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Calculus An Applied Approach Brief International Metric Edition 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

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Calculus An Applied Approach Brief

International Metric Edition 10th Edition


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C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables

Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System .....................................464

Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space ................................................................................471

Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables ..........................................................477

Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives ..............................................................................484

Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables ...........................................496

Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................507

Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers ..........................................................................511

Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis ...................................................525

Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane .............................................529

Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals .......................................................537

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................543

Test Yourself .............................................................................................................556

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

Skills Warm Up
1. (5, 1), (3, 5) 5. ( − 5, 4), ( − 5, − 4)

(3 − 5) + (5 − 1)
2 2 2
 5 − ( − 5) + ( − 4 − 4)
2
d = d = −
= 4 + 16 = 0 + 64
= 20 = 8
= 2 5  − 5 + ( − 5) 4 + ( − 4) 
Midpoint =  ,  = ( − 5, 0)
5 + 3 1 + 5  2 2 
Midpoint =  ,  = ( 4, 3)
 2 2 
6. ( −3, 6), ( − 3, − 2)
2. ( 2, 3), ( −1, −1) 2
 3 − ( − 3) + ( − 2 − 6)
2
d = −
(−1 − 2) + ( −1 − 3)
2 2
d =
= 0 + 64
= 9 + 16 = 8
= 25  − 3 + ( − 3) 6 + ( − 2) 
= 5
Midpoint =  ,  = ( − 3, 2)
 2 2 
 2 + ( −1) 3 + ( −1)   1 
Midpoint =  ,  =  , 1 7. Center: ( 2, 3), r = 2
 2 2  2 
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 22
2 2

3. ( −1, − 2), (3, 2)


(x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 4
2 2

2 2
d = 3 − ( −1) + 2 − ( − 2)
 4 + ( −2) 0 + 8 
= 16 + 16 8. Center =  ,  = (1, 4)
 2 2 
= 32
1
= 4 2 r = (−2 − 4)2 + (8 − 0)
2

2
 ( −1) + 3 ( − 2) + 2  1
= 36 + 64
Midpoint =  ,  = (1, 0) 2
 2 2 
1
= 100
4. ( − 4, 3), ( 2, −1) 2
= 5
2
2 − ( − 4) + ( −1 − 3)
2
( x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 52
2 2
d =

( x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2
= 36 + 16
= 52
= 2 13

 − 4 + 2 3 + ( −1) 
Midpoint =  ,  = ( −1, 1)
 2 2 

464 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 465

1. z 12. (8, − 2, 2), (8, − 2, 4)


4
(− 2, − 3, 0)
(1, 3, 4) d = (8 − 8) + ( − 2 + 2) + ( 4 − 2)
2 2 2
= 2
2 −4
−2 (− 3, 0, − 1)

2
13. (6, − 9, 1), ( − 2, −1, 5)
x 4 y
(0, − 1, − 4)
− 6) + ( −1 − ( − 9)) + (5 − 1)
2
(− 2
2 2
−4 d =

= 64 + 64 + 16
2. z
(−3, −1, 3)
= 144
(4, 0, 5) 4 = 12
2 −4
−2 14. ( −4, −1, 1), ( 2, −1, 5)
2
(−1, 12 , 0(
( 2 + 4) + ( −1 + 1) + (5 − 1)
x 4 4 y 2 2 2
d =
−4
(0, 1, −5) = 52

3. z = 2 13
(3, −2, 5)
4 15. ( 4, 0, − 6), (8, 8, 20)
(2, 1, 3) 2
 4 + 8 0 + 8 −6 + 20 
 = (6, 4, 7)
(−1, 2, 1)
Midpoint =  , ,
 2 2 2 
2
4 −2
x y 16. (0, − 2, 5), ( 4, 2, 7)
( 32, 4, −2)
 0 + 4 −2 + 2 5 + 7 
Midpoint =  , ,  = ( 2, 0, 6)
4. z
 2 2 2 
(− 5, −2, 2)

4
17. (6, − 4, 2), ( − 2, 1, 3)

−4 −4  6 + ( − 2) − 4 + 1 2 + 3 
(1, 3, 1)
Midpoint =  , , 
 2 2 2 
2 2
 3 5
4 −2 4
y
=  2, − , 
x
(5, − 2, − 2) (− 2, 4, − 3)  2 2

18. ( − 9, − 2, 5), ( 2, 3, − 7)
5. x = −3, y = 4, z = 5: ( −3, 4, 5)
 − 9 + 2 3 + ( − 2) − 7 + 5 
6. x = 7, y = −2, z = −1: (7, − 2, −1) Midpoint =  , , 
 2 2 2 
 7 1 
7. y = z = 0, x = 10: (10, 0, 0) =  − , , −1
 2 2 
8. x = 0, y = 3, z = 2: (0, 3, 2)
 x + ( −2) y + 1 z + 1 
19. ( 2, −1, 3) =  , , 
 2 2 2 
9. The z-coordinate is 0.
x − 2 y +1 z +1
10. The y-coordinate is 0. 2 = −1 = 3 =
2 2 2
11. ( 4, 1, 5), (8, 2, 6) 4 = x −2 −2 = y + 1 6 = z +1
x = 6 y = −3 z = 5
(8 − 4) + ( 2 − 1) + (6 − 5)
2 2 2
d =
( x, y, z ) = (6, − 3, 5)
= 18
= 3 2

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
466 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

 x + 0 y + ( −2) z + 1  24. Let A = (5, 3, 4), B = (7, 1, 3), and C = (3, 5, 3).
20. (1, 0, 0) =  , , 
 2 2 2  Then you have

d ( AB ) = (7 − 5) + (1 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2 2
x y −2 z +1 = 3
1= 0 = 0 =
2 2 2
d ( AC ) = (3 − 5) + (5 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2 2
= 3
0 = y −2 0 = z +1
d ( BC ) = (3 − 7 ) + (5 − 1) + (3 − 3)
2 2 2
x = 2 y = 2 z = −1 = 4 2.

( x, y, z ) = ( 2, 2, −1) Because d ( AB ) = d ( AC ), the triangle is isosceles.


