Aberoumand 2017

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ARTICLE IN PRESS [m5G;January 9, 2017;15:29]
Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 0 0 0 (2017) 1–8
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Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jtice
Experimental study on synthesis, stability, thermal conductivity and

viscosity of Cu–engine oil nanofluid
Sadegh Aberoumand a,∗, Amin Jafarimoghaddam b
a
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Takestan, Iran
b
Department of Aerospace Engineering, KNT University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this study, a colloidal suspension consists of Cu nanoparticles and engine oil has been made by a
Received 24 February 2016 one- step method known as Electrical Explosion of Wire (E.E.W) in three different weight concentrations
Revised 17 October 2016
of 0.2%, 0.5% and 1%. After studying physical properties of the applied nanofluids via high resolution
Accepted 21 December 2016
transmission electron microscopy and measuring zeta potential for the stability analysis, thermo-physical
Available online xxx
properties such as thermal conductivity and viscosity, have been experimentally studied. Measured data
Keywords: of thermal conductivity and viscosity of applied nanofluids have been compared to the predicted ones
Cu–Engine oil nanofluids through the proposed correlations for thermal conductivity and viscosity of oil based nanofluids and ac-
Thermal conductivity ceptable agreements between the two have been achieved. The range of thermal conductivity of higher
Viscosity weight concentration was measured to be from 0.153 to 0.17 (W/m. K) in the temperature range from
Stability 40 C to 100 C, while pure engine oil exhibits a decreasing trend in contradictory. Secondly, viscosity vari-
ations through capturing Newtonian or non- Newtonian behavior of utilized nanofluids has been investi-
gated. The viscosity range for higher weight concentration nanofluid was observed from 235 cP to 35 cP
in the applied temperature range. Finally, thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancements of 49% and
37% were observed for 1% weight fraction of utilized nanofluids.
© 2016 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction tivity enhancement of 18% at 30 °C of 0.02% volume fraction of

their applied nanofluids. Ettefaghi et al. [7] released the results
From the many investigations on enhancement of heat trans- of their experiment on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and en-
fer, it can be concluded that the presence of nanofluids is es- gine oil for their thermal conductivity and viscosity. They reported
sential to reach the maximum possible heat transfer rate. Before that thermal conductivity increased by 22.7% at 0.5 wt% concen-
the two last decades, the focus was directed to utilize conven- tration. However, it must be considered that the increase in con-
tional methodologies (ex. Increasing the heat transfer surface) to centration of nano-additives because of agglomeration and precip-
achieve a higher heat transfer. Since the nanoparticles were man- itation of nanotubes caused reduction in lubricating properties of
ufactured and tested in the fluid media, it was observed that this oil. Fakoor Pakdaman et al. [13] worked on thermo physical char-
novelty could be the contemporary key of the solution for reach- acteristics of MWCNT based heat transfer oil nanofluids in weight
ing the maximum possible heat transfer. From the energy conser- fractions of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% and they reported that the viscos-
vation point of view, it is necessary for overcoming the energy ity of nanofluid with 0.4% of weight concentration is 67% greater
problems to achieve to the fluids with enhanced thermo-physical than that of the base fluid at 40 °C, while the corresponding result
properties. After introducing nanofluids by Choi [1] and other pio- for the enhancement of thermal conductivity is 15% at 70 °C. Saee-
neers [2–5], so many works have been done on the heat transfer dinia et al. [14] studied on the rheological properties of CuO/oil
and thermo-physical properties of nanofluids [6–12]. It has been nanofluids with weight fractions of 0.2–2%. They reported 6.2% en-
reported that thermo-physical properties of nanofluids will be enhancement in thermal conductivity of 2 wt% nanofluid. They also
hanced via the increasing of volume concentration of nanoparti- showed the temperature dependency of viscosity of nanofluids.
cles. For instant, Jiang et al. [6] carried out the experiment on Kole and Dey [15] studied thermal conductivity and viscosity of
Cu/ oil nanofluids and reported the maximum thermal conduc- Cu/gear oil nanofluids. They determined 24% of enhancement and
around 71% increment for 2 Vol%. nanofluid, for thermal conductiv-
∗
ity and viscosity, respectively. Nabeel et al. [16] carried out the ex-
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: s.aberoumand@gmail.com (S. Aberoumand).
periments on viscosity of ZnO/coconut oil and they reported shear
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.035
1876-1070/© 2016 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: S. Aberoumand, A. Jafarimoghaddam, Experimental study on synthesis, stability, thermal
conductivity and viscosity of Cu–engine oil nanofluid, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers (2017),
JID: JTICE
2 S. Aberoumand, A. Jafarimoghaddam / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 000 (2017) 1–8
thinning in all samples and all temperature. According to them,

