V2 = (-20/10) (5) + (-20/4)(-2)
Vout = -10 + 10
Vout = 0 V
Question 18.5:- Calculate the gain of non-inverting amplifier shown in Fig.P.18.5.
Solution:- R2 = 40 kΩ
R1 = 10 kΩ
R2
Gain on non-inverting amplifier = G = 1 +
R1
G = 1 + (40/10) = 1 + 4
G=5
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 19(MODERN PHYSICS)

Question 19.1:- A particle called the pion lives on the average only about 2.6 x 10 -8 s when at
rest in the laboratory. It then changes into another form. How long would such a particle live
when shooting through a space at 0.95 c?
Solution:- Lift time of pion at rest = to = 2.6 x 10-8 s
Speed of pion through space = v = 0.95 c
Life time of pion during motion = t
to
Special theory of relativity relation about time dilation is t =
√❑
v = 0.95 c
v
=0.95
c
2
v
2 = 0.90
c
2
v
Put value of to and 2 in the equation to find dilated life time of pion
c
−8
t = 2.6 x 10
√❑
t = (2.6 x 10¿¿−8)/(0.32)¿
t = 8.3 x 10-8 s
Question 19.2:- what is the mass of 70 Kg man in a space rocket travelling at 0.8 c from us as
measured from earth?
Solution:- Rest mass of the person = mo = 70 kg
Speed of the rocket = v = 0.8 c
Mass during motion = m
mo
Special theory of relativity relation about mass variation is m =
√❑
v = 0.8 c
v
=0.8
c
2
v
2 = 0.64
c
2
v
Put value of mo and 2 in the equation to find mass of person
c
70
m=
√❑
m = (70)/(0.6)
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

m = 116.7 kg
Question 19.3:- Find the energy of photon in (a) Radio-wave of wavelength 100 m (b) Green
light of wavelength 50 nm (c) X-ray with wavelength 0.2 nm.
Solution:- (a) Wavelength of radiowaves = λ = 100 m
h c (6.63 x 10−34)(3 x 108 ) 1.989 x 10−25
E= = = = 1.989 x 10-27 J
λ 100 100
−27
1.989 x 10
E= −19 eV
1.6 x 10
E = 1.24 x 10-8 eV
(b) Wavelength of green light = λ = 550 nm = 550 x 10-9 m = 5.50 x 10-7 m
h c (6.63 x 10−34)(3 x 108 ) 1.989 x 10−25
E= = = −7 = 3.62 x 10
-19
J
λ 5.50 x 10
−7
5.50 x 10
−19
3.62 x 10
E= −19 eV
1.6 x 10
E = 2.25 eV
(c) Wavelength of x-ray = λ = 0.2 nm = 0.2 x 10-9 m = 2.0 x 10-10 m
h c (6.63 x 10−34)(3 x 108 ) 1.989 x 10−25
E= = = −10 = 9.945 x 10
-16
J
λ 2.0 x 10
−10
2.0 x 10
−16
9.945 x 10
E= −19 eV = 6.2 x 10 eV
3
1.6 x 10
E = 6200 eV
Question 19.4:- Yellow light of 577 nm wavelength is incident on a cesium surface. The
stopping value is found to be 0.25 V. Find (a) maximum K.E of photoelectrons (b) the work
function of cesium.
Solution:- Wavelength of yellow light = λ = 577 nm = 577 x 10-9 m = 5.77 x 10-7 m
Stopping potential = Vo = 0.25 V
(a) Maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons = K.E.max = Vo e = (0.25) (1.6 x 10-19)
K.E.max = 0.4 x 10-19 J
K.E.max = 4 x 10-20 J
−34 8
hc (6.63 x 10 )(3 x 10 )
(b) Work function of metal = ϕ = E – K.E.max = - K.E.max = – (4 x 10-20)
λ 5.77 x 10−7
ϕ = (3.45 x 10-19) – (4 x 10-20) = 3.05 x 10-19 J
−19
3.05 x 10
ϕ= −19 eV
1.6 x 10
ϕ = 1.91 eV
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Question 19.5:- X-ray of wavelength 22 pm are scattered from a carbon target. The scattered
radiation being viewed at 85° to the incident beam. What is Compton shift?
Solution:- Wavelength of x-rays = λ = 22 pm = 22 x 10-12 m
Angle of scattering = θ = 85o
h
Compton shift = Δλ = (1−cos cosθ)
mo c
−34
(6.63 x 10 )
Δλ = −31 8
¿ cos 85o) = (2.43 x 10-12) (1 – 0.09)
(9.1 x 10 )(3 x 10 )
Δλ = 2.2 x 10-12 m
Δλ = 2.2 pm
Question 19.6:- A 90 keV X-ray photon is fired at a carbon target and Compton scattering
occurs. Find the wavelength of the incident photon and wavelength of the scattered photon
for scattering angle (a) 30° (b) 60°.
Solution:- Energy of x-ray photon = E = 90 keV = 90 x 103 eV = 90 x 103 x 1.6 x 10-19 J
E = 1.44 x 10-14 J
Wavelength of incident beam = λ
hc
E=
λ
h c (6.63 x 10−34)(3 x 108 ) 1.989 x 10−25
λ= = = −14 = 1.38 x 10
-11
m
E 1.44 x 10−14
1.44 x 10
λ = 13.8 pm
(a) Scattering angle = θ = 30o
h
Compton shift = Δλ = λ’ – λ = (1−cos cos θ)
mo c
−34
h (6.63 x 10 )
λ' = λ + (1−cos cosθ) = (13.8 x 10-12) + ¿ cos 30o)
mo c −31 8
(9.1 x 10 )(3 x 10 )
λ’ = (13.8 x 10-12) + [(2.43 x 10-12) (1 – 0.866)]
λ’ = (13.8 x 10-12) + (0.3 x 10-12)
λ’ = 14.1 x 10-12 m
λ’ = 14.1 pm
(a) Scattering angle = θ = 60o
h
Compton shift = Δλ = λ’ – λ = (1−cos cos θ)
mo c
−34
h (6.63 x 10 )
λ' = λ + (1−cos cosθ) = (13.8 x 10 ) +
-12
¿ cos 60o)
mo c (9.1 x 10−31)(3 x 10 8)
λ’ = (13.8 x 10-12) + [(2.43 x 10-12) (1 – 0.5)]
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

