BATHYMETRY
BATHYMETRY
BATHYMETR
Y
TEACHER: Eng. Uribe Saavedra, Jorge Elías
COURSE: TOPOGRAPHY II
GROUP: 06
STUDENTS:
-FLORES CORDOVA, LUIS EDUARDO
-MALLQUI PECEROS, ALEXANDER JHON
-MALLQUI PECEROS, NILTON FRANKIN
-MONTES FALCON, DANIEL IGNACIO
-TOLENTINO FUENTES, WALTHER ALFREDO
Background
Originally, bathymetry referred to the measurement of ocean depth.
Early techniques used segments of known length of heavy cable or rope.
ADDefinitionofBathymetry'P
❖ Relief survey of underwater surfaces
❖ Surveys of the seabed, such as the bottom of the watercourses of reservoirs, rivers, lakes
❖ These works are also called hydrographic topography, nautical cartography .
The topography of the seafloor near the Puerto Rico Trench .
. Finality
Projects for sports and commercial ports, breakwaters, beach regeneration, sandbank maintenance studies, studies of
types of seabed (sand, gravel, algae, rocks, etc.).
EQUIPM
ENT
ECHOSOND MULTIBEAM ECHOSONER
ER
Instrument used to measure the IT IS USED TO MAP THE SEAFLOOR.
distance between the surface THEY EMIT FAN-SHAPED SOUND
of water and objects suspended in the WAVES UNDER THE HULL OF A
BOAT.
water or that rest at the bottom.
PROFILER CABINET BOAT
SPEED LIGHT
A CABINET BOAT IS AVAILABLE AND IS
Through its use we obtain a profile EASY TO HANDLE AND TRANSPORT, IDEAL
of the speed of sound in FOR CARRYING OUT WORK IN INLAND
water column. Capacity of WATERS WITH RELATED SYSTEMS.
immersion up to 2000 meters.
Z-BOAT
Base and mobile compound for
INTEGRATED MONO BEAM SYSTEM TO
real-time jobs with precision
CARRY OUT BATHYMETRY IN
centimeter. They receive and process the
SHALLOW WATERS. IDEAL FOR
satellite information.
METHODS
TOPOGRAPHIC IN
BATHYMETRY
j
3D POSITIONING METHOD
• THE PROBLEM IN BATHYMETRIC SURVEYS IS
CORRELATING THE PLANIMETRIC POSITION AND THE
DETERMINATION OF THE DEPTH.
• THE PROBLEM OF MOTION ON THE SURFACE CAN BE
DIMINISHED BY INCREASING THE SPEED IN THE
DETERMINATION OF THE COORDINATES OF THE
RADIATE POINT.
• THE MOST EXTENDED AND CURRENTLY USED METHOD
TO CARRY OUT BATHYMETRIC SURVEYS IS THE
COMBINED GPS + DIGITAL ECHOSONDER METHOD.
(---------\
Produces sound (1500m/s).
________ J.
Receives and amplifies the echo.
TEAM OF Measures the time elapsed since
the emission and reception of sound.
PROBE
Converts the time interval to
depth units.
POLLS
• FOR DEEP WATER SOUNDINGS, LOW FREQUENCY SIGNALS ARE USED, SINCE HIGH
FREQUENCY SIGNALS ARE SUBJECT TO GREATER ABSORPTION.
• SOUND WAVES ARE EMITTED AT VERY SHORT TIME INTERVALS; SO, FOR EXAMPLE,
A PORTABLE PROBE MODEL, WHOSE DEPTH OF REACH REACHES 75 M, DOES
SOUNDINGS AT THE SPEED OF 600 PER MINUTE.
PRECISION
IT IS DETERMINED BY:
• PULSE DURATION OR LENGTH.
• ANGLE OF INCIDENCE OF THE WAVE ON THE OBJECT.
• NATURE OF THE OBJECTIVE.
• TRANSMISSION EMISSION WIDTH: THE ENERGY
RETURNED BY AN OBJECT DEPENDS ON ITS SIZE, THE
DENSITY OF ITS ELEMENTS AND THE INCLINATION OF
THE PROJECTOR.
GPS
• METHODOLOGY
IT HAS ALLOWED TO INCREASE PLANIMETRIC ACCURACY.
• THE GPS OBSERVATION METHOD THAT CAN GIVE US THE MOST PRECISION IS THE REAL-TIME
DIFFERENTIAL METHOD.
• TO WORK IN REAL TIME, A RADIO LINK IS USED BETWEEN THE REFERENCE STATION AND THE MOBILE
EQUIPMENT THAT IS INSTALLED ON THE BOAT.
A SYSTEM THAT PERFORMS BATHYMETRIC SURVEYS ACCORDING TO THIS METHOD MUST CARRY
OUT 2 TASKS:
• NAVIGATION: THE SYSTEM MUST BE ABLE TO INDICATE THE ROUTE TO FOLLOW TO NOT CREATE
UNDESIRABLE AREAS, OR TO GUIDE THE BOAT THROUGH PREDETERMINED PROFILES.
