Calculus An Applied Approach Brief International Metric Edition 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual
Calculus An Applied Approach Brief International Metric Edition 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual
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C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables
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C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
Skills Warm Up
1. (5, 1), (3, 5) 5. ( − 5, 4), ( − 5, − 4)
(3 − 5) + (5 − 1)
2 2 2
5 − ( − 5) + ( − 4 − 4)
2
d = d = −
= 4 + 16 = 0 + 64
= 20 = 8
= 2 5 − 5 + ( − 5) 4 + ( − 4)
Midpoint = , = ( − 5, 0)
5 + 3 1 + 5 2 2
Midpoint = , = ( 4, 3)
2 2
6. ( −3, 6), ( − 3, − 2)
2. ( 2, 3), ( −1, −1) 2
3 − ( − 3) + ( − 2 − 6)
2
d = −
(−1 − 2) + ( −1 − 3)
2 2
d =
= 0 + 64
= 9 + 16 = 8
= 25 − 3 + ( − 3) 6 + ( − 2)
= 5
Midpoint = , = ( − 3, 2)
2 2
2 + ( −1) 3 + ( −1) 1
Midpoint = , = , 1 7. Center: ( 2, 3), r = 2
2 2 2
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 22
2 2
2 2
d = 3 − ( −1) + 2 − ( − 2)
4 + ( −2) 0 + 8
= 16 + 16 8. Center = , = (1, 4)
2 2
= 32
1
= 4 2 r = (−2 − 4)2 + (8 − 0)
2
2
( −1) + 3 ( − 2) + 2 1
= 36 + 64
Midpoint = , = (1, 0) 2
2 2
1
= 100
4. ( − 4, 3), ( 2, −1) 2
= 5
2
2 − ( − 4) + ( −1 − 3)
2
( x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 52
2 2
d =
( x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2
= 36 + 16
= 52
= 2 13
− 4 + 2 3 + ( −1)
Midpoint = , = ( −1, 1)
2 2
464 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 465
2
13. (6, − 9, 1), ( − 2, −1, 5)
x 4 y
(0, − 1, − 4)
− 6) + ( −1 − ( − 9)) + (5 − 1)
2
(− 2
2 2
−4 d =
= 64 + 64 + 16
2. z
(−3, −1, 3)
= 144
(4, 0, 5) 4 = 12
2 −4
−2 14. ( −4, −1, 1), ( 2, −1, 5)
2
(−1, 12 , 0(
( 2 + 4) + ( −1 + 1) + (5 − 1)
x 4 4 y 2 2 2
d =
−4
(0, 1, −5) = 52
3. z = 2 13
(3, −2, 5)
4 15. ( 4, 0, − 6), (8, 8, 20)
(2, 1, 3) 2
4 + 8 0 + 8 −6 + 20
= (6, 4, 7)
(−1, 2, 1)
Midpoint = , ,
2 2 2
2
4 −2
x y 16. (0, − 2, 5), ( 4, 2, 7)
( 32, 4, −2)
0 + 4 −2 + 2 5 + 7
Midpoint = , , = ( 2, 0, 6)
4. z
2 2 2
(− 5, −2, 2)
4
17. (6, − 4, 2), ( − 2, 1, 3)
−4 −4 6 + ( − 2) − 4 + 1 2 + 3
(1, 3, 1)
Midpoint = , ,
2 2 2
2 2
3 5
4 −2 4
y
= 2, − ,
x
(5, − 2, − 2) (− 2, 4, − 3) 2 2
18. ( − 9, − 2, 5), ( 2, 3, − 7)
5. x = −3, y = 4, z = 5: ( −3, 4, 5)
− 9 + 2 3 + ( − 2) − 7 + 5
6. x = 7, y = −2, z = −1: (7, − 2, −1) Midpoint = , ,
2 2 2
7 1
7. y = z = 0, x = 10: (10, 0, 0) = − , , −1
2 2
8. x = 0, y = 3, z = 2: (0, 3, 2)
x + ( −2) y + 1 z + 1
19. ( 2, −1, 3) = , ,
2 2 2
9. The z-coordinate is 0.
x − 2 y +1 z +1
10. The y-coordinate is 0. 2 = −1 = 3 =
2 2 2
11. ( 4, 1, 5), (8, 2, 6) 4 = x −2 −2 = y + 1 6 = z +1
x = 6 y = −3 z = 5
(8 − 4) + ( 2 − 1) + (6 − 5)
2 2 2
d =
( x, y, z ) = (6, − 3, 5)
= 18
= 3 2
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466 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
x + 0 y + ( −2) z + 1 24. Let A = (5, 3, 4), B = (7, 1, 3), and C = (3, 5, 3).
20. (1, 0, 0) = , ,
2 2 2 Then you have
d ( AB ) = (7 − 5) + (1 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2 2
x y −2 z +1 = 3
1= 0 = 0 =
2 2 2
d ( AC ) = (3 − 5) + (5 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2 2
= 3
0 = y −2 0 = z +1
d ( BC ) = (3 − 7 ) + (5 − 1) + (3 − 3)
2 2 2
x = 2 y = 2 z = −1 = 4 2.
2
d ( AB) = 1 − ( −1) + (0 − 5) + ( − 2 − 2)
2 2
x + 3 y + 3 z + 0 −
22. (0, 1, 1) = , ,
2 2 2 = 41
x+3 y +3 z
0 = 1= 1= d ( AC ) =
2 2
−1 − ( − 3) + 0 − ( −1) + ( − 2 − 1)
2
2 2 2
0 = x +3 2 = y +3 = 14
x = −3 y = −1 z = 2 2 2
d ( BC ) = 1 − ( − 3) + 5 − ( −1) + ( 2 − 1)
2
−
( x, y, z ) = ( −3, − 1, 2)
= 41.
23. Let A = (0, 0, 0), B = ( 2, 2, 1), and C = ( 2, − 4, 4). Because d ( AB ) = d ( BC ), the triangle is isosceles.
( ) +( )
2 2
d ( AB ) = (2 − 0)
2
+ ( 2 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
= 3 d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 41 41
= 82
d ( AC ) = ( 2 − 0) + ( −4 − 0) + ( 4 − 0)
2 2 2
= 6
( )
2
≠ 14 = 14 = d 2 ( AC ).
d ( BC ) = ( 2 − 2) + ( −4 − 2) + ( 4 − 1)
2 2 2
= 3 5.
The triangle is a right triangle because 26. Let A = (5, 0, 0), B = (0, 2, 0), and C = (0, 0, − 3).
d ( AB ) + d ( AC ) = (3) + (6)
2 2 2 2
Then you have
= 45 d ( AB ) = (0 − 5)
2
+ ( 2 − 0) + ( 0 − 0)
2 2
= 29
( )
2
= 3 5 = d ( BC ).
2
d ( AC ) = (0 − 5) + ( 0 − 0 ) + ( −3 − 0 )
2 2 2
= 34
d ( BC ) = ( 0 − 0) + (0 − 2) + ( −3 − 0)
2 2 2
= 13.
( ) +( )
2 2
d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 29 13
= 42
( )
2
≠ 34 = 34 = d 2 ( AC ).
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Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 467
27. Each z-coordinate is decreased by 5 units: 35. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.
(0, 0, − 5), (2, 2, − 4), (2, − 4, −1) − 3 + 1 6 + ( − 5) 1 + 2 1 3
Center = , , = −1, ,
2 2 2 2 2
28. Each y-coordinate is increased by 3 units:
The radius is the distance between the center and either
(5, 6, 4), (7, 4, 3), (3, 8, 3) endpoint.
2 2
29. x 2 + ( y − 2) + ( z − 2) = 4
2 2 2 1 3
Radius = 1 − ( −1) + − 5 − + 2 −
2 2
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 1) = 9
2 2 2
30. 121 1
= 4+ +
4 4
31. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. 138
=
2 + 1 1 + 3 3 + ( −1) 3 2
Center = , , = , 2, 1
2 2 2 2 1 3
2
69
2
(x − 1) + y − + z − =
2
2 2
3 21
x − + ( y − 2) + ( z − 1) =
2 2
289
2 4 = 0 + 36 +
4
32. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. 433
=
−1 + 0 −2 + 3 1 + 3 1 1 2
Center = , , = − , , 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
5 433
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) + z − =
2 2
The radius is the distance from the center to either 2 4
endpoint.
2 2 37. The distance from ( − 4, 3, 6) to the xy-plane is the radius
1 1
− − 0 + − 3 + ( 2 − 3)
2
Radius = r = 6.
2 2
(x + 4) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 6) = 36
2 2 2
1 25
= + +1
4 4
38. The distance from (1, 2, 0) to the yz-plane is the radius
30
= r = 1.
2
( x − 1) + ( y − 2) + z 2 = 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 15
x + + y − + ( z − 2) =
2
2 2 2
39. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 12 x = 0
(x − 3) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 16
2 2 2
33. ( x2 − 12 x + 36) + y 2 + z 2 = 36
34. (x − 4) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 1) = 25
2 2 2 (x − 6) + y 2 + z 2 = 0
2
(x − 6) + ( y − 0) + ( z − 0) = 36
2 2 2
Center: (6, 0, 0)
Radius: 6
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468 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
40. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 y = 0
(
x 2 + y 2 − 8 y + 16 + z 2 = 16 )
(x − 0) + ( y − 4) + ( z − 0) = 16
2 2 2
Center: (0, 4, 0)
Radius: 4
41. x2 + y2 + z 2 + 4x − 2 y + 8z − 4 = 0
( x2 ) ( ) (
+ 4 x + 4 + y 2 − 2 y + 1 + z 2 + 8 z + 16 = 4 + 4 + 1 + 16 )
(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z + 4) = 25
2 2 2
Center: ( − 2, 1, − 4)
Radius: 5
42. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 6 z + 4 = 0
( ) (
x 2 + y 2 − 4 y + 4 + z 2 + 6 z + 9 = −4 + 4 + 9 )
(x − 0) + ( y − 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2
Center: (0, 2, − 3)
Radius: 3
43. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 − 4 x − 12 y − 8 z + 3 = 0
3
( x2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) + ( z 2 − 4 z + 4) = −
2
+1+9+ 4
25
(x − 1) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2)
2 2 2
=
2
Center: (1, 3, 2)
5 5 2
Radius: =
2 2
(x − 1) + ( y + 3) + ( z − 2) = 29
2 2 2
44. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 − 8 x + 16 y + 11 = 0 45.
x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2 x + 4 y + 11 = 0
4 To find the xy-trace, let z = 0.
(x 2
− 2 x + 1) + ( y + 4 y + 4) + z =
2 2
− 11
4
+1+ 4 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) + (0 − 2) = 29
2 2 2
(x − 1) + ( y + 2) + z 2 =
2 2 9
4 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) = 25
2 2
Center: (1, − 2, 0) z
3
Radius: 2
8
4
−6
−4
4
y
8
x
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 469
z
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) + ( z − 2) = 20
2 2 2
46.
8
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0.
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) + (0 − 2) = 20
2 2 2 4 −8
−4
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) = 16
2 2
4 4
x y
47. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0 z
x 2 + y 2 + (0) − 6 x − 10 y + 6(0) + 30 = 0
2
2
4
(x − 6 x + 9) + ( y − 10 y + 25) = −30 + 9 + 25
4 6
2 2 6 8
x
y
(x − 3) + ( y − 5) = 4
2 2
(x + 2) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 13
2 2 z
48. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 2 z − 60 = 0 50.
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 4
x 2 + y 2 + (0) − 4 y + 2(0) − 60 = 0
2
(0 + 2) + ( y − 3) + z = 13
2 2 2 −4 −4
x 2 + y 2 − 4 y = 60
(y − 3) + z 2 = 9
2
4 4
x
x + ( y − 4 y + 4) = 60 + 4
2 2 −4 y
x 2 + ( y − 2) = 64
2
z 51. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0
8 −12 To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.
(0) + y 2 + z 2 − 4(0) − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0
2
−8
4 4
12 y
x
( y2 − 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 12 + 4 + 9
(y − 2) + ( z − 3) = 25
2 2
49. x 2 + ( y − 4) + z 2 = 16
2 z
z
(y − 4) + z 2 = 16
2 2 2
4 4
6 y
x
−6 4 4
x
y
52. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0
To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.
( 0) + y 2 + z 2 − 6(0) − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0
2
( y 2 − 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 + 6 z + 9) = −30 + 25 + 9
(y − 5) + ( z + 3) = 4
2 2
2 −4
−2
2 4
4 6
x
8
−4
y
−6
(0, 5, −3)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
470 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
z z
53. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 54. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 169
15
(a) To find the trace, let z = 3. (a) To find the trace, let x = 5.
4
x 2 + y 2 + 32 = 25 2 52 + y 2 + z 2 = 169
10
5 15
x 2 + y 2 = 16 y 2 + z 2 = 144 10
y
20
x 25
6 6
x y
x 8 8 y
55. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 9 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 2. (b) To find the trace, let y = 3.
22 + y 2 + z 2 − 4( 2) − 6 y + 9 = 0 x 2 + 32 + z 2 − 4 x − 6(3) + 9 = 0
( y2 − 6 y + 9) + z 2 = −9 − 4 + 8 + 9 ( x2 − 4 x + 4) + z 2 = −9 + 18 − 9 + 4
(y − 3) + z 2 = 22 ( x − 2)
2 2
+ z 2 = 22
z
z
8
8
4
4
4
4
8 8 y
x 8 8 y
x
56. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 6 z + 16 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 4. (b) To find the trace, let z = 3.
4 + y + z − 8( 4) − 6 z + 16 = 0
2 2 2
x 2 + y 2 + 32 − 8 x − 6(3) + 16 = 0
y 2 + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = −16 + 32 − 16 + 9 ( x2 − 8 x + 16) + y 2 = −9 + 18 − 16 + 16
y 2 + ( z − 3) = 9 (x − 4) + y 2 = 9
2 2
z
z
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
4 y 2
4 y
6
8 6
x 8
x
57. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ( 552 )
2
58. (a) (3, 3, 3)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 756.25 (b) (4, 4, 8)
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Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 471
Skills Warm Up
1. 3x + 4 y = 12 3. −2 x + y = −2
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
3(0) + 4 y = 12 −2(0) + y = −2
y = 3 y = −2
6. 9 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 9 z 2 = 36
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4
1. x + y + z = 3 2. x + 2 y + z = 4
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
x = 3 x + 2(0) + 0 = 4
To find the y-intercept, z x = 4
(0, 0, 3)
let x = 0 and z = 0. 3 To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0.
y = 3 0 + 2y + 0 = 4
z
To find the z-intercept, 2y = 4
(0, 0, 4)
let x = 0 and y = 0. 3
3
y
y = 2
x
(0, 3, 0)
(3, 0, 0)
z = 3 To find the z-intercept,
let x = 0 and y = 0. 1
(0, 2, 0)
1
0 + 2(0) + z = 4 (4, 0, 0) 3 y
x
z = 4
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
472 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
3. 4 x + 2 y + 6 z = 12 7. z = 8 z
10
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. Because the coefficients (0, 0, 8)
6y = 6 y = 1
9. x + y = 6
To find the z-intercept, (0, 1, 0)
(2, 0, 0) Note: There is no z-intercept since the plane is parallel to
let x = 0 and y = 0. 2 2 y
x 3
3
the z-axis. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
2z = 6 z = 3
x +0 = 6 z
5. 2 x − y + 3 z = 4 x = 6
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the y-intercept,
let x = 0.
2x = 4 x = 2 z 2
− y = 4 y = −4 −2
−1
To find the z-intercept,
1 1 10. x + 2 y = 4
let x = 0 and y = 0. (2, 0, 0)
y
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0. The plane is parallel to the z-axis.
5(0) − 2 y + 4(0) = 10
11. x − 3 z = 3
− 2 y = 10
z Because the coefficient of y is zero, there is no
y = −5 y-intercept.
To find the z-intercept, 3
(0, −5, 0) (0, 0, 52 ( To find the x-intercept, let z = 0. z
let x = 0 and y = 0.
−3
x = 3 2
5(0) − 2(0) + 4 z = 10
1
−2 1 (0, 0, −1)
To find the z-intercept, (3, 0, 0)
4 z = 10 (2, 0, 0) 1 1 let x = 0. x
1
1
2
y 4 3
−1
5 4
z = 2 x
3 −3 z = 3 z = −1 y
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 473
let y = 0. x
4
y = −4 ≠ 0.
−4
5(0) − 3 z = 15 −6
(0, 0, −5) 18. For the first plane, 2 x − z = 1, a1 = 2, b1 = 0, and
− 3 z = 15 c1 = −1. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5, a2 = 4,
z = −15 b2 = 1, and c2 = 8. So you have
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)( 4) + (0)(1) + ( −1)(8)
13. For the first plane, 5 x − 3 y + z = 4, a1 = 5, b1 = −3,
= 8−8
and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x + 4 y + 7 z = 1,
= 0.
a2 = 1, b2 = 4, and c2 = 7. So you have
The planes are perpendicular.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (5)(1) + ( −3)( 4) + (1)(7)
19. For the first plane, x + 2 y = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, and
= 5 − 12 + 7
c1 = 0. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5, a2 = 4,
= 0.
b2 = 8, and c2 = 0. So you have a2 = 4a1 , b2 = 4b1 ,
The planes are perpendicular.
and c2 = 4c1. The planes are parallel.
14. For the first plane, 3x + y − 4 z = 3, a1 = 3, b1 = 1,
20. For the first plane, 2 x + y = 3, a1 = 2, b1 = 1, and
and c1 = −4. For the second plane,
c1 = 0. For the second plane, 3 x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 3,
−9 x − 3 y + 12 z = 4, a2 = −9, b2 = −3, and
b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel
c2 = 12. So you have a2 = −3a1 , b2 = −3b1 , and
because 3a1 = 2a2 and 3b1 ≠ 2b2 . The planes are not
c2 = −3c1.
perpendicular because
The planes are parallel.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)(3) + (1)(0) + (0)( −5)
15. For the first plane, x − 5 y − z = 1, a1 = 1, b1 = −5, = 6 ≠ 0.
and c1 = −1. For the second plane,
21. For the first plane, x = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and c1 = 0.
5 x − 25 y − 5 z = −3, a2 = 5, b2 = −25, and
For the second plane, z = −1, a2 = 0, b2 = 0, and
c2 = −5. So you have a2 = 5a1 , b2 = 5b1 , and
c2 = 1. So you have
c2 = 5c1.
The planes are parallel. a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(0) + (0)(1)
= 0.
16. For the first plane, x + 3 y − 2 z = 6, a1 = 1, b1 = 3,
The planes are perpendicular.
and c1 = − 2. For the second plane,
− 2 x − 6 y + 4 z = −12, a 2 = − 2, b 2 = − 6, and 22. For the first plane, x = −2, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and
c 2 = 4. The planes are parallel because a 2 = − 2a1 c1 = 0. For the second plane, y = 4, a2 = 0, b2 = 1,
and c2 = 0. So you have
and b 2 = − 2b1 , and c 2 = − 2c1.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (0)(0) = 0.
The planes are perpendicular.
x2 y2 z2
23. + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
9 16 9
Matches graph (c).
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
474 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
29. z = x 2 − y 2
30. y = x 2 + z 2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y = x2 Parabola
x2
31. + y2 + z2 = 1
4
x2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): + y2 = 1 Ellipse
4
x2
(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): + z2 = 1 Ellipse
4
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle
The graph is an ellipsoid.
32. y 2 + z 2 − x 2 = 1
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
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Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 475
x2 y2
33. z 2 − − =1
3 8
x2
(a) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − =1 Hyperbola
3
(2)
2
y2
(b) Trace in plane x = 2: z 2 − − =1
3 8
4 y2
z2 − − =1
3 8
y2 7
z2 − =
8 3
z2 y2
− =1 Hyperbola
7 56
3 3
x2 y2
(− 4)
2
(c) Trace in plane z = 4: − − =1
3 8
x2 y2
16 − − =1
3 8
x2 y2
− − = −15
3 8
x2 y2
+ =1 Ellipse
45 120
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
z2
34. y 2 + − x2 = 0
4
z2
(a) Trace in plane y = −1: − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
4
(b) Trace in plane z = 4: x2 − y 2 = 1 Hyperbola
2
z
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + = 0 Point
4
The graph is an elliptic cone.
y2 y2
35. The graph of x 2 + + z 2 = 1 is an ellipsoid. 39. z 2 = x 2 + +1
4 64
z2 x2 y2
x2 Standard form: − − =1
36. z = y 2 − 1 1 64
9
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
x2
Standard form: z = y 2 −
9 40. 4 y = x 2 + z 2
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid. x2 z2
Standard form: y = +
4 4
x2 y2
37. z = + The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
36 49
2 2
x y 41. x 2 − y 2 + z = 0
Standard form: z = +
36 49
Standard form: z = y 2 − x 2
The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
x2 y2 z2
38. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
9 16 16
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476 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
42. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 8 z 2 = 72 46. 4 z = 16 x 2 + 8 y 2
x2 y2 z2 z = 4x2 + 2 y2
Standard form: + − =1
8 18 9 x2 y2
z = +
The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet. 1 1
4 2
43. 2 x 2 − y 2 + 2 z 2 = −4
x2 y2
x2 y2 z2 Standard form: z = +
Standard form: − + − =1 1 1
2 4 2 4 2
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets. The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
44. 3z = − y 2 + x 2 47. 25 x 2 + 25 y 2 − z 2 = 5
x2 y2 x2 y2 z2
Standard form: z = − Standard form: + − =1
3 3 15 15 5
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid. The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
45. z 2 = 9 x 2 + y 2 48. z 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2
y2 z2 x2 y2
Standard form: x 2 + − = 0 Standard form: + − z2 = 0
9 9 12 12
The graph is an elliptic cone.