in low volume concentrations the shear thinning was because of
non- Newtonian behavior of nanofluids and in high volume frac-
tions, it was due to nanoparticles- fluid interactions. Aberoumand
et al. [17] recently reported their experimental data of thermal
conductivity and viscosity of Ag/ heat transfer oil nanofluids. They
saw enhancements of around 40% and 27% for thermal conduc-
tivity and viscosity, respectively. In addition, they reported that
the non-Newtonian behavior of their applied nanofluids was oc-
curred for applied nanofluids. Wang et al. [18] reported 11–36% of
enhancement for graphite/oil nanofluids of 0.68–1.36 Vol%, respec-
tively. They also observed slight increase in viscosity of 1.36 Vol%
nanofluid. Kole and Dey [19] reported that viscosity of Cuo/gear oil
nanofluids is enhanced by 3 times of the base fluid with CuO vol-
ume fraction of 0.025%, while it decreased significantly with the
rising of temperature.
Stability of nanofluids as the most important parameter has to
be secured for any further study. There are some various meth-
ods for being sure about the stability of nanofluids. Using Scan-
ning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy Fig. 1. Schematic of E.E.W method.
(TEM), pH measuring and zeta potential measuring are the most
common methods for stability analysis. Since, SEM focuses on Table 1
the sample’s surface and its composition whereas TEM provides Thermo-physical properties of applied engine oil.
the details about internal composition, Therefore TEM can show
T (K) ρ (kg/m3 ) Cp (kJ/kg.K) ν (cSt) k (W/m.K)
many characteristics of the sample, such as morphology, crystal-
lization, stress or even magnetic domains. On the other hand, SEM 313 862 1.98 140.1 0.144
373 837 2.31 17.4 0.137
shows only the morphology of samples. In addition, zeta potential
measuring technique is recommended by the researchers because
there are specified points for detecting the stability by using this
method, which are presented in details in the next sections. 3. Nanofluid preparation
It is well understood from [14–16] that the study on viscos-
ity of nanofluids has unavoidable importance in finding the ade- There are two kinds of preparation method for nanofluids: One
quate pumping power, Reynolds number, Prandtl number and flow step and the two-step methods [24–26]. The two-step method
behaviors. Hence, rheological study becomes essential to under- forms nanoparticles using physical or chemical synthesis tech-
stand the utility of nanofluids in various applications. To study on niques and disperses them in the base fluids. A promising one step
the viscosity of nanofluids, the effect of nanoparticle concentra- method, physical synthesis technique, is the Electrical Explosion of
tion [1,2,4–6,13,14], bulk temperature [2,5,6,13,14] and diameter of Wire in liquid [27–30].
nanoparticles [1,2,14] have to be considered. In EEW (Electrical Explosion of Wire), by using of extra high
electric voltage and current, the primary wire is converted into
nanoparticles via under liquid wire explosion process. In this
2. The novelties of this work are explained as below method, any type of thin conductive wire can be transformed into
nanoparticles. The advantages of this method are listed below
A large variety of nanoparticle suspensions with different
nanoparticle materials, shapes, sizes and concentrations have been • Ability of producing a wide range of metallic nano-colloids
extensively studied in last decade; the majority of these studies which can be provided in thin wire shape.
have been conducted in polar base fluids such as water, ethylene • A wide range of liquid media including Water, Oil, Glycerin and
glycol (EG) and their mixtures, [20–23]. However, there are just a etc can be applied.
few studies on nanofluids based on industrial oils for viscosity and • Excellent dispersion of metallic nano particles in related liquid.
heat transfer applications. • Ability of producing in laboratorial scale with different concen-
The relatively low reported results on oil based nanofluids, are trations.
mostly on transformer oil, silicon oil, gear oil and heat transfer • Environmental friendly because of high purity nanoparticle pro-
oil, and there are only limited investigations on engine oil based duction without surfactant (non-toxic).
nanofluids. Growing and developments of high efficiency industrial
devices working under high thermal conditions, require efficient Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the E.E.W method.
technology for cooling and lubrication, and for this concept, engine The tested nanofluids in this study were created by the E.E.W
oil is preferred as base fluid in this study. method. A PNC1K device creates an electrical explosion by placing
Copper, known as a low price, so conductive and convenient electrodes in liquid media. Nano powder production and distribu-
metal in the world, is applied in this study as to be nanoparticles. tion were carried out simultaneously (Fig. 2).
The method of nanofluid preparation is preferred a novel method The type and thermo-physical characteristics of the applied en-
known as Electrical Explosion of Wire (E.E.W) which has been de- gine oil which was bought from Behran Oil Company, Iran are pre-
scribed in details in the next section. The aim of this study is syn- sented in Table 1.
thesis and investigation on the thermo-physical properties (ther- For the created Cu/Engine oil nanofluid in this study, a PNC1K
mal conductivity and viscosity) of stable Cu/Engine oil nanofluid. device and copper thin wire were prepared as described character-
Finally, measured data of thermal conductivity and viscosity of ap- istics in Table 2.
plied nanofluids have been compared to the proposed correlations From Fig. 3, it is clear that the Cu nanoparticles are dispersed
[17] to achieve an acceptable agreement. well and the average nanoparticles diameter is around 50 nm.
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S. Aberoumand, A. Jafarimoghaddam / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 000 (2017) 1–8 3
6 μm by a DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) procedure. Nanoparticles