The triangle is not a right triangle because
3   x + 2 y + 0 z + 3
21.  , 1, 2  =  , ,  d 2 ( AB ) + d 2 ( AC ) = (3) + (3)
2 2
 2   2 2 2 
3 x+2 y z +3 = 18
= 1= 2 =
( )
2
2 2 2 2 ≠ 4 2 = 32 = d 2 ( BC ).
3 = x + 2 4 = z + 3
x = 1 y = 2 z = 1 25. Let A = ( −1, 0, − 2), B = ( −1, 5, 2), and
( x, y, z ) = (1, 2, 1) C = ( − 3, −1, 1). Then you have

2
d ( AB) =  1 − ( −1) + (0 − 5) + ( − 2 − 2)
2 2
 x + 3 y + 3 z + 0 −
22. (0, 1, 1) =  , , 
 2 2 2  = 41
x+3 y +3 z
0 = 1= 1= d ( AC ) =
2 2
−1 − ( − 3) + 0 − ( −1) + ( − 2 − 1)
2
2 2 2
0 = x +3 2 = y +3 = 14
x = −3 y = −1 z = 2 2 2
d ( BC ) =  1 − ( − 3) + 5 − ( −1) + ( 2 − 1)
2
−
( x, y, z ) = ( −3, − 1, 2)
= 41.
23. Let A = (0, 0, 0), B = ( 2, 2, 1), and C = ( 2, − 4, 4). Because d ( AB ) = d ( BC ), the triangle is isosceles.

Then you have The triangle is not a right triangle because

( ) +( )
2 2
d ( AB ) = (2 − 0)
2
+ ( 2 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
= 3 d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 41 41
= 82
d ( AC ) = ( 2 − 0) + ( −4 − 0) + ( 4 − 0)
2 2 2
= 6
( )
2
≠ 14 = 14 = d 2 ( AC ).
d ( BC ) = ( 2 − 2) + ( −4 − 2) + ( 4 − 1)
2 2 2
= 3 5.

The triangle is a right triangle because 26. Let A = (5, 0, 0), B = (0, 2, 0), and C = (0, 0, − 3).
d ( AB ) + d ( AC ) = (3) + (6)
2 2 2 2
Then you have
= 45 d ( AB ) = (0 − 5)
2
+ ( 2 − 0) + ( 0 − 0)
2 2
= 29
( )
2
= 3 5 = d ( BC ).
2
d ( AC ) = (0 − 5) + ( 0 − 0 ) + ( −3 − 0 )
2 2 2
= 34

d ( BC ) = ( 0 − 0) + (0 − 2) + ( −3 − 0)
2 2 2
= 13.

The triangle is not a right triangle because

( ) +( )
2 2
d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 29 13
= 42

( )
2
≠ 34 = 34 = d 2 ( AC ).

The triangle is neither right nor isosceles.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 467

27. Each z-coordinate is decreased by 5 units: 35. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.
(0, 0, − 5), (2, 2, − 4), (2, − 4, −1)  − 3 + 1 6 + ( − 5) 1 + 2   1 3
Center =  , ,  =  −1, , 
 2 2 2   2 2
28. Each y-coordinate is increased by 3 units:
The radius is the distance between the center and either
(5, 6, 4), (7, 4, 3), (3, 8, 3) endpoint.
2 2
29. x 2 + ( y − 2) + ( z − 2) = 4
2 2 2  1  3
Radius = 1 − ( −1) +  − 5 −  +  2 − 
 2  2

(x − 2) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 1) = 9
2 2 2
30. 121 1
= 4+ +
4 4
31. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. 138
=
 2 + 1 1 + 3 3 + ( −1)  3  2
Center =  , ,  =  , 2, 1
 2 2 2  2   1  3
2
69
2

(x − 1) +  y −  +  z −  =
2

The radius is the distance between the center and either  2  2 2


endpoint.
36. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.
2
 3
 2 −  + (1 − 2) + (3 − 1)
2 2
Radius =  2 + 2 9 + ( − 3) 11 + ( − 6)   5
 2 Center =  , ,  =  2, 3, 
 2 2 2   2
1
= +1+ 4 The radius is the distance between the center and either
4
endpoint.
21
= 2
2  5
Radius = (2 − 2) + (9 − 3) + 11 − 
2 2

2  2
 3 21
 x −  + ( y − 2) + ( z − 1) =
2 2
289
 2 4 = 0 + 36 +
4
32. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. 433
=
 −1 + 0 −2 + 3 1 + 3   1 1  2
Center =  , ,  =  − , , 2
 2 2 2   2 2  2
 5 433
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) +  z −  =
2 2
The radius is the distance from the center to either  2 4
endpoint.
2 2 37. The distance from ( − 4, 3, 6) to the xy-plane is the radius
 1  1 
 − − 0  +  − 3 + ( 2 − 3)
2
Radius = r = 6.
 2  2 
(x + 4) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 6) = 36
2 2 2
1 25
= + +1
4 4
38. The distance from (1, 2, 0) to the yz-plane is the radius
30
= r = 1.
2
( x − 1) + ( y − 2) + z 2 = 1
2 2 2 2
 1  1 15
 x +  +  y −  + ( z − 2) =
2

 2  2 2
39. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 12 x = 0
(x − 3) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 16
2 2 2
33. ( x2 − 12 x + 36) + y 2 + z 2 = 36

34. (x − 4) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 1) = 25
2 2 2 (x − 6) + y 2 + z 2 = 0
2

(x − 6) + ( y − 0) + ( z − 0) = 36
2 2 2

Center: (6, 0, 0)
Radius: 6

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
468 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

40. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 y = 0
(
x 2 + y 2 − 8 y + 16 + z 2 = 16 )
(x − 0) + ( y − 4) + ( z − 0) = 16
2 2 2

Center: (0, 4, 0)
Radius: 4

41. x2 + y2 + z 2 + 4x − 2 y + 8z − 4 = 0
( x2 ) ( ) (
+ 4 x + 4 + y 2 − 2 y + 1 + z 2 + 8 z + 16 = 4 + 4 + 1 + 16 )
(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z + 4) = 25
2 2 2

Center: ( − 2, 1, − 4)
Radius: 5

42. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 6 z + 4 = 0
( ) (
x 2 + y 2 − 4 y + 4 + z 2 + 6 z + 9 = −4 + 4 + 9 )
(x − 0) + ( y − 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2

Center: (0, 2, − 3)
Radius: 3

43. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 − 4 x − 12 y − 8 z + 3 = 0
3
( x2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) + ( z 2 − 4 z + 4) = −
2
+1+9+ 4

25
(x − 1) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2)
2 2 2
=
2
Center: (1, 3, 2)

5 5 2
Radius: =
2 2

(x − 1) + ( y + 3) + ( z − 2) = 29
2 2 2
44. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 − 8 x + 16 y + 11 = 0 45.
x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2 x + 4 y + 11 = 0
4 To find the xy-trace, let z = 0.
(x 2
− 2 x + 1) + ( y + 4 y + 4) + z =
2 2
− 11
4
+1+ 4 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) + (0 − 2) = 29
2 2 2

(x − 1) + ( y + 2) + z 2 =
2 2 9
4 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) = 25
2 2

Center: (1, − 2, 0) z

3
Radius: 2
8

4
−6
−4

4
y
8
x

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 469

z
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) + ( z − 2) = 20
2 2 2
46.
8
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0.