The graph is an elliptic cone.
x2 y2 z2
49. 2
+ 2
+ =1
6378 6378 6357 2
50. (a) You are viewing the paraboloid from the x-axis: ( 20, 0, 0)
(b) You are viewing the paraboloid from above, but not on the z-axis: (10, 10, 20)
(c) You are viewing the paraboloid from the z-axis: (0, 0, 20)
(d) You are viewing the paraboloid from the y-axis: (0, 20, 0)
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Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 477
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 5 − 2 x, x = −3 1 2
6. g ( x) = −
2x x+3
f ( −3) = 5 − 2( −3) = 11
Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
2. f ( x) = − x + 4 x + 5, x = −3
2
7. h( y ) = y −5
f ( −3) = −( −3) + 4( −3) + 5 = −16
2
Domain: [5, ∞ )
3. y = 4 x 2 − 3x + 4, x = −3
8. f ( y ) = y2 − 1
4( −3) − 3( −3) + 4 =
2
y = 49 = 7
Domain: ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
3
4. y = 34 − 4 x + 2 x 2 , x = −3
9. ( 476)
0.65
≈ 55.0104
3
34 − 4( −3) + 2( −3)
2
y = 3
= 64 = 4
10. ( 251)
0.35
≈ 6.9165
5. f ( x) = 5 x + 3 x − 2
2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
1. f ( x, y ) = 2 x − y + 3 3. f ( x, y ) = xe y
(a) f (0, 2) = 2(0) − 2 + 3 = 1 (a) f (5, 0) = 5e0 = 5
(b) f ( −1, 0) = 2( −1) − 0 + 3 = 1 (b) f (3, 2) = 3e2
(c) f (5, 30) = 2(5) − 30 + 3 = −17 2
(c) f ( 2, −1) = 2e −1 =
(d) f (3, y ) = 2(3) − y + 3 = 9 − y e
(d) f ( 4, y ) = 4e y
(e) f ( x, 4) = 2 x − 4 + 3 = 2 x − 1
(f ) f (t , t ) = tet
2. f ( x, y ) = 4 − x − 4 y
2 2
4. g ( x, y ) = ln x + y
(a) f (0, 0) = 4 − 02 − 4(0) = 4
2
(a) g ( 2, 3) = ln 2 + 3 = ln 5
(b) f (0, 1) = 4 − 02 − 4(1) = 0
2
(b) g (5, 6) = ln 5 + 6 = ln 11
(c) f ( 2, 3) = 4 − 22 − 4(3) = −36
2
(c) g (e, 0) = ln e + 0 = ln e = 1
(d) f (1, y ) = 4 − 12 − 4 y 2 = 3 − 4 y 2
(d) g (0, 1) = ln 0 + 1 = ln 1 = 0
(e) f ( x, 0) = 4 − x 2 − 4(0) = 4 − x 2
2
(e) g ( 2, − 3) = ln 2 + ( −3) = ln 1 = 0
(f ) f (t , 1) = 4 − t 2 − 4(1) = −t 2
2
(f ) g (e, e) = ln e + e = ln ( 2e) = 1 + ln 2
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478 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
5. h( x, y, z ) =
xy 7. V ( r , h) = π r 2 h
z
(a) V (3, 10) = π (3) (10) = 90π
2
(a) h( 2, 3, 9) =
(2)(3) = 2
(b) V (5, 2) = π (5) ( 2) = 50π
2
9 3
(b) h(1, 0, 1) =
(1)(0) = 0 n
1 r
8. F ( r , n) = 5001 +
12
y + z 60
6. f ( x, y, z ) = 0.09
x (a) F (0.09, 60) = 5001 + ≈ 782.84
12
5+ 4
(a) f (1, 5, 4) =
240
= 3 0.14
1 (b) F (0.14, 240) = 5001 + ≈ 8090.14
12
8 + ( −3) 5
(b) f (6, 8, − 3) = =
6 6
r
12 t
12
9. A( P, r , t ) = P 1 + − 1 1 +
12 r
0.10
120
12
(a) A(100, 0.10, 10) = 100 1 + − 1 1 + = $20,655.20
12 0.10
0.0925
480
12
(b) A( 275, 0.0925, 40) = 2751 + − 1 1 + = $1,397,672.67
12 0.0925
10. A( P, r , t ) = Pe rt
y y 1
11. f ( x, y ) = x (2t − 3) dt 12. g ( x, y ) = x dt
t
2
(a) f (1, 2) = 1 (2t − 3) dt 11 1
(a) g ( 4, 1) = 4 t dt = ln t 4 = ln 1 − ln 4 = −ln 4
2
= t 2 − 3t
1 3 1
(b) g (6, 3) = 6 dt
= ( −2) − ( −2) = 0 t
4 3
(b) f (1, 4) = = ln t 6
1 (2t − 3) dt
4 = ln 3 − ln 6
= t 2 − 3t
1 1
= ln
= 4 − ( −2) = 6 2
= −ln 2
13. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 y
f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y ) x 2 − 2( y + Δy ) − ( x 2 − 2 y ) x 2 − 2 y − 2 Δy − x 2 + 2 y 2 Δy
(b) = = = − = −2, Δy ≠ 0
Δy Δy Δy Δy
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Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 479
14. f ( x, y ) = 3 xy + y 2
3x( y + Δy ) + ( y + Δy )2 − (3 xy + y 2 )
f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y )
(b) =
Δy Δy
3 xy + 3 x Δy + y 2 + 2 y Δy + ( Δy ) − 3xy − y 2
2
=
Δy
3 x Δy + 2 y Δy + ( Δy )
2
= = 3 x + 2 y + Δy, Δy ≠ 0
Δy
15. f ( x, y ) = 16 − x 2 − y 2 23. z = 9 − 3x 2 − y 2
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the The domain is the set of all points inside and on the
circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 because 16 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. ellipse 3x 2 + y 2 = 9 because 9 − 3 x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0.
The range is [0, 4]. The range is [0, 3].
16. z = 4 − x2 − y 2 24. z = 4 − x2 − 4 y2
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the The domain is the set of all points inside or on the
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − 4 y 2 ≥ 0.
The range is [0, 2]. The range is [0, 4].
17. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 y
25. z =
x
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane.
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
The range is [0, ∞).
above or below the y-axis because x ≠ 0. The range
is ( −∞, ∞).
18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. x
26. f ( x, y ) =
The range is [−1, ∞). y
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
19. f ( x, y ) = e x y
above or below the x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range
The domain is the set of all points above or below the is ( −∞, ∞).
x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range is (0, ∞).
1
27. f ( x, y ) =
20. f ( x, y ) = e xy xy
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
The range is (0, ∞). except those on the x-axis and y-axis because
x ≠ y ≠ 0. The range is all z ≠ 0, or
21. g ( x, y ) = ln (5 − x − y ) (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
The domain is the half-plane below the line
y = − x + 5 because 5 − x − y > 0. 1
28. g ( x, y ) =
The range is ( −∞, ∞). x − y
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( 2 x + 3 y ) except those on the line y = x because x ≠ y.
The range is all z ≠ 0, or ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
The domain is the half-plane above the line y = − 23 x
because 2 x + 3 y > 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞).
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480 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
29. h( x, y ) = x y 36. c = 0, 0 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 6
c = 2, 2 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 4
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane such
that y ≥ 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞). c = 4, 4 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 2
c = 6, 6 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 0
30. f ( x, y ) = xy c = 8, 8 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −2
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane that c = 10, 10 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −4
lie in the first quadrant and the third quadrant, as well The level curves are parallel lines.
as the x-axis and y-axis because xy ≥ 0. The range y
is [0, ∞). 3
y2
31. f ( x, y ) = x 2 +
4 x
−2 c=0
The contour map consists of ellipses c=2
c = 10 c=4
y2 c=6
x2 + = C. c=8
4
Matches (b).
37. c = 0, 0 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 25
1− x 2 + y 2
32. f ( x, y ) = e 1= 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 24
c = 1,
2 + y2
The contour map consists of curves e1− x = C, c = 2, 2 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 21
or 1 − x 2 + y 2 = ln C , which are hyperbolas. c = 3, 3 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 16
Matches (d).
c = 4, 4 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 9
1− x 2 − y 2
33. f ( x, y ) = e c = 5, 5 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 0
1 − x 2 − y 2 = ln C x 2 + y 2 = 1 − ln C , circles. c=0
35. c = −1, −1 = x + y, y = −x − 1
c = 0, 0 = x + y, y = −x
c = 2, 2 = x + y, y = −x + 2
c = 4, 4 = x + y, y = −x + 4
The level curves are parallel lines.
y
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 481
x
−3 3
−2
−3
40. c = 1: 1 = e − xy , 0 = xy
ln 2
c = 2: 2 = e − xy , ln 2 = − xy → y = −
x
ln 3
c = 3: 3 = e − xy , ln 3 = − xy → y = −
x
ln 4
c = 4: 4 = e − xy , ln 4 = − xy → y = −
x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 2
c = : = e − xy , ln = − xy → y = − 2 → y =
2 2 2 x x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 3
c = : = e− xy , ln = − xy → y = − 3 → y =
3 3 3 x x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 4
c = : = e− xy , ln = − xy → y = − 4 → y =
4 4 4 x x
The level curves are hyperbolas.
y
c=4
c=3
c=2
1
c=1
x
−1 1
−1 c=1
4
1
c=3
c=1
2
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482 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
1 1 x
( x + 1)
2 2
c = − , − = 2 , + y =1 ≈ 114,870 units
2 2 x + y2
2
x 1 2 1 44. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.75 y 0.25
c = 1, 1 = , x − + y =
x2 + y 2 2 4
f (1500, 1000) = 100(1500) (1000)
0.75 0.25
2
x 1 2 1
c = −1, −1 = , x + + y = ≈ 135,540 units
x2 + y2 2 4
3 3 x 1 2 1
2
45. f ( x, y ) = Cx a y1 − a
c = , = 2 , x − + y =
2 2 x + y2 3 9 1− a
f ( 2 x, 2 y ) = C ( 2 x ) ( 2 y )
a
2
3 3 x 1 1 = C 2a x a 21 − a y 1 − a
c = − , − = 2 , 2
x + + y =
2 2 x + y2 3 9
= 2a 2 1 − aCx a y 1 − a
2
x 1 2 1 = 2Cx a y 1 − a
c = 2, 2 = , x − + y =
x2 + y2 4 16
= 2 f ( x, y )
2
x 1 2 1
c = − 2, −2 = , x + + y =
x2 + y 2 4 16 46. z = Cx a y1 − y
The level curves are circles. ln z = ln (Cx a y1 − a )
y
ln z = ln C + ln x a + ln y1 − a
c= −1
2 2
c= 1
ln z = ln C + a ln x + (1 − a ) ln y
c = −1 2 c=1
ln z = ln C + a ln x + ln y − a ln y
−2 2
x ln z − ln y = ln C + a ln x − a ln y
c= 3
2
ln z − ln y = ln C + a(ln x − ln y )
c = − 23 c=2
−2 z x
c = −2 ln = ln C + a ln
y y
42. c = 0, ln ( x − y ) = 0, x− y =1
c = 1,
2
ln ( x − y ) = 1,
2
x − y = e1 2
c = − 12 , ln ( x − y ) = − 12 , x − y = e −1 2
c = 1, ln ( x − y ) = 1, x − y = e
c = 3,
2
ln ( x − y ) = 3,
2
x − y = e3 2
c = − 32 , ln ( x − y ) = − 32 , x − y = e −3 2
c = 2, ln ( x − y ) = 2, x − y = e2
c = −2, ln ( x − y ) = −2, x − y = e −2
The level curves are lines.
y
c=0
c = −2
x
6
c = − 32
c = −1
c = 12
c = − 12
c=1
−4
c = 32
−6 c=2
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 483
( ) (
47. P( x 1, x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − C1 ( x 1 ) − C 2 ( x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − 0.02 x 12 + 4 x1 + 500 − 0.05 x 22 + 4 x2 + 275 )
(a) P ( 250, 150) = 50( 250 + 150) − 0.02( 250) + 4( 250) + 500 − 0.05(150) + 4(150) + 275 = $15,250
2 2
(b) P (300, 200) = 50(300 + 200) − 0.02(300) + 4(300) + 500 − 0.05( 200) + 4( 200) + 275 = $18,425
2 2
(c) P (600, 400) = 50(600 + 400) − 0.02(600) + 4(600) + 500 − 0.05( 400) + 4( 400) + 275 = $30,025
2 2
1 1 + 0.10(1 − R )
10
48. w( x, y ) = 49. V ( I , R ) = 2000
x − y
1+ I
1 1
(a) W (15, 10) = hr = hr = 12 min
15 − 10 5 I
0 0.03 0.05
R
1 1
(b) W (12, 9) = hr = hr = 20 min 0 $5187.48 $3859.98 $3184.67
12 − 9 3
1 1 0.28 $4008.46 $2982.67 $2460.85
(c) W (12, 6) = hr = hr = 10 min
12 − 6 6 0.35 $3754.27 $2793.53 $2304.80
1 1
(d) W ( 4, 2) = hr = hr = 30 min
4−2 2
50. A( r , t ) = 5000e rt
Number of Years
Rate 5 10 15 20 25
0.02 $5525.85 $6107.01 $6749.29 $7459.12 $8243.61
0.03 $5809.17 $6749.29 $7841.56 $9110.59 $10,585.00
0.04 $6107.01 $7459.12 $9110.59 $11,127.70 $13,591.41
0.05 $6420.13 $8243.61 $10,585.00 $13,591.41 $17,451.71
0.06 $6749.29 $9110.59 $12,298.02 $16,600,58 $22,408.45
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
484 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
P ⋅ r P ⋅ r
54. M = 12 55. M = 12
12t 12t
1 1
1− 1−
1 + ( r 12) 1 + ( r 12)
16,000 ⋅ 0.05 120,000(0.08)
(a) M = 12 ≈ $479.53
(12 ⋅ 3) 12
1 (a) M = 12( 20)
= $1003.73
1− 1
1 + (0.05 12) 1−
1 + ( 0.08 12)
Total paid for $16,000 loan = 479.53 × 36
$1003.73 × 240 payments = $240,895.20
= $17,263.08
120,000(0.07)
16,000 ⋅ 0.035
12
(b) M = 12 ≈ $357.70 (b) M = = $798.36
12(30)
(12 ⋅ 4)
1 1
1− 1−
1 + (0.035 12) 1 + (0.07 12)
Total paid for $16,000 loan = 357.70 × 48 $798.36 × 360 payments = $287,409.60
= $17,169.60 120,000(0.07)
Answers may vary. Sample Answer: Option B, since the 12
(c) M = 12(15)
= $1078.59
monthly payment is lower and the total paid back is
1
lower; however, the borrower is responsible for making 1−
payments for an additional 12 months. 1 + (0.07 12)
$1078.59 × 180 payments = $194,146.20
Choices will vary, as well as explanations.
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 6 x 2 − 9 x + 4 3. g (t ) = tet
3 +1
f ′( x) = 12 x − 9 = 3( 4 x − 3) g ′(t ) = tet
3 +1
(3t 2 ) + et + 1(1)
3
2. g ( x ) = (3 − x 2 )
3 3 +1 3 +1
= 3t 3et + et
g ′( x ) = 3(3 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) = −6 x(3 − x 2 )
2 2 = et
3 +1
(3t 3 + 1)
4. f ( x) = e 2 x 1 − e 2 x
1
f ′( x) = e 2 x (1 − e 2 x ) ( −e 2 x )( 2) +
−1 2
1 − e 2 x e 2 x ( 2)
2
e 2 x ( −e 2 x ) e2 x e2 x
=
1 − e2 x
+ 2e2 x 1 − e 2 x =
1 − e2 x
( −e 2x
)
+ 2(1 − e 2 x ) =
1 − e2 x
(2 − 3e2 x )
5. f ( x) = ln (3 − 2 x) 6. u (t ) = ln t 3 − 6t
−2 1 1 3
f ′( x) =
(t − 6t ) (3t − 6)
−1 2
u′(t ) = 2
3 − 2x t − 6t 2
3
3(t 2 − 2)
=
2t (t 2 − 6)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 485
(x + 2)
3
8. f ( x) =
( x2 − 9)
2
f ′( x) =
( x2 − 9)
4
= = = −
( x2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9)
3 3 3
9. f ( x) = x 2e x − 2
f ′( x) = x 2e x − 2 + e x − 2 ( 2 x) = x 2e x − 2 + 2 xe x − 2 = xe x − 2 ( x + 2)
At ( 2, 4), f ′( 2) = ( 2)e2 − 2 ( 2 + 2) = 2 ⋅ e0 ⋅ 4 = 8.
x 2 − x + 2 = x ( x 2 − x + 2)
12
10. g ( x) = x
1
g ′( x) = x ( x 2 − x + 2) ( 2 x − 1) + ( x 2 − x + 2) (1)
−1 2 12
2
x( 2 x − 1)
+ ( x 2 − x + 2)
12
=
2( x − x + 2)
12
2
2 x2 − x + 2 x2 − 2 x + 4
=
2( x 2 − x + 2)
12
4 x 2 − 3x + 4
=
2( x 2 − x + 2)
12
4( 2) − 3( 2) + 4
2
14 7
At ( 2, 4), g ′( 2) = = = .