size distribution is provided by the DLS measurements through a
correlation which is able to separate several different populations
in the test sample providing one peak for each of them. Only one
peak means that almost all of the nanoparticles have a diame-
ter around the common mean value. Two samples of nanofluid
were tested. The first sample’s data were acquired every day for
60 days without any fluid shaking, to evaluate the size distribution
changes due to natural sedimentation. The second sample of ap-
plied nanofluid was measured for 60 days after shaking, to evalu-
ate the size distribution changes after mechanically recovering the
sedimented particles. Each test using the Zetasizer was repeated
three times, and shown results are the average values of the three
measurements. If the diameter of the nanoparticles of unshaken
nanofluid increases over the days, which is due to the sedimenta-
tion of nanoparticles, it can be categorized as unstable nanofluid.
However, if any significant change in nanoparticles diameter oc-
curs, it will be the sign of un-stability and it affects the thermo-
physical characteristics of the nanofluid.
5. Zeta potential measurements
Zeta potential which is an index referring to nanoparticles sur-

face charge has been measured for the applied nanofluids at 313
and 353 K via Zetasizer Nano ZS made by Malvern, Britain. 313 K
and 353 K have been chosen because of covering the minimum and
Fig. 2. PNC1K device.
maximum working temperatures in the industrial applications. As
it is mentioned in [31], the absolute value of measured zeta po-
Table 2
Operational characteristics of the PNC1K in this tential is a sign for the stability of tested nanofluid, in which, the
study. absolute values higher than 30 mV is the indication of stabilized
MODEL PNC1k
nanofluid and the absolute values lower than 20 mV is referred
to poor stability of colloids [32]. The low Zeta potential refers to
Output voltage 0.5-1KV
the low nanoparticles collisions. So, the sedimentation will be ap-
Inputpower 1P 220VAC 500 W
Max. diameter of wire 0.25 mm peared and the stability will be poor.
Exploding wire length 1–5 mm Zetasizer utilizes a combination of two techniques: elec-
Input wire Copper trophoresis and laser Doppler velocimetry. This combination
Particle size 40–65 nm method measures the velocity of a particle in a liquid when an
electrical field is applied. Then, by knowing the viscosity and the
dielectric constant of the sample, Henry equation can be applied.
All the nanofluid preparation procedures were carried out in Zeta potential can be obtained by the Smoluchowski equation.
the PNF Co. Tehran, Iran. These equations and their simplifying are completely discussed
in the work of Leroy et al. [33]. They presented a full discussion
4. Stability analysis on the influence of surface conductivity on the apparent zeta po-
tential of TiO2 nanoparticles. Coming to this point that both Ag
One of the ways of controlling the stability of nanofluids is con- and TiO2 nanoparticles are spherical, their discussion can be used
trolling the nanoparticles size distribution over the time. A Zeta- for this present work. The results show a very good stability for
sizer Nano ZS (Malvern) was used to measure the nanoparticles all of the test samples and Figs. 4–7 clearly indicates the excel-
size of applied nanofluid which can display the size from 0.6 nm to lent stability of applied nanofluids. It is noted that the absolute
Fig. 3. TEM image and the sample of 1 wt% applied Cu/ Engine oil nanofluid.
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Fig. 4. Mean diameter of nanoparticles over the days. Fig. 7. Absolute zeta potential of cu/ engine oil nanofluids versus mass concentra-
tion.
Fig. 8. KD2 Pro set up.
6. Thermal conductivity measurement