(x + 1) + ( y + 2) + (0 − 2) = 20
2 2 2 4 −8
−4

(x + 1) + ( y + 2) = 16
2 2
4 4
x y

47. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0 z

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 4


2

x 2 + y 2 + (0) − 6 x − 10 y + 6(0) + 30 = 0
2
2
4

(x − 6 x + 9) + ( y − 10 y + 25) = −30 + 9 + 25
4 6
2 2 6 8
x
y

(x − 3) + ( y − 5) = 4
2 2

(x + 2) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 13
2 2 z
48. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 2 z − 60 = 0 50.
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 4

x 2 + y 2 + (0) − 4 y + 2(0) − 60 = 0
2
(0 + 2) + ( y − 3) + z = 13
2 2 2 −4 −4

x 2 + y 2 − 4 y = 60
(y − 3) + z 2 = 9
2
4 4
x
x + ( y − 4 y + 4) = 60 + 4
2 2 −4 y

x 2 + ( y − 2) = 64
2
z 51. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0
8 −12 To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.

(0) + y 2 + z 2 − 4(0) − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0
2
−8
4 4
12 y
x
( y2 − 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 12 + 4 + 9

(y − 2) + ( z − 3) = 25
2 2
49. x 2 + ( y − 4) + z 2 = 16
2 z
z

To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 4


−6 6
0 + ( y − 4) + z = 16
2 2 2 −4 2 −4
−2

(y − 4) + z 2 = 16
2 2 2
4 4
6 y
x

−6 4 4
x
y

52. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0
To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.

( 0) + y 2 + z 2 − 6(0) − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0
2

( y 2 − 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 + 6 z + 9) = −30 + 25 + 9

(y − 5) + ( z + 3) = 4
2 2

2 −4
−2

2 4
4 6
x
8
−4
y
−6

(0, 5, −3)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
470 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

z z
53. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 54. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 169
15
(a) To find the trace, let z = 3. (a) To find the trace, let x = 5.
4

x 2 + y 2 + 32 = 25 2 52 + y 2 + z 2 = 169
10
5 15
x 2 + y 2 = 16 y 2 + z 2 = 144 10
y
20
x 25
6 6
x y

(b) To find the trace, let y = 12. z


(b) To find the trace, let x = 4. z
9
8 x 2 + 122 + z 2 = 169
42 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 6
−9
2 2 x 2 + z 2 = 25 −6
y + z = 9 4 3
6
6 9
9 12
x −6
−9 y
4 4

x 8 8 y

55. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 9 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 2. (b) To find the trace, let y = 3.

22 + y 2 + z 2 − 4( 2) − 6 y + 9 = 0 x 2 + 32 + z 2 − 4 x − 6(3) + 9 = 0

( y2 − 6 y + 9) + z 2 = −9 − 4 + 8 + 9 ( x2 − 4 x + 4) + z 2 = −9 + 18 − 9 + 4

(y − 3) + z 2 = 22 ( x − 2)
2 2
+ z 2 = 22
z
z

8
8

4
4

4
4
8 8 y
x 8 8 y
x

56. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 6 z + 16 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 4. (b) To find the trace, let z = 3.
4 + y + z − 8( 4) − 6 z + 16 = 0
2 2 2
x 2 + y 2 + 32 − 8 x − 6(3) + 16 = 0
y 2 + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = −16 + 32 − 16 + 9 ( x2 − 8 x + 16) + y 2 = −9 + 18 − 16 + 16

y 2 + ( z − 3) = 9 (x − 4) + y 2 = 9
2 2

z
z

8
8
6
6
4
4

2
4 y 2
4 y
6
8 6
x 8
x

57. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ( 552 )
2
58. (a) (3, 3, 3)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 756.25 (b) (4, 4, 8)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 471

Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space

Skills Warm Up
1. 3x + 4 y = 12 3. −2 x + y = −2
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
3(0) + 4 y = 12 −2(0) + y = −2
y = 3 y = −2

y-intercept: (0, 3) y-intercept: (0, − 2)


Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
−2 x + 0 = −2
3x + 4(0) = 12
x =1
x = 4
x-intercept: (1, 0)
x-intercept: ( 4, 0)
4. 3 x − 2 y = 9
2. 6 x + y = −8
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. 3(0) − 2 y = 9
6(0) + y = −8 −2y = 9
y = −8 y = − 92
y-intercept: (0, − 8)
(
y-intercept: 0, − 92 )
Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
6 x + 0 = −8
3x − 2(0) = 9
4
x = − 3x = 9
3
x = 3
 4  x-intercept: (3, 0)
x-intercept:  − , 0
 3 
5. 18 x 2 + 18 y 2 + 18 z 2 = 18
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

6. 9 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 9 z 2 = 36
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4

1. x + y + z = 3 2. x + 2 y + z = 4
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
x = 3 x + 2(0) + 0 = 4
To find the y-intercept, z x = 4
(0, 0, 3)
let x = 0 and z = 0. 3 To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0.
y = 3 0 + 2y + 0 = 4
z
To find the z-intercept, 2y = 4
(0, 0, 4)
let x = 0 and y = 0. 3
3
y
y = 2
x
(0, 3, 0)
(3, 0, 0)
z = 3 To find the z-intercept,
let x = 0 and y = 0. 1
(0, 2, 0)
1
0 + 2(0) + z = 4 (4, 0, 0) 3 y
x
z = 4

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472 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

3. 4 x + 2 y + 6 z = 12 7. z = 8 z

10
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. Because the coefficients (0, 0, 8)

