TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MACHALA

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NAME: FREDDY DANIEL JIMENEZ
COURSE: SECOND “D”
PHYSICS DUTY
TOPIC: CENTER OF OSCILLATION

As far as the period of oscillations of a physical pendulum is concerned, the mass of

the pendulum can be imagined concentrated at a point (O′) whose distance from the
suspension axis is λ , called the reduced length . Such a point is called the center of
oscillation .

All physical pendulums that have the same reduced length λ (relative to the
suspension axis ) will oscillate with the same frequency ; ie, the frequency of the
equivalent simple pendulum , of length λ . this is:

Center of oscillation: Central position of the particle's reciprocating movement.

Elongation: Distance of the moving particle to the center of oscillation. We consider

positive values positions to the right of the center of oscillation and negative values to
the left.

Amplitude: A. Maximum separation of the particle from the center of oscillation or

also known as maximum elongation

Period: T. Time it takes for the particle to make a complete oscillation, that is, to pass
through the same point twice.

Frequency: Number of oscillations given in each sec. It is the inverse of the period and
is measured in the SI in Hertz (Hz) Pulsation or frequency of the oscillator:? Is the
frequency f multiplied by 2? .It is measured in rad/sec.

Oscillations and vibrations are common in the objects that surround us, both in
structures and machines built or at the microscopic level of atoms and molecules. In
the third degree of physical teachings you can understand the “model” of the
harmonic oscillator, but here is a summary of the 'basic skimming model' in this
magnificent world of oscillations. Before presenting some curious situations from our
daily lives, the first thing that is offered are some dynamic oscillations.
A harmonic oscillator is subject to forces whose action must be of the restitution and
elastic type. To characterize the movement of the harmonic oscillator, we observe that
the traction force exerted on a particle of mass m leaves the equilibrium position, a
restoring force is F, since it opposes the suppression of the equilibrium point of x.
There are many systems in which the resulting F is proportional to x. In such cases,
the expression F = – kx is valid, where k> 0, the elastic constant of the oscillator. In
other systems this expression is only approximately valid. In this case, only small
amplitude oscillations are considered.

The physics of the compound pendulum

A compound pendulum can rotate freely about an axis passing through point P. In the
equilibrium position (q = 0) the center of mass C is aligned with point P, located just
below it. The distance between P and C is a. Let us further assume that the body has a
moment of inertia for the point of oscillation P.

To make an analysis of the movement of the body when it is released, we must

consider that its mass is located at the center of the mass of C, where it operates under
the weight, producing a pair of camisoles with point P. This torque is the only cause of
body movement.

When the body moves from its equilibrium position according to the angle q, it is
subjected to a torsion of the force of the weight, acting on its center of mass, given by
the expression

t = – g sin M(q)

As the couple always acts in order to reestablish the equilibrium condition it leads to
point C the vertical of P on the right side of the equation and has a negative sign (q is
positive when the couple is negative and vice versa). M is the mass of the body and g is
the acceleration of the location of gravity. For small oscillations, when q is less than 20
degrees, we can use the approximation:

sin (q) q ~

and equation 1 will be:

t = – gq M

But this torque can also be calculated by the equation:

t = I a = I d 2 q / dt 2

Where I is the moment of inertia of the body to point P and is the angular acceleration
of the pendulum.
Equating the equations:

d 2 q / dt 2 + Mga q / I = 0

What is the characteristic of the differential equation of simple harmonic motion, and
does it have a possible solution of the type:

q = q 0 cos (wt + d)

Where w is the following:

w = (MGA / I) 1 / 2

And the period of oscillation:

T = 2 p (E / Mga) 1 / 2

Equating the equation for the period of the pendulum equation for the period
consisting of a simple pendulum, is the length l 0 of the simple pendulum equivalent of
the compound pendulum. Therefore:

2 p (0 l / g) 1 / 2 p = 2 (I / mga) 1 / 2

l 0 = E / Ma

Simple Harmonic Motion

The simplest type of oscillations occurs when the restitution force is directly
proportional to the displacement with respect to the equilibrium. We know this
oscillation as Simple Harmonic motion.

A particle describes Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) when it moves along the x axis,
its position x being given as a function of time t by the equation

x=A ·sin( t+ )

where

 A is the amplitude.

 ð the angular frequency.

  ð t+ð the phase.

 ð the initial phase.

Properties of MAS

The following are important properties of a particle that performs a MAS:

 Displacement, velocity, and acceleration vary sinusoidally with time but are not
in phase.

 The acceleration of the particle is proportional to the displacement but in the

opposite direction.

 The frequency and period of movement are independent of the amplitude.

Damped or Delayed Oscillations

In nature there is what is known as friction force (or friction), which is the product of
the collision of particles (molecules) and the consequent transformation of certain
amounts of energy into heat. This subtracts more and more energy from the
movement (the oscillating system), eventually causing the movement to stop. This is
what is known as damped oscillation.