Fig. 5. Mean diameter of nanoparticles over the days.
Thermal conductivity of utilized Cu–engine oil nanofluids was

measured through a KD2 Pro KS-1 made by Decagon Devices Inc.
which worked based on the hot wire method and had the maxi-
mum deviation of 5.0%. The range of thermal conductivity and the
accuracy are 0.02 to 2.00, and ±0.001, respectively.
KD2 Pro device has a probe and a data processor which has to
be calibrated first, by the sample of glycerin. The certain glycerin
has a specified thermal conductivity which is written on it con-
tainer. We have to reach the mentioned thermal conductivity of
glycerin first. Note that, the probe must be put in the sample ver-
tically to meet the accurate result. After these considerations, all
the samples of nanofluids have been tested and the thermal con-
ductivities have been measured. Fig. 8 indicates the used KD2 Pro
and the vertically used probe.
At the end of process, thermal conductivity will be calculated
based on the temperature changes over the time from Eq. (1)
q(ln t2 − ln t1 )
k= (1)
4π (T2 − T1 )
Fig. 6. Mean diameter of nanoparticles over the days.
Where, q is constant consumed heat rate (W/m2 ). Fluid samples
were placed in a thermostatic bath (Firsteck B403L) to stabilize the
temperature of the sample until it reached the expected tempera-
zeta potential of 0.5 wt% at the temperature of 313 K is lower than ture ±0.5 °C. Then, the KD2 Pro analyzed the data for utilized sam-
ones at 353 K, while it seems to be in a higher value. But, this un- ple providing accurate thermal conductivity measurements in dif-
matched value can be supported by the nanoparticles distribution ferent temperatures. The thermal conductivity of each sample of
at 0.5 wt% at the different temperatures. Nevertheless, the mini- nanofluids was measured three times for reliability. The average
mum reached absolute zeta potential at the temperature of 313 K of each of the three data tests are shown in Fig. 9. As observed
is around 60 mV, and it can be categorized as the stable nanofluids. from . Fig. 8, the increasing trend of thermal conductivity of the
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Table 3
A summary of published correlations for thermal conductivity of nanofluids.
No. Model Correlation Remarks

1+2βϕ (k −k )
1 Maxwell [34] k
kf
= 1−2βϕ
β
, = (k pp+2kf )
f
Spherical particles/composites is considered.
k k p +(n−1 )k f −(n−1 )(k f −k p )ϕ
2 Hamilton and kf
= k f [ k p +(n−1)k +(k −k p )ϕ ] Different Particle shapes and sizes are
f f
Crosser [35] considered.
nϕ A k p j −k f
3 Yu et al. [36] k
kf
= (1 + 1 −ϕ A
)k1 ,A = 1
3 k p j +(n−1 )k f
Modified H-C model, interfacial layer is
j=a,b,c
considered.
k k p +2k f −2(k f −k p )ϕ ρp ϕcp kB T
4 Xuan et al. [37] kf
= k p +2k f +(k f −k p )ϕ
kf + 2 3π rc μ
Brownian motion is considered.
5 Pak and Cho et al. [38] k
kf
= 1 + 7.47ϕ Suspended particle is the reason of k
enhancement.
ϕ rb
6 Kumar et al. [39] k
kf
= kb + c π2kvBdT2 k b ( 1 −ϕ ) r b
kb Brownian motion and temperature are
p
considered.
k p +2k f +2(k f −k p )ϕ
= (1 + ARem Pr0.333 ϕ )[
k kp
7 Prasher et al. [40] k p +2k f −(k f −k p )ϕ
]k p h = Convection caused by Brownian motion of
kf a(1+ARem Pr0.333 ϕ )
nanoparticles is considered.
k 3 f q ( p )/ p0
9 Wang et al. [41] kf
=1+ 1− f q ( p )/ p0
Nanoparticle size, volume fraction shape, nano
layer and interaction between particles are
considered.
= 1 + 4.4Re0.4 Pr0.66 ( TT )10 ( k p )0.03 ϕ 0.66
k k
10 Corcione [42] kf
Freezing point is considered.
fr f
11 Fakoor Pakdaman et al. [13] k