4 x = 12  x = 3 of x and y are zero, the only 6


z
intercept is the z-intercept 4
To find the y-intercept, of 8. The plane is parallel 2
let x = 0 and z = 0. to the xy-plane.
4 2 2
2 y = 12  y = 6 (0, 0, 2) 6
4 4
6
x y
To find the z-intercept, (3, 0, 0)
(0, 6, 0)
let x = 0 and y = 0. 4
6
y
8. x = 5
6 z = 12  z = 2 x
z
Because the coefficients
4. 3x + 6 y + 2 z = 6 of y and z are zero,
the only intercept is the 6
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. x-intercept. The plane is −8
−6
3x = 6  x = 2 parallel to the yz-plane.
z (5, 0, 0)
To find the y-intercept, (0, 0, 3) 8
6 6
y
3 10
let x = 0 and z = 0. x
−6

6y = 6  y = 1
9. x + y = 6
To find the z-intercept, (0, 1, 0)
(2, 0, 0) Note: There is no z-intercept since the plane is parallel to
let x = 0 and y = 0. 2 2 y
x 3
3
the z-axis. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
2z = 6  z = 3
x +0 = 6 z

5. 2 x − y + 3 z = 4 x = 6
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the y-intercept,
let x = 0.
2x = 4  x = 2 z 2

To find the y-intercept, 0+ y = 6


3
2 2
let x = 0 and z = 0.
(0, − 4, 0) y = 6 4 4
−4 2
( 4
0, 0, 3 ( x (6, 0, 0) (0, 6, 0) y

− y = 4  y = −4 −2
−1
To find the z-intercept,
1 1 10. x + 2 y = 4
let x = 0 and y = 0. (2, 0, 0)
y

3 Because the coefficient of z is zero, there is no


4
3z = 4  z = 3 x
4 −2
z-intercept. z

To find the x-intercept, 4


6. 5 x − 2 y + 4 z = 10 let y = 0.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. x = 4
5 x − 2(0) + 4(0) = 10 To find the y-intercept,
(0, 2, 0)
5 x = 10 let x = 0.
4 3 y
x = 2 2y = 4  y = 2 x (4, 0, 0)

To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0. The plane is parallel to the z-axis.
5(0) − 2 y + 4(0) = 10
11. x − 3 z = 3
− 2 y = 10
z Because the coefficient of y is zero, there is no
y = −5 y-intercept.
To find the z-intercept, 3
(0, −5, 0) (0, 0, 52 ( To find the x-intercept, let z = 0. z

let x = 0 and y = 0.
−3
x = 3 2

5(0) − 2(0) + 4 z = 10
1
−2 1 (0, 0, −1)
To find the z-intercept, (3, 0, 0)
4 z = 10 (2, 0, 0) 1 1 let x = 0. x
1
1
2
y 4 3
−1
5 4
z = 2 x
3 −3 z = 3  z = −1 y

The plane is parallel to the y-axis.

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Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 473

12. 5 y − 3 z = 15 17. For the first plane, x + 3 y + z = 7, a1 = 1, b1 = 3,


Note: There is no x-intercept since the plane is parallel to and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 1,
the x-axis. To find the y-intercept, let z = 0. b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel
5 y − 3(0) = 15 because a1 = a2 and b1 ≠ b2 . The planes are not
z
perpendicular because
5 y = 15 4

2 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(1) + (3)(0) + (1)( −5)


y = 3 −2 −2
2 (0, 3, 0) =1−5
To find the z-intercept, 4
−2
2

let y = 0. x
4
y = −4 ≠ 0.
−4

5(0) − 3 z = 15 −6
(0, 0, −5) 18. For the first plane, 2 x − z = 1, a1 = 2, b1 = 0, and
− 3 z = 15 c1 = −1. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5, a2 = 4,
z = −15 b2 = 1, and c2 = 8. So you have
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)( 4) + (0)(1) + ( −1)(8)
13. For the first plane, 5 x − 3 y + z = 4, a1 = 5, b1 = −3,
= 8−8
and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x + 4 y + 7 z = 1,
= 0.
a2 = 1, b2 = 4, and c2 = 7. So you have
The planes are perpendicular.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (5)(1) + ( −3)( 4) + (1)(7)
19. For the first plane, x + 2 y = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, and
= 5 − 12 + 7
c1 = 0. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5, a2 = 4,
= 0.
b2 = 8, and c2 = 0. So you have a2 = 4a1 , b2 = 4b1 ,
The planes are perpendicular.
and c2 = 4c1. The planes are parallel.
14. For the first plane, 3x + y − 4 z = 3, a1 = 3, b1 = 1,
20. For the first plane, 2 x + y = 3, a1 = 2, b1 = 1, and
and c1 = −4. For the second plane,
c1 = 0. For the second plane, 3 x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 3,
−9 x − 3 y + 12 z = 4, a2 = −9, b2 = −3, and
b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel
c2 = 12. So you have a2 = −3a1 , b2 = −3b1 , and
because 3a1 = 2a2 and 3b1 ≠ 2b2 . The planes are not
c2 = −3c1.
perpendicular because
The planes are parallel.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)(3) + (1)(0) + (0)( −5)
15. For the first plane, x − 5 y − z = 1, a1 = 1, b1 = −5, = 6 ≠ 0.
and c1 = −1. For the second plane,
21. For the first plane, x = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and c1 = 0.
5 x − 25 y − 5 z = −3, a2 = 5, b2 = −25, and
For the second plane, z = −1, a2 = 0, b2 = 0, and
c2 = −5. So you have a2 = 5a1 , b2 = 5b1 , and
c2 = 1. So you have
c2 = 5c1.
The planes are parallel. a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(0) + (0)(1)
= 0.
16. For the first plane, x + 3 y − 2 z = 6, a1 = 1, b1 = 3,
The planes are perpendicular.
and c1 = − 2. For the second plane,
− 2 x − 6 y + 4 z = −12, a 2 = − 2, b 2 = − 6, and 22. For the first plane, x = −2, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and
c 2 = 4. The planes are parallel because a 2 = − 2a1 c1 = 0. For the second plane, y = 4, a2 = 0, b2 = 1,
and c2 = 0. So you have
and b 2 = − 2b1 , and c 2 = − 2c1.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (0)(0) = 0.
The planes are perpendicular.

x2 y2 z2
23. + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
9 16 9
Matches graph (c).

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474 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

24. 15 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 15 z 2 = −4 is a hyperboloid of two 26. y 2 = 4 x 2 + 9 z 2 is an elliptic cone.


sheets. Matches graph (b).
Matches graph (e).
27. 4 x 2 − 4 y + z 2 = 0 is an elliptic paraboloid.
2 2 2
25. 4 x − y + 4 z = 4 is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
Matches graph (d).
Matches graph (f ).
28. 4 x 2 − y 2 + 4 z = 0 is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
Matches graph (a).