λ’ = (13.8 x 10-12) + (1.2 x 10-12)

λ’ = 15 x 10-12 m
λ’ = 15 pm
Question 19.7:- What is the maximum wavelength of the two photons produced when a
positron annihilates an electron? The rest mass energy of each is 0.51 MeV.
Solution:- Minimum energy of γ-ray photon as a result of mass annihilation = Emin = 0.51 MeV
Emin = 0.51 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19 J = 0.816 x 10-13 J
Emin = 8.16 x 10-14 J
hc
Emin =
λmax
−34 8
hc (6.63 x 10 )(3 x 10 ) 1.989 x 10−25
λmax = = = −14 = 0.244 x 10
-11
m
Emin 8.16 x 10−14
8.16 x 10
λmax = 2.44 x 10-12 m
λmax = 2.44 pm
Question 19.8:- Calculate the wavelength of (a) a 140 g ball moving at 40 m s -1 (b) a proton
moving at the same speed (c) an electron moving at the same speed.
Solution:- (a) Mass of the ball = m = 140 g = 0.140 kg
Speed of the ball = v = 40 m s-1
de Broglie wavelength = λ = h/mv = (6.63 x 10-34)/(0.140) (40)
λ = 1.18 x 10-34 m
(b) Mass of the proton = m = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
Speed of the proton = v = 40 m s-1
de Broglie wavelength = λ = h/mv = (6.63 x 10-34)/(1.67 x 10-27) (40)
λ = 9.92 x 10-9 m
λ = 9.92 nm
(c) Mass of the electron = m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Speed of the ball = v = 40 m s-1
de Broglie wavelength = λ = h/mv = (6.63 x 10-34)/(9.1 x 10-31) (40)
λ = 1.82 x 10-5 m
Question 19.9:- What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron whose kinetic energy is 120
eV?
Solution:- Kinetic energy of the electron = K.E. = 120 eV = 120 x 1.6 x 10-19 J
K.E. = 1.92 x 10-17 J
Mass of the electron = m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics
h
de Broglie wavelength = λ =
√❑
−34
λ = 6.63 x 10 = (6.63 x 10-34)/(5.91 x 10-24)
√❑
λ = 1.12 x 10-10 m
Question 19.10:- An electron is placed in a box about the size of an atom that is about 1.0 x 10 -
10
m. What is the velocity of electron?
Solution:- Mass of the electron = m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Size of the box = Δx = 1.0 x 10-10 m
Speed of the electron = Δv
According to uncertainty principle Δp Δx = h
(m Δv) (Δx) = h
Δv = h/mΔx
Δv = (6.63 x 10-34)/(9.1 x 10-31)(1.0 x 10-10)
Δv = 7.29 x 106 m s-1
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 20(ATOMIC SPECTRA)