= 1 + 304.47(1 + ϕ )136.35 exp(−0.021T )( d1p )0.369 ( T 1.2321
) B=247.8, Heat transfer oil based, suitable for MWCNT,
kf 102.4642B/(T −C )
C=140 Nanoparticle diameter, temperature up to
50 °C and volume fraction are considered.
Fig. 9. Thermal conductivity of nanofluids versus temperature. Fig. 10. Thermal conductivity of utilized nanofluids (measured and predicted).
comparison between Eq. (2) and the equations listed in Table 3 are
nanofluids is due to the increasing Brownian motion of the not necessary because, it does not seem a careful way to predict
nanoparticles. This is because of the increasing in bulk tempera- thermal conductivity of Cu/ Engine Oil with a correlation which is
ture which is synonymous to a good distribution of nanoparticles derived from the results of other types of base fluid.
in the base fluid. In other word, increasing in both of the bulk tem-
kn f (T , ϕ , knp ) = (3.9 × 10−5 T − 0.0305 )ϕ 2
perature and mass concentration of nanofluid can enhance thermal
conductivity. The enhancements were observed to be 27%, 31% and + (0.086 − 1.6 × 10−4 T ) × ϕ
49% for 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt%, respectively. While the trend + 3.1 × 10−4 T + 0.129 − 5.77 × 10−6 knp
of thermal conductivity for base fluid is decreasing. With increas-
− 40 × 10−4 (2)
ing nanoparticles concentration, thermal conductivity behaves in
an increasing way and this increasing way will be available until While, T is the bulk nanofluid temperature in Celsius degrees
the stability of nanofluids is remained. and ϕ is the volume fraction which can be ranged from 0 to 2%.
Predicting thermal conductivity of nanofluids depends on sev- Moreover, knp is referred to as the thermal conductivity of the
eral important parameters which are nanoparticles concentration, nanoparticles material.
bulk temperature of nanofluids and type of nanoparticles mate- Fig. 10 indicated a comparison between measured results of
rial. Each of these parameters has a significant impact on Brownian thermal conductivity of applied nanofluids and predicted ones via
movement of nanoparticles and thermal conductivity is affected by Eq. (2) and Table 1. As it can be seen, the predicted data by
that. Due to the fact that experiments are not available everywhere Eq. (2) is more accurate than other models and that is why we
and it is not a convenient way at any time, a reliable general corre- selected this model to predict thermal conductivity.
lation for thermal conductivity is needed. An empirical based cor- A summary of published correlations for thermal conductivity
relation for predicting thermal conductivity of oil based nanofluids of nanofluids is available in Table 2 which driven from the recently
has published recently in [17] and is introduced as Eq. (2). More- published review paper [23]. According to that, all of the correla-
over, other recently published formulations for thermal conductiv- tions are based only one type of nanofluids or analytically driven
ity which are based on only one type of nanofluids based on wa- to predict thermal conductivity of all types of nanofluids. In addi-
ter, ethylene glycol, or their mixtures, are presented in Table. The tion of volume fraction, bulk temperature and thermal conductivity
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Fig. 11. Viscosity vs. shear rate of engine oil. Fig. 13. Viscosity vs. shear rate of cu/ engine oil nanofluid with 0.5 wt%.