29. z = x 2 − y 2

(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): 0 = x2 − y 2


±x = y Lines
(b) Trace in plane x = 3: z = 9 − y2 Parabola

(c) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z = x2 Parabola


The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid.

30. y = x 2 + z 2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y = x2 Parabola

(b) Trace in plane y = 1: x2 + z 2 = 1 Circle

(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y = z2 Parabola


The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.

x2
31. + y2 + z2 = 1
4
x2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): + y2 = 1 Ellipse
4
x2
(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): + z2 = 1 Ellipse
4
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle
The graph is an ellipsoid.

32. y 2 + z 2 − x 2 = 1
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola

(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola

(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle


The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.

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Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 475

x2 y2
33. z 2 − − =1
3 8
x2
(a) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − =1 Hyperbola
3

(2)
2
y2
(b) Trace in plane x = 2: z 2 − − =1
3 8
4 y2
z2 − − =1
3 8
y2 7
z2 − =
8 3
z2 y2
− =1 Hyperbola
7 56
3 3
x2 y2
(− 4)
2
(c) Trace in plane z = 4: − − =1
3 8
x2 y2
16 − − =1
3 8
x2 y2
− − = −15
3 8
x2 y2
+ =1 Ellipse
45 120
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.

z2
34. y 2 + − x2 = 0
4
z2
(a) Trace in plane y = −1: − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
4
(b) Trace in plane z = 4: x2 − y 2 = 1 Hyperbola
2
z
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + = 0 Point
4
The graph is an elliptic cone.

y2 y2
35. The graph of x 2 + + z 2 = 1 is an ellipsoid. 39. z 2 = x 2 + +1
4 64
z2 x2 y2
x2 Standard form: − − =1
36. z = y 2 − 1 1 64
9
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
x2
Standard form: z = y 2 −
9 40. 4 y = x 2 + z 2
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid. x2 z2
Standard form: y = +
4 4
x2 y2
37. z = + The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
36 49
2 2
x y 41. x 2 − y 2 + z = 0
Standard form: z = +
36 49
Standard form: z = y 2 − x 2
The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
x2 y2 z2
38. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
9 16 16

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476 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

42. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 8 z 2 = 72 46. 4 z = 16 x 2 + 8 y 2
x2 y2 z2 z = 4x2 + 2 y2
Standard form: + − =1
8 18 9 x2 y2
z = +
The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet. 1 1
4 2
43. 2 x 2 − y 2 + 2 z 2 = −4
x2 y2
x2 y2 z2 Standard form: z = +
Standard form: − + − =1 1 1
2 4 2 4 2
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets. The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.

44. 3z = − y 2 + x 2 47. 25 x 2 + 25 y 2 − z 2 = 5
x2 y2 x2 y2 z2
Standard form: z = − Standard form: + − =1
3 3 15 15 5
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid. The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.

45. z 2 = 9 x 2 + y 2 48. z 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2
y2 z2 x2 y2
Standard form: x 2 + − = 0 Standard form: + − z2 = 0
9 9 12 12
The graph is an elliptic cone.
The graph is an elliptic cone.

x2 y2 z2
49. 2
+ 2
+ =1
6378 6378 6357 2

50. (a) You are viewing the paraboloid from the x-axis: ( 20, 0, 0)

(b) You are viewing the paraboloid from above, but not on the z-axis: (10, 10, 20)

(c) You are viewing the paraboloid from the z-axis: (0, 0, 20)

(d) You are viewing the paraboloid from the y-axis: (0, 20, 0)

51. − 0.31x + 0.069 y + z = 6


z = 0.31x − 0.069 y + 6
(a)
Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
x 38.3 37.2 38.8 41.3 44.4 46.5
y 24.3 25.2 26.3 28.3 28.4 28.7
z (actual) 19.4 18.8 19.2 20.4 21.2 22.3
z (model) 19.3 18.8 19.4 20.4 21.4 22.2

The approximated values of z are very close to the actual values.


(b) According to the model, increases in expenditures of recreation types y and z will correspond to an increase in
expenditures of recreation type x.

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Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 477

Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables

Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 5 − 2 x, x = −3 1 2
6. g ( x) = −
2x x+3
f ( −3) = 5 − 2( −3) = 11
Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
2. f ( x) = − x + 4 x + 5, x = −3
2

7. h( y ) = y −5
f ( −3) = −( −3) + 4( −3) + 5 = −16
2

Domain: [5, ∞ )

3. y = 4 x 2 − 3x + 4, x = −3
8. f ( y ) = y2 − 1
4( −3) − 3( −3) + 4 =
2
y = 49 = 7
Domain: ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
3
4. y = 34 − 4 x + 2 x 2 , x = −3
9. ( 476)
0.65
≈ 55.0104
3
34 − 4( −3) + 2( −3)
2
y = 3
= 64 = 4
10. ( 251)
0.35
≈ 6.9165
5. f ( x) = 5 x + 3 x − 2
2

Domain: ( −∞, ∞)

1. f ( x, y ) = 2 x − y + 3 3. f ( x, y ) = xe y
(a) f (0, 2) = 2(0) − 2 + 3 = 1 (a) f (5, 0) = 5e0 = 5
(b) f ( −1, 0) = 2( −1) − 0 + 3 = 1 (b) f (3, 2) = 3e2
(c) f (5, 30) = 2(5) − 30 + 3 = −17 2
(c) f ( 2, −1) = 2e −1 =
(d) f (3, y ) = 2(3) − y + 3 = 9 − y e
(d) f ( 4, y ) = 4e y
(e) f ( x, 4) = 2 x − 4 + 3 = 2 x − 1

