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    Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 - 24 March 1603)

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    bati00595

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    Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 - 24 March 1603)

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    Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 - 24 March 1603)

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    Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)[a] was Queen of

    England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last
    monarch of the House of Tudor.

    Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.
    When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was
    executed, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Henry restored her to the line of
    succession when she was 10, via the Third Succession Act 1543. After Henry's death in
    1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother Edward VI ruled until his own death in 1553,
    bequeathing the crown to a Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, and ignoring the claims
    of his two half-sisters, the Catholic Mary and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes
    to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became
    queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for
    nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.

    Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to
    rule by good counsel.[b] She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led
    by William Cecil, whom she created Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen
    was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became
    the supreme governor. This era, later named the Elizabethan Religious Settlement,
    would evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry
    and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did, and
    because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen".[2] She was
    eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed, James VI of Scotland, the son
    of Mary, Queen of Scots.

    In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been.
    [3]
    One of her mottoes was video et taceo ("I see and keep silent").[4] In religion, she was
    relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope declared her
    illegitimate in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her,
    several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her
    ministers' secret service, run by Sir Francis Walsingham. Elizabeth was cautious in
    foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of France and Spain. She half-
    heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in
    the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer
    avoid war with Spain.

    As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her virginity. A cult of
    personality grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and
    literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the Elizabethan era. The period
    is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William
    Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the prowess of English maritime adventurers,
    such as Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh, and for the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
    Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler,[5] who
    enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of
    economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as
    a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an
    era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring
    countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short,
    disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome
    stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity.[3]

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