• SYNCHRONIZATION: THE TIME RECORDING CARRIED OUT IN IT ALLOWS THE DATA OF THE GPS
FILES TO SYNCHRONIZE WITH THE DATA OF THE ECHOSONDE FILES.
PLANIMETRIC POSITIONING METHODS (X, Y)
TO CARRY OUT THE TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE COAST,
YOU HAVE TO USE SPECIAL PROCEDURES.
THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS TO OBTAIN THE COORDINATES, THE
WHICH HAVE BEEN EVOLVING AS TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES, WHICH ARE:
DIRECT METHODS.
OPTICAL METHODS RADIATION
BISECTION. GPS
METHODOLOGY.
ALTIMETRIC POSITIONING (Z).
IT IS THE DEFINITIVE PART OF ANY BATHYMETRY.
TO CARRY OUT THE SURVEY PHASE THE FOLLOWING CAN BE USED
INSTRUMENTS:
SCANDAL. MECHANICAL
PROBES.
ELECTRICAL ACOUSTIC PROBES.
PROBES.
THE USE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY HAS ALLOWED TO
IMPROVE THE PRECISION AND INCREASE THE SPEED
IN BATHYMETRIC SURVEYS. ITS USE IS LIMITED TO
NOT VERY DEEP WATER, THIS VARIABLE (DEPTH)
BEING THE MAIN LIMITATION OF THIS METHOD.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER
Y
o
IT CONSISTS OF A SONAR THAT WORKS
WITH LASER, AND ALLOWS TO MEASURE DURING DAY
DEPTHS FROM 2 TO 30 METERS, WITH A
Near-IR(1064
nm) laser pulses
MAXIMUM ERROR OF 1 M. AND AT NIGHT IT CAN reflected from
water surface
REACH 60 METERS OF
Green laser
DEPTH. CAN BE TRANSPORTED IN A pulses (532 nm)
reflected from
PLANE OR ON A BOAT. bottom
BATHYMETRIC
AIRBORNE LIDAR BATHYMETRY
LIDAR
(ALB) IS A TECHNIQUE USED TO
MEASURE BED DEPTH
MARINE OR COASTAL WATERS FROM
THE AIR THROUGH THE USE OF A LASER
AIRBORNE.
BATHYMETRY
THROUGH SONAR
SIDE
BATHYMETRY USING LATERAL SONAR
SONAR: Navigation and sound range
It allows obtaining three-dimensional maps of the bottom using an acoustic wave emitter-receiver. It
is used with several ships moving in parallel, obtaining a continuous and complete chart.
TYPES OF
SONAR
PASSIVE
SONAR:
HOW IS THE SURVEY
□ SONAR ACTIVE
CONDUCTED WITH SONAR?
EVERY IMPULSE OF SOUND IT COMMANDS IS
CALLED PING.
D = VS XT/2
THE SPEED OF SOUND IS DETERMINED IN THE
WATER WHICH IS APPROXIMATELY VS=1500M/S.
HOW DOES IT
WORK?
1. Depth from sonar
2. Vertical beam angle
3. Range configured in the software (maximum acoustic
range)
4. Width of the side on the seabed
5. Side scan sonar depth
6. Separation between port and starboard side
7. Horizontal beam width
INTERPRETATION
1. Depth from sonar
2. Vertical beam angle
3. Range configured in the software (maximum acoustic range)
4. Width of the side on the seabed
8. Acoustic shadow length, corresponding to the height of the object
A. Area before the first “bottom” turn (no sound = black)
B. Seabed texture
C. Highly reflective corner of the object (brightest intensity)
D. Reflective object E. Acoustic shadow of the object (no return here)
F. Seabed texture
CONCLUSIONS
• THE COMBINED METHOD OF GPS + DIGITAL ECHOSONDER IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR CURRENT BATHYMETRY,
SINCE IT PRESENTS GREATER PRECISION COMPARED TO OTHER METHODS, THUS GIVING BETTER PROFILES OF
THE SURFACES UNDER THE SEA.
• ALTHOUGH SOME PLANIMETRIC METHODS ARE OBTAINED COORDINATES WITH A HIGH ERROR (COMPARED
WITH THE NORMAL ERROR OBTAINED ON LAND), THEY ARE VERY HELPFUL METHODS FOR CALCULATING
UNDERWATER COORDINATES.
• BATHYMETRY WITH A LASER SCANNER HAS PROVEN TO BE A RELIABLE, ACCURATE, EFFICIENT AND SAFE
TECHNIQUE FOR QUICKLY MAKING NEAR SHORE WATERS, BEACHES AND COASTAL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES.
DESPITE THIS, IT IS A DISCIPLINE THAT IS GROWING AND WHICH DEPENDS ON OTHER AREAS SUCH AS OPTICS,
LASERS AND ELECTRONICS.
• BATHYMETERY USING REMOTE SENSORS ARE BEING DEVELOPED, BUT IT HAS NOT YET REACHED PRECISION
LEVELS AND PERHAPS IN THE FUTURE IT MAY REPLACE CURRENT TECHNIQUES WITH LOWER COST AND GREAT
EXTENSION.