2( 2 − 2 + 2)
12
2 4 2
1. z = 3 x + 5 y − 1 3. z = 6 x − x 2 y + 8 y 2
∂z ∂z
= 3 = 6 − 2 xy
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= 5 = − x 2 + 16 y
∂y ∂y
2. z = x 2 − 2 y 4. z = 4 xy 2 − x 2 y 3 + 7
∂z
= 2x ∂z
∂x = 4 y 2 − 2 xy 3
∂x
∂z
= −2 ∂z
∂y = 8 xy − 3x 2 y 2
∂y
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
486 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
5. h( x, y ) = e
(
− x2 + y 2 ) 13. f ( x, y ) =
x4 y
3y + 2
hx ( x, y ) = −2 xe
(
− x2 + y2 ) 4 x3 y
f x ( x, y ) =
hy ( x, y ) = −2 ye
(
− x2 + y2 ) 3y + 2
(3 y + 2)( x 4 ) − ( x 4 y )(3)
6. g ( x, y ) = e x y f y ( x, y ) =
(3 y + 2)
3
1 xy
g x ( x, y ) = e 3x 4 y + 2 x 4 − 3x 4 y
y =
(3 y + 2)
2
x
g y ( x, y ) = − 2 e x y
y 2 x4
=
(3 y + 2)
2
7. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2
1 2 x xy
( x + y 2 ) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
f x ( x, y ) = 14. f ( x, y ) =
2 2
x + y 2 x2 + y 2
1 y ∂z
f y ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y ) =
−1 2
= y
2 2 2 ∂x
x + y
∂z 1 x
= xy −1 2 =
∂y 2 2 y
2 x3 + 5 y = (2 x3 + 5 y )
13
8. z = 3
∂z 1 2x2 15. z = f ( x, y ) = 3 x + 2 y
= ( 2 x 3 + 5 y ) (6 x 2 ) =
−4 3
(2 x3 + 5 y )
43
∂x 3 ∂z 3( x + Δ x) + 2 y − (3 x + 2 y )
= f x ( x, y ) = lim
∂z 1 5 ∂x Δx → 0 Δx
= ( 2 x3 + 5 y ) (5) =
−4 3
3( 2 x + 5 y ) 3 + 3Δ x + 2 y − 3 x − 2 y
43
∂y 3 3
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
9. z = y 2e 2 xy 3Δ x
= lim
∂z Δx → 0 Δx
= y 2e 2 xy ( 2 y ) = 2 y 3e 2 xy
∂x = 3
∂z
= y 2e 2 xy ( 2 x) + e 2 xy ( 2 y ) = 2 xy 2e2 xy + 2 ye 2 xy z = f ( x, y ) + 3 x + 2 y
∂y
∂z 3 x + 2( y + Δy ) − (3x + 2 y )
= 2 ye 2 xy ( xy + 1) = f y ( x, y ) = lim
∂y Δy → 0 Δy
10. z = xe x + y 3 + 2 y + 2Δy − 3 x − 2 y
= lim
∂z Δy → 0 Δy
= xe x + y + e x + y = ( x + 1)e x + y
∂x 2Δy
= lim
∂z Δy → 0 Δy
= xe x + y
∂y = 2
(
11. g ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2 )
2x
g x ( x, y ) = 2
x + y2
2y
g y ( x, y ) = 2
x + y2
x + y
12. z = ln = ln ( x + y ) − ln ( x − y )
x − y
∂z 1 1 2y
= − = − 2
∂x x + y x − y x − y2
∂z 1 1 2x
= + = 2
∂y x + y x − y x − y2
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 487
16. z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2
∂z ( x + Δ x) − 2( x + Δ x) y + y 2 − ( x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 )
2
= f x ( x, y ) = lim
∂x Δx → 0 Δx
x 2 + 2 xΔ x + Δ x 2 − 2 xy − 2Δ xy + y 2 − x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
2 xΔ x + Δ x 2 − 2Δ xy
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
Δ x( 2 x + Δ x − 2 y )
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
= lim ( 2 x + Δ x − 2 y )
Δx → 0
= 2x − 2 y
z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2
x 2 − 2 x( y + Δy ) + ( y + Δy ) − ( x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 )
2
∂z
= f y ( x, y ) = lim
∂y Δy → 0 Δy
x 2 − 2 xy − 2 xΔy + y 2 + 2 yΔy + Δy 2 − x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
− 2 xΔy + 2 yΔy + Δy 2
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
Δy ( − 2 x + 2 y + Δy )
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
= lim ( − 2 x + 2 y + Δy )
Δy → 0
= − 2x + 2 y
17. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + xy − y 2 18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 3 xy + y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x + y, f x ( 2, 1) = 13 f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y, f x (1, −1) = 5
f y ( x, y ) = x − 2 y, f y ( 2, 1) = 0 f y ( x, y ) = − 3 x + 2 y, f y (1, −1) = − 5
19. f ( x, y ) = e x y 2
f x ( x, y ) = e x y 2 , f x (ln 3, 2) = e ln 3 ( 2) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12
2
f y ( x, y ) = 2e x y, f y (ln 3, 2) = 2eln 3 ( 2) = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12
20. f ( x, y ) = 3e xy
21. f ( x, y ) = ln (3 x + 5 y ) 1 1
22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( xy )
12
= ln x + ln y
3 2 2
f x ( x, y ) = , f x (1, 0) = 1 1 1
3x + 5 y f x ( x, y ) = , f x ( −1, −1) = −
2x 2
5 5
f y ( x, y ) = , f y (1, 0) = 1 1
3x + 5 y 3 f y ( x, y ) = , f y ( −1, −1) = −
2y 2
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488 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
xy
23. f ( x, y ) =
x − y
f x ( x, y ) =
(x − y ) y − xy(1)
= −
y2
, f x ( 2, − 2) = −
1
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
4
f y ( x, y ) =
(x − y ) x − xy( −1)
=
x2
, f y ( 2, − 2) =
1
(x − y) (x − y)
2 2
4
4 xy
24. f ( x, y ) =
x2 + y 2
1
x 2 + y 2 ( 4 y ) − 4 xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 x)
−1 2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 ( x2 + y 2 )(4 x) − 4 x2 y = 4 y3 , f 1, 0 = 0
= x( )
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
32 32
x2 + y 2
1
x 2 + y 2 ( 4 x) − 4 xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y )
−1 2
f y ( x, y ) =
2
( x2 + y 2 )(4 x) − 4 xy 2 = 4 x3 , f 1, 0 = 4
= y( )
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
2 2 32 32
x + y
∂z ∂z 2z
25. (a) = y (1, 2, 2) = 2 31. w =
∂x ∂x x + y
(b)
∂z
= x
∂z
(1, 2, 2) = 1 wx =
(x + y )(0) − 2 z (1)
= −
2z
∂y ∂y ( x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
∂z x ∂z 3 ( x + y )(0) − 2 z(1) 2z
26. (a) = − (3, 0, 4) = − wy = = −
( x + y) ( x + y)
2 2
∂x 25 − x − y 2 2 ∂x 4
∂z y ∂z 2
(b) = − (3, 0, 4) = 0 wz =
∂y ∂y x+ y
25 − x 2 − y 2
xy
∂z ∂z 32. w =
27. (a) = −2 x (1, 1, 2) = −2 x + y + z
∂x ∂x
(b)
∂z
= −2 y
∂z
(1, 1, 2) = −2 wx =
(x + y + z ) y − xy (1)
=
y 2 + yz
∂y ∂y
(x + y + z) (x + y + z)
2 2
∂z ∂z (x + y + z ) x − xy (1) x 2 + xz
28. (a) = 2x (−2, 1, 3) = −4 wy = =
∂x ∂x (x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
∂z ∂z (x + y + z )(0) − xy(1)
(b) = −2 y ( −2, 1, 3) = −2 wz = = −
xy
∂y ∂y
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
29. w = xy 2 z 4 + 9 xy − z
33. w = 2 xz 2 + 3xyz − 6 y 2 z
2 4
wx = y z + 9 y
wx = 2 z 2 + 3 yz , wx (1, −1, 2) = 2
wy = 2 xyz 4 + 9 x
wy = 3 xz − 12 yz , wy (1, −1, 2) = 30
wz = 4 xy 2 z 3 − 1
wz = 4 xz + 3 xy − 6 y 2 , wz (1, −1, 2) = −1
30. w = x3 yz 2 + xy − 4 yz
34. w = 3 x 2 y − 5 xyz + 10 yz 2
wx = 3x 2 yz 2 + y
wx = 6 xy − 5 yz , wx (3, 4, − 2) = 112
wy = x 3 z 2 + x
wy = 3 x 2 − 5 xz + 10 z 2 , wy (3, 4, − 2) = 97
3
wz = 2 x yz − 4 y
wz = − 5 xy + 20 yz , wz (3, 4, − 2) = − 220
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Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 489
35. w = x2 + y2 + z 2 40. w = ln x2 + y 2 + z 2
x 2 1
wx = , wx ( 2, −1, 2) = w = ln x2 + y2 + z 2 =ln ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
x2 + y2 + z 2 3 2
x 3
wy =
y
, wy ( 2, −1, 2) = −
1 wx = 2 , wx (3, 0, 4) =
3 x + y2 + z2 25
x2 + y 2 + z 2
y
z 2 wy = , wy (3, 0, 4) = 0
wz = , wz ( 2, −1, 2) = x2 + y2 + z 2
x2 + y2 + z 2 3
z 4
wz = , wz (3, 0, 4) =
36. w = 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 25
3x 3 5
wx = , wx (1, − 2, 1) = 41. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 − 4 x + 16 y + 3
3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 5
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 4 y − 4 = 0 − 4 x − 8y = −8
y 2 5 f y ( x, y ) = 4 x + 2 y + 16 = 0 4 x + 2y = −16
wy = , wy (1, − 2, 1) = −
3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 5 −6y = − 24
− 2z −2 5 y = 4
wz = , wz (1, − 2, 1) = x = −6
2
3x + y − 2 z 2 2 5
Solution: ( −6, 4)
3 2 2 x2
37. w = y z e
42. f ( x, y ) = 3 x3 − 12 xy + y 3
wx = 4 xy 3 z 2e2 x , wx
2
( 12 , −1, 2) = − 8 e 3 2
f x ( x, y ) = 9 x 2 − 12 y = 0 y = x
, w ( 12 , −1, 2) = 12 e
2
wy = 3 y 2 z 2 e 2 x y 4
2
wz = 2 y ze 3 2 x2
, w ( 12 , −1, 2) = − 4 e f y ( x, y ) = −12 x + 3 y 2 = 0 −12 x + 3
3x 2
z
= 0
4
3
38. w = xye9 z 27 4
−12 x + x = 0
3 16
wx = ye9 z 3
x(9 x3 − 64) = 0
( )
3
wx 2, 3, − 13 = (3)e9(−1 3) = 3e −1 3 16
43 3
wy = xe9 z
3 x = 0 or x =
3
( )
3
wy 2, 3, − 13 = ( 2)e9(−1 3) = 2e −1 3 43 9
y = 0 or y =
3
3
(
wz = xye9 z 27 z 2 = 27 xyz 2e9 z ) 3
43 3 43 9
Solutions: (0, 0), ,
3
( ) ( )
2
3
3
wz 2, 3, − 13 = 27( 2)(3) − 13 e9(−1 3) = 18e −1 3
1 1
(
39. w = ln 5 x + 2 y 3 − 3z ) 43. f ( x, y ) =
x
+
y
+ xy
5 1
wx = , wx ( 4, 1, −1) = 1
3
5 x + 2 y − 3z 5 f x ( x, y ) = − + y = 0 x 2 y = 1
x2
6 y2 6 1 x = y =1
wy = , wy ( 4, 1, −1) = f y ( x, y ) = − 2 + x = 0 y x = 1
2
3
5 x + 2 y − 3z 25 y
wz = −
3
, wz ( 4, 1, −1) = −
3 Solution: (1, 1)
5 x + 2 y 3 − 3z 25
(
44. f ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2 + 1 )
2x
f x ( x, y ) = = 0 x = 0
x2 + y2 + 1
2y
f y ( x, y ) = 2 = 0 y = 0
x + y2 + 1
Solution: (0, 0)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
490 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
45. z = x3 − 4 y 2 47. z = x 4 − 2 xy + 3 y 3
∂z ∂z
= 3x 2 = 4 x3 − 2 y
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= −8 y = − 2x + 9 y2
∂y ∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 6x
∂x 2 = 12 x 2
2
∂x 2
∂ z
= 0 ∂ 2z
∂x∂y = −2
∂x∂y
∂ 2z
= 0 ∂ 2z
∂y∂x = −2
∂y∂x
∂ 2z
= −8 ∂ 2z
∂y 2 = 18 y
∂y 2
46. z = 2 x 3 + y 5 48. z = y 3 − 6 x 2 y 2 − 1
∂z ∂z
= 4x = −12 xy 2
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= 5 y4 = 3 y 2 − 12 x 2 y
∂y ∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 4 = −12 y 2
∂x 2 ∂x 2
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 0 = − 24 xy
∂x∂y ∂x∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 20 y 3 = − 24 xy
∂y 2 ∂y∂x
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 0 = 6 y − 12 x 2
∂y∂x ∂y 2
49. z = (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
3
∂z
( ) (12 x3 ) ( )
2 2
= 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3 = 36 x 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3
∂x
∂z
( ) (− 6 y 2 ) ( )
2 2
= 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3 = −18 y 2 3x 4 − 2 y 3
∂y
∂ 2z
= 36 x3 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(12 x3 ) + (3x 4 − 2 y 3 ) (108 x 2 ) = 108 x 2 (3x 4 − 2 y 3 )(11x 4 − 2 y 3 )
2
∂x 2
∂ 2z
= 36 x3 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )( − 6 y 2 ) = − 432 x3 y 2 (3x 4 − 2 y 3 )
∂y∂y
∂ 2z
= −18 y 2 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )( − 6 y 2 ) + (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 ) ( − 36 y ) = − 36 y (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(3 x 4 − 8 y 3 )
2
∂y 2
∂ 2z
= −18 y 2 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(12 x3 ) = − 432 x3 y 2 (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
∂y∂x
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Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 491
50. z = 9 − x2 − y2
∂z 1 x
= (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x) = −
−1 2
∂x 2 9 − x2 − y2
∂z 1 y
= (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y ) = −
−1 2
∂y 2 9 − x2 − y2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (1) − x (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2
2
∂ z 2 y2 − 9
= − =
(9 − x 2 − y 2 )
32
∂x 2 2
9− x − y 2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (0) − x (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y )
−1 2
∂2 z 2 xy
= − = −
(9 − x − y 2 )
32
∂x∂y 9 − x2 − y 2 2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (0) − y (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2
∂2 z 2
xy
= − = −
(9 − x − y 2 )
32
∂y∂x 9 − x2 − y 2 2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (1) − y (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y )
−1 2
∂2 z 2 x2 − 9
= − =
(9 − x 2 − y 2 )
32
∂y 2 9 − x2 − y2
x2 − y2 x
51. z = 52. z =
2 xy x + y
∂z 2 xy ( 2 x) − ( x 2 − y 2 )( 2 y ) x2 + y 2 ∂z ( x + y )(1) − x(1) = y
= = =
( ) ( y)
2 2
∂x 2 2
4x y 2 x2 y ∂x x + y x +
∂z 2 xy( −2 y ) − ( x 2 − y 2 )( 2 x) x2 + y2 ∂z
= −
x
= = −
∂y 2 2
4x y 2 xy 2 ∂y ( x + y )2
∂2 z 2 x 2 y( 2 x) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 4 xy ) y ∂2 z 2y
= = − 3 = −
∂x 2 4x4 y2 x ∂x 2
( x + y )3
∂2 z 2 x 2 y( 2 y ) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 x 2 ) x2 − y 2 ∂2 z ( x + y ) (1) − y(2)( x + y )(1) = x − y
2
= 4 2
= − =
∂x∂y 4x y 2x2 y 2 ∂x∂y ( x + y )4 ( x + y )3
∂2 z 2 xy 2 ( 2 x) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 y 2 ) x2 − y 2
= − 2 2
= − ∂2 z
= −
( x + y) (1) − x( 2)( x + y )(1) = x − y
2
∂y∂x 4x y 2x2 y 2
( x + y) ( x + y)
4 3
∂y∂x
∂2 z 2 xy 2 ( 2 y ) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 4 xy ) x
= − = 3 ∂2 z 2x
∂y 2 4x2 y4 y =
( x + y)
3
∂y 2
53. f ( x, y ) = x 4 − 3 x 2 y 2 + y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x3 − 6 xy 2 , f y ( x, y ) = −6 x 2 y + 2 y
f xx ( x, y ) = 12 x 2 − 6 y 2 , f xx (1, 0) = 12
f yy ( x, y ) = −6 x 2 + 2, f yy (1, 0) = −4
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492 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
54. f ( x, y ) = x3 + 2 xy 3 − 3 y 56. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x − y )
1 1 −1
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 2 y 3 , f y ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2 − 3 f x ( x, y ) = (1) = = ( x − y)
x − y x − y
f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f xx (3, 2) = 18 1 1 −1
f y ( x, y ) = ( −1) = − = − ( x − y)
x − y x − y
f xy ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 , f xy (3, 2) = 24
−2 1
f xx ( x, y ) = ( −1)( x − y ) = −
f yx ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 , f yx (3, 2) = 24 ( x − y) 2
f yy ( x, y ) = 12 xy, f yy (3, 2) = 72 −2 1
f yy ( x, y ) = ( −1)( −1)( x − y ) =
(x − y)
2
3 x2
55. f ( x, y ) = y e −2 1
f xy ( x, y ) = ( −1)( x − y ) ( −1) =
(x − y)
2
3 x2 2 x2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy e , f y ( x, y ) = 3 y e
−2 1
f yx ( x, y ) = ( −1)( −1)( x − y ) (1) =
f xx ( x, y) = e x ( 4 x 2 y 3 + 2 y 3 ),
2
f xx (1, −1) = − 6e ( x − y) 2
f xy ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2e x ,
2
f xy (1, −1) = 6e 1 1
f xx (0, − 2) = − 2
=
0 − ( − 2) 4
2
f yx ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2e x , f yx (1, −1) = 6e
1 1
f yy (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2)
x2 4
f yy ( x, y ) = 6 ye , f yy (1, −1) = − 6e
1 1
f xy (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2) 4
1 1
f yx (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2) 4
57. w = x 2 − 3 xy + 4 yz + z 3
wx = 2 x − 3 y , wy = − 3x + 4 z, wz = 4 y + 3 z 2
wxx = 2, w yx = − 3, wzx = 0
wxz = 0, w yz = 4, wzz = 6 z
58. w = x 2 y 3 + 2 xyz − 3 yz
wx = 2 xy 3 + 2 yz , wy = 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xz − 3 z , wz = 2 xy − 3 y ,
wxz = 2 y , w yz = 2 x − 3, wzz = 0,
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Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 493
4xz
59. w =
x + y
wx =
(x + y )( 4 z ) − 4 xz (1)
=
4 yz
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
wy =
(x + y )(0) − 4 xz (1)
=
− 4 xz
( x + y) 2
( x + y) 2
4x
wz =
x + y
8 yz
wxx = 4 yz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3
= −
(x + y)
3
4 z( x − y)
wxy = 4 yz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y) (4 z ) =
(x + y)
3
4y
wxz =
(x + y)
2
4 z( x − y)
wyx = − 4 xz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y) (− 4 z ) =
(x + y)
3
8 xz
wyy = − 4 xz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3
=
( x + y)
3
4x
wyz = −
( x + y) 2
wzx =
(x + y )( 4) − 4 x(1)
=
4y
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
4x
wzy = 4 ( −1)( x + y ) (1)
−2
= −
(x + y)
2
wzz = 0
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494 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
xy
60. w =
x + y + z
wx =
(x + y + z ) y − xy(1)
=
y 2 + yz
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
wy =
(x + y + z ) x − xy (1)
=
x 2 + xz
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
wz =
(x + y + z )(0) − xy (1)
=
− xy
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
2( y 2 + yz )
wxx = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
= −
(x + y + z)
3
2 xy + xz + yz + z 2
wxy = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (2 y + z) =
(x + y + z)
3
xy − yz − y 2
wxz = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( y) =
(x + y + z)
3
2 xy + xz + yz + z 2
wyx = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (2 x + z) =
(x + y + z)
3
− 2( x 2 + xz )
wyy = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
=
(x + y + z)
3
xy − x 2 − xz
wyz = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( x) =
(x + y + z)
3
xy − y 2 − yz
wzx = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (− y) =
(x + y + z)
3
xy − x 2 − xz
wzy = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( − x) =
(x + y + z)
3
2 xy
wzz = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
=
(x + y + z)
3
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 495
∂f
0.25 ∂z ∂z
y (a) = 0.105; = 0.339
(a) = 75 x −0.25 y 0.25 = 75 ∂x ∂y
∂x x
When x = 1000 and y = 500, (b) For every increase of $1 million in sales for
Skechers, the shareholder’s equity will increase by
0.25 0.25
∂f 500 1 $0.105 million or $105,000. For every increase of
= 75 = 75 ≈ 63.07.
∂x 1000 2 $1 million in total assets, the shareholder’s equity for
0.75
Skechers will increase by $0.339 million or $339,000.
∂f x
(b) = 25 x 0.75 y −0.75 = 25
∂y y M
69. IQ( M , C ) = × 100
C
When x = 1000 and y = 500,
100
0.75 IQM =
∂f 1000 C
= 25( 2)
0.25
= 25 ≈ 42.04.
∂y 500 −100 M
IQC =
C2
∂x1 5
65. Complementary because = − < 0 and 100
∂p2 2 IQM (12, 10) = = 10
10
∂x2 3
= − < 0. −100(12)
∂p1 2 IQC (12, 10) = = −12
102
∂x1 For a child who has a current mental age of 12 years and
66. Substitute because = 1.8 > 0 and
∂p2 a chronological age of 10 years, the IQ is increasing at a
∂x2 rate of 10 IQ points for every increase of 1 year in the
= 0.75 > 0. child’s mental age. For a child who has a current mental
∂p1
age of 12 years and a chronological age of 10 years, the
IQ is decreasing at a rate of 12 IQ points for every
67. z = 0.391x − 0.069 y + 6
increase of 1 year in the child’s chronological age.
∂z ∂z
(a) = 0.391; = − 0.069
∂x ∂y 70. (a) f x ( 4, 1) < 0
72. Since both first partials are negative, an increase in the charge for food and housing or tuition will cause a
decrease in the number of applicants.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
496 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
73. U = − 5 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
z
(a) U x = −10 x + y
(b) U y = x − 6 y
y
(c) When x = 2 and y = 3, U x = −17 and U y = −16.
x
The person should consume one more unit of good y, since the rate
of decrease of satisfaction is less for y.
The slope of U in the x-direction is 0 when y = 10 x and negative when y < 10 x.
The slope of U in the y-direction is 0 when x = 6 y and negative when x < 6 y.
Skills Warm Up
1. 5 x = 15 5. x − 2 y = 4 Equation 1
3 x − 2 y = 5 5 x − 3 y = 13 Equation 2
5 x = 15 Multiply Equation 1 by − 5: − 5 x + 10 y = − 20
x = 3 Add the new equation to Equation 2:
Substitute in the other equation. − 5 x + 10 y = − 20
3(3) − 2 y = 5
5 x − 3 y = 13
−2 y = −4
Solve for y: 7 y = − 7
y = 2
y = −1
The solution is (3, 2).
Substitute y = − 1 in Equation 1:
2. 1y = 3
2 x − 2( −1) = 4
− x + 5 y = 19 x = 2
1
y = 3 The solution is ( 2, −1).
2
y = 6
Substitute in the other equation. 6. 2 x − 4 y = 14 Equation 1
− x + 5(6) = 19 3 x + y = 7 Equation 2
− x = −11 Multiply equation 2 by 4: 12 x + 4 y = 28
x = 11 Add new equation to Equation 1: 14 x = 42
Simplify: x = 3
The solution is (11, 6).
Substitute 3 for x in Equation 2: 3(3) + y = 7
3. x + y = 5 Simplify: y = −2
x − y = −3 The solution is (3, − 2).
Adding the two equations gives 2 x = 2, so x = 1.
Substitute. 7. x 2 + x = 0 Equation 1
1+ y = 5
2 yx + y = 0 Equation 2
y = 4
Factor Equation 1: x ( x + 1) = 0
The solution is (1, 4).
Solve equation 1 for x: x = −1 or x = 0
4. x + y = 8 Substitute −1 for x in Equation 2: 2 y ( −1) + y = 0
Solve for y: y = 0
2 x − y = − 2
Adding the two equations gives 3 x = 6, so x = 2. Substitute 0 for x in Equation 2: 2 y (0) + y = 0
Substitute. Solve for y: y = 0
2 + y = 8 The solutions are ( −1, 0) and (0, 0).
y = 6
The solution is (2, 6).
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Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 497
8. 3 y 2 + 6 y = 0 Equation 1 12. z = 2 x 2 − 3 xy + y 2
xy + x + 2 = 0 Equation 2 ∂z ∂z
= 4 x − 3 y, = −3 x + 2 y
Factor Equation 1: y (3 y + 6) = 0 ∂x ∂y
Solve for y: y = 0 ∂2 z ∂z
= 4, = 2
∂x 2 ∂y 2
3y + 6 = 0
y = −2 ∂2z ∂2z
= −3, = −3
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
Substitute 0 for y in Equation 2: x (0) + x + 2 = 0
Solve for x: x = −2 13. z = ye xy
2
∂2 z x xy
= − = −
∂x∂y 4 x xy 4 xy
∂2 z x xy
= − = −
∂y∂y 4 x xy 4 xy
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
498 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 12 y − 3 4. f ( x, y ) = 7 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 7 x + 16 y − 13
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 8 The first partial derivatives of f,
and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y − 12, are zero at the critical point f x ( x, y ) = 14 x − 7 = 7( 2 x − 1) and
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y + 16 = 4( y + 4),
(− 4, 6). Because
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, are zero at the critical point ( 12 , − 4). Because
it follows that f xx ( − 4, 6) > 0 and f xx ( x, y ) = 14, f yy ( x, y ) = 4, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
( )
2
f xx ( − 4, 6) f yy ( − 4, 6) − f xy ( − 4, 6) = 4 > 0. it follows that f xx 12 , − 4 > 0 and
So, ( − 4, 6, − 55) is a relative minimum.
( 12 , − 4) f ( 12 , − 4) − f ( 12 , − 4) = 56 > 0.
2
f xx yy xy
2. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 6 y + 6 So, ( 12 , − 4, − 741
16 )
is a relative minimum.
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2( x + 1)
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point 5. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + 1
f xx ( x, y ) = − 6, f yy ( x, y ) = − 8, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 > 0 and
(
it follows that f xx −1, − 14 < 0 and ) f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − f xy (0, 0) = 1 > 0.