Fig. 12. Viscosity vs. shear rate of cu/ engine oil nanofluid with 0.2 wt%. Fig. 14. Viscosity vs. shear rate of cu/ engine oil nanofluid with 1 wt%.
of nanoparticles, Brownian motion as one of the main parameters utilized nanofluids has been appeared while the pure base fluid
which affects thermal conductivity of nanofluids and influences by showed Newtonian properties. Figs. 11–14 clearly show this change
viscosity of nanofluids which will decrease with increasing in tem- in the rheological properties of studied fluids.
perature, have to be taken into account in analytical correlations.
But, due to the fact that increasing in volume fraction has a direct 8. Experimental setup
impact on Brownian motion of nanoparticles and this motion is
not similar in different types of base fluids and nanoparticles, using A Stabinger Viscometer (SVM 30 0 0) viscometer (made in Aus-
empirical correlations to predict thermal conductivity of nanofluids tria, Anton Paar Co.) was used to measure the viscosity of applied
is so reliable than mathematical ones. nanofluids. After setting the desired temperature and injecting the
nanofluid sample, the viscosity of nanofluids were measured. The
7. Viscosity measurement accuracy of the SVM 30 0 0 is 0.0 01 mPa s. The utilized SVM 30 0 0 is
shown in Fig. 15. Note that this device could measure the dynamic
Viscosity that is one of the most important rheological proper- viscosity from 0.2 to 20.0 0 0 mPa s in the temperature range from
ties of fluids has been studied in this work. It is important to know 40 to 100 °C.
what is the rheological behavior of applied nanofluids? Whether Fig. 16 clearly shows the Newtonian and non-Newtonian trends
the nano-colloids behave Newtonian or non-Newtonian is so bene- of applied nanofluids and base fluids at the temperature of 35 °C.
ficial to implementation in heat and fluids industries. Eq. (3) which As it can be seen, increasing in weight fraction of nanofluids is in
is governed to the fluids indicates the rheological properties. the behind of changing the rheological behavior from Newtonian to
non-Newtonian. The linear increasing in shear stress via the shear
τ = γ˙ μ (3)
rate slowly has been converted to non-linear and it is due to the
In Eq. (3), τ represents shear stress, γ˙ is shear rate and μ means increasing in inter-particles forces which directly affect the rheo-
the dynamic viscosity of Newtonian fluid. All the applied nanoflu- logical properties of fluids.
ids have been investigated through Eq. (3) to know if they are Fig. 17 shows the temperature dependency of viscosity. A de-
Newtonian or not in the temperature range of 25 °C to 60 °C. As it creasing trend is represented because of the effect of being warmer
can be seen in Fig. 11, engine oil is classified Newtonian, because on the weakening and intermolecular forces of tested fluids. More-
the viscosity does not show shear rate dependency. over, it can be observed that increasing in mass concentration of
During the viscosity measurements, it was detected that the nanoparticles can enhance the overall viscosity of nanofluids sig-
non-Newtonian behavior of applied nanofluids occurred at the nificantly. This enhancement is more noticeable in the lower tem-
temperature of 35 °C and lower. This change in the behavior of peratures too.
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Fig. 18. Relative viscosity of Cu–engine oil nanofluids versus weight fraction of
nanoparticles at T= 35 °C.
Almost of the available correlations on viscosity in the litera-