Question 20.1:- A hydrogen atom is in its ground state (n=1). Using Bohr’s theory, calculate
(a) the radius of the orbit, (b) the linear momentum of the electron, (c) the angular
momentum of the electron, (d) the kinetic energy (e) the potential energy and (f) the total
energy.
Solution:- Energy state of electron in hydrogen atom = n = 1
2 2
n h
(a) Radius of n orbit in hydrogen atom is rn =
th
2 2
4π kme
( 1 )2 (6.63 x 10−34)2
r1 = 2 9 −31 −19 2
4 (3.14) (9 x 10 )( 9.1 x 10 )(1.6 x 10 )
−68
43.96 x 10
r1 = -8
−60 = 0.00529 x 10 m
8268.81 x 10
r1 = 0.529 x 10-10 m
(b) Linear momentum of electron in 1st hydrogen orbit = P1 = m v1
nh
Second postulate of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom is m vn rn =
2π
Put n = 1
h
m v 1 r1 =
2π
−34
h 6.63 x 10
P1 = m v1 = =
2 π r 1 4 (3.14)(0.529 x 10−10)

P1 = 1.99 x 10-24 kg m s-1

(c) Angular momentum of electron in 1st hydrogen orbit = L1 = m v1 r1
nh
Second postulate of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom is m vn rn =
2π
Put n = 1
h
m v 1 r1 =
2π
−34
h 6.63 x 10
L 1 = m v 1 r1 = =
2π 4(3.14 )
P1 = 1.05 x 10-34 kg m2 s-1
2
ke
(d) K.E. of electron in n hydrogen orbit = K.E.n =
th
2 rn
Put n = 1
2 9 −19 2
ke (9 x 10 )(1.6 x 10 )
K.E.1 = =
2 r1 2( 0.529 x 10−10 )
K.E.1 = 21.78 x 10-19 J
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

K.E.1 = (21.78 x 10-19)/(1.6 x 10-19) eV

K.E.1 = +13.6 eV
2
ke
(e) P.E. of electron in n hydrogen orbit = P.E.n = -
th
rn
Put n = 1
2 9 −19 2
ke (9 x 10 )(1.6 x 10 )
P.E.1 = - =
r1 (0.529 x 10−10)
P.E.1 = - 43.56 x 10-19 J
P.E.1 = - (43.56 x 10-19)/(1.6 x 10-19) eV
P.E.1 = - 27.2 eV
(f) The total energy of electron in nth hydrogen orbit = En = K.E.n + P.E.n
Put n = 1
E1 = K.E.1 + P.E.1
E1 = (+13.6 eV) + (-27.2 eV)
E1 = -13.6 eV
Question 20.2:- What are the energies in eV of quanta of wavelength λ=400, 500 and 700 nm.
Solution:- (a) Wavelength = λ = 400 nm = 4 x 10-7 m
h c (6.63 x 10−34)(3 x 108 ) 1.989 x 10−25
E= = = = 4.97 x 10-19 J
λ 4 x 10 −7
4 x 10
−7

−19
4.97 x 10
E= −19 eV
1.6 x 10
E = 3.1 eV
(b) Wavelength = λ = 500 nm = 5 x 10-7 m
h c (6.63 x 10−34)(3 x 108 ) 1.989 x 10−25
E= = = = 3.98 x 10-19 J
λ 5 x 10 −7
5 x 10
−7