2
( ) ( ) ( )
2
f xx −1, − 14 f yy −1, − 14 − f xy −1, − 14 = 48 > 0. So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.
So, ( −1, − 14 , 49
4)
is a relative maximum.
( )
14
6. f ( x, y ) = − 4 x 2 + y 2 + 1
2x
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = − ( x 2 + y 2 + 1)
−3 4
( 2 x) = − and
(x + y 2 + 1)
34
2
2y
f y ( x, y ) = − ( x 2 + y 2 + 1)
−3 4
(2 y ) = − , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
(x + y 2 + 1)
34
2
x2 − 2 y2 − 2 y2 − 2 x2 − 2 3 xy
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = ,
(x + y + 1) (x + y + 1) (x + y 2 + 1)
74 74 74
2 2 2 2 2
2
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − f xy (0, 0) = 4 > 0.
So, (0, 0, − 4) is a relative maximum.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 499
( )
13
7. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 8
1 2 2x
( 3x + 6 y 2 + 8) (6 x) =
−2 3
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = and
( y 2 + 8)
23
3 3 x 2
+ 6
1 2 4y
(3 x + 6 y 2 + 8) (6 y ) =
−2 3
f y ( x, y ) = , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
( y 2 + 8)
23
3 3 x 2
+ 6
− 2 x 2 + 12 y 2 + 16 12 x 2 − 8 y 2 + 32 −16 xy
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = ,
(3 x + 6 y + 8) (3x + 6 y + 8) (3x + 6 y 2 + 8)
53 53 53
2 2 2 2 2
2
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − f xy (0, 0) = 512 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 2) is a relative minimum.
10. f ( x, y ) = 9 − ( x − 3) − ( y + 2)
2 2
8. f ( x, y ) = 25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2
( x − 2) − 25
2 The first partial derivatives of f,
f yy ( x, y ) = 32
, and f x ( x, y ) = −10 x + 4 y + 16 and
25 − ( x − 2)2 − y 2
f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 2 y , are zero at the critical point
f xy ( x, y ) =
( 2 − x) y , (8, 16).
32
25 − ( x − 2)2 − y2 Because f xx ( x, y ) = −10, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and
f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (8, 16) < 0 and
1
it follows that f xx ( 2, 0) = − < 0 and
f xx (8, 16) f yy (8, 16) − f xy (8, 16) = 4 > 0.
2
5
2 1
f xx ( 2, 0) f yy ( 2, 0) − f xy ( 2, 0) = > 0. So, (8, 16, 74) is a relative maximum.
25
So, ( 2, 0, 5) is a relative maximum. 12. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 6 xy + 10 y 2 − 4 y + 4
The first partial derivatives of f,
9. f ( x, y) = ( x − 1) + ( y − 3)
2 2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 6 y = 2( x + 3 y ) and
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2( x − 1) f y ( x, y ) = 6 x + 20 y − 4 = 2(3x + 10 y − 2),
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point are zero at the critical point ( −6, 2).
(1, 3). Because f xx ( x, y) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and Because f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 20, and
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 3) > 0 and f xy ( x, y ) = 6, it follows that f xx ( −6, 2) > 0 and
2
f xx ( −6, 2) f yy ( −6, 2) − f xy ( −6, 2) = 4 > 0.
2
f xx (1, 3) f yy (1, 3) − f xy (1, 3) = 4 > 0.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
500 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
13. f ( x, y ) = − x 3 + 4 xy − 2 y 2 + 1
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −3 x 2 + 4 y and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y, are zero at the critical points (0, 0)
So, ( 43 , 43 , 59
27 )
is a relative maximum.
14. f ( x, y ) = 2 xy − 1 x4
2
− 1 y4
2
+1
15. f ( x, y ) = 1 xy
2 17. f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )e1− x
2 − y2
f ( x, y ) = ( 4 x y + 4 xy − 2 y − 2 x)e
xy
2 2
,1− x 2 − y 2
The first partial derivatives of f,
f x ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 y − 2 x and f y ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 x − 2 y , it follows that f ( 12 , 12 ) = −3e < 0,
xx
12
f ( − 12 , − 12 ) f ( − 12 , − 12 ) − f ( − 12 , − 12 ) = 0.
2
xx yy xy
So, ( 12 , 12 , e ) is a relative maximum and
12
(− 12 , − 12 , − e ) is a relative minimum.
12
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 501
18. f ( x, y ) = 3e
(
− x2 + y 2 ) 26. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 3 x + 12 y + 7
The first partial derivatives of f,
The first partial derivatives of f ,
f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 = 3( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 3( x − 1)
2
f x ( x, y ) = −6 xe
( − x2 + y 2 ) and f y ( x, y ) = − 6 ye
( − x2 + y2 ),
f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 + 12 y + 12 = 3 y 2 + 4 y + 4 ( )
are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
= 3( y + 2)
f xx ( x, y ) = 6e
( − x2 + y 2 ) (2 x 2 − 1), are zero at the critical point (1, − 2). Because
(
− x2 + y 2 ) (2 y 2 f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6, f xx (1, − 2) = 0,
f yy ( x, y ) = 6e − 1), and
f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y + 12, f yy (1, − 2) = 0,
f xy ( x, y ) = 12 xye
( − x2 + y2 ), it follows that f xy ( x, y ) = 0, the Second-Partials Test fails.
f xx (0, 0) = −6 < 0 and Note that f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) + ( y + 2) .
3 3
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − f xy (0, 0) = 36 > 0. By testing “nearby” points, you can conclude that
So, (0, 0, 3) is a relative maximum. (1, − 2, 0) is a saddle point.
27. f ( x, y ) = ( xy )
2
19. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (9)( 4) − 62 = 0
2
2
f xx ( a, 0) f yy ( a, 0) − f xy ( a, 0) = 0 and
f has a saddle point at ( x0 , y0 ).
2
f xx (0, b) f yy (0, b) − f xy (0, b) = 0 and the
22. f xx > 0 and
Second-Derivative Test fails. Note that f ( x, y ) = ( xy )
2
f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( 25)(5) − ( −11) = 4 > 0
2 2
Second-Partials Test fails. By testing “nearby” points, is undefined and the Second-Derivative Test fails.
you can conclude that (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point. Note that f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is nonnegative for
all real numbers. So, (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
502 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
2
The first partial derivatives of S are
32. f ( x, y, z ) = 6 − x( y + 2)( z − 1)
S x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2( 2 − x − y )( −1) = 4 x + 2 y − 4
Critical points: Any points of the form (0, y, z ),
and
( x, − 2, z ), or ( x, y , 1). They all correspond to relative
S y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2( 2 − x − y )( −1) = 2 x + 4 y − 4.
maxima because f ( x, y , z ) ≤ 6.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
33. The sum is x + y + z = 45, or z = 45 − x − y, 4x + 2 y = 4
and the product is P = xyz , or 2 x + 4 y = 4.
P = xy ( 45 − x − y ) = 45 xy − x y − xy . 2 2
Solving this system, you have x = 2, y = 2,
and
3 3
The first partial derivatives of P are 2 2
z = 2− − = 23 .
Px ( x, y ) = 45 y − 2 xy − y 2 = y ( 45 − 2 x − y ) 3 3
Py ( x, y ) = 45 x − x 2 − 2 xy = x( 45 − x − 2 y ).
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
2 x + y = 45
x + 2 y = 45.
Solving the system, you have x = 15, y = 15, and
z = 45 − 15 − 15 = 15.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 503
So, the revenue is maximized when x1 = 3 and x2 = 6. can conclude that the revenue is maximized when
p1 = 2500 and p2 = 3000.
38. The revenue function is
40. The revenue function is
R = 870 p1 + 950 p2 + 1.5 p1 p2 − 1.5 p12 − p22
R = x1 p1 + x2 p2
and the first partial derivatives of R are
= 600 p1 − 4 p12 + 6 p1 p2 + 870 p2 − 3 p22
R p = 870 + 1.5 p2 − 3 p1 and
1 and the first partial derivatives of R are
R p = 950 + 1.5 p1 − 2 p2 .
2 R p = 600 − 8 p1 + 6 p2 and R p = 6 p1 + 870 − 6 p2 .
1 2
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
3 p1 − 1.5 p2 = 870
8 p1 − 6 p2 = 600
−1.5 p1 + 2 p2 = 950.
− 6 p1 + 6 p2 = 870.
Solving the system, you have p1 = 844 and
Solving this system, you have p1 = 735 and
p2 = 1108.
p2 = 880. By the Second-Derivative Test, you
So, the revenue is maximized when p1 = 844 and
can conclude that the revenue is maximized when
p2 = 1108. p1 = $735 and p2 = $880.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
504 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
43. z = 10 − 5 x − 2 y 44. z = 6 − 3
x − 2y
2
V = xyz = xy (10 − 5 x − 2 y ) = 10 xy − 5 x y − 2 xy 2 2
2
V = xyz = xy 6 − ( 3
2
x )
− 2 y = 6 xy − 3 2
2
x y − 2 xy 2
Vx = 10 y − 10 xy − 2 y
Vx = 6 y − 3xy − 2 y 2
V y = 10 x − 5 x 2 − 4 xy
3 2
Vy = 6 x − 2
x − 4 xy
Set these equations equal to zero and factor out a
common factor in each equation. Then solve the system. Set these equations equal to zero and factor out a
common factor in each equation. Then solve the system.
10 y − 10 xy − 2 y = 0
2
6 y − 3xy − 2 y 2 = 0
10 x − 5 x 2 − 4 xy = 0 3 2
6 x − 2 x − 4 xy = 0
y(10 − 10 x − 2 y ) = 0
y(6 − 3 x − 2 y ) = 0
x(10 − 5 x − 4 y ) = 0
10 x + 2 y = 10 ( 3
x 6 − 2 x − 4 y = 0 )
5 x + 4 y = 10 3x + 2 y = 6
3
This yields the solutions (0, 0) and ( ). Using the
2 5
,
3 3 2 x + 4 y = 6
Seconds Partials Test, you can determine that the This yields the solutions (0, 0) and ( 43 , 1). Using the
maximum occurs when the length is x = 23 , the width
Seconds Partials Test, you can determine that the
is y = 5
3
, and the height is z = 10 − 5 ( ) − 2( ) =
2
3
5
3
10
3
. maximum occurs when the length is x = 43 , the width
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 505
The volume is V = xyz = 366 yz − 2 zy 2 − 2 yz 2 and the first partial derivatives are
V y = 366 z − 4 zy − 2 z 2 = 2 z (183 − 2 y − z ) and Vz = 366 y − 2 y 2 − 4 yz = 2 y (183 − y − 2 z ).
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
2 y + z = 183
y + 2 z = 183.
Solving this system, you have y = 61 and z = 61.
So, x = 122.
The volume is a maximum when the length is 122 centimeters and the width and height are each 61 centimeters.
47. Let x = length y = width, z = height and 48. Let x = length, y = width, z = height, and
C = cost. C = cost.
18 24.75
The volume is xyz = 18 or z = . The volume is xyz = 24.75 or z = .
xy xy
The cost is C = 0.6 xy + 0.45( 2) xz + 0.45( 2) yz The paint cost (per coat) is
= 0.6 xy + 0.9 xz + 0.9 yz C = 1.1xy + 0.6( 2) xz + 0.6( 2) yz
18 18 = 1.1xy + 1.2 xz + 1.2 yz
= 0.6 xy + 0.9 x + 0.9 y
xy
xy 24.75 24.75
= 1.1xy + 1.2 x + 1.2 y
= 0.6 xy +
16.2 16.2
+ . xy xy
y x 29.7 29.7
= 1.1xy + + .
The first partial derivatives of C are y x
16.2 The first partial derivatives of C are
C x = ( x, y ) = 0.6 y − and
x2 29.7
16.2 C x = ( x, y ) = 1.1 y − and
C y = ( x, y ) = 0.6 x − 2 . x2
y 29.7
C y = ( x, y ) = 1.1x − 2 .
Setting these equal to zero produces the system y
16.2 Setting these equal to zero produces the system
− + 0.6 y = 0
x2 29.7
− + 1.1y = 0
16.2 x2
0.6 x − 2 = 0.
y 29.7
1.1x − 2 = 0.
Solving this system, you have x = 3, y = 3, and y
18 Solving this system, you have x = 3, y = 3, and
z = = 2.
( )(3)
3 24.75
z = = 2.75.
The cost is a minimum when x = 3 meters, (3)(3)
y = 3 meters, and z = 2 meters. The cost is a minimum when x = 3 meters,
y = 3 meters, and z = 2.75 meters.
The minimum cost is
16.2 16.2
C = 0.6(3)(3) + + = $16.20. The minimum cost (per coat) is
3 3 29.7 29.7
C = 1.1(3)(3) + + = $29.70.
3 3
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506 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
49. The total cost function is C ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 15 x − 20 y + 4 xy + 39 and the first partial derivatives are
Cx = 4 x − 15 + 4 y and C y = 6 y − 20 + 4 x.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
4 x + 4 y = 15
4 x + 6 y = 20.
Solving this system, you have x = 1.25 and y = 2.5. So, the minimum total cost is
2(1.25) + 3( 2.5) − 15(1.25) − 20( 2.5) + 4(1.25)( 2.5) + 39 = $4.625 million.
2 2
50. The duration function is D( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − 18 x − 24 y + 2 xy + 120 and the first partial derivatives are
Dx = 2 x − 18 + 2 y and D y = 4 y − 24 + 2 x.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
2 x + 2 y = 18
2 x + 4 y = 24.
Solving this system, you have x = 6 and y = 3.
So, to minimize the duration of the infection you should take 600 milligrams of the first drug and 300 milligrams
of the second drug.
52. Points A and B are relative extrema. Points C and D are saddle points.
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Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself 507
56. False. Relative maxima sometimes occur at points where one or more of the partial derivatives do not exist.
(b) d = (−1 − 1)
2
+ ( 2 − 3) + (0 − 2)
2 2
= 3 = 4 + 36 + 100 = 140 = 2 35
1 + ( −1) 3 + 2 2 + 0 5 2 + 0 1 + ( − 5) 4 + ( − 6)
(c) Midpoint = (c) Midpoint = , ,
, , = 0, , 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= (1, − 2, −1)
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508 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
2
5 − ( − 2) + ( −1 − 0) + ( 2 − 3)
2 2
3. (a) z (b) d =
6
4
(− 2, 0, 3) = 49 + 1 + 1
2 = 51
(5, − 1, 2) − 2 −2
− 2 + 5 0 + ( −1) 3 + 2
2 2
y
(c) Midpoint = , ,
2 2 2
4 −2
x
−4
3 1 5
= , − ,
2 2 2
(1 − 0) + ( 4 − 3) + ( −2 − 1)
2 2 2
Radius = = 11
(x + 1) + ( y − 7) + ( z − 4) = 36
2 2 2
Standard form: ( x − 1) + ( y − 4) + ( z + 2) = 11
2 2 2
6. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 2 y − 6 z − 23 = 0
( x2 − 8x + 16) + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 23 + 16 + 1 + 9
( x − 4) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 3) = 49
2 2 2
Center: ( 4, 1, 3)
Radius: 49 = 7
z z
7. 2 x + 3 y + z = 6 8. x − 2 z = 4
(0, 0, 6) 1
To find the x-intercept, 6
To find the x-intercept,
let y = 0 and z = 0. let z = 0. 1 1
4 (4, 0, 0) 2
(0, 0, − 2)
2x + 3 y + z = 6 3 x − 2z = 4 4
5
2 x + 3(0) + 0 = 6
x −3 y
x − 2(0) = 4
2
1 −4
2x = 6 −1
x = 4 −5
1 (0, 2, 0)
1
x = 3 (3, 0, 0)
Because the y-coefficient is 0, there is no y-intercept.
3 3
To find the y-intercept, 5
4 4 y The plane is parallel to the y-axis.
x
let x = 0 and z = 0.
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0.
2x + 3y + z = 6
x − 2z = 4
2(0) + 3 y + 0 = 6
0 − 2z = 4
3y = 6
− 2z = 4
y = 2
z = −2
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0.
2x + 3y + z = 6 9. z
2(0) + 3(0) + z = 6 6
z = 6
2
2 2 (0, 3, 0)
4 4
6 6
x y
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Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself 509
x2 y2 z2
10. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
4 9 16
z2 x2 y2
11. The graph of z 2 − x 2 − y 2 = 25 or − − = 1 is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
25 25 25
x2 z2
12. The graph of 64 y − 8 x 2 − z 2 = 0, or y = + , is an elliptic paraboloid.
8 64
f (1, 0) = 1 − 9(0) = 1
2 real numbers.
The range is 0 < f ( x, y ) < ∞ or (0, ∞), all positive
f ( 4, −1) = 4 − 9( −1) = −5
2
real numbers.
6 c=5
x2 + y = 0 → y = − x2
f (1, 0) = 4(1) + 0 = 2
2
c=4 c=3
x2 + y = 1 → y = − x2 + 1
f ( 4, −1) = 4( 4) + ( −1) =
2
63 = 3 7 x2 + y = 2 → y = − x2 + 2 −6 −4 4 6
x
x2 + y = 3 → y = − x2 + 3
15. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x − 2 y )
−4
x2 + y = 4 → y = − x2 + 4 −6
f (1, 0) = ln (1) = 0 2 2
c=1 c=0 c=2
x + y = 5 → y = −x + 5
f ( 4, −1) = ln ( 4 − 2( −1)) = ln 6 ≈ 1.79 The level curves are parabolas reflected about the x-axis
(opening downward) with a vertical shift of c units.
16. The domain of f ( x, y) = 81 − x 2 − y 2 is
29,000(0.055)
81 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0
12
19. M = = $473.80
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 81 ()
12 6
1
1−
or all points ( x, y ) inside and on the circle 1 + (0.055 12)
x 2 + y 2 = 81. $473.80 × 72 payments = $34,113.60
The range is 0 ≤ f ( x, y ) ≤ 9 or [0, 9].
20. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − 3 x − y + 1
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 f x ( −2, 3) = 2( −2) − 3 = −7
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y − 1 f y ( −2, 3) = 4(3) − 1 = 11
3x − y 2
21. f ( x, y ) =
x+ y
22. f ( x, y ) = x 3e 2 y
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510 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
23. f ( x, y ) = ln ( 2 x + 7 y )
2 2 2
f x ( x, y ) = , f x ( − 2, 3) = = ≈ 0.118
2x + 7 y 2( − 2) + 7(3) 17
7 7 7
f y ( x, y ) = , f y ( − 2, 3) = = ≈ 0.412
2x + 7 y 2( − 2) + 7(3) 17
24. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy − 6 x + 2 y
25. f ( x, y ) = − x 3 + 4 xy − 2 y 2 + 1
− 3x 2 + 4 x = 0
− x ( 3 x − 4) = 0
x = 0, x = 4
3
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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 511
Skills Warm Up
1. 4 x − 6 y = 3 Equation 1 3. 5 x − y = 25 Equation 1
2 x + 3 y = 2 Equation 2 x − 5 y = 15 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 2: 4 x + 6 y = 4 Multiply Equation 2 by − 5: −5 x + 25 y = −75
Add to Equation 1: 8x = 7 Add to Equation 1: 24 y = −50
Simplify: x = 7 Simplify: 25
y = − 12
8
Substitute 7
8
for x in Equation 2: 2 ( 78 ) + 3 y = 2
25 for y in Equation 1:
Substitute − 12
Solve for y: y = 1
12
( )
25 = 25
5 x − − 12
2. 6 x − 6 y = 5 Equation 1
The solution is ( 1255 , − 1225 ).
−3 x − y = 1 Equation 2 4. 4 x − 9 y = 5 Equation 1
Multiply Equation 2 by 2: −6 x − 2 y = 2 − x + 8 y = −2 Equation 2
Add to Equation 1: −8 y = 7 Multiply Equation 2 by 4: −4 x + 32 y = −8
Simplify: y = − 78 Add to Equation 1: 23 y = −3
Simplify: 3
Substitute − 78 for x in Equation 2: −3x − − 78 = 1 ( ) y = − 23
3 for y in Equation 2:
Substitute − 23
1
Solve for x: x = − 24
1
The solution is − 24 (
, − 87 . ) ( )3 = −2
− x + 8 − 23
Solve for x: x = 22
23
Substitute 1
3
for y in New Equation 2: 3 ( 13 ) + 7 z =1
Solve for z : z = 0
Substitute 1 for y and 0 for z in Equation 3:
3
−x + 2 ( 13 ) + 3(0) = −1
Solve for x: x = 5
3
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512 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
3x + 4 y + z = 2
10 y + 7 z = 23
Add 47 times new Equation 2 to new Equation 3: 159 z = 351
351 117
Solve for z : z = 159
= 53
Substitute 117
53
for z in new Equation 2: 10 y + 7 (117
53 )
= 23
40
Solve for y : y = 53
Substitute 40
53
for x and 117
53
for z in Equation 1: ( 5340 ) + (117
3x + 4 53 )
= 2
Solve for x : x = − 57
53
The solution is − 57
53 (
, 40 117
,
53 53 ).
7. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + xy 2 9. f ( x, y , z ) = x( x 2 + 3 y 2 − z 2 ) = x3 + 3 xy 2 − xz 2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy + y 2 f x ( x, y , z ) = 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 − z 2
f y ( x, y ) = x + 2 xy
2
f y ( x, y, z ) = 6 xy
f z ( x, y, z ) = − 2 xz
f ( x, y ) = 25( xy + y 2 )
2
8.