(f ) f (5, t ) = 2(5) − t + 3 = 13 − t (e) f ( x, ln 6) = xeln 6 = 6 x

(f ) f (t , t ) = tet
2. f ( x, y ) = 4 − x − 4 y
2 2

4. g ( x, y ) = ln x + y
(a) f (0, 0) = 4 − 02 − 4(0) = 4
2

(a) g ( 2, 3) = ln 2 + 3 = ln 5
(b) f (0, 1) = 4 − 02 − 4(1) = 0
2

(b) g (5, 6) = ln 5 + 6 = ln 11
(c) f ( 2, 3) = 4 − 22 − 4(3) = −36
2

(c) g (e, 0) = ln e + 0 = ln e = 1
(d) f (1, y ) = 4 − 12 − 4 y 2 = 3 − 4 y 2
(d) g (0, 1) = ln 0 + 1 = ln 1 = 0
(e) f ( x, 0) = 4 − x 2 − 4(0) = 4 − x 2
2
(e) g ( 2, − 3) = ln 2 + ( −3) = ln 1 = 0
(f ) f (t , 1) = 4 − t 2 − 4(1) = −t 2
2
(f ) g (e, e) = ln e + e = ln ( 2e) = 1 + ln 2

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478 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

5. h( x, y, z ) =
xy 7. V ( r , h) = π r 2 h
z
(a) V (3, 10) = π (3) (10) = 90π
2

(a) h( 2, 3, 9) =
(2)(3) = 2
(b) V (5, 2) = π (5) ( 2) = 50π
2
9 3

(b) h(1, 0, 1) =
(1)(0) = 0 n
1  r 
8. F ( r , n) = 5001 + 
 12 
y + z 60
6. f ( x, y, z ) =  0.09 
x (a) F (0.09, 60) = 5001 +  ≈ 782.84
 12 
5+ 4
(a) f (1, 5, 4) =
240
= 3  0.14 
1 (b) F (0.14, 240) = 5001 +  ≈ 8090.14
 12 
8 + ( −3) 5
(b) f (6, 8, − 3) = =
6 6

 r 
12 t
 12 
9. A( P, r , t ) = P 1 +  − 1 1 + 
 12    r 

 0.10 
120
 12 
(a) A(100, 0.10, 10) = 100 1 +  − 1 1 +  = $20,655.20
 12    0.10 

 0.0925 
480
 12 
(b) A( 275, 0.0925, 40) = 2751 +  − 1 1 +  = $1,397,672.67
 12    0.0925 

10. A( P, r , t ) = Pe rt

(a) A(500, 0.10, 5) = 500e(0.10)(5) = 500e0.5 ≈ 824.36

(b) A(1500, 0.12, 20) = 1500e(0.12)(20) = 1500e2.4 ≈ 16,534.76

y y 1
11. f ( x, y ) =  x (2t − 3) dt 12. g ( x, y ) = x dt
t
2
(a) f (1, 2) =  1 (2t − 3) dt 11 1
(a) g ( 4, 1) = 4 t dt = ln t  4 = ln 1 − ln 4 = −ln 4
2
= t 2 − 3t 
1 3 1
(b) g (6, 3) = 6 dt
= ( −2) − ( −2) = 0 t
4 3
(b) f (1, 4) = = ln t  6
 1 (2t − 3) dt
4 = ln 3 − ln 6
= t 2 − 3t 
1 1
= ln
= 4 − ( −2) = 6 2
= −ln 2

13. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 y

(a) f ( x + Δx, y ) = ( x + Δx) − 2 y = x 2 + 2 x Δx + ( Δx) − 2 y


2 2

f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y )  x 2 − 2( y + Δy ) − ( x 2 − 2 y ) x 2 − 2 y − 2 Δy − x 2 + 2 y 2 Δy
(b) =  = = − = −2, Δy ≠ 0
Δy Δy Δy Δy

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 479

14. f ( x, y ) = 3 xy + y 2

(a) f ( x + Δx, y ) = 3( x + Δx) y + y 2

3x( y + Δy ) + ( y + Δy )2  − (3 xy + y 2 )
f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y )
(b) =  
Δy Δy
3 xy + 3 x Δy + y 2 + 2 y Δy + ( Δy ) − 3xy − y 2
2
=
Δy
3 x Δy + 2 y Δy + ( Δy )
2
= = 3 x + 2 y + Δy, Δy ≠ 0
Δy

15. f ( x, y ) = 16 − x 2 − y 2 23. z = 9 − 3x 2 − y 2
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the The domain is the set of all points inside and on the
circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 because 16 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. ellipse 3x 2 + y 2 = 9 because 9 − 3 x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0.
The range is [0, 4]. The range is [0, 3].

16. z = 4 − x2 − y 2 24. z = 4 − x2 − 4 y2
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the The domain is the set of all points inside or on the
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − 4 y 2 ≥ 0.
The range is [0, 2]. The range is [0, 4].

17. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 y
25. z =
x
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane.
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
The range is [0, ∞).
above or below the y-axis because x ≠ 0. The range
is ( −∞, ∞).
18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. x
26. f ( x, y ) =
The range is [−1, ∞). y
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
19. f ( x, y ) = e x y
above or below the x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range
The domain is the set of all points above or below the is ( −∞, ∞).
x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range is (0, ∞).
1
27. f ( x, y ) =
20. f ( x, y ) = e xy xy

The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
The range is (0, ∞). except those on the x-axis and y-axis because
x ≠ y ≠ 0. The range is all z ≠ 0, or
21. g ( x, y ) = ln (5 − x − y ) (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
The domain is the half-plane below the line
y = − x + 5 because 5 − x − y > 0. 1
28. g ( x, y ) =
The range is ( −∞, ∞). x − y
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( 2 x + 3 y ) except those on the line y = x because x ≠ y.
The range is all z ≠ 0, or ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
The domain is the half-plane above the line y = − 23 x
because 2 x + 3 y > 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞).

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
480 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

29. h( x, y ) = x y 36. c = 0, 0 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 6
c = 2, 2 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 4
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane such
that y ≥ 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞). c = 4, 4 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 2
c = 6, 6 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 0
30. f ( x, y ) = xy c = 8, 8 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −2

The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane that c = 10, 10 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −4
lie in the first quadrant and the third quadrant, as well The level curves are parallel lines.
as the x-axis and y-axis because xy ≥ 0. The range y

is [0, ∞). 3

y2
31. f ( x, y ) = x 2 +
4 x
−2 c=0
The contour map consists of ellipses c=2
c = 10 c=4
y2 c=6
x2 + = C. c=8
4
Matches (b).
37. c = 0, 0 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 25
1− x 2 + y 2
32. f ( x, y ) = e 1= 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 24
c = 1,
2 + y2
The contour map consists of curves e1− x = C, c = 2, 2 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 21
or 1 − x 2 + y 2 = ln C , which are hyperbolas. c = 3, 3 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 16
Matches (d).
c = 4, 4 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 9
1− x 2 − y 2
33. f ( x, y ) = e c = 5, 5 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 0

The contour map consists of curves e1− x


2 − y2
= C , or The level curves are circles.
y

1 − x 2 − y 2 = ln C  x 2 + y 2 = 1 − ln C , circles. c=0

Matches (a). c=1


2
1
34. f ( x, y ) = ln y − x 2 c=5
x
−2 −1 1 2
c=4
−2
The contour map consists of curves ln y − x 2 = C , or
c=2
c=3
y − x 2 = eC  y = x 2 + eC , which are parabolas.
Matches (c).