−19
3.98 x 10
E= −19 eV
1.6 x 10
E = 2.49 eV
(c) Wavelength = λ = 700 nm = 7 x 10-7 m
h c (6.63 x 10−34)(3 x 108 ) 1.989 x 10−25
E= = = = 2.84 x 10-19 J
λ 7 x 10 −7
7 x 10
−7

−19
2.84 x 10
E= −19 eV
1.6 x 10
E = 1.77 eV
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Question 20.3:- An electron jumps from a level E i = -3.5 x 10-19 J to Ef = -1.20 x 10-18 J. What is
the wavelength of emitted light?
Solution:- Energy of higher energy level = Ei = -3.5 x 10-19 J
Energy of lower energy level = Ef = -1.20 x 10-18 J
Energy gap = ΔE = Ei – Ef = (-3.5 x 10-19) – (-1.20 x 10-18)
ΔE = 10-18 (-3.5 x 10-1) + (1.20 x 10-18) = 0.85 x 10-18 J
ΔE = 8.5 x 10-19 J
hc
ΔE =
λ
−34 8
hc (6.63 x 10 )(3 x 10 ) 1.989 x 10−25
λ= = =
ΔE 8.5 x 10−19 8.5 x 10
−19

λ = 0.234 x 10-6 m = 234 x 10-9 m

λ = 234 nm
Question 20.4:- Find the wavelength of the spectral line corresponding to the transition in
hydrogen from n = 6 state to n = 3 state?
Solution:- Higher energy state = n = 6
Lower energy state = p = 6
1 1 1
The result for hydrogen emission spectrum is = RH ( 2 − 2 ¿
λ p n
1 1 1 1 1 4−1
= (1.0974 x 107) ( 2 − 2 ¿ = (1.0974 x 107) ( − ¿ = (1.0974 x 107) ( ¿
λ 3 6 9 36 36
1 1
=¿ (1.0974 x 107) ( ¿
λ 12
λ = 12/(1.0974 x 107)
λ = 10.94 x 10-7 m = 1094 x 10-9 m
λ = 1094 nm
Question 20.5:- Compute the shortest wavelength radiation in Balmer series? What value of n
must be used?
1 1 1
Solution:- The Rydberg’s result for Balmer series is = RH ( 2 − 2 ¿ where n = 3, 4, 5,……
λ 2 n
Shortest wavelength will be emitted when energy gap is largest, it means we must choose n =
∞ for emission of shortest wavelength.
1 1 1 1
= RH ( 2 − 2 ¿ = RH ( 2 )
λmin 2 ∞ 2
λmin = 4/RH = 4/(1.0974 x 107)
λmin = 3.645 x 10-7 m = 364.5 x 10-9 m
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

λmin = 364.5 nm
Question 20.6:- Calculate the longest wavelength of radiation for the Paschen series.
1 1 1
Solution:- The Rydberg’s result for Paschen series is = RH ( 2 − 2 ¿ where n = 4, 5, 6,……
λ 3 n
Longest wavelength will be emitted when energy gap is minimum, it means we must choose n
= 4 for emission of longest wavelength.
1 1 1
= RH ( − 2 ¿ = RH ( 1 − 1 ¿ = (1.0974 x 107) ( 16−9 ¿
λmax 2
3 4 9 16 144
λmax = 144/7RH = 144/(7)(1.0974 x 107)
λmax = 18.75 x 10-7 m = 1875 x 10-9 m
λmax = 1875 nm
Question 20.7:- Electrons in an X-ray tube are accelerated through a potential difference of
3000 V. If the electrons were slowed down in a target, what will be the minimum wavelength
of X-ray produced?
Solution:- Accelerating voltage = V = 3000 V
hc
The minimum wavelength of Bremsstrahlung radiations is λmin =
Ve
−34 8 −25
hc (6.63 x 10 )(3 x 10 ) 1.989 x 10
λmin = = =
V e (3.0 x 10 3)(1.6 x 10−19) 4.8 x 10
−16

λmin = 0.414 x 10-9 m

λmin = 4.14 x 10-10 m
Question 20.8:- The wavelength of K X-ray from copper is 1.377 x 10 -10 m. What is the energy
difference between two levels from which this transition results?
Solution:- Wavelength of emitted characteristic radiation = λ = 1.277 x 10-10 m
hc
ΔE =
λ
h c (6.63 x 10−34)(3 x 108 ) 1.989 x 10−25
ΔE = = =
λ 1.377 x 10−10 1.377 x 10
−10