10. f ( x, y , z ) = z ( xy + xz + yz )
f x ( x, y ) = 50( xy + y 2 )( y )
f x ( x, y, z ) = z ( y + z ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(0)
= 50 y 2 ( x + y )
= z 2 + yz
f y ( x, y ) = 50( xy + y 2 )( x + 2 y )
f y ( x, y , z ) = z ( x + z ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(0)
= 50 y( x + y )( x + 2 y )
= z 2 + xz
f z ( x, y , z ) = z ( x + y ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(1)
= xy + 2 xz + 2 yz
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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 513
1. F ( x, y, λ ) = xy − λ ( x + y − 14)
Fx = y − λ = 0, y = λ
Fy = x − λ = 0, x = λ
Fλ = − ( x + y − 14) = 0
− ( x + y − 14) = 0
− (λ + λ − 14) = 0
2λ = 14
λ = 7
So, λ = 7, x = 7, y = 7, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (7, 7). The maximum is f (7, 7) = 49.
2. F ( x, y, λ ) = xy − λ ( x + 3 y − 6)
Fx = y − λ = 0, y = λ
Fy = x − 3λ = 0, x = 3λ
Fλ = − ( x + 3 y − 6) = 0
− (3λ + 3λ − 6) = 0
6λ = 6
λ =1
So, λ = 1, x = 3, and y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (3, 1). The maximum is f (3, 1) = 3.
3. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ (3 x + y − 10)
3
Fx = 2 x − 3λ = 0, x = 2
λ
1λ
Fy = 2 y − λ = 0, y = 2
Fλ = − (3 x + y − 10) = 0
( ( ) ( λ ) − 10) = 0
− 3 32 λ + 1
2
5λ = 10
λ = 2
So, λ = 2, x = 3, and y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at (3, 1). The minimum is f (3, 1) = 10.
4. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( − 2 x − 4 y + 5)
Fx = 2 x + 2λ = 0, x = −λ
Fy = 2 y + 4λ = 0, y = − 2λ
Fλ = − ( − 2 x − 4 y + 5) = 0
− ( − 2( − λ ) − 4( − 2λ ) + 5) = 0
10λ = − 5
λ = − 12
So, λ = − 12 , x = 1 , and
2
y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at ( 12 , 1). The minimum is f ( 12 , 1) = 5
4
.
5. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − y 2 − λ ( x − 2 y + 6)
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0, x = 1λ
2
Fy = −2 y + 2λ = 0, y = λ
Fλ = −( x − 2 y + 6) = 0, 3λ
2
= 6, λ = 4
So, λ = 4, x = 2, and y = 4, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at (2, 4). The minimum is f ( 2, 4) = −12.
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514 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
6. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − y 2 − λ 2 y − x 2 ( ) 7. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x + 2 xy + y − λ ( 2 x + y − 100)
Fx = 2 x + 2λ x = 0, 2 x(1 + λ ) = 0, λ = −1 Fx = 2 + 2 y − 2λ = 0, y = λ − 1
λ −1
Fy = −2 y − 2λ = 0, y = −λ Fy = 2 x + 1 − λ = 0, x =
2
Fλ = −( 2 y − x 2 ) = 0, x = 2y Fλ = −( 2 x + y − 100) = 0,
So, λ = −1, x = 2, y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a λ − 1
−2 − (λ − 1) = −100, λ = 51
maximum at ( )
2, 1 . The maximum is f ( )
2, 1 = 1.
2
So, λ = 51, x = 25, y = 50, and f ( x, y ) has
a maximum at ( 25, 50). The maximum is
f ( 25, 50) = 2600.
8. F ( x, y, λ ) = 3x + y + 10 − λ x y − 6 ( 2
)
Fx = 3 − 2 xyλ = 0
1
Fy = 1 − x 2λ = 0, λ =
x2
6
Fλ = −( x 2 y − 6) = 0, y =
x2
6 1
For Fx , you can write 3 = 2 x 2 2
x x
3 x 3 = 12
3
x = 4.
3 4 3 3 33 4
So, x = 3
4, y = , and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at 4, .
2 2
33 4 9 3 4 + 20
The minimum is f 3 4, = ≈ 17.143.
2 2
9. Note: f ( x, y ) has a maximum value when 10. Note: f ( x, y ) has a minimum when
g ( x, y ) = 6 − x − y is maximum.
2 2
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is minimum.
F ( x , y , λ ) = 6 − x 2 − y 2 − λ ( x + y − 2) F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( 2 x + 4 y − 15)
Fx = −2 x − λ = 0, −2 x = λ Fx = 2 x − 2λ = 0, x = λ
x = y
Fy = −2 y − λ = 0, −2 y = λ Fy = 2 y − 4λ = 0, y = 2λ
Fλ = −( x + y − 2) = 0, 2 x = 2, x = 1 3
Fλ = −( 2 x + 4 y − 15) = 0, −10λ = −15, λ =
So, x = 1, y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (1, 1). 2
The maximum is f (1, 1) = 2. 3 3
So, λ = , x = , y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum
2 2
3 3 3 5
at , 3. The minimum is f , 3 = .
2 2 2
(
11. F ( x, y, λ ) = e xy − λ x 2 + y 2 − 8 )
2 xλ
Fx = ye xy − 2 xλ = 0, e xy =
y
x = y
2 yλ
Fy = xe xy − 2 yλ = 0, e xy =
x
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 − 8) = 0, 2 x 2 = 8, x = 2
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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 515
12. F ( x, y, λ ) = e2 xy − λ 2 x 2 + ( 1 2
2
y −1 )
2 xλ
Fx = 2 ye 2 xy − 4 xλ = 0, e 2 xy =
y 2 xy 2 xλ yλ
e = = = e 2 xy
yλ y 2x
Fy = 2 xe 2 xy − yλ = 0, e 2 xy =
2 x 2 xλ yλ
=
y 2x
1 2
4 x 2 = y 2 or x 2 = y
4
1
Fλ = − 2 x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0
2
1
− 2 x 2 + ( 4 x 2 ) − 1 = 0
2
4 x2 = 1
1
x = (Assuming x and y are positive.)
2
1 1 1
So, x = , y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at , 1. The maximum is f , 1 = e.
2 2 2
Fx = yz − λ = 0 Fx = 2 x − λ = 0
Fy = xz − λ = 0 x = y = z Fy = 2 y − λ = 0 x = y = z
Fz = xy − λ = 0 Fz = 2 z − λ = 0
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 6) = 0, −3 x = −6, x = 2 Fλ = −( x + y + z − 1) = 0, 3 x = 1, x = 1
3
So, x = 2, y = 2, z = 2, and f ( x, y, z ) has a So, x = 13 , y = 13 , z = 13 , and f ( x, y, z ) has a
maximum at ( 2, 2, 2). The maximum is f ( 2, 2, 2) = 8.
minimum at ( 13 , 13 , 13 ). The minimum is f ( 13 , 13 , 13 ) = 1.
3
(
14. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = x 2 y 2 z 2 − λ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9 ) 16. F ( x, y , z , λ ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 24)
Fx = 2 xy 2 z 2 − 2λ x = 0, y 2 z 2 = λ Fx = 4 x − λ = 0, λ = 4x
Fy = 2 x 2 yz 2 − 2λ y = 0, x 2 z 2 = λ x = y = z Fy = 6 y − λ = 0, λ = 6y
Fz = 2 x 2 y 2 z − 2λ z = 0, x 2 y 2 = λ Fz = 4 z − λ = 0, λ = 4z
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 9) = 0
2 2 2
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 24) = 0
− ( x + x + x − 9) = 0
2 2 2
λ λ λ
+ + = 24
2
3x = 9 4 6 4
8λ = 288
x2 = 3
λ = 36
x = 3
So, λ = 36, x = 9, y = 6, z = 9, and f ( x, y, z )
So, x = 3, y = 3, z = 3, and f ( x, y, z ) has a
has a minimum at (9, 6, 9).
maximum at ( 3, 3, )
3 . The maximum is
The minimum is f (9, 6, 9) = 432.
f ( 3, 3, )
3 = 27.
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516 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
(
17. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = x + y + z − λ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 )
Fx = 1 − 2 xλ = 0
Fy = 1 − 2 yλ = 0 x = y = z
Fz = 1 − 2 zλ = 0
3
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1) = 0, 3x 2 = 1, x =
3
3 3 3 3 3 3
So, x = , y = , z = , and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
The maximum is f , , = 3.
3 3 3
(
18. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = 3x + 2 y + z − λ 3x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 )
1
Fx = 3 − 6 xλ = 0 → x =
2λ
1
Fy = 2 − 2 yλ = 0 → y =
λ
1
Fz = 1 − 2 zλ = 0 → z =
2λ
Fλ = − (3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6) = 0
1 2 1 2 1 2
− 3 + + − 6 = 0
2λ
λ
λ
2
3 1 1
+ 2 + = 6
4λ 2 λ 4λ 2
8
= 6
4λ 2
8 = 24λ 2
1
λ2 =
3
1 3
λ = =
3 3
1 3 1 1 3 3 3
So, x = 2
= ,y = 2
= 3, z = 2
= , and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at , 3, .
1 2 1 1 2 2 2
2
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
The maximum is f , 3, = 3 + 2(3) + = 12.
2 2 2 2
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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 517
λ
Fy = 2 y − λ = 0, y = = x d = 5
2
Fλ = −( x + y − 6) = 0, x + x = 6 x = 3
So, x = 3, y = 3, and
d = x2 + y2 = 9+9 = 18 = 3 2.
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518 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
26. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + ( y − 10) − λ ( x − 4) + y 2 − 4
2 2
x
Fx = 2 x − 2λ ( x − 4) = 0, λ =
x − 4
5 x + 2 y = 20
y − 10
Fy = 2( y − 10) − 2λ y = 0, λ =
y
2
20 − 5 x
Fλ = − ( x − 4) + y 2 − 4 = 0, ( x − 4) +
2 2
= 4
2
116 ± 4 29
x = (x ≈ 3.2572, 4.7428)
29
116 − 4 29 10 29
So, x = (the other value of x results in a negative y-value), y = ,
29 29
2 2
116 − 4 29 10 29
and d = + − 10 ≈ 8.770.
29 29
27. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = ( x − 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 1) − λ ( x + y + z − 1)
2 2 2
Fx = 2( x − 2) − λ = 0
x − 2 = y − 1 = z − 1
Fy = 2( y − 1) − λ = 0
x −1 = y = z
Fz = 2( z − 1) − λ = 0
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 1) = 0
(1 − 2) + (0 − 1) + (0 − 1)
2 2 2
So, y = 0, z = 0, x = 1, and d = = 3.
(
28. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = ( x − 4) + y 2 + z 2 − λ x 2 + y 2 − z 2
2
)
Fx = 2( x − 4) − 2 xλ = 0, 2 x(1 − λ ) = 8
Fy = 2 y − 2 yλ = 0 2 y (1 − λ ) = 0
Fz = 2 z + 2 zλ = 0 2 z (1 + λ ) = 0
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 − z 2 ) = 0, z = x2 + y2
From Fy , you have y = 0 or λ = 1. From Fx , you know that λ ≠ 1 (since 0 ≠ 8), so, y = 0.
(2 − 4) + (0) + ( 2)
2 2 2
d = = 2 2.
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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 519
So, x = 36, y = 18, and z = 18. So, x = y = 120 ( 803 ) = 4.5 and z ( 803 ) = 3.
= 80
The volume is maximized when the dimensions are The case λ = 0 is not possible.
36 × 18 × 18 centimeters.
The volume is maximized when the dimensions are
4.5 meters × 4.5 meters × 3 meters.
y
So, x = 1.5, y = 1.5, and z = 2.
The dimensions for minimizing cost are 1.5 meters × 1.5 meters × 2 meters.
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520 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
Fx1 = 0.5 x1 + 10 − λ = 0, x1 = 2λ − 20
Fx 2 = 0.3 x2 + 12 − λ = 0, x2 = 10 λ − 40
3
Fλ = −( x1 + x2 − 2000)
35. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 subject to the constraint 48 x + 36 y = 100,000.
F ( x, y, λ ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 − λ ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000)
Fx = 25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 − 48λ = 0
Fy = 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25 − 36λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000) = 0
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25
Using Fx , λ = and Fy , λ = , so
48 36
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25
=
48 36
25 y 0.75 75 x 0.25
0.75
=
48 x 36 y 0.25
3
y = 3x
4
y = 4 x.
3125
Then using Fλ , − ( 48 x + 36( 4 x) − 100,000) = 0 x = .
6
3125 6250 3125 6250
So, x = and y = , and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at , .
6 3 6 3
3125 6250
The maximum production level is f , ≈ 147,314 units.
6 3
− 0.75 0.75
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 25 3125 6250
(b) Using Fx , 25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 − 48λ = 0, so λ = = ≈ 1.4731.
48 48 6 3
(c) 147,314 + (125,000 − 100,000)λ ≈ 147,314 + 25,000(1.4731) ≈ 181,142 units
(d) 147,314 + (350,000 − 100,000)λ ≈ 147,314 + 250,000(1.4731) ≈ 515,589 units
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 521
36. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.6 y 0.4 subject to the constraint 48 x + 36 y − 100,000 = 0.
F ( x, y , λ ) = 100 x 0.6 y 0.4 − λ ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000)
Fx = 60 x − 0.4 y 0.4 − 48λ = 0
Fy = 40 x 0.6 y − 0.6 − 36λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000) = 0
60 x − 0.4 y 0.4 40 x 0.6 y − 0.6
Using Fx , λ = and Fy , λ = , so
48 36
5 x − 0.4 y 0.4 10 x 0.6 y − 0.6
=
4 9
5 y 0.4 10 x 0.6
=
4 x 0.4 9 y 0.6
45 y = 40 x
8
y = x.
9
8
Then using Fy , − 48 x + 36 x − 100,000 = 0 x = 1250.
9
10,000 10,000
So, x = 1250 and y = , and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at 1250, .
9 9
10,000
The maximum production level is f 1250, ≈ 119,247 units.
9
0.4
10,000
60 y 0.4
60 y 0.4
60 9
(b) Using Fx , − 48λ = 0, so λ = = ≈ 1.192.
x 0.4 48 x 0.4 48 1250
(c) 119,247 + (125,000 − 100,000)(1.192) ≈ 149,047 units
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
522 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
f x ( x, y ) 70 x − 0.3 y 0.3 50
= =
f y ( x, y ) 0.7 − 0.7
30 x y 100
70 y 50
=
30 x 100
y 3
=
x 14
3
So, y = x and the conditions are met.
14
f x ( x, y ) 40 x − 0.6 y 0.6 50
= =
f y ( x, y ) 60 x 0.4 y − 0.4 100
40 y 50
=
60 x 100
y 3
=
x 4
3
So, y = x and the conditions are met.
4
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 523
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
524 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
Fx = 0.1x + 0.16 y − 9λ = 0
Fy = 0.16 x − 4λ = 0 x = 25λ
Fz = 0.5 z − 4λ = 0 z = 8λ
Fλ = −(9 x + 4 y + 4 z − 400) = 0
From Fλ , you have 9( 25λ ) + 4 y + 4(8λ ) = 400. So, y = 100 − 64.25λ . From Fx , you have
0.1( 25λ ) + 0.16(100 − 64.25λ ) − 9λ = 0. So, λ = 800
839
≈ 0.953516. So, x ≈ 23.8, y ≈ 38.7, z ≈ 7.6,
and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at about ( 23.8, 38.7, 7.6). To maximize the amount of ice cream you can eat,
have f ( 23.8, 38.7, 7.6) ≈ 190.1 grams.
(b) z ( 2, 2) = 8
45. (a) Maximize A = 0.0001t 2 pr1.5 subject to the constraint 90t + 36 p + 45r = 8100.
F ( A) = 0.0001t 2 pr1.5 − λ (90t + 36 p + 45r − 8100)
Ft = 0.0002tpr1.5 − 90λ = 0
Fp = 0.0001t 2 r1.5 − 36λ = 0
Fr = 0.00015t 2 pr 0.5 − 45λ = 0
Fλ = − (90t + 36 p + 45r − 8100) = 0
0.0001t 2 r1.5
From Fp , λ = .
36
0.0001t 2 r1.5
Using Ft , Ft = 0.0002tpr1.5 − 90 = 0.
36
0.0001t 2 1.5
r
0.0002tpr1.5 − 90 = 0
36
0.0002tpr1.5 − 0.00025t 2 r1.5 = 0
Divide by r1.5 and t ( r1.5 ≠ 0 and t ≠ 0).
0.0002 p − 0.00025t = 0
0.00025t = 0.0002 p
t = 0.8 p
Similarly, using Fr , you obtain r = 1.2 p.
Using Fλ , you obtain p = 50.
So, t = 0.8(50) = 40 and r = 1.2(50) = 60.
To maximize the number of responses, spend 90( 40) = $3600 on a cable television ad, 36(50) = $1800 on
a newspaper ad, and 45(60) = $2700 on a radio ad.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis 525
Skills Warm Up
1. ( 2.5 − 1) + (3.25 − 2) + ( 4.1 − 3) = (1.5) + (1.25) + (1.1) = 2.25 + 1.5625 + 1.21 = 5.0225
2 2 2 2 2 2
2. (1.1 − 1) + ( 2.08 − 2) + ( 2.95 − 3) = (0.1) + (0.08) + ( −0.05) = 0.01 + 0.0064 + 0.0025 = 0.0189
2 2 2 2 2 2
− 3.5 − ( − 2)
3
7 −1 −1.5 1
m = = 2 2 m = = = −
3−0 1
2 − ( − 4) 6 4
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) x
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
y
−3 −2 1 2 3
2
y − 1 = 2( x − 0) −1
1
y = 2x + 1
−2
y − ( − 2) = −
4
( x − (− 4)) 1
x
−3 −12 −8 −6 −4 −2 2
−1
1
4. (1, 3), ( 4, 0) y y + 2 = − x −1 −2
4
−4
0−3
5
1
m = = −1 4 y = − x −3 −5
4 −1 4
3
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) 2
1
7. S = a 2 + 6b 2 − 4a − 8b − 4ab + 6
y − 0 = ( −1)( x − 4) x ∂S
−1 1 2 3 4 5 = 2a − 4 − 4b
y = −x + 4 −1 ∂a
∂S
5. ( − 2, − 3), (8, 2) y = 12b − 8 − 4a
∂b
3
2 − ( − 3) 1 2
m = = 8. S = 4a 2 + 9b 2 − 6a − 4b − 2ab + 8
8 − ( − 2)
1
2 x
−2 − 1 1 4 5 6 ∂S
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) = 8a − 6 − 2b
∂a
1 −3
∂S
y − 2 = ( x − 8) −4 = 18b − 4 − 2a
2 −5 ∂b
1
y = x − 2
2
1.
x-values −3 −2 −1 0 1
Actual y-values 2 2 4 6 8
Linear model,
f ( x) = 1.6 x + 6 1.2 2.8 4.4 6 7.6
Quadratic model,
2.01 2.76 4.09 6 8.49
g ( x) = 0.29 x 2 + 2.2 x + 6
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
526 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
2.
x-values −3 −1 1 3
Actual y-values 4 2 1 0
Linear model,
f ( x) = − 0.7 x + 2 4.1 2.7 1.3 −0.1
Quadratic model,
3.64 1.76 0.36 −0.56
g ( x) = 0.06 x 2 − 0.7 x + 1
3.
x-values −2 −1 0 3
Actual y-values 11 10 7 4
Linear model,
f ( x) = −1.4 x + 8 10.8 9.4 8 3.8
Quadratic model,
10.76 8.74 7 3.46
g ( x) = −1.14 x 2 − 1.6 x + 7
4.
x-values −1 1 2 4 6
Actual y-values −4 −3 0 5 9
Linear model,
f ( x) = 2.0 x − 3 −5 −1 1 5 9
Quadratic model,
−4.16 −1.56 0.16 4.44 9.84
g ( x) = 0.14 x 2 + 1.3 x − 3
S = ( − 5 − ( − 4)) + ( −1 − ( − 3)) + (1 − 0) + (5 − 5) + (9 − 9) = 6
2 2 2 2 2
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis 527
S = ( −2a + b + 1) + (0a + b) + ( 2a + b − 3)
2 2 2 5
4
(2, 3)
∂S 3
= 2( −2a + b + 1)( −2) + 2( 2a + b − 3)( 2) = 16a − 16 2
∂a
1
∂S (0, 0)
= 2( −2a + b + 1) + 2b + 2( 2a + b − 3) = 6b − 4 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
x
∂b (− 2, − 1) −1
−2
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces a = 1 −3
2 2
and b = . So, y = x + .
3 3
S = ( −3a + b) + ( − a + b − 1) + ( a + b − 1) + (3a + b − 2)
2 2 2 2 4
3
∂S (3, 2)
= −6( −3a + b) − 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b − 1) + 6(3a + b − 2) = 40a − 12 2
∂a (−1, 1)
(−3, 0) (1, 1)
∂S
= 2( −3a + b) + 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b − 1) + 2(3a + b − 2) = 8b − 8 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x
∂b −1
3 3 −2
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces a = and b = 1. So, y = x + 1.
10 10
−4a + 8b = 2
So, a = −2.3 and b = −0.9, and y = −2.3 x − 0.9.
2
∂S
= −10( −5a + b + 3) − 8( −4a + b + 2) − 4( −2a + b + 1) − 2( − a + b − 1) (−1, 1)
∂a
x
= 92a − 24b − 48 −6 −5 −4 −3 −1
−1
(− 2, −1)
∂S (− 4, −2)
= 2( −5a + b + 3) + 2( −4a + b + 2) + 2( −2a + b + 1) + 2( − a + b − 1) −2
∂b (− 5, −3)
−3
= −24a + 8b + 10 −4
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
528 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
4
180 = 8.52t − 5.4
185.4 = 8.52t 2
x
t ≈ 21.8 2 4 6 8
y = −1.78(32.95) + 127.6 = 70 12
10
(c) Let y = 100 and find x.
8
− 27.6 = 1.78 x 4
$15.51 ≈ x 2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
17. (a) y = 10.8 x + 1932
(b) Let x = 180. 22. Positive correlation
y = 10.8(180) + 1932 = 3876 liters per hectare r ≈ 0.9276
y
24
19. Positive correlation
18
r ≈ 0.9981
12
y
6
16
x
14 1 2 3 4 5 6
12
2 10
x
8
1 2 3 4 5 6
6
x
1 2 3 4 5
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 529
25. False, the slope is positive, which means there is a 28. True
positive correlation.
