Md.

Rafiqul Islam
Lecturer
Department of MME
BUET, Dhaka
  Strength of a perfect crystal
 Motion of dislocations in response to stress
 Slip Systems
 Plastic deformation in single and
polycrystalline materials

Reference:
1. WD Callister, Jr. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 5th Ed.,
Ch. 7, pp.153-161.
 Stress at which bond rupture takes place at the end
of elastic deformation is called the ideal strength.
 Estimated value of ideal strength  E/15.
 A material cannot be stronger than this.

 Glasses and some ceramics and polymers have strength

values close to their respective ideal strengths values.

 All metals, however, have yield strengths far below than

their ideal strengths – as much as a factor of 105 lower.
Why ?
 Crystals are not perfect.
They have defects, which limit the strength of crystal
and the material.

 The presence and motion of large number of

dislocations allow materials to deform plastically
at stress levels much smaller than ideal strength.

 If dislocations don’t move,

plastic deformation doesn’t happen !!
 Dislocations are linear imperfections in a crystal
structure for which a row of atoms have a local
structure that differs from the surrounding crystal.

 Generally caused by:

 Mechanical stress & deformation
 Imperfections during crystal growth

 Two types of dislocations:

 Edge dislocations
 Screw dislocations
 dislocation
line Burger
dislocation line vector, b

Edge Dislocation Screw Dislocation

 Interactions between dislocations
 When they are in the same plane, they repel each other if they have the
same sign (direction of the Burgers vector) and attract/annihilate if they
have opposite signs.

Repulsion of Dislocations Attraction of Dislocations

C C C T

T T T C
The number of dislocations increases Dislocation
dramatically during plastic deformation. annihilation
(formation of
perfect crystal)
 Edge dislocation line moves parallel to applied stress

Screw dislocation line moves perpendicular to applied stress

 Slip is the movement of large numbers of dislocations
to produce macroscopic plastic deformation.
 Slip allows deformation without breaking  ductility
 Though individual bonds must be broken for dislocation to move,
new bonds are formed throughout the slip process
 Analogy — caterpillars, carpets, worms
 During fracture of material, all bonds are broken
instantaneously, which requires much larger force.

 During propagation of dislocation, only a small

fraction of bonds are broken along a particular plane
at any given time, requiring much lesser force.
 Dislocations do not move with the same degree of ease
on all crystallographic planes and in all crystallographic
directions.
 In single crystals there are preferred planes where dislocations move
(slip planes). Within the slip planes there exist some preferred
crystallographic directions for dislocation movement (slip directions).
 The set of slip planes and directions constitutes the slip system.

 The slip planes and directions are those of highest

packing density.
Materials Characteristics External Conditions
1. 5 or more slip systems 1. High temperature
 3 in HCP crystals  some materials are brittle at low T,
 12 in FCC crystals while more ductile at high T (new
 48 (nearly close-packed planes) slip systems become operative)
in BCC crystals (most of which
operates at high temperatures) 2. Type of stress
 shear & compression – encourage
2. Non-directionality in bonding slip
 metallic (not covalent)  uniaxial tension – permits slip
 triaxial tension – discourage slip
Metals: Easier dislocation motion

Covalent Ceramics: (Si, Diamond)

 F
Dislocations move along the slip plane A
in response to shear stresses applied
along these planes and directions. Normal to
slip plane
l
The resolved shear stress, tR , resulting f
from the applied tensile stress, σ.
Shear force,
tR = s cosf cosl FR
Slip plane, AR
and
Slip direction
tR = FR/AR
FR = F cosl ; AR = A/cosf (f+l) ≠ 90
since slip planes
tR = (F cosl) / (A/cosf) may not be normal
tR = s cosf cosl to the tensile axis.
F
 When the resolved shear stress becomes sufficiently
large, the crystal will start to yield
 dislocations start to move along the most favorably oriented
slip system, which produces the maximum resolved shear stress.
 The onset of yielding corresponds to the yield stress, σy.

 The minimum shear stress required to initiate slip is

termed the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS):

tR (max) = (sy cosf cosl)max = tCRSS

Consider a single crystal of BCC iron oriented such that a tensile
stress is applied along a [010] direction.
a) Compute the resolved shear stress along a (110) plane and in
a direction when a tensile stress of 52 MPa (7500 psi) is
applied.
b) If slip occurs on a (110) plane and in a direction, and the
critical resolved shear stress is 30 MPa (4350 psi), calculate
the magnitude of the applied tensile stress necessary to initiate
yielding.
 ø is the angle between the normal to the (110) slip plane (i.e., the [110] direction)
and the [010] direction.
λ represents the angle between and [010] directions.
In general ,for cubic unit cells, an angle θ between directions 1 and 2 ,represented
by [ u1 v1 w1] and [ u2 v2 w2] , repectively, is equal to
The min. stress necessary to introduce yielding occurs for single
crystal when f = l = 45, and under these conditions, sy = 2 tCRSS
 stretched
Zn crystal

Each step (shear band) is resulted

from the generation of a large
number of dislocations and their
propagation in the slip system with
maximum resolved shear stress
  Random grain orientations with respect to applied stress
makes slipping more complex.

 Slip directions vary from crystal to

crystal
some grains are favourably oriented than the others.
 Dislocation cannot easily cross grain
boundaries
due to the change in slip plane directions and
disorder at the grain boundary.
Slip lines in deformed
polycrystalline Cu

 As a result, polycrystalline metals are stronger than

single crystals.
the exception is the perfect single crystal without any defects, as in whiskers