ΔE = 1.44 x 10-15 J
−15
1.44 x 10
ΔE = −19 = 0.903 x 10 eV = 9.03 x 10 eV
4 3
1.6 x 10
ΔE = 9.03 keV
Question 20.9:- A tungsten target is struck by electrons that have been accelerated from the
rest through 40 kV potential difference. Find the shortest wavelength of the bremsstrahlung
radiation emitted.
Solution:- Accelerating voltage = V = 40 kV = 4.0 x 104 V
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics
hc
The minimum wavelength of Bremsstrahlung radiations is λmin =
Ve
−34 8 −25
hc ( 6.63 x 10 )(3 x 10 ) 1.989 x 10
λmin = = =
V e ( 4.0 x 104 )(1.6 x 10−19) 6.4 x 10
−15

λmin = 0.31 x 10-10 m

Question 20.10:- The orbital electron of hydrogen atom moves with a speed of 5.456 x 10 5 m
s-1. (a) find the value of quantum number n associated with this electron (b) calculate the
radius of this orbit (c) find energy of electron in this orbit.
Solution:- Speed of electron = vn = 5.456 x 105 m s-1
2
2π k e
(a) Speed of electron in nth orbit in hydrogen atom is vn =
nh
2π k e
2
( 2 )( 3.14 ) ( 9 x 109 ) ( 1.6 x 10−19 ) (1.6 x 10−19)
n= = −34
vn h 5
(5.456 x 10 )(6.63 x 10 )
( 144.69 x 10−29 )
n= −29
(36.17 x 10 )
n=4
(b) Radius of nth orbit in hydrogen atom is rn = n2 r1 where r1 = 0.053 nm
r4 = (4)2 (0.053 nm)
r4 = 0.846 nm
Eo
(c) Energy of electron in nth orbit in hydrogen atom is En = - 2 where Eo = 13.6 eV
n
E4 = - 13.6 eV/(4)2
E4 = - 0.85 eV
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

CHAPTER NO. 21(NUCLEAR PHYSICS)

Question 21.1:- Find the mass defect and binding energy of the tritium, if the atomic mass of
the tritium is 3.016049u.
Solution:- Mass of tritium nucleus = mnucleus = 3.016049u
Charge number of tritium = Z = 1
Mass number of tritium = A = 3
Mass defect = Δm = Z mP + (A – Z) mn - mnucleus
Δm = mp + 2 mn - mnucleus = (1.007276u) + 2(1.008665u) - 3.016049u
Δm = 0.00855u
Binding energy = B.E. = Δm c2
We know that 1 u = 931 MeV
B.E. = (0.00855) (931 MeV)
B.E. = 7.97 MeV
Question 21.2:- The half-life of 38Sr91 is 9.70 hours. Find its decay constant.
Solution:- Half-life = T1/2 = 9.70 hours = 9.70 x 3600 s = 3.492 x 104 s
Decay constant = λ = 0.693/ T1/2 = 0.693/(3.492 x 104)
λ = 0.199 x 10-4 s-1
λ = 1.99 x 10-5 s-1
Question 21.3:- The element 91Pa234 is unstable and decays by β-emission with a half-life 6.66
hours. State the nuclear reaction and the daughter nuclei.
Solution:- We know that charge number is increased by one and mass number remains the
same in beta decay.
Pa234 🡪 92Y234 + -1e0
91

Daughter nuclide = 92U234

Question 21.4:- Find the energy associated with the following reaction: (Mass of 1H1 =
1.00784u)
7N14 + 2He4 🡪 8O17 + 1H1
What does negative sign indicate?
Solution:- Mass difference = Mass of reactants – Mass of products
Δm = [(Mass of 7N14 + Mass of 2He4)] – [(Mass of 8O17) + (Mass of 1H1)]
Δm = [14.0031u + 4.00264u] – [16.991u + 1.00784u] = - 0.0012u
Q = Δm c2 = (-0.0012)(931 MeV)
Q = - 1.12 MeV
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