29. True
26. True
30. False, there is a strong negative correlation, so the
27. True regression line will fit the data well.
31. Answers will vary.
Skills Warm Up
1 13. y = x, y = 0, x = 3
= x]0 = 1
1
1. 0 dx y
2
= 3 y]0 = 6
2
0 3 dy
4
2.
3
4 4
= 2( 4) − 2(1) = 130
3 3
−1 6 x 2 x 3
2
3. dx = 2
−1
1
1 1
4. 0 2x 3 dx = 1 x4
2 0
= 1
2
1 2 4
x
1 ( x − 2 x + 4) dx = 14 x − x + 4 x1
2 2
3 4 2
5.
14. y = x, y = 3, x = 0
= ( 4 − 4 + 8) − ( 1
4 )
−1+ 4 = 19
4
y
0 (4 − y )
2 2
6. 2
dy = 4 y − 1 y3
3 0
= 16
3
2
3 3
3 4 3 4 −3 2 2
7. 1 5 x3
dx = 1 5
x dx = − x − 2 = − 2
5 1 5x 1
1
x
2 2 16 1 2 3 4
= − + =
45 5 45
15. y = 16 − x 2 , y = 0, x = 0
4 2 4
8. 1 x
dx = 4 x = 8 − 4 = 4
1
y
2x 2
dx = ln ( x 2 + 1)
2
9. 0 2
x +1 0 12
= ln 5 − ln 1 8
= ln 5 4
≈ 1.609 x
2 6 8
e 1 e
10. 2 dy = ln ( y − 1) 2 = ln (e − 1) − ln ( 2 − 1)
y −1 16. y = x 2 , y = 4 x
= ln (e − 1) ≈ 0.541 y
15
2 2
2 +1 1 x2 +1
11. 0 xe x dx = 2
e 0 = 1 5
2
e − 12 e ≈ 72.847 12
1 1 6
0 e dy = − 12 e −2 y = − 12 e −2 + 1
−2 y
12. 2
≈ 0.432
0 3
x
1 2 3 4 5
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
530 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
x ey
y2 3x 2 y (ln x )
x 2
1. 0 (2 x − y ) dy = 2 xy −
=
2 0 2 9. 1
ey y ln x
dx =
x 2 1
y (ln e y )
y y 2
y (ln 1)
2
2. 0 (5 x + 8 y) dx = 52 x 2 + 8 xy
0 = −
2 2
= ( 52 y 2
+ 8 y 2 − (0) =) 21 2
2
y
y3
=
x2 2
x2 y y2 x3 x x
3. x dy = = − = ( x 2 − 1)
x 2x x 2 2 2 3 xy 3
10. y dx = y x 2 + 1
x +12 y
2y y 2y
4. 1 x
dx = y ln x 1 = y ln 2 y = 10 y − y y2 + 1
= y ( 10 − y2 + 1 )
(3x 2 y + x) dx = x3 y +
y y
5. 2 1 2
x
2 2
2
1 y2
(
= y4 + 1 y2
2 ) − (8 y + 2) 11.
1 2
0 0 (x + y ) dy dx = 0 xy + 2 dx
0
= y4 + 1 y2 − 8y − 2
2 1
= 0 (2 x + 2) dx
x
1 4 = x 2 + 2 x
1
4 ( xy + 4 y ) dy
x
3 −2
6. = xy 4 − 0
4 y 4
= 3
1 4
= x5 − − (64 x − 1)
0 0 (6 y − x ) dy
2 3 2 3
4 x
0 3 y 2 − x 2 y dx
2
12. dx =
0
1 5 4
= x − 64 x − − 1
0 (18 − 3x ) dx
2
2
4 x =
2
= 18 x − x3
( x2 + 3 y 2 ) dy = x 2 y + y 3 3
x x
7. x3 x
0
= 36 − 0 = 36
= ( x5 2 + x3 2 ) − ( x5 + x9 )
2 4 2 4
−3 − 2 ( xy) dx dy −3 12 x y
2
= − x9 − x5 + x5 2 + x3 2 13. = dy
−2
2
1− y2 1− y2
= −3 (8 y − 2 y) dy
8. − 1− y2
(x 2
+ y 2
) dx 1 3
= 3 x + xy
−
2
1− y2 2
= −3 (6 y) dy
(1 − y )
32
= 2 2
+ 2y 2
1− y 2
3 2
= 3 y 2
= 2
3
1 − y 2 (1 − y 2 ) + 3 y 2 −3
= 12 − 27 = −15
= 2
3
1 − y 2 (1 + 2 y 2 )
−1 − 3 ( x − xy 2 ) dy dx =
2 3 2 3
−1 x y − 13 xy 3 dx
2 2
14.
−3
−1 (3x − 9 x) − ( − 3x 2 + 9 x) dx
2
2
=
− 1 (6 x − 18 x) dx
2
2
=
2
= 2 x3 − 9 x 2
−1
= (16 − 36) − ( − 2 − 9) = − 9
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 531
2 6 x2 2 6 x2 1− y 2
15. 0 0 x3 dy dx = 0 x3 y
0
dx
17.
2
0 0
1− y 2
− 5 xy dx dy = −5
2 x2
y dy
0 2 0
2
0 6x
5
= dx −5 2
2
=
2 0
( y − y3 ) dy
= x 6 2
0
5 y2 y4
= 64 = − −
2 2 4 0
0 0 (6 x + 5 y ) dx
1 y 1 y 5
0 3x + 5 xy 3 dy ( 2 − 4) = 5
3 2
16. dy = = −
0
2
0 (3 y + 5 y 4 ) dy
1
2
=
2 2 y − y2 2 2 y − y2
1 18. 0 3 y2 − 6 y 3 y dx dy = 0 3 xy] dy
= y 3 + y 5 3 y2 − 6 y
0
0 (24 y − 12 y 3 ) dy
2
2
= 2 =
2
= 8 y 3 − 3 y 4
0
= 16
0 0 (3 x + 3 y 2 + 1) dy dx =
1 3x 1 3x
0 3x y + y 3 + y dx
2 2
19.
0
0 (9 x + 27 x3 + 3 x) dx
1
3
=
0 (36 x + 3 x) dx
1
3
=
1
= 9 x 4 + 3 2
x
2 0
= 21
2
2y
2 x3
(1 + 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 ) dx dy =
1 2y 1
20. 0 y 0 x +
3
+ 2 xy 2 dy
y
1 20 3
= 0 y + y dy
3
1
y2 5 y4
= +
2 3 0
13
=
6
x b
23. Because (for a fixed x ) lim −2e −( x + y) 2 = 2e − x 2 ,
1 x 1
21. 0 0 1 − x 2 dy dx = 0 1 − x 2 y dx 0
0 b →∞
1 ∞ ∞ ∞
= − 12 1 − x 2 ( −2 x) dx you have 0 0 e −( x + y) 2
dy dx = 0 2e − x 2 dx
0
1 b
= − 13 (1 − x 2 ) =
32
1 = lim −4e − x 2 = 4.
0
0 3 b →∞
b
4 x 2 4 2y
x
24. Because (for a fixed y) lim − 12 ye
(
− x2 + y2 ) 1 ye − y 2 ,
22. 00 x2 + 1
dy dx = 0 x 2 + 1 0
dx b→∞
=
0
2
4 2x ∞ ∞ (
− x2 + y2 ) ∞
1 ye − y 2
= 0 2
x +1
dx you have 0 0 xye dx dy = 0 2
dy
4 b
= lim − 14 e − y
2
= ln x 2 + 1
0 b →∞ 0
= ln 17 ≈ 2.833 = 14 .
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
532 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
8 3 3 2x − 2
25. A = 0 0 dy dx 30. A = 1 0 dy dx
8
0 [ y] 0 dx
3 3 2x − 2
= = 1 [ y] 0 dx
8 3
= 0 3 dx = 1 2 x − 2 dx
= [3 x] 0
8 3
1 (2 x − 2) (2) dx
1 12
= 2
= 24 3
1 2
(2 x − 2)
32
= 2 3
2 3
1
26. A = 1 1 (1) dy dx = 1 43 2 − 0 = 8
3 3
2
1 [ y] 1
3
= dx
3 9 − x2 y
2 31. A = −3 0 dy dx
= 1 2 dx 10 y = 9 − x2
− 3 (9 − x ) dx
3 8
2
=
= [2 x] 1
2
6
3 3 4
= 4 − 2 = 2 x
= 9 x − 2
3 −3 x
4 x −2 −1 1 2 3
27. A = 0 0 dy dx = 36
4
0 [ y] 0 dx
x
= 1 x
0 x3 2 dy dx
y
32. A =
4
= 0 x dx
= 0 ( x − x ) dx
1
32
1
y=x
4
= 12 x 2 x 2 1
0 2
= − x5 2 y = x 3/2
= 8 2 5 0 x
1
1
6 x2 =
28. A = 0 0 dy dx 10
6
0 [ y] 0 dx
x2 2 − y +5
= 33. A = 0 32 y dx dy y
6 x 5
= 0 2
dx = (− y + 5 − 32 y) dy
2
0
4
x = 3y
2
3
6
(− 52 y + 5) dy
1 =
2 (3, 2) x = −y + 5
= x2 0
2
4 0 1
2
= 9 5 y2 x
= − + 5 y 1 2 3 4 5
4 0
2 4 − x2
29. A = 0 0 dy dx = 5
0 (4 − x ) dx
2
2
=
2
x3
= 4 x −
3 0
16
=
3
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 533
1 2 1
34. x + y = 2, x = 0, y = 0
y
37. 0 0 dy dx = 0 2 dx = 2
2 1 2
5
(0, 4)
0 0 dx dy = 0 dy = 2
4
y
3
1
(4, 0) 2
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
1
The x-intercept and the y-intercept are ( 4, 0) and (0, 4),
respectively, and solving for y in x + y = 2 yields x
1 2
x + y = 2
3 4 3 3
y = 2− x
1 [ x] 2 dy 2 dy = [2 y] 1 = 4
4 3
38. 1 2 dx dy = = 1
( )
2
y = 2− x 4 3 4 4
2 [ y] 1 2 2 dx = [2 x] 2
3 4
2 1 dy dx = dx = = 4
= 4− 4 x + x.
y
(2 − x )
2
4
A = 0 0 dy dx 4
0 ( 2 − )
4 2 3
= x dx
2
(4 − 4 x1 2 + x) dx
4
= 0 1
4 x
= 4 x − 83 x3 2 + 1 x2
2 0
1 2 3 4
= 16 − ( 64
+8 −0 = ) 8
1 2 1 1
0 2 y dx 0 (2 − 2 y) dy
3 3
39. dy = = 2 y − y 2 = 1
0
3
2
2
= 0 x dx 2
1 1 y=
x
2
(2, 1)
y=x
2 2
x
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
= = 2 −1
2 0 1 2
x
(− x 2 − x + 2) dx
1
= −2 2
1
1 (−2, 0)
= − 13 x 3 − 1 x2
2
+ 2 x −3 −1 1 3
x
−2
−1
= 9
2
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
534 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
4 3x 4 4
40. 0 0 dy dx = 0 3x dx = 32 x 2 = 24
0
0 (4 − 13 y) dy
12 4 12 12
0 1 3y dx dy = = 4 y − 1 y2
6 0
= ( 48 − 24) − 0 = 24
y
(4, 12)
12
9 y = 3x
x
1 2 3 4
0 (3 )
2 1 3 y 1
x2
41. 0 x 2
2 1
dy dx = 0
2
1 −
x
dx = x − =1
43. 0 y2 dx dy = y − y 2 dy
2 40
1
3 y3
1 2y 1 1
= y4 3 −
0 0 dx dy = 0 2y dy = y 2
0
=1
4
3 0
y 5
=
12
2
0 ( )
1 x 1
(2, 1)
0 x3 dy dx = x − x 3 dx
1 1
x 2 x4
y=
2
= x3 2 −
x
3 4 0
1 2
5
=
12
0 (2 − )
4 2 4
0
y
42. dy dx = x dx
x
4 2 x = y2
2
= 2 x − x 3 2 x= 3
y
3 0
1
8 (1, 1)
=
3
x
2
2 y2 2 y3 8 1 2
0 0 dx dy = 0 y 2 dy = =
3 0 3
4 − y2
− 2 (4 − y ) dy
2 2
−2 0
y 2
44. dx dy =
3
2
y3 32
2 (4, 2) = 4 y − =
3 −2 3
1
y= x
4 4− x 4
1 2 3 4
x
0 − 4− x
dy dx = 0 2 4 − x dx
−1
4
(4 − x)3 2 =
4 32
= −
3 0 3
y
x
1 2 3
−1
x = 4 − y2
−2
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 535
− 2 ( x + 6 − x ) dx
3 x+6 3
−2 x
y 2
45. 2
dy dx =
y=x+6
9 3
(3, 9)
= 12 x 2 + 6 x − 13 x3
7 −2
(− 2, 4)
5 = ( 92 + 18 − 9) − (2 − 12 + 83 )
3 125
= 6
square units
1 y = x2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
or
4 y 9 y 4 9
0 − dx dy + 4 y − 6 dx dy = 0 2 y dy + 4 y − ( y − 6) dy
y
4 9
= 43 y 3 2 + 23 y 3 2 − 1 y2
2
+ 6 y
0 4
= 32
3
+ 18 −
( 81
2
+ 54 − ) (163 − 8 + 24)
125
= 6
square units
y
46. 47. y
3 y=x y = 5x − 1
(3, 3) 4
(5, 4)
2
2
(0, 0)
y = x 2 − 2x y=x− 1
x
x 2 4 6
1 2 3 4
(0, −1)
−1 −2
x − ( x 2 − 2 x) dx
0 ( )
3 x 3 5 5 x −1 5
0 x 2 − 2x
dy dx = 0 0 x −1 dy dx = 5 x − 1 − ( x − 1) dx
0 ( − x + 3 x) dx = ( 5 x − x) dx
3 5
2
=
0
= ( 5 x − x) dx
3 5
= − 13 x3 + 3 2
x
2 0
12
0
(
= −9 + 27
2 )−0 2 5 3 2
=
1
x − x2
5
= 9
square units 3 2 0
2
50 25
= − −0
3 2
25
= square units
6
2 2x + 4 2
−1 2 x −1 (2 x + 4) − 2 x dx
2
48. y
y = 2x + 4 2
dy dx =
8
−1 (− 2 x + 2 x + 4) dx
(2, 8) 2
2
=
6
2
4 = − 23 x3 + x 2 + 4 x
−1
(− 1, 2) 2
y = 2x 2 (
= − 16
3
+ 4+8 − ) ( 23 + 1 − 4)
x
−3 −1 1 2 3 = 9 square units
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
536 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
3 3 2 2y
x2
49. (a) 0 y e dx dy cannot be evaluated in the order as 50. (a) Area = 0 y2 dx dy
2 4 x
given since no antiderivative for e x can be found.
The region bounded by y ≤ x ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 3
(b) Area = 0 x 2 dy dx
1 2
y − x2 − y 2
x=y 51. 0 0 e dx dy ≈ 0.6588
4
y=3
0 x2 ( x + 3 y 2 ) dy dx ≈ 15.8476
2 2x
3
52.
2 x=3
2 x
1 0 e
xy
1
y=0
53. dy dx ≈ 8.1747
x
1 2 4
2 2y
54. 1 y ln ( x + y ) dx dy ≈ 2.0006
is rewritten as 0 ≤ y ≤ x and 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 so that
3 x 1 1
x2
the integral can be changed to 0 0 e dy dx. 55. 0 x 1 − x 2 dy dx ≈ 0.4521
3 x 3 x
0 e y dx
x2 x2 x2
0 0 e dy dx =
0 56.
3
0 0 x 1 + x dy dx ≈ 24.3082
3
x2
= 0 xe dx 2 4 − x2 4 xy
3
57. 0 4 − x2 x2 + y2 + 1
dy dx ≈ 1.1190
= 2e 1 x2
0
4 y 2
= 1
2 ( e9 − 1)
58. 0 0 ( x + 1)( y + 1) dx dy ≈ 2.5903
≈ 4051.042
59. True
2 2
− y2
(b) 0 x e dy dx cannot be evaluated in the order as 1 2 1 y2
2
2
−1 − 2 y dy dx = −1 dx
2 −2
given since no antiderivative for e − y can be found.