ture, which are empirical based have been derived from the exper-
imental data of only one type of nanofluids. So, it is not an accu-
rate way to use them in this work because they cannot predict the
viscosity of engine oil based nanofluid. Moreover, nanofluids and
suspensions are classified as complex fluids and there is no any
Fig. 15. SVM 30 0 0 set up. accurately trusted theoretical formulation on viscosity of suspen-
sion (micro and nano scales) which can be used in alternative of
experiment. Therefore, we have used an experiment based correla-
tion on viscosity of oil based nanofluids which has been published
recently by Aberoumand et al. [17]. The correlation which is pre-
sented as (4) can be used for predicting the viscosity of oil based
nanofluids because the used experimental data in deriving this cor-
relation are only of oil based nanofluids. So, it seems to be more
accurate than other proposed correlations on viscosity in literature
for this study.
μn f = μb f (1.15 + 1.061ϕ − 0.5442ϕ 2 + 0.1181ϕ 3 ) (4)

Relative viscosity of nanofluids which shows the enhancement
of viscosity due to the presence of nanoparticles at 35 °C in both
of experimental and Eq. (3) visions are plotted in Fig. 18. The max-
imum enhancement of viscosity of utilized nanofluids at this tem-
perature is around 20% and the maximum deviation between the
experimental data and predicted ones is about 20% for 1 wt% of
applied nanofluid.
Fig. 16. Shear stress vs. shear rate of Cu–engine oil nanofluids at 35 °C.
9. Conclusion
This study is an attempt to investigate preparation, stability and

thermo- physical properties of Cu–engine oil nanofluids and in-
troduce the main factors for selecting a reliable models to pre-
dict thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids in the situ-
ation of absence experimental set up. Applied nanofluids in this
study indicated good stability in measuring zeta potential because
of the fact that preparation method of nanofluids in this study
was categorized as one- step method and this type led to a good
stability rather than two- steps procedures. Also, a novel method
known as E.E.W has been applied to prepare nanofluids which
experimentally showed very good stability with high electrostatic
repulsion force between nanoparticles. Thermal conductivity en-
hancement of applied nanofluids was from 27% to 49% for 0.2 and
1% weight fraction at the temperature range from 40 °C to 100 °C
and the best model for predicting this enhancement was preferred
Eq. (2). In addition, the results showed that non- Newtonian be-
Fig. 17. Temperature dependence of the viscosity of Cu–engine oil nanofluids. havior would be appeared in the temperature lower than 35 °C
and the viscosity of nanofluids observed reducing with rising the
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temperature, while, increased with increasing weight fraction. The [17] Aberoumand Sadegh, Jafarimoghaddam Amin, Moravej Mojtaba, Aber-
viscosity enhancement of used nanofluids was up to 37% in various oumand Hossein, Javaherdeh Kourosh. Experimental study on the rheological
behavior of silver-heat transfer oil nanofluid and suggesting two empiri-
conditions of experiments. Finally, a general correlation on viscos- cal based correlations for thermal conductivity and viscosity of oil based
ity of oil based nanofluids has been recalled and a comparison be- nanofluids. Appl Thermal Eng 2016;101:362–72.
tween the experiment and predictions has been shown. [18] Baogang Wang, Xiaobo Wang, Wenjing Lou, Jingcheng Hao. Thermal conduc-
tivity and rheological properties of graphite/oil nanofluids. Colloids Surf A:
Physicochem Eng Asp 2012;414(20):125–31 November.
Acknowledgment [19] Kole Madhusree, Dey T K. Effect of aggregation on the viscosity of copper ox-
ide-gear oil nanofluids. Int J Thermal Sci 2011;50(9):1741–7 September.
[20] Choi SUS. Nanofluids: from vision to reality through research. J Heat Transf
Authors would like to be thankful to the PNF Company, Tehran,
2001;1:131–9.
Iran, to provide the laboratory for this investigation and thanks to [21] Li Y, Zhou J, Tung S, Schneider E, Shengqi X. A review on development of
Iran Nanotechnology Initiative Council to financial supports. nanofluid preparation and characterization. Powder Technol 2009;196:89–101.
[22] Xie H, Yu W, Li Y, Chen L. Discussion on the thermal conductivity enhance-
ment of nanofluids. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011;6:124.
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ARTICLE IN PRESS [m5G;January 9, 2017;15:29]

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 0 0 0 (2017) 1–8

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers

Experimental study on synthesis, stability, thermal conductivity and

1. Introduction tivity enhancement of 18% at 30 °C of 0.02% volume fraction of

thinning in all samples and all temperature. According to them,

6 μm by a DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) procedure. Nanoparticles

5. Zeta potential measurements

Zeta potential which is an index referring to nanoparticles sur-

Fig. 8. KD2 Pro set up.

6. Thermal conductivity measurement

Thermal conductivity of utilized Cu–engine oil nanoﬂuids was

No. Model Correlation Remarks

11 Fakoor Pakdaman et al. [13] k

Almost of the available correlations on viscosity in the litera-

μn f = μb f (1.15 + 1.061ϕ − 0.5442ϕ 2 + 0.1181ϕ 3 ) (4)

This study is an attempt to investigate preparation, stability and

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