The negative sign indicates that 1.12 MeV energy is required to initiate this reaction.
Question 21.5:- Find the energy associated with the following reaction: (Mass of C 14 =
14.0077u)
6C14 🡪 7N14 + -1e0
Solution:- Mass difference = Mass of reactants – Mass of products
Δm = [(Mass of 6C14 )] – [(Mass of 7N14) + (Mass of -1e0)]
Δm = [14.0077u] – [14.0031u + 0.00055u] = 0.00405u
Q = Δm c2 = (0.00405)(931 MeV)
Q = 3.77 MeV
Question 21.6:- If 92U233 decays twice by α-emission, what is the resulting isotope?
Solution:- We know that mass number decreases by 4 and charge number decreases by 2 as a
result of α-emission. The decay of 92U233 by alpha emission twice is shown in the following:-
U233 🡪 90Th229 + 2He4 🡪 88Ra225 + 2He4
92

Resulting isotope = 88Ra225 ∴The answer in book 88Rn225 is wrong

Question 21.7:- Calculate the energy (in MeV) released in the following fusion reaction:
1 H2 + 1H3 🡪 2He4 + 0n1
Solution:- Mass difference = Mass of reactants – Mass of products
Δm = [(Mass of 1H2 + Mass of 1H3)] – [(Mass of 2He4) + (Mass of 0n1)]
Δm = [2.014102u + 3.01605u] – [4.002603u + 1.008665u] = 0.018884u
Q = Δm c2 = (0.018884)(931 MeV)
Q = 17.6 MeV
Question 21.8:- A sheet of lead 5.0 mm thick reduces the intensity of a beam of γ-rays by a
factor 0.4. Find half value thickness of lead sheet which will reduce the intensity to the half of
its initial value.
Solution:- Thickness of lead sheet = x1 = 5 mm = 0.005 m
I
Intensity reduction factor = = 0.4
Io
We know that intensity of radiation decreases in a solid as I = I o e-µx which can be rearranged
I
as = e-µx
Io
I
At x = x1 , = 0.4
Io
0.4 = e− μx 1

Take natural logarithm on both sides

ln (0.4) = ln (e− μx ) 1
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

-0.916 = - µ x1
µ = 0.916/0.005
µ = 183.2 m-1
I
Now, we want find the depth (value of x) for which intensity reduction factor is 0.5 i.e. =
Io
0.5
I
We will use the relation = e-µx
Io
I
Put value of = 0.5 and µ = 183.2 m-1
Io
0.5 = e-183.2x
Take natural logarithm on both sides
ln (0.5) = ln (e-183.2x)
- 0.693 = - 183.2 x
x = 0.693/183.2 = 0.00378 m
x = 3.78 mm
Question 21.9:- Radiation from a point source obeys inverse square law. If the count rate at a
distance of 1.0 m from Geiger counter is 360 counts per minute, what will be its count rate at
3.0 m from the source?
Solution:- Initial distance = r1 = 1.0 m
Initial count rate = R1 = 360 counts per minute
Final distance = r2 = 3.0 m
Final count rate = R2
1
Inverse square law states that R α 2
r
So we can say that
2
R 2 r1
=
R 1 r 22

2
r1 1
2
R2 = R1 ( 2 ) = (360)( 2 ¿ = (360)(1/9)
r2 3
R2 = 40 counts per minute
Question 21.10:- A 75 kg person receives a whole body radiation dose of 24 m-rad, delivered
by α-particles for which RBE factor is 12. Calculate (a) the absorbed energy in joules, and (b)
the equivalent does in rem.
Solution:- Mass of the person = m = 75 kg
Second YearNumerical ProblemsPhysics

Absorbed dose = D = 24 m-rad = 24 x 10-3 rad

We know that 1 rad = 0.01 Gy
D = 24 x 10-3 x 10-2 Gy = 24 x 10-5 Gy
RBE = 12
(a) D = E/m
E = D x m = 24 x 10-5 x 75
E = 1800 x 10-5 J
E = 18 mJ
(b) De = D x RBE = 24 x 10-5 x 12
De = 288 x 10-5 Sv
We know that 1 Sv = 100 rem
De = 288 x 10-5 x 100 rem
De = 288 x 10-3 rem = 0.288 rem
De = 0.29 rem