1
The region bounded by x ≤ y ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 = −1 0 dx
y
y=x
= 0
x=0 1 2 1
−1 − 2 y −1 xy] − 2
3 2
y=2
dx dy = dy
x=2
= −1 4 y dy
1
1
= 2 y 2
−1
x
1 3
= 0
y 3
2 y 2 y=x
2
xe − y 2 y dy
0 0 e− y dx dy = 0 0 2
2
− y2
= 0 ye dy 1
x=1
2
= − 12 e − y
2
x
0 2 3
= − 12 (e− 4 − 1) 1 x 1 y
0 0 f ( x, y) dy dx = 0 0 f ( x, y) dx dy
≈ 0.491
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals 537
Skills Warm Up
2 4 1 2 1 1
0 y]1 = x]0 = 1
2 1
1. 0 0 dy dx 5. 0 1 dy dx = dx = 0 dx
y
3 3 3 3
0 x]1 = 2 y] 0 = 6
3
0 1 0 2 dy
3
5 6. dx dy = dy =
4
3 1 x 1
0 xy]0
x
2
7. 0 0 x dy dx = dx
1 1 1
0 x 1 x3
2
x
= dx = 3 0
1 2 3 4 5
= 1
3
3 3
2. 2 1 dx dy y
xy dy = 0 (y − y ) dy
4 y 4 4
0 1 0
2
8. y dx dy =
y 1
4 = 13 y 3 − 1 y2 4
2 0
3
= 40
3
2
3 x2 3 x2
1
9. 1 x 2 dy dx = 1 2 y]x dx
x
1 (2 x − 2 x) dx
1 2 3 4 3
2
=
4 2 x +1 3
3. 0 0 dy dx = 23 x3 − x 2
1
y = 9+ 1
3
10
= 28
3
8
6
1 − x2 + 2 1 − x2 + 2
4 10. 0 x dy dx = 0 y] x dx
2
0 (− x + 2 − x) dx
1
2
x =
1 2 3 5
1
= − 13 x3 + 2 x − 12 x 2
0
6 3
4. 0 y 2 dx dy = 7
6
y
x
1 2 3 4
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
538 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
5 5− x 5 5− x
1. 0 0 (5 − x − y) dy dx = 0 5 y − xy −
1 2
y
2 0
dx
5
0 5(5 − x) − x(5 − x) − 12 (5 − x) dx
2
=
0 (25 − 5 x − 5 x + ) dx
5
25 1 2
= x2 − 2
+ 5x − 2
x
0 ( 252 ) dx
5
= − 5x + 1 x2
2
5
= 25
2
x − 5 2
2
x + 1 x3
6 0
125 125 125 125
= 2
− 2
+ 6
= 6
cubic units
6 2 − 1 3x 6 2 − 1 3x
2. 0 0 (6 − x − 3 y ) dy dx = 0 6 y − xy −
3 2
y
2 0
dx
0 6(2 − 13 x) − x(2 − 13 x) − 32 (2 − 13 x) dx
=
6 2
0 (12 − 2 x − 2 x + ) dx
6
= 1 x2 − 6 + 2x − 1 x2
3 6
0 (6 − 2 x + ) dx
6
= 1 x2
6
6
= 6 x − x 2 + 1 3
x
18 0
= 36 − 36 + 12 = 12 cubic units
1 4 − 4x 1 4 − 4x
3. 0 0 (8 − 8 x − 2 y ) dy dx = 0 8 y − 8 xy − y 2
0
dx
1
0 8(4 − 4 x) − 8 x(4 − 4 x) − (4 − 4 x) dx
2
=
0 (32 − 32 x − 32 x + 32 x − 16 + 32 x − 16 x 2 ) dx
1
2
=
0 (16 − 32 x + 16 x ) dx
1
2
=
1
= 16 x − 16 x 2 + 16 3
3
x
0
16 16
= 16 − 16 + 3
= 3
cubic units
2 4 − 2x 2 4 − 2x
4. 0 0 (16 − 8 x − 4 y ) dy dx = 0 16 y − 8 xy − 2 y 2
0
dx
2
16( 4 − 2 x) − 8 x( 4 − 2 x) − 2( 4 − 2 x)2 dx
= 0
0 (64 − 32 x − 32 x + 16 x − 32 + 32 x − 8 x 2 ) dx
2
2
=
0 (32 − 32 x + 8 x ) dx
2
2
=
2
= 32 x − 16 x 2 + 83 x 3
0
64 64
= 64 − 64 + 3
= 3
cubic units
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals 539
13 1 3− x 13 1 3− x
5. 0 0 (2 − 6 x − 6 y ) dy dx = 0 2 y − 6 xy − 3 y 2
0
dx
2
( 13 − x) − 6 x( 13 − x) − 3( 13 − x) dx
13 2
= 0
0 ( 23 )
13
= − 2x − 2x + 6x2 − 1 + 2 x − 3 x 2 dx
3
0 (3 x ) dx
13
2 1
= − 2x + 3
13
= x3 − x 2 + 13 x3
0
= 1 − 1 + 1 = 1 cubic unit
27 9 9 27
14 1 2− 2x 14 1 2− 2x
6. 0 0 (1 − 4 x − 2 y ) dy dx = 0 y − 4 xy − y 2
0
dx
0 ( 12 ) ( 12 − 2 x) − ( 12 − 2 x) dx
=
14
− 2x − 4x
2
0 ( 12 )
14
= − 2x − 2x + 8x2 − 1 + 2 x − 4 x 2 dx
4
0 ( 4 x ) dx
14
= 2
− 2x + 1
4
14
= 43 x3 − x 2 + 1
x
4 0
1 1 1 1
= 48
− 16
+ 16
= 48
cubic unit
3 5 5 3
25 − x 2 25 − y 2
0 0 0 0 xy dx dy
5 5
7. xy dy dx = 8. 2
0 0 x dy dx = 2
0 0 x dx dy
2 5
3 5 3 xy 25 − y 2
0 0 xy dy dx = 0 dx 2
5 25 − y 2 5 x2
2 0
0 0 x dx dy = 2
0
2 0
dy
3 25
= 0 2
x dx
= 0 (25 − y ) dy
5
2
3
25 2 5
= x y3
4 0 = 25 y −
3 0
225
= 250
4 =
3
2 2x y 2 y y 4 2 y
9. 0 x x + y2
2
dy dx = 0 y 2 x2 + y2
dx dy + 2 y 2 x2 + y2
dx dy
2x
y 1
ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx
2 2x 2
0 x x2 + y2
dy dx = 0 2 x
2
1 2 1 2 5 1 5 5
ln (5 x 2 ) − ln ( 2 x 2 ) dx = ln dx = ln x = ln
20
= ≈ 0.916
2 0 2 2 2 0 2
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
540 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
4 x y 2 4 y 2 4
0 0 (6 − 2 y) dx dy
y
10. 0 0 1 + x2
dy dx = 0 y2 1 + x 2
dx dy 14. V =
4
2
0 [6 x − 2 xy]0 dy
x 4
=
4 x y 4 y2 3
0 0 1 + x2
dy dx = 0 2(1 + x 2 ) dx
2
0 (24 − 8 y) dy
2
0 =
1
4 x
= 0 2(1 + x 2 ) dx = 24 y − 4 y 2
0
2
1 2 3 4
x
1 4 = 32
= ln (1 + x 2 )
4 0
6 ( −2 3) x + 4 12 − 2 x − 3 y
=
1
ln 17
15. V = 0 0
4
dy dx
4
≈ 0.708 6 1 3 (−2 3)x + 4
= 0
4
12 y − 2 xy − y 2
2 0
dx
3x
1 3x 1 1 3x 6 1 y
11. 0 0 x2 + 4
dy dx = 0
dx
x2 + 4 0
= 0 6 x
2
− 2 x + 6 dx
5
y = − 23 x + 4
6 4
1 3x 1
= 0 x2 + 4
dx = x 3 − x 2 + 6 x
18 0
3
3 = 12
2 x( x 2 + 4)
−1 2 1
=
2 dx
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
−1
1
= 3( x 2 + 4)
12
0 2 2− x
16. V = 0 0 (2 − x − y ) dy dx
= 3 ( 5 − 2 cubic units) 2 y2
2− x
y
= 0 2 y − xy −
2 0
dx 2
y=2− x
3x
4 3x 1 4 y
12. 0 0 2x2 + 1
dy dx = 0
2
dx
2x + 1 0 =
1
2
0 2 ( 2 − x)
2
dx 1
4 3x 2
0 ( 2 − x) =
= dx 1 3 4 x
2 = − 1 2
2x + 1 6 0 3
3 4
4 x( 2 x 2 + 1)
−1 2
=
4 0
dx 2 y
12 4
17. V = 0 0 (4 − x − y) dx dy
3
= ( 2 x 2 + 1) y y
2 0 2 x2
3
= 0 4 x −
2
− xy dy
0
( )
2
= 33 − 1 cubic units
2 2 3y 2
= 0 4 y − dy
2
1
2 4 y y y=x
13. V = 0 0 2
dx dy
4 y 3 2 x
4 = 2 y 2 − = 4 1 2
2 xy 2 0
= 0 2 0
dy 3
2
1 y
18. V =
0 0 (1 − xy) dx
2
dy
= 0 2 y dy 1
y y
= y 2
2 x
1 x2 y
0 x −
1 2 3 4
0 = dy
2 0
= 4 1
y3
1
= y − dy
0
2 y=x
4 1 x
y y 2
1
= −
2 8 0
3
=
8
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals 541
0 (4 − x − y 2 ) dy dx 0 0 (9 − x ) dy dx
1 1 2 x+2
19. V = 4 2
23. V = 2
0
1 2 x+2
1
= 4 4 y − x 2 y −
y3
dx
= 0 9 y − x 2 y
0
dx
0
3 0
0 (− x − 2 x 2 + 9 x + 18) dx
2
3
y =
1 1
= 4 2
4 − x − 3 dx
0
2
= − 14 x 4 − 23 x3 + 9 x2 + 18 x
2
2 0
1 11
= 4 − x 2 dx = 134
0
3 x 3
−2 2
1
11x x3 40 y
= 4 − = y=x+2
3 3 0 3 −2 4
1 x y
20. V = 0 0 1 − x 2 dy dx 2
1 1
= 0 x 1 − x 2 dx 1
x
1 2 3 4
32 1
= − 13 (1 − x 2 ) = 1
0 3
x 2 4 − x2
1 24. V = 0 0 (x + y ) dy dx
2 4 − x2
21. V =
4
0 0
x
x dy dx y
= 0 xy + 1 y2
2 0
dx
=
4
0 xy]0
x
dx
4
= 0 (x
2
4 − x2 + 2 − 1 x2
2 ) dx
3
2
= − 13 ( 4 − x 2 ) + 2 x − 16 x3 =
4 32
16
= 0 x 2 dx 2
0 3
1
4
x3
y
64
= = x
3 0 3 1 2 3 4
2
y= 4 − x2
3 2x
22. V = 0 0 ( xy ) dy dx y 1
6 y = 2x
3 2x
0 12 xy dx
2
= 5 x
0 1 2
4
3
= 1
2 0
4 x 3 dx 3
2 2 30,000
= 1 x4 3
2 0
2
1
25. P = 0 0 (2 + x + y)
3
dy dx
x 2
= 81 2
−15,000( 2 + x + y ) dx
−2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 =
0
2 1 1
= −15,000 − dx
( 4 + x) (2 + x)
0 2 2
2
1 1
= 15,000 −
4 + x 2 + x 0
= 2500 people inside the rectangular region
Because the region is 2 kilometers by 2 kilometers
= 4 square kilometers, the average population density
2500
is = 625 people per square kilometer. So, the
4
average is more than 600 people per square kilometer.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
542 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
0 4 5000 xe y 1 4 2
− 2 0 8 0 0
26. P = dx dy 28. Average = xy dy dx
1 + 2 x2
1250e y ( 4 x)
2
0 4 1 4 xy 2
= − 2 0 1 + 2x2
dx dy =
8 0 2 0
dx
0 4
− 2 1250e
y 2
= ln 1 + 2 x 0 dy 1 4
8 0
= 2 x dx
0
− 2 1250e
y
= ln 33 dy 4
x2
= = 2
= 1250 ln 33 e y
0 8 0
−2
= 1250 ln 33(1 − e − 2 ) 1 2 2 2
29. Average =
4 0 0
( x + y 2 ) dx dy
≈ 3779 people inside the rectangular region
2
1 2 x3 2
4 0 3
Because the region is 2 kilometers by 4 kilometers = + xy dy
= 8 square kilometers, the average population density 0
3779 1 2 8
is ≈ 473 people per square kilometer. So, the 2
4 0 3
8 = + 2 y dy
average is not more than 500 people per square 2
kilometer. 1 8 2
= y + y3
4 3 3 0
5 3
27. Average = 1
15 0 0 y dy dx =
8
3
3
5
= 1
15 0 1 y 2 dx
2 0 1 y
30. Average = 2 0 e x + y dx dy
5 0
= 1
30 0 9 dx 1 y
= 2 e x + y dy
0 0
= 1
30 [9 x] 0 5
(e 2 y − e y ) dy
1
3
= 2
= 2
0
1
= 2 12 e 2 y − e y
0
1
= e 2 y − 2e y
0
= e 2 − 2e + 1
= (e − 1) ≈ 2.952
2
1 50
40 (192 x1 + 576 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1 x2 − 5000) dx1 dx2
50
50 45
31. Average =
50
1 50 x13
2
= 96 x1 + 576 x1x2 − − 5 x1 x22 − x12 x2 − 5000 x1 dx2
50 45
3 40
1 50 48,200
50 45 3
= + 4860 x2 − 50 x22 dx2
50
1 48,200 x 50 x23
= + 2430 x22 −
50 3 3 45
= $13,400
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 543
1 60
55 (200 x1 + 580 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1 x2 − 7500) dx1 dx2
65
100 50
32. Average =
65
1 60 x13
100 50
2
= 100 x1 + 580 x1x2 − − 5 x1x22 − x12 x2 − 7500 x1 dx2
3 55
1 60 26,750
100 50 3
= + 4600 x2 − 50 x22 dx
60
1 26,750 50 3
= x2 + 2300 x22 − x2
100 3 3 50
= $11,025
1 150 75
(500 − 3 p1 ) p1 + (750 − 2.4 p2 ) p2 dp1 dp2
1250 100 50
33. Average =
1 150 75
1250 100 50
= −3 p12 + 500 p1 − 2.4 p22 + 750 p2 dp1 dp2
1 150 75
=
1250 100
− p13 + 250 p12 − 2.4 p1 p22 + 750 p1 p2 dp2
50
1 150
1250 100
= 484,375 − 60 p22 + 18,750 p2 dp2
1 150
= 484,375 p2 − 20 p23 + 9375 p22
1250 100
= $75,125
34. (a) The value of R f ( x, y) dA would represent the total volume of annual snowfall for Erie County, New York.
R f ( x, y) dA or 1
(b) The value of R f ( x, y ) dA would represent the average annual snowfall for
R dA R dA
Erie County, New York.
250
1 1 x1.6
(100 y 0.4 )
325 250 325
35. Average =
1250 300 200
100 x 0.6 y 0.4 dx dy =
1250 300
1.6 200
dy
325
128,844.1 325 0.4 y1.4
=
1250 300
y dy = 103.0753
1.4 300
≈ 25,645.24
250
1 325 250 1 325 x1.25
0.25 0.75
36. Average = x y dx dy = y 0.75 dy
1250 300 200 1250 300 1.25 200
325
193.5742 325 0.75 193.5742 y1.75
≈
1250 300
y dy ≈
1250 1.75 300
≈ 287.74
(2, −1, 4) 4 z
(−2, −2, 1)
3
(3, 1, 2) 4
−3
−2 1 −2
(− 2, 2, 2)
−4 2 −4
2
1
2 (4, 52, 1)
3
x −2 2
4
y
−2 4
−3 x y
(−1, 3, −3) (1, − 2, − 3)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
544 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
3. d = (3 − 0)2 + (5 − 2) + (8 − 6)
2 2 3 + 1 − 4 + 0 −1 + ( − 5)
9. Center = , ,
2 2 2
= 9+9+ 4 = 22
= ( 2, − 2, − 3)
2
1 − ( −4) + (3 − 1) + (7 − 5)
2 2
4. d =
Radius = (2 − 3) + ( − 2 + 4) + ( − 3 + 1)
2 2 2
= 25 + 4 + 4 = 33
= 1+ 4+ 4
2 + ( −4 ) 6 + 2 4 + 8 = 3
5. Midpoint = , , = ( −1, 4, 6)
2 2 2 Sphere: ( x − 2) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2
5 + ( −1) 0 + ( −2) 7 + 9
6. Midpoint = , , = ( 2, −1, 8) 3 + 5 4 + 8 0 + 2
10. Center = , ,
2 2 2
2 2 2
= ( 4, 6, 1)
(x − 0) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 9) = 7 2
2 2 2
7.
(4 − 3) + (6 − 4) + (1 − 0)
2 2 2
x 2 + ( y − 1) + ( z − 9) = 49
2 2
Radius =
2
= 1+ 4 +1
(x − 4) + y − ( −5) + ( z − 3) = 102
2 2
8.
= 6
(x − 4) + ( y + 5) + ( z − 3) = 100
2 2 2
Sphere: ( x − 4) + ( y − 6) + ( z − 1) = 6
2 2 2
11. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8 x + 2 y − 14 z − 15 = 0
( x2 + 8 x + 16) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 − 14 z + 49) = 15 + 16 + 1 + 49
(x + 4) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 7) = 81
2 2 2
Center: ( − 4, −1, 7)
Radius: 9
x 2 + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 10 z + 25) = 7 + 4 + 25 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) + (0 − 6) = 72
2 2 2
( x − 1) + ( y + 3) = 36
2 2
x 2 + ( y + 2) + ( z − 5) = 36
2 2
z
Center: (0, − 2, 5)
8
Radius: 6 −10
−6
13. Let z = 0.
(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + (0 − 3) = 25
2 2 2 4
y
8 −4
x
−6
( x + 2) + ( y − 1) = 16
2 2
z
15. x + 2 y + 3z = 6
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
4
x = 6
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0.
2y = 6 y = 3
4 y
x −2
6
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0.
z
3z = 6 z = 2
x-intercept: (6, 0, 0) (0, 0, 2)
y-intercept: (0, 3, 0)
(0, 3, 0)
z-intercept: (0, 0, 2) y
x
(6, 0, 0)
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 545
16. 4 x − y + 2 z = 8 y2
22. The graph of z = x 2 − is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. 4
5
24. The graph of 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 − 9 z 2 = 0 is an elliptic cone
x-intercept: (2, 0, 0) (0, 0, 4)
4 whose standard equation is
y-intercept: (0, − 8, 0) (0, − 8, 0) 3
2 x2 y2 z2
−9 + − = 0.
z-intercept: (0, 0, 4) y
1 16 1 16 1 9
(2, 0, 0) 1
x 3
18. 10 x − 2 z = 10
(d) f ( −2, − 4) = −2( −4) = −32
2
To find the x-intercept, let z = 0.
10 x = 10 x = 1
x2
Because the coefficient of y is zero, 28. f ( x, y ) =
y
there is no y-intercept.
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0.
z 62
4
(a) f (6, 9) = = 4
9
− 2 z = 10 z = − 5 2
(1, 0, 0) 82
x-intercept: (1, 0, 0) −2 (b) f (8, 4) = = 16
2 2 y
4
z-intercept: (0, 0, − 5) x −2
t2
(0, 0, −5)
(c) f (t , 2) =
The plane is parallel to the y-axis. 2
−6
r2
(d) f ( r , r ) = = r, r ≠ 0
y 2
z 2 r
19. The graph of x 2 + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
16 9
29. The domain of f ( x, y ) = 1 − x 2 − y 2 is the set of all
2
x points inside or on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1. The range is
20. The graph of z = + y 2 is an elliptic paraboloid.
9
[0, 1].
y2 z2
21. The graph of x 2 − − = 1 is a hyperboloid of 30. The domain of f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 3 is the set of all
16 9
two sheets. points in the xy-plane. The range is [− 3, ∞).
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
546 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
x
1
32. The domain of f ( x, y ) = is the set of all points 2
c = 4: ( xy ) = 4, y = ±
2
x+ y
x
except those on the line y = − x. The range is all real
3
c = 9: ( xy ) = 9, y = ±
2
numbers except 0.
x
33. z = 10 − 2 x − 5 y 4
c = 16: ( xy ) = 16, y = ±
2
c = 0: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 0, 2 x + 5 y = 10 x
c = 2: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 2, 2 x + 5 y = 8 5
c = 25: ( xy ) = 25, y = ±
2
x
c = 4: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 4, 2 x + 5 y = 6
The level curves are hyperbolas.
c = 5: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 5, 2 x + 5 y = 5 y c=1
c=4
c=9
c = 10: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 10, 2 x + 5 y = 0 c = 16
c = 25
The level curves are lines of slope − 52 .
1
y
x
−1 1
−1
3
1 c=0
c=2
x
−3 −2 −1 3 c=4
−1 c=5 36. z = y − x 2
c = 10
c = 0: y − x 2 = 0, y = x 2
c = −1: y − x 2 = −1, y = x 2 − 1
34. z = 36 − x 2 − y 2
c = 1: y − x 2 = 1, y = x 2 + 1
c = 0: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 0, x 2 + y 2 = 36
c = −2: y − x 2 = −2, y = x 2 − 2
2 2 2 2
c = 1: 36 − x − y = 1, x + y = 35
c = 2: y − x 2 = 2, y = x 2 + 2
c = 2: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 2, x 2 + y 2 = 32 The level curves are parabolas.
y
c = 3: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 3, x 2 + y 2 = 27 5
4 c=2
The level curves are circles. 3 c=1
y c=0
c = −1
c=0 c=2 c = −2
x
4 −4 −3 −2 2 3 4
c=1
c=3 −2
2
−3
x
−3 −1 1 3
−2 37. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.73 y 0.27
−4
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Review Exercises for Chapter 7 547
38. A( r , t ) = 2000e rt
Number of years, t
Rate, r 5 10 15 20
0.02 $2210.34 $2442.81 $2699.72 $2983.65
0.04 $2442.81 $2983.65 $3644.24 $4451.08
0.06 $2699.72 $3644.24 $4919.21 $6640.23
0.07 $2838.14 $4027.51 $5715.30 $8110.40
P ⋅ r 41. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + 3 xy + 2 x − 5 y
40. M = 12 f x = 2 xy + 3 y + 2
12t
1
1− f y = x 2 + 3x − 5
1 + ( r 12)
42. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy + xy 2 − 3x 2 y − x + 7 y
200,000(0.05)
f x = 4 y + y 2 − 6 xy − 1
12
(a) M = 12(30)
= $1073.64
f y = 4 x + 2 xy − 3x 2 + 7
1
1−
1 + (0.05 12)
z = ( xy + 2 x + 4 y )
2
43.
1073.64 × 360 payments = $386,510.40
∂z
= 2( xy + 2 x + 4 y )( y + 2)
200,000(0.06) ∂x
12 ∂z
(b) M = 12( 20)
= $1432.86 = 2( xy + 2 x + 4 y )( x + 4)
∂y
1
1−
1 + (0.06 12)
1432.86 × 240 payments = $343,886.40
200,000(0.065)
12
(c) M = 12(15)
= $1089.35
1
1−
1 + (0.065 12)
$1089.35 × 180 payments = $196,083.00
Choices will vary, as well as explanations.
x3 y 2
44. z =
2x − y
∂z (2 x − y )(3x 2 y 2 ) − ( x3 y 2 )(2) 6 x3 y 2 − 3x 2 y 3 − 2 x3 y 2 4 x3 y 2 − 3x 2 y 3 x 2 y 2 (4 x − 3 y )
= = = =
(2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y)
2 2 2 2
∂x
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548 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
45. f ( x, y ) = ln (5 x + 4 y ) 52. z = y 2 − x 2
5 ∂z ∂z
f x ( x, y ) = (a) = − 2 x; (1, 2, 3) = − 2
5x + 4 y ∂x ∂x
4 ∂z ∂z
f y ( x, y ) = (b) = 2 y; (1, 2, 3) = 4
5x + 4 y ∂y ∂y
46. f ( x, y ) = ln 2x + 3y 53. z = 8 − x 2 − y 2
1 2 1 ∂z ∂z
f x ( x, y ) = = (a) = − 2 x; (1, 1, 6) = − 2
2 2x + 3y 2x + 3 y ∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
1 3 3 (b) = − 2 y; (1, 1, 6) = − 2
f y ( x, y ) = = ∂y ∂y
2 2x + 3y 2( 2 x + 3 y )
54. z = 100 − x 2 − y 2
47. f ( x, y ) = xe y + ye x
∂z x ∂z
f x = ye x + e y (a) = − ; (0, 6, 8) = 0
∂x 100 − x 2 − y 2 ∂x
f y = xe y + e x
∂z y ∂z 3
(b) = − ; (0, 6, 8) = −
48. f ( x, y ) = x ye 2 −2 y ∂y 100 − x 2 − y 2 ∂y 4
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xye − 2 y
55. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − xy + 2 y 3
f y ( x, y ) = x ( ye
2 −2 y
(− 2)) + e −2 y
(1) f x = 6x − y f y = −x + 6 y2
= x ( − 2 ye
2 −2 y
+ e −2 y
) f xx = 6 f yy = 12 y f xy = f yx = −1
= −x e 2 −2 y
(2 y − 1)
49. w = xyz 2
∂w
= yz 2
∂x
∂w
= xz 2
∂y
∂w
= 2 xyz
∂z
50. w = 3 xy − 5 xz 3 + 2 yz
∂w
= 3 y − 5z3
∂x
∂w
= 3x + 2 z
∂y
∂w
= −15 xz 2 + 2 y
∂z
51. z = 3xy
∂z ∂z
(a) = 3 y; ( − 2, − 3, 18) = − 9
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
(b) = 3x; ( − 2, − 3, 18) = − 6
∂y ∂y
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Review Exercises for Chapter 7 549
56. f ( x, y ) =
y 59. f ( x, y , z ) = xy + 5 x 2 yz 3 − 3 y 3 z
x − y
f x = y + 10 xyz 3
fx =
(x − y )(0) − ( y )(1)
= −
y f xx = 10 yz 3
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
f xy = 1 + 10 xz 3
fy =
(x − y )(1) − ( y )( −1)
=
x f xz = 30 xyz 2
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
f y = x + 5x2 z3 − 9 y 2 z
−3 −2
f xx = − y ( − 2)( x − y ) (1) + ( x − y) (0) f yx = 1 + 10 xz 3
−3
= 2 y( x − y ) f yy = −18 yz
2y f yz = 15 x 2 z 2 − 9 y 2
=
(x − y)
3
f z = 15 x 2 yz 2 − 3 y 3
−3 −2
f yy = x( − 2)( x − y ) (−1) + ( x − y) (0) f zx = 30 xyz 2
−3
= 2 x( x − y ) f zy = 15 x 2 z 2 − 9 y 2
2x f zz = 30 x 2 yz
=
(x − y)
3
3 yz
−3 −2 60. f ( x, y , z ) =
f xy = − y ( − 2)( x − y ) (−1) + ( x − y) (−1) x + z
−3 −2
= − 2 y( x − y ) − ( x − y) 3 yz
fx = −
(x + z)
2
−3
= − ( x − y ) 2 y + ( x − y )
6 yz
− ( x + y) f xx =
= (x + z)
3
(x − y)
3
3z
−3 −2 f xy = −
f yx = x( − 2)( x − y ) (1) + ( x − y) (1) (x + z)
2
−3 −2
= − 2 x( x − y ) + ( x − y) 3 y( x − z )
f xz = −
−3
= − ( x − y ) 2 x − ( x − y ) (x + z)
3
−3
= − ( x − y) (x + y) fy =
3z
x + z
− ( x + y)
= 3z
(x − y)
3
f yx = −
( x + z)
2
Note: f yx = f xy f yy = 0
3x
57. f ( x, y ) = 1+ x + y f yz =
(x + z)
2
1 1
fx = fy = 3 xy
2 1+ x + y 2 1+ x + y fz =
(x + z)
2
1
f xx = f yy = f xy = f yx = 3 y( x − z )
4(1 + x + y )
32
f zx = −
(x + z)
3
2 − y2
58. f ( x, y ) = x e 3x
f zy =
( x + z)
2
− y2 − y2
f x = 2 xe f y = −2 x 2 ye
6 xy
f yy = 2 x 2 ( 2 y 2 − 1)e − y
2 2
f xx = 2e − y f zz = −
(x + z)
3
2
f xy = f yx = −4 xye − y
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
550 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
61. C = 15( xy )
13
+ 99 x + 139 y + 2293 63. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2
∂C ∂C The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 2 x and
(a) = 5 x −2 3 y1 3 + 99; At (500, 250), = $99.50.
