MBM (11M013) Unit I, Lesson 3 (New)

Mechanical Behavior of Materials
(11M013)
Unit I - Lesson 3
Dr. Jayalakshmi (ME)

12 Dec 2016
1
1. Evocation
2. Contents & Objectives
 Dislocations, Yield strength of a perfect crystal, Edge dislocation,

Screw and Mixed dislocations
General Objective
Students will understand dislocations in crystalline materials.
Specific Objectives
Students will be able to
1. Explain the yield strength of a perfect crystal. (S, E, M)
2. Explain dislocation. (S, E)
3. Identify the role of dislocations on plastic deformation of crystalline
materials. (S, E)
3
3. Yield Strength of a Perfect Crystal
Slip: Translation of one plane of atom over another

3. Yield in a Perfect Crystal
- Shear stress act in the slip plane along the slip direction
- Distance between atoms in slip direction is ‘b’
- Spacing between adjacent planes is ‘a’
Shear stress is zero, when

- Initially, when the 2 planes are in coincidence
- When the 2 planes have moved an identity distance ‘b’
- When the atoms at top plane are midway between those
at the bottom plane
At any other intermediary position, shear stress is a
function of displacement
tm is the amplitude of sine wave

‘b’ is the period
Alperfect 0.9 x 109 N/m2

Alreal 7.8 x 105 N/m2
5
3. Strength of a Perfect Crystal
Critically Resolved Shear Stress for Slip
(CRSS)
4. Dislocations
Lattice Defects: Point Defects
4. Dislocations
Lattice Defects: Line Defects
 Dislocations are areas were the atoms are out of position in the crystal structure.
 Dislocations are generated and move when a stress is applied.
 The motion of dislocations allows slip, i.e. plastic deformation to occur.
Edge dislocation is visualized as an extra half-plane of atoms in a lattice;

Edge dislocation (dislocation line or defect line) moves parallel to the direction of applied stress
The motion of a screw dislocation is also a result of shear stress, but the defect line movement
is perpendicular to direction of the stress and the atom displacement.
4. Dislocations
Dislocations move along the densest planes of atoms in a material

- because the stress needed to move the dislocation increases with the
spacing between the planes
- FCC and BCC metals have many dense planes, so dislocations move
relatively easy and these materials have high ductility
4. Burgers Vector
Edge Dislocation
BV perpendicular
Screw Dislocation
BV parallel
Burgers Vector (BV)

Represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice displacement/distortion
resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice
5. Edge Dislocation
Understanding the movement of a dislocation is key to understanding why
dislocations allow deformation to occur at much lower stress than in a perfect crystal.
Dislocation motion is analogous to movement of a caterpillar.

The caterpillar would have to exert a large force to move its entire body at once.
- Instead it moves the rear portion of its body forward a small amount and creates a hump.
- The hump then moves forward; eventually moves all of the body forward by a small amount.
5. Edge Dislocation
The dislocation moves similarly - a small amount at a time.

The dislocation in the top half of the crystal is slipping one plane at a time as it moves to the
right from its position in image (a) to its position in image (b) and finally image (c).
In the process of slipping one plane at a time,the dislocation propagates across the crystal.
The movement of the dislocation across the plane eventually causes the top half of the crystal
to move with respect to the bottom half.
However, only a small fraction of the bonds are broken at any given time.
Movement in this manner requires a much smaller force than breaking all the bonds across the
middle plane simultaneously.
5.Climb of Edge Dislocation
5. Screw Dislocation
The motion of a screw dislocation is also a result of shear stress, but
the defect line movement is perpendicular to direction of the stress
and the atom displacement, rather than parallel.
To visualize a screw dislocation, imagine a block of metal with a shear stress

applied across one end so that the metal begins to rip.
Blue
Green
Red
14
5. Screw Dislocation
Blue circles - Atoms that have not yet moved from their original position.
Red circles - Atoms that have moved to their new position in lattice, and have
reestablished metallic bonds.
Green circles - Atoms in the process of moving
It can be seen that only a portion of the bonds are broke at any given time.
As in edge dislocation, movement in this manner requires a much smaller force
than breaking all the bonds across the middle plane simultaneously
If the shear force is increased, the atoms will

continue to slip to the right.
A row of the green atoms will find their way
back into a proper spot in the lattice (and
become red) and a row of the blue atoms will
slip out of position (and become green).
In this way, the screw dislocation will move
upward in the image, which is perpendicular
to direction of the stress. 15
5. Slip & Mixed Dislocations
Net plastic deformation of both edge and screw dislocations is same
In many materials, dislocations are found where the line direction and
Burgers vector are neither perpendicular nor parallel and these dislocations
are called mixed dislocations, consisting of both screw and edge character.
16
6. Mindmap
7. Summary
 In crystalline materials, plastic deformation occurs due to defects called
dislocations.
 Dislocations are line defects.
 The yield strength of a perfect (pure) crystal is much higher than a real crystal
due to the absence of defects/dislocations.
 Dislocations are classified as: edge, screw and mixed dislocations.
 In Edge dislocation:
- Dislocation line moves parallel to applied shear stress
- Edge dislocation & Burger’s vector are perpendicular to each other
 In Screw dislocation:
- Dislocation line moves perpendicular to applied shear stress
- Screw dislocation & Burger’s vector are parallel to each other
Ref: Courtney (Pages 80-99)

18
8. Assessment
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Identify the nature of a ‘perfect crystal’
(a) It has all types of dislocations (b) it has no dislocations
(c) it is circular in shape (d) it has cubic structure.
2. Select the right answer
(a) Dislocations are point defects (b) Dislocations are vacancies
(c) Dislocations are line defects (d) Dislocations are cracks.
3. Dislocations are classified as
(a) edge and screw dislocations (b) edge, screw and mixed dislocations
(c) edge and mixed dislocations (d) screw and mixed dislocations.
Higher Order Question

Explain how plastic deformation (yield strength) of a perfect crystal is
determined?
Explain critically resolved shear stress for slip to occur (Schmid’s law).
Explain the process of slip by movement of edge and screw dislocations. 19
8. Assessment
 Define edge and screw dislocations.

 Draw an edge dislocation produced by slip in a simple cubic lattice.
 Compare point defects and line defects.
 Why is yield strength of perfect crystals orders of magnitude > real crystals?
What are the reasons for materials to undergo plastic deformation under loads?
Why are Nickel single crystal blades used in aircraft engines?

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Mechanical Behavior of Materials

Dr. Jayalakshmi (ME)

 Dislocations, Yield strength of a perfect crystal, Edge dislocation,

Slip: Translation of one plane of atom over another

Shear stress is zero, when

tm is the amplitude of sine wave

Alperfect 0.9 x 109 N/m2

Edge dislocation is visualized as an extra half-plane of atoms in a lattice;

Dislocations move along the densest planes of atoms in a material

Burgers Vector (BV)

Dislocation motion is analogous to movement of a caterpillar.

The dislocation moves similarly - a small amount at a time.

To visualize a screw dislocation, imagine a block of metal with a shear stress

If the shear force is increased, the atoms will

Ref: Courtney (Pages 80-99)

Higher Order Question

 Define edge and screw dislocations.

Why are Nickel single crystal blades used in aircraft engines?

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