35. c = −1, −1 = x + y, y = −x − 1
c = 0, 0 = x + y, y = −x
c = 2, 2 = x + y, y = −x + 2
c = 4, 4 = x + y, y = −x + 4
The level curves are parallel lines.
y

x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1

c = −1 c=0 c=2 c=4

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 481

38. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4 y 3 39. c = ±1, xy = ±1


c = ±2, xy = ±2
c = 0, 0 = x2 + 4 y 2 , point: (0, 0)
c = ±3, xy = ±3
2 2
x y c = ±4, xy = ±4
c = 2, 2 = x2 + 4 y 2 → + =1
2 1 c = ±5, xy = ±5
2
c = ±6, xy = ±6
2 x2 2
c = 4, 4 = x + 4y → + y2 = 1 The level curves are hyperbolas.
4
c=1
y c=2
2 x2 y2 2
c=3
c = 6, 6 = x + 4y → + =1 c=4
6 2 c=5
c=6
3
1
x2 y2
c = 8, 8 = x2 + 4 y2 → + =1 −1 1
x
8 2 −1

The level curves are ellipses and a single point


c = −6
(degenerate ellipse). c = −5
c = −4
y c = −3
c = −1 c = −2
c=0
3
c=2
2 c=4
c=6
c=8

x
−3 3

−2

−3

40. c = 1: 1 = e − xy , 0 = xy
ln 2
c = 2: 2 = e − xy , ln 2 = − xy → y = −
x
ln 3
c = 3: 3 = e − xy , ln 3 = − xy → y = −
x
ln 4
c = 4: 4 = e − xy , ln 4 = − xy → y = −
x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 2
c = : = e − xy , ln = − xy → y = − 2 → y =
2 2 2 x x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 3
c = : = e− xy , ln = − xy → y = − 3 → y =
3 3 3 x x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 4
c = : = e− xy , ln = − xy → y = − 4 → y =
4 4 4 x x
The level curves are hyperbolas.
y

c=4
c=3
c=2
1
c=1
x
−1 1
−1 c=1
4
1
c=3

c=1
2

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
482 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

1 1 x 43. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.8 y 0.2


( x − 1)
2
41. c = , = 2 , + y2 = 1
2 2 x + y2
f (1000, 2000) = 100(1000) (2000)
0.75 0.25

1 1 x
( x + 1)
2 2
c = − , − = 2 , + y =1 ≈ 114,870 units
2 2 x + y2
2
x  1 2 1 44. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.75 y 0.25
c = 1, 1 = , x −  + y =
x2 + y 2  2 4
f (1500, 1000) = 100(1500) (1000)
0.75 0.25
2
x  1 2 1
c = −1, −1 = , x +  + y = ≈ 135,540 units
x2 + y2  2 4

3 3 x  1 2 1
2
45. f ( x, y ) = Cx a y1 − a
c = , = 2 , x −  + y =
2 2 x + y2  3 9 1− a
f ( 2 x, 2 y ) = C ( 2 x ) ( 2 y )
a

2
3 3 x  1 1 = C 2a x a 21 − a y 1 − a
c = − , − = 2 , 2
x +  + y =
2 2 x + y2  3 9
= 2a 2 1 − aCx a y 1 − a
2
x  1 2 1 = 2Cx a y 1 − a
c = 2, 2 = , x −  + y =
x2 + y2  4 16
= 2 f ( x, y )
2
x  1 2 1
c = − 2, −2 = , x +  + y =
x2 + y 2  4 16 46. z = Cx a y1 − y
The level curves are circles. ln z = ln (Cx a y1 − a )
y
ln z = ln C + ln x a + ln y1 − a
c= −1
2 2
c= 1
ln z = ln C + a ln x + (1 − a ) ln y
c = −1 2 c=1
ln z = ln C + a ln x + ln y − a ln y
−2 2
x ln z − ln y = ln C + a ln x − a ln y
c= 3
2
ln z − ln y = ln C + a(ln x − ln y )
c = − 23 c=2
−2 z x
c = −2 ln = ln C + a ln
y y
42. c = 0, ln ( x − y ) = 0, x− y =1

c = 1,
2
ln ( x − y ) = 1,
2
x − y = e1 2

c = − 12 , ln ( x − y ) = − 12 , x − y = e −1 2

c = 1, ln ( x − y ) = 1, x − y = e

c = −1, ln ( x − y ) = −1, x − y = e−1

c = 3,
2
ln ( x − y ) = 3,
2
x − y = e3 2

c = − 32 , ln ( x − y ) = − 32 , x − y = e −3 2

c = 2, ln ( x − y ) = 2, x − y = e2

c = −2, ln ( x − y ) = −2, x − y = e −2
The level curves are lines.
y
c=0
c = −2
x
6
c = − 32
c = −1
c = 12
c = − 12
c=1
−4
c = 32
−6 c=2

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 483

( ) (
47. P( x 1, x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − C1 ( x 1 ) − C 2 ( x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − 0.02 x 12 + 4 x1 + 500 − 0.05 x 22 + 4 x2 + 275 )
(a) P ( 250, 150) = 50( 250 + 150) − 0.02( 250) + 4( 250) + 500 − 0.05(150) + 4(150) + 275 = $15,250
2 2
   

(b) P (300, 200) = 50(300 + 200) − 0.02(300) + 4(300) + 500 − 0.05( 200) + 4( 200) + 275 = $18,425
2 2
   

(c) P (600, 400) = 50(600 + 400) − 0.02(600) + 4(600) + 500 − 0.05( 400) + 4( 400) + 275 = $30,025
2 2
   