∂x ∂x
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
∂C
= 5 x1 3 y −2 3 + 139; Because f xx ( xy ) = 2, f yy ( xy ) = 4, and
∂y
∂C f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) > 0 and
At (500, 250), = $140.00.
∂y 2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − f xy ( x, y ) = 8 > 0.
(b) Downhill skis; this is determined by comparing the
marginal costs for the two models of skis at the So, (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
production level (500, 250).
64. f ( x, y ) = − x 2 − y 2 + 2 x + 4 y
62. R = 15 x1 + 16 x2 −
1 2
x1 −
1 2
x2 −
1
x1 x2 The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = − 2 x + 2
10 10 100
and f y ( x, y ) = − 2 y + 4, are zero at the critical point
∂R 1 1 ∂R
(a) = 15 − x1 − x2 (50, 40) = $4.60 (1, 2). Because f xx ( x, y) = − 2, f yy ( x, y) = − 2, and
∂x1 5 100 ∂x1
∂R 1 1 ∂R f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 2) = − 2 < 0 and
(b) = 16 − x2 − x1 (50, 40) = $7.50
∂x2 5 100 ∂x2 2
f xx (1, 2) f yy (1, 2) − f xy (1, 2) = 4 > 0. So, (1, 2, 5) is
a relative minimum.
( )
14
65. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 1
1 2
( x + y 2 + 1) (2 x) = 2 x2 3 4 and
−3 4
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) =
4 2( x + y + 1)
1 2
( x + y 2 + 1) (2 y) = 2 y2 3 4 , are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
−3 4
f y ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) =
4 2( x + y + 1)
− ( x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1) − ( y 2 − 2 x 2 − 1) − 3 xy
Because f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = , it follows that
4( x + y + 1) 4( x + y + 1) 4( x + y 2 + 1)
74 74 7 4
2 2 2 2 2
2 1
f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − f xy (0, 0) = > 0. So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.
16
66. f ( x, y ) = 1 − ( x + 2) + ( y − 3)
2 2
68. f ( x, y ) = y 2 + xy + 3 y − 2 x + 5
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −2( x + 2) The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = y − 2
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y + x + 3, are zero at the critical
( −2, 3). Because f xx ( x, y) = −2, f yy ( x, y) = 2, and point (−7, 2). Because f xx ( x, y) = 0, f yy ( x, y ) = 2,
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx ( −2, 3) > 0 and and f xy ( x, y ) = 1, it follows that f xx ( −7, 2) > 0 and
2
f xx ( −7, 2) f yy ( −7, 2) − f xy ( −7, 2) = −1 < 0.
2
f xx ( −2, 3) f yy ( −2, 3) − f xy ( −2, 3) = −4 < 0.
So, ( −2, 3, 1) is a saddle point. So, ( −7, 2, 15) is a saddle point.
67. f ( x, y ) = e x − x + y 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = e x − 1
and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
Because f xx ( x, y ) = e x , f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 > 0
2
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) − f xy (0, 0) = 2 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 551
69. f ( x, y ) = x 3 − 3 xy + y 2 70. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3 x − 3 y + 2
71. R = − 6 x12 − 10 x2 2 − 2 x1 x2 + 32 x1 + 84 x2
The first partial derivatives of f, Rx1 ( x1 , x2 ) = −12 x1 − 2 x2 + 32 and Rx2 ( x1 , x2 ) = − 20 x2 = 2 x1 + 84, are zero
at the critical point ( 2, 4). Because Rx1 x1 ( 2, 4) = −12, Rx2 x2 ( 2, 4) = − 20, and Rx1 x 2 ( 2, 4) = − 2, it follows that
2
Rx1 x 2 ( 2, 4) = − 2 < 0 and Rx1 x1 ( 2, 4) Rx2 x2 ( 2, 4) − Rxy (1, 2) = 236 > 0.
72. P = 10( x1 + x2 ) − C1 − C2
= 10( x1 + x2 ) − (0.03 x12 + 4 x1 + 300) − (0.05 x22 + 7 x2 + 175)
Px = 6 − 0.06 x1 = 0 x1 = 100
1
Px 2 = 3 − 0.1x2 = 0 x2 = 30
Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 2 y − 2λ = 0 Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 4 + 3 y − λ = 0
y = 2x 3 x − 12 y − 15 = 0
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x − λ = 0 Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 3 x + 1 − 4λ = 0
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( x + 4 y − 29) = 0
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( 2 x + y − 12) = 0
Using Fλ , x + 4 y = 29 3 x + 12 y = 87
Using Fx , − ( 2 x + 2 x − 12) = 0
3x − 12 y = 15 3x − 12 y = 15
− 4 x = −12
6 x = 102
x = 3.
x = 17.
So, x = 3 and y = 6, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum
So, x = 17 and y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum
at (3, 6). The relative maximum is f (3, 6) = 36.
at (17, 3). The relative maximum is f (17, 3) = 224.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
552 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
Fx ( x, y , λ ) = 6 x − λ = 0 3x = − 6
y = 6x x = 2
Fy ( x, y , λ ) = − 2 y + 4λ = 0
So,
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( 2 x − 4 y + 11) = 0
x = 2, y = 2
3
, z = 2, and f ( x, y , z ) has a maximum at
Using Fλ , − 2 x − 4(6 x) + 11 = 0
− 22 x = −11
(2, 23 , 2). The relative maximum is f (2, 23 , 2) = 40
3
.
x = 12 . 78. F ( x, y , z , λ ) = x 2 z + yz − λ ( 2 x + y + z − 5)
So, x = 1
2
and y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum Fx = 2 xz − 2λ = 0
Fy = z − λ = 0, z = λ
at ( 12 , 3). The relative minimum is f ( 12 , 3) = − 334 .
Fz = x 2 + y − λ = 0
Fλ = −( 2 x + y + z − 5) = 0
Substituting z = λ into Fx yields x = 1. From Fz ,
you have y = λ − 1. Substituting that into Fλ yields
λ = 2. So, x = 1, y = 1, z = 2, and f ( x, y, z ) has
a maximum at (1, 1, 2).
79. Minimize C = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 subject to the constraint x1 + x2 = 1000.
F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 1000)
Fx ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.50 x1 + 10 − λ = 0
5 x1 − 3x2 = 20
1
Fx ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.30 x2 + 12 − λ = 0
2
Fλ ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = −( x1 + x2 − 1000) = 0, x2 = 1000 − x1
The cost is minimized when 378 units of x1 and 623 units of x2 are ordered.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 553
80. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.8 y 0.2 subject to the constraint 40 x + 35 y = 110,000.
81. xi = 0 82. xi = − 2 y
y = 20 x + 8
yi = 3 yi = 0 3
2
43 43
xi 2 = 10 xi 2 = 18 (−3, − 1) 1
(1, 1)
(2, 1)
xi yi = −15 xi yi = 8 −3 −2
−1
1 2 3
x
(0, 0)
(−2, − 1)
4( −15) − (0)(3) − 60 3 5(8) − ( − 2)(0) 20 −2
a = = = − a = =
4(10) − (0)
2
5(18) − ( − 2)
2
40 2 43 −3
1 3 3 1
(− 2) =
b = 3 − − (0) = 20 8
4
b = 0 −
2
4 5 43 43
3 3 20 8
y = − x + y = x +
2 4 43 43
y
5
4
(−2, 4)
3 y = − 3x + 3
2 4
(−1, 2)
1 (1, −1)
x
−4 − 3 −2 −1 2 3 4
−1
−2 (2, −2)
−3
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
554 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
x ≈ $180.77
2 10 − x 2
− 3 (8 − 4 y ) dy
3
2
= 6 x+3
3
91. A = −3 (1 3)x +1 dy dx
4
= 8 y − y 3 6 x+3
3 −3 = −3 [ y] (1 3)x +1 dx
= ( 24 − 36) − ( −24 + 36)
−3 ( )
6
= x + 3 − 13 x − 1 dx
= −24
6
= 23 ( x + 3) − 16 x 2 − x
32
2 2y x 2 x 2 2y −3
87.
1 1 y2
dx dy = 1 dy
2 y 2 1 = 9
2
2 4 y2 1
= 1 2 −
2 y 2
dy
y2 92. A =
2 −x
−1 x2 − 2 x − 2 dy dx
2 1 −2 2
1
−x
= 2 − y dy
2
= −1 [ y] x2 − 2 x − 2 dx
−1 (− x + x + 2) dx
2 2
2
1 =
= 2 y +
2 y 1 2
1 1
1 1 = − x3 + x 2 + 2 x
= 4 + − 2 + 3 2 −1
4 2
9
7 =
= 2
4
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 555
6 − (1 2) x
0 0 (3 − ) dy dx (8 − 23 x − 43 y) dy dx
4 2 12
93. V = 1y
2 94. V = 0 0
2 y2 ( )
4 2 12 6− 1 2 x
= 0 3 y −
1 y2
4 0
dx = 0 8 y − 2 xy −
3 3 0
dx
0 ( 16 x )
4 12
= 0 5 dx = 2
− 4 x + 24 dx
= [5 x] 0
4 12
= 18
1 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 24 x
0
= 20 = 96
2 x 2 2 2
0 [4 y] 0
x
95. V = 0 0 4 dy dx = dx = 0 4x dx = 2 x 2
0
= 8
0 x (4 − y ) dy dx 0 (163 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 4 y − 1 y3 − 4 x + 13 x3 dx = 16 1 x4
2
96. V = = 3 x
dx = 3
x − 2x2 + 12 0
= 4
4 4
4 4 4 4 4 x2 y3 4 64 x 2 64 x3 4096
0 0 ( xy )
2
97. V = dy dx = 0 0 x 2 y 2 dy dx = 0 3 0
dx = 0 3
dx =
9 0
=
9
x 3
3 x 3 y2 3 y2 3 3x 2 x3 27
98. V = 0 0 ( x + y ) dy dx = 0 xy + dx =
2 0 0 x2 +
2
dx = 0 2
dx = =
2 0 2
0 0 (x + 2 xy + y 2 ) dy dx
2 4 2 5
1
0 0 1 2
99. Average = 8
4 xy dy dx 100. Average = 10
2 4 2 5
= 1
8 0 2 xy 2 dx
0
= 1
10 0 x 2 y + xy 2 +
1 y3
3 0
dx
0 (5 x ) dx
2 2
= 1
8 0 32 x dx = 1
10
2
+ 25 x + 125
3
= 1 16 x 2 2 1 5 x2 25 x 2 125 x
2
8 0 = 10 3
+ 2
+ 3 0
= 8 = 44
3
1 50 40
101. Average =
100 40 30
(150 x1 + 400 x2 − x12 − 5x22 − 2 x1x2 − 3000) dx1 dx2
40
1 50 1
100 40
= 75 x12 + 400 x1x2 − x13 − 5 x1 x22 − x12 x2 − 3000 x1 dx2
3 30
1 50 30,500
100 40 3
= + 3300 x2 − 50 x22 dx2
50
1 30,500 50 3
= x2 + 1650 x22 − x2
100 3 3 40
= $5700
= $446,093.75
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
556 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
1 1
200 100 (100 x y ) dx dy 200 100 (100 x y ) dx dy
250 175 250 175
0.65 0.35 0.85 0.15
103. Average = 104. Average =
3750 3750
175 175
1 250 100 1.65 0.35 1 250 100 1.85 0.15
=
3750 200 1.65 x y
100
dy =
3750 200 1.85 x y
100
dy
1 1
200 (183,534.02 y ) dy 200 (491,954.69 y ) dy
250 250
0.35 0.15
= =
3750 3750
250 250
1 183,534.02 1.35 1 491,954.69 1.15
≈ y ≈ y
3750 1.35 200 3750 1.15 200
≈ 16,282 units ≈ 14,777 units
2
−4 2
−3 −3
−2 1
−2 1 −2
(1, −3, 0) −1
−1 −1
(3, −1, 0) 1 1 1
1 −1
−1 2 2
2 2 x
y 3
3 y
−2
4 −2
x
−3
−3
(3 − 1) + ( −1 + 3) + (0 − 0) (−4 + 2) + (0 − 2) + ( 2 − 3)
2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) d = (b) d =
= 4+ 4+0 = 2 2 = 4+ 4+1 = 3
1 + 3 −3 − 1 0 + 0 −2 − 4 2 + 0 3 + 2 5
(c) Midpoint = , , = ( 2, − 2, 0) (c) Midpoint = , , = −3, 1,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z
3. (a)
6
(3, −7, 2)
4
−6
−4 2 −4
−2 −2
2 2
4 −2 4
6 6
8 8
x 10
−6 12
y
(5 − 3) + (11 + 7) + ( −6 − 2) =
2 2 2
(b) d = 4 + 324 + 64 = 14 2
3 + 5 −7 + 11 2 − 6
(c) Midpoint = , , = ( 4, 2, − 2)
2 2 2
4. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 20 x + 10 y − 10 z + 125 = 0
( x2 − 20 x + 100) + ( y 2 + 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 − 10 z + 25) = −125 + 100 + 25 + 25
(x − 10) + ( y + 5) + ( z − 5) = 25
2 2 2
Center: (10, − 5, 5)
Radius: 5
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 7 Test Yourself 557
f ( − 6, − 2) =
(− 6) + 2(− 2) =
−10
=
5 ∂2w
= 2y
3( − 6) − ( − 2) −16 8 ∂x 2
∂2w
= −18 y
10. f ( x, y ) = 3x + 9 xy − 2
2 2
∂y 2
∂2w
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x + 9 y 2 = −4y
∂z 2
f x (10, −1) = 6(10) + 9( −1) = 69
2
∂2w
= 2x
f y ( x, y ) = 18 xy ∂x∂y
∂2w
f y (10, −1) = 18(10)( −1) = −180 = 0
∂x∂z
∂2w
11. f ( x, y) = x x + y = 2x
∂y∂x
1 −1 2 ∂2w
f x ( x, y ) = x ( x + y ) (1) + x + y (1) = − 4z
2 ∂y∂z
x
= + x+ y ∂2w
2 x+ y = 0
∂z∂x
10 14 ∂2w
f x (10, −1) = + 10 − 1 = = − 4z
2 10 + ( −1) 3 ∂z∂y
1 −1 2
f y ( x, y ) = x ( x + y ) (1) + x + y (0) 14. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 6 x + 16 y − 4
2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6
x
=
2 x+ y and f y ( x, y ) = 8 y + 16, are zero at the point (1, − 2).
10 5 Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6, f yy ( x, y ) = 8, and
f y (10, −1) = =
2 10 + ( −1) 3 f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, − 2) > 0 and
2
f xx (1, − 2) f yy (1, − 2) − f xy (1, − 2) = 48 > 0.
So, (1, − 2, − 23) is a relative minimum.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
558 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
15. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy − x 4 − y 4
2
f xx ( −1, −1) = −12 < 0, and f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) − f xy ( −1, −1) = 128 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point, (1, 1, 2) is a relative minimum, and ( −1, −1, 2) is a relative minimum.
42 x −0.3 y 0.3
λ = , λ = x −0.3 y 0.3 5(160) − ( 29)( 22) 10
42 a = y = 0.52x + 1.4
5( 231) − ( 29)
2 8
(8, 6)
−0.7
Fy = 18 x 0.7
y − 144λ = 0 6
≈ 0.52 4 (1, 2) (6, 4)
Fλ = −42 x − 144 y + 240,000 = 0 1 (3, 3)
b = ( 22 − 0.52( 29))
2
0 x (30 x y − 1) dy dx =
1 1 1 1
0 15 x y − y dx
2 2 2
18.
x
= 0 (15 x
1
2
(
− 1) − 15 x 2 ( x) − x dx
2
)
0 (−15 x + 15 x 2 + x − 1) dx
1
4
=
1
x 3
= −3 x5 + 5 x3 + − x =
2 0 2
2y
e −1 2y 1 e −1 x e −1 2y e −1
19. 0 0 y2 + 1
dx dy = 0 2 dy =
y + 1 0
0 2
y +1
dy = ln y 2 + 1
0
= ln e = 1
2
3
3 − ( x − 2 x + 3) dx = (− x2 + 2 x) dx = − x3 + x2 = 43 square units
2 3 2 2
0 x2 − 2 x + 3 0
0
2
20. dy dx =
0
4 3 4 4 4
0 [8 y − 2 xy]0
3
21. V = 0 0 (8 − 2 x) dy dx = dx = 0 (24 − 6 x) dx = 24 x − 3 x 2 = 48
0
3
1 2 y2 2 9 3 9
1
0
1
x y + 2 dx 0 3x + 2 dx x + 2 x 0 11
0 0 (x + y ) dy dx
1 3
2
22. Average = 0
= = = =
area 3 3 3 6
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
—Rien, dit mon voisin, il n’y a rien.
—Ça vous étonne, mon cher monsieur? lui demandai-je.
Je le reconnaissais: il était l’un de ceux dont la physionomie m’attirait
dans ces étranges lieux, qui servait d’excuse à ma faiblesse, d’appât à ma
curiosité: un petit homme maigre, sans âge, aux mains tremblotantes. Il
avait de beaux yeux, clairs, larges, profonds, mais hagards et desséchés
d’inquiétude, et toute sa face, indiciblement douloureuse, était comme figée
dans l’expression d’une épouvante une fois sentie et dont rien désormais ne
pourrait plus en lui affaiblir la mémoire.
A ce moment la voix du Mage répéta plus haut:
«Archange! Archange du mal, je t’adjure, je t’ordonne de paraître sous
une forme visible, sans bruit, sans mauvaise odeur, sans scandale, et de
répondre à mes questions. Sinon je te flagellerai des plus cruels exorcismes,
et je te torturerai avec le Verbe divin de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ!»
—Nous pouvons nous en aller, le spectacle est fini, dis-je à demi-voix à
celui qui m’avait parlé. Si votre ami Satan ne vient pas d’abord, il me paraît
difficile de le flageller. Votre opérateur commet une pétition de principe.
En effet, Satan persista à ne point se déranger. L’évocateur alors, se
tournant vers nous, demanda si les personnes présentes n’avaient pas
éprouvé comme un frôlement d’invisibles ailes, ou des attouchements
mystérieux, enfin un phénomène quelconque pouvant passer pour un
commencement de présence.
—Rien du tout, dis-je, résolument.
Personne ne protesta. Si je n’avais ouvert la bouche, il est bien probable
qu’il se serait trouvé quelqu’un pour avoir senti n’importe quoi. Il y a des
cas où il faut s’empresser de parler le premier.
L’évocateur, après m’avoir regardé de travers, déclara que la cave ayant
été sans doute souillée depuis neuf jours par une présence impure, il était
inutile et même dangereux de continuer les conjurations. Après quoi il
déclara solennellement l’assemblée rompue.
Mon voisin poussa un soupir, et gravit avec moi les marches usées qui
conduisaient au dehors. Il était plus de minuit. Là-haut, dans le ciel, les
tranquilles petites étoiles avaient l’air de se moquer de nous; l’air vif de la
nuit, entrant dans les poitrines brûlées, rendait heureux, gai, grisait presque.
Des ombres sorties de la cave, s’évadaient par couples.
Je me mis à rire, en les montrant à mon compagnon inconnu.
—Regardez, lui dis-je, il y avait là quelques vieilles dames, et de bons
petits jeunes gens. Gagez qu’ils ont fait connaissance. Le diable n’a pas
daigné venir, il n’y a rien perdu.
Il me répondit, sans sourire:
—Vous vous amusez de nous, monsieur, et vous nous méprisez. Je ne nie
pas que vous ayez raison. La première fois que j’ai assisté à une telle
séance, je rougissais de moi-même, de ma stupidité, de celle des fidèles qui
me coudoyaient. Je n’osais pas me montrer. Aujourd’hui, je n’ai même plus
cette pudeur. L’espoir absurde et toujours mal satisfait qui me hante, me
tient, me traîne et m’a pris tout entier, il est ma raison d’être dans la vie.
Ah! monsieur, vous ne croyez pas, vous, qu’il peut exister un esprit du mal,
un être qui n’est peut-être pas personnel, qui n’a pas de formes, une force
éparse qui flotte et rôde dans l’air, dans la terre, dans les eaux, qui
accomplit les actes pensés, simplement pensés par nous, et dont l’horrible
perfidie, malgré nous, est à notre service?
—C’est de la pure folie, à classer dans les manies religieuses.
Je lui dis cela hardiment, malgré mon âpre désir d’entendre sa
confession, car je sentais que rien au monde maintenant ne pourrait plus
l’empêcher de parler, et qu’il allait livrer son mystère, parce que la nuit était
pure, l’obscurité silencieuse et son cœur trop plein.