Dalton J.J. Thomson Biography

BIOGRAPHY OF DALTON JJ THOMSON.
He was born on 18 December 1856 in Cheetham Hill,

Manchester, Lancashire.
Son of a bookseller who wanted Thomson to be an
engineer.
In 1870, at the age of fourteen, he entered Owens
College (now part of the University of Manchester) and
later (1876) he entered Trinity College, the University
of Cambridge, where he also taught mathematics and
physics. He obtained his Bachelor's degree in
Mathematics in 1883.
He served as professor of experimental physics in the
Cavendish laboratory from 1884, and rector of Trinity
College, Cambridge (1918-1940), where he met Niels
Bohr and where he would remain until his death.
One of his students was Ernest Rutherford , who would later be his successor in the
position.
He was also president of the Royal Society (1915-1920) and professor of natural
philosophy at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (1905-1918).
In 1890 he married Rose Elisabeth, daughter of Sir George E. Paget.
In 1898 he developed the plum pudding theory of atomic structure, in which he argued
that electrons were like negative "plums" embedded in a "pudding" of positive matter.
He was considered the discoverer of the electron for his experiments with the flow of
particles (electrons) that make up cathode rays.
Thomson in 1906 showed that hydrogen has a single electron. It allows us to confirm or
reject various previous theories about the number of electrons, just like carbon. He
proposed the second atomic model (The first was proposed by John Dalton , in 1808),
which could be characterized as a positively charged sphere in which electrons are
embedded.
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906, thanks to his work on the
conduction of electricity through gases.
In 1908 he was appointed sir. He received the Royal Medal in 1894, the Hughes Medal
in 1902, and the Copley Medal in 1914.
Joseph John Thomson died in Cambridge, United Kingdom, on August 30, 1940 and
was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Awards
Royal Medal (1894)
Hughes Medal (1902)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1906)
Copley Medal (1914)
RUTHERFORD BIOGRAPHY
He was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New
Zealand.
The son of Martha Thompson and James Rutherford, a
farmer, he was the fourth of eleven children.
He studied at the University of New Zealand and later at
Cambridge.
He taught physics at McGill University in Montreal,
Canada, from 1898 to 1907 and at Manchester, England,
for more than ten years. From 1919 he was professor of
experimental physics and directed the Cavendish
Laboratory in Cambridge and also held a professorship
from 1920 at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London.
Following the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel ,
he identified the three main components of radiation and called them alpha, beta and
gamma rays. He showed that alpha particles are helium nuclei. He formulated a theory
of atomic structure that was the first to describe the atom as a dense nucleus around
which electrons revolve.
In 1919 he bombarded nitrogen with alpha particles and obtained atoms of an isotope of
oxygen and protons. This transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen was the first to
artificially produce a nuclear reaction. He noticed that most of the alpha particles passed
through the metal sheet without experiencing practically any deviation from their
trajectory. However, a certain fraction was deflected very appreciably and some even
bounced back towards the source.
His writings include: Radioactivity (Radioactivity, 1904); Radiations from Radioactive
Substances (1930), which he wrote with James Chadwick and Charles Drummond Ellis,
and The Newer Alchemy (1937).
He was elected member of the Royal Society in 1903 and president from 1925 to 1930.
In 1908 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and received the title of Sir in
1914.
Ernest Rutherford died in London on October 19, 1937 and was buried in Westminster
Abbey.
BIOGRAPHY OF ANTOINE LAURENT

He was born on August 26, 1743 in Paris into a wealthy
family.
He studied at the Mazarin Institute and studied law,
graduating as a lawyer in 1764. He was oriented towards
scientific research. He is considered the creator of
Chemistry as a science.
He showed that in a chemical reaction, the amount of
matter is the same at the end and at the beginning of the
reaction. These experiments provided evidence for the
law of conservation of matter. He also investigated the
composition of water and named its components oxygen and hydrogen.
Some of his experiments examined the nature of combustion, demonstrating that it is a
process in which the combination of a substance with oxygen occurs. He also revealed
the role of oxygen in the respiration of animals and plants. Together with the French
chemist Claude Louis Berthollet and others, he conceived a chemical nomenclature, or
naming system, which serves as the basis of the modern system. He described it in
Method of Chemical Nomenclature (1787).
In An Elementary Treatise on Chemistry (1789), he clarified the concept of an element
as a simple substance that cannot be divided by any known method of chemical
analysis. He wrote On Combustion (1777) and Considerations on the Nature of Acids
(1778). More than 60 of his communications were published in the Academy of
Sciences.
Member of the Academy of Sciences since 1768. He held various public positions, such
as state director of gunpowder manufacturing works in 1776, member of a commission
to establish a uniform system of weights and measures in 1790, and commissioner of
the treasury in 1791.
Leader of the peasants, he was in charge of collecting contributions. For this reason, he
was arrested in 1793. He was tried by the Revolutionary Court and guillotined on May
8, 1794 in the Place de la Concorde, Paris.
It seems that Halle presented to the court all the work that Lavoisier had done, and it is
said that the president of the court then uttered a famous phrase: "The Republic does not
need scholars."
ALBERT EINSTEIN'S BIOGRAPHY

He was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm. Son of Pauline Koch and
Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His parents moved to
Munich when Einstein was an infant. The family business, an
electrical appliance factory, went bankrupt in 1894, so the family
moved to Milan, Italy.
The Einsteins were Ashkenazi Jews, and Albert attended a Catholic
primary school in Munich for three years from the age of five.
Without having completed high school, he failed an exam that
would have earned him an electrical engineering diploma at the
Zurich Polytechnic. He returned to the Polytechnic in 1896 and
graduated in 1900 as a secondary school teacher in mathematics and physics.
For two years he dedicated himself to teaching, substituting for teachers or giving
private classes. Finally, in 1902 he managed to work as an examiner at the Swiss Patent
Office in Bern. In 1905 he received his doctorate from the University of Zurich,
presenting a thesis on the dimensions of molecules; He also wrote three theoretical
articles of great value for the development of 20th century physics. His third publication
was On the Electrodynamics of Bodies in Motion (1905), in which he expounded the
special theory of relativity. The hypothesis that mechanical laws were fundamental was
called the mechanical world view. On the other hand, the hypothesis that maintained
that electrical laws were the fundamental ones was called the electromagnetic world
view. Neither of these two conceptions were capable of giving an explanation to the
interaction of radiation and matter in being. In 1905 he came to the conclusion that the
solution lay not in the theory of matter but in the theory of measurements. After this
reasoning, he began to develop a theory that was based on two premises: the principle of
relativity and the principle of the invariability of the speed of light.
In 1907, he began his work on the extension and generalization of the theory of
relativity to all coordinate systems. It began with the statement of the equivalence
principle according to which gravitational fields are equivalent to the accelerations of
the reference system. It was published in 1916. Relying on this general theory of
relativity, he understood the variations in the rotational motion of the planets and
predicted the inclination of starlight as it approached bodies like the Sun. Starting in
1919, he began to be recognized internationally, receiving awards from several
scientific societies, such as the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 in Princeton. The last words he said before dying
were in German and were not understood by the nurse who was next to him, since she
did not understand the language.
Featured Awards
Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Copley Medal (1925)
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Einstein had different nationalities:
German (1879-96)
Stateless (1896-1901)
Switzerland (1901-55)
Austrian (1911-12)
German (1914-19)
German (1919-33)
American (1940-55)

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BIOGRAPHY OF DALTON JJ THOMSON.

He was born on 18 December 1856 in Cheetham Hill,

BIOGRAPHY OF ANTOINE LAURENT

ALBERT EINSTEIN'S BIOGRAPHY

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