FIGURE 02: Damped oscillation

In damped oscillation, its amplitude varies over time (according to an exponential

curve), becoming smaller and smaller until it reaches zero. That is, the system (the
particle, the pendulum, the guitar string) finally stops in its rest position.

The mathematical representation is

, where
is the damping coefficient. Let us note that the amplitude
is also a function of time (i.e., it varies with time), while a and
They are constants that depend on the conditions at which the movement starts.

However, the oscillation frequency of the system (which depends on intrinsic

properties of the system, that is, it is characteristic of the system) does not vary
(remains constant) throughout the entire process. (Unless you are dealing with very
large damping.)

Forced Oscillations

Forced oscillations result from applying a periodic force of constant magnitude (called
generator G) on an oscillator system (called resonator R). In these cases the system
can be made to oscillate at the generator frequency (g), and not at its natural
frequency (r). That is, the frequency of oscillation of the system will be equal to the
frequency of the force applied to it. This is what happens, for example, on the guitar,
when we find that there are strings that we do not pluck but that vibrate "out of
sympathy."

It should be taken into account that a forced oscillation does not occur whenever a
periodic force is applied to a system. The generation of a forced oscillation will depend
on the damping characteristics of the generating system and those of the resonator, in
particular their ratio.

Resonances

If, in the case of forced oscillation, the frequency of the generator (g) coincides with
the natural frequency of the resonator (r), the system is said to be in resonance.

The oscillation amplitude of the resonator system R depends on the magnitude of the
periodic force applied to it by the generator G, but also on the relationship between g
and r.

The greater the difference between the generator frequency and the resonator
frequency, the smaller the oscillation amplitude of the resonator system will be (if the
magnitude of the periodic force applied by the generator remains unchanged). Or, in
other words, the greater the difference between the frequencies of the generator and
the resonator, the greater the amount of energy that will be required to generate a
given amplitude in the forced oscillation (in the resonator).

On the contrary, in the case in which the frequency of the generator and that of the
resonator coincide (resonance), a force of small magnitude applied by the generator G
can achieve large oscillation amplitudes of the resonator system R. Figure 04 shows
the oscillation amplitude of the resonator system, for a constant magnitude of the
applied periodic force and as a function of the relationship between the generator
frequency g and the resonator frequency r.
 FIGURE 04: Resonance curve a = f (t)
g/r = 1 => Resonance

In an extreme case the resonator system can break. This is what happens when a
singer breaks a glass glass by making a sound with his voice. The breaking of the glass
does not occur only due to the intensity of the sound emitted, but fundamentally
because the singer emits a sound that contains a frequency equal to the natural
frequency of the glass glass, causing it to enter resonance. If the frequencies did not
match, the singer would have to generate much higher intensities, and even then it
would be doubtful that he would succeed in breaking the cup.

The case of resonance is important in the study of musical instruments, since many of
them have what is known as a resonator, such as the body of the guitar. The natural
frequencies of the resonator system (guitar body) make up what is called the
resonator response curve. Partials whose frequencies fall within the resonance zones
of the guitar body will be favored over those that do not, so the resonator alters the
timbre of a sound.

MECHANICAL OSCILLATORS

The Simple Pendulum

We call a simple pendulum an ideal entity consisting of a point mass suspended from
an inextensible and weightless thread, capable of oscillating freely in a vacuum and
without friction.
When the mass is separated from its equilibrium position, it oscillates to both sides of
said position, performing a simple harmonic movement. In the position of one of the
extremes, a balance of forces occurs, as we see in the graph:

The weight of the ball is decomposed into two components: a first component that is
balanced by the tension of the thread, so that:

The second component, perpendicular to the previous one, is what causes the
oscillating movement:
OSCILLATORY MOVEMENT IN NATURE AND TECHNOLOGY

In nature

Many types of oscillations occur in nature such as:

 The whistle of a victordiaz that is heard in the mornings.

 Elephants and whales communicate with ultrasonic sounds

 The quartz crystal used in pulse watches.

 Tigers use ultrasound to capture their prey, etc.

 A child swinging on a swing

In the technology:

 Ultrasound in technology helps us, for example, in ultrasounds; These are

reflected in the organs and produce an image that can be seen on a monitor.

 Since the capacitor and the coil are in parallel, the energy stored by the electric
field of the capacitor (in the form of electrostatic charges) is absorbed by the
coil, which stores it in its magnetic field, but is then absorbed and stored by the
coil. capacitor, to be absorbed again by the coil, and so on. This creates a back-
and-forth of current between the capacitor and the coil. This back and forth
constitutes an electromagnetic oscillation, in which the electric and magnetic
fields are perpendicular to each other, which means that both never exist at the
same time, since when the electric field is in the capacitor there is no magnetic
field in the coil. , and vice versa.

 Many electronic devices generate oscillations at typical radio frequency

frequencies.

 Many household appliances have integrated circuits that produce oscillations.