1 1 + 0.10(1 − R ) 
10
48. w( x, y ) = 49. V ( I , R ) = 2000 
x − y 
 1+ I 
1 1
(a) W (15, 10) = hr = hr = 12 min
15 − 10 5 I
0 0.03 0.05
R
1 1
(b) W (12, 9) = hr = hr = 20 min 0 $5187.48 $3859.98 $3184.67
12 − 9 3
1 1 0.28 $4008.46 $2982.67 $2460.85
(c) W (12, 6) = hr = hr = 10 min
12 − 6 6 0.35 $3754.27 $2793.53 $2304.80
1 1
(d) W ( 4, 2) = hr = hr = 30 min
4−2 2

50. A( r , t ) = 5000e rt

Number of Years
Rate 5 10 15 20 25
0.02 $5525.85 $6107.01 $6749.29 $7459.12 $8243.61
0.03 $5809.17 $6749.29 $7841.56 $9110.59 $10,585.00
0.04 $6107.01 $7459.12 $9110.59 $11,127.70 $13,591.41
0.05 $6420.13 $8243.61 $10,585.00 $13,591.41 $17,451.71
0.06 $6749.29 $9110.59 $12,298.02 $16,600,58 $22,408.45

51. (a) C, highest pressure 53. z = 0.105 x + 0.339 y + 257


(b) A, lowest pressure (a) z = 0.105(1000) + 0.339(500) + 257
(c) B, highest wind velocity = 105 + 169.5 + 257
52. (a) No, the level curves are uneven and sporadically = $531.5 million
spaced.
(b) The y-variable
(b) Answers will vary.
Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The
y-variable has a greater influence on shareholders’
equity because the value of its coefficient is greater
than that of the coefficient of the x-term.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
484 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

P ⋅ r P ⋅ r
   
54. M =  12  55. M =  12 
12t 12t
 1   1 
1−   1−  
1 + ( r 12)  1 + ( r 12) 
 16,000 ⋅ 0.05  120,000(0.08) 
 
(a) M =  12  ≈ $479.53  
(12 ⋅ 3)  12 
 1  (a) M = 12( 20)
= $1003.73
1−    1 
1 + (0.05 12)  1−  
1 + ( 0.08 12) 
Total paid for $16,000 loan = 479.53 × 36
$1003.73 × 240 payments = $240,895.20
= $17,263.08
120,000(0.07) 
 16,000 ⋅ 0.035   
   12 
(b) M =  12  ≈ $357.70 (b) M = = $798.36
12(30)
(12 ⋅ 4)  
 1  1
1−   1−  
1 + (0.035 12)  1 + (0.07 12) 

Total paid for $16,000 loan = 357.70 × 48 $798.36 × 360 payments = $287,409.60
= $17,169.60 120,000(0.07) 
 
Answers may vary. Sample Answer: Option B, since the  12 
(c) M = 12(15)
= $1078.59
monthly payment is lower and the total paid back is  
1
lower; however, the borrower is responsible for making 1−  
payments for an additional 12 months. 1 + (0.07 12) 
$1078.59 × 180 payments = $194,146.20
Choices will vary, as well as explanations.

Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives

Skills Warm Up

1. f ( x) = 6 x 2 − 9 x + 4 3. g (t ) = tet
3 +1

f ′( x) = 12 x − 9 = 3( 4 x − 3) g ′(t ) = tet
3 +1
(3t 2 ) + et + 1(1)
3

2. g ( x ) = (3 − x 2 )
3 3 +1 3 +1
= 3t 3et + et

g ′( x ) = 3(3 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) = −6 x(3 − x 2 )
2 2 = et
3 +1
(3t 3 + 1)

4. f ( x) = e 2 x 1 − e 2 x
1
f ′( x) = e 2 x  (1 − e 2 x ) ( −e 2 x )( 2) +
−1 2
1 − e 2 x e 2 x ( 2)
 2
e 2 x ( −e 2 x ) e2 x e2 x
=
1 − e2 x
+ 2e2 x 1 − e 2 x =
1 − e2 x
( −e 2x
)
+ 2(1 − e 2 x ) =
1 − e2 x
(2 − 3e2 x )

5. f ( x) = ln (3 − 2 x) 6. u (t ) = ln t 3 − 6t
−2 1 1 3
f ′( x) =
 (t − 6t ) (3t − 6)
−1 2
u′(t ) = 2
3 − 2x t − 6t  2 
3

3(t 2 − 2)
=
2t (t 2 − 6)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 485

Skills Warm Up —continued—


5x2
7. g ( x ) =
(4 x − 1)
2

(4 x − 1) (10 x ) − 5 x 2 ( 2)( 4 x − 1)( 4) (4 x − 1)10 x − 40 x 2


2
10 x
g ′( x ) = = = −
(4 x − 1) (4 x − 1) (4 x − 1)
4 3 3

(x + 2)
3
8. f ( x) =
( x2 − 9)
2

( x2 − 9) (3)( x + 2) − ( x + 2) ( 2)( x 2 − 9)( 2 x)


2 2 3

f ′( x) =
( x2 − 9)
4

3( x + 2) ( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2) (x + 2) 3( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2) ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 8 x + 27)


2 3 2 2

= = = −
( x2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9)
3 3 3

9. f ( x) = x 2e x − 2

f ′( x) = x 2e x − 2 + e x − 2 ( 2 x) = x 2e x − 2 + 2 xe x − 2 = xe x − 2 ( x + 2)

At ( 2, 4), f ′( 2) = ( 2)e2 − 2 ( 2 + 2) = 2 ⋅ e0 ⋅ 4 = 8.

x 2 − x + 2 = x ( x 2 − x + 2)
12
10. g ( x) = x

1
g ′( x) = x ( x 2 − x + 2) ( 2 x − 1) + ( x 2 − x + 2) (1)
−1 2 12

 2
x( 2 x − 1)
+ ( x 2 − x + 2)
12
=
2( x − x + 2)
12
2

2 x2 − x + 2 x2 − 2 x + 4
=
2( x 2 − x + 2)
12

4 x 2 − 3x + 4
=
2( x 2 − x + 2)
12

4( 2) − 3( 2) + 4
2
14 7
At ( 2, 4), g ′( 2) = = = .
2( 2 − 2 + 2)
12
2 4 2

1. z = 3 x + 5 y − 1 3. z = 6 x − x 2 y + 8 y 2
∂z ∂z
= 3 = 6 − 2 xy
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= 5 = − x 2 + 16 y
∂y ∂y

2. z = x 2 − 2 y 4. z = 4 xy 2 − x 2 y 3 + 7
∂z
= 2x ∂z
∂x = 4 y 2 − 2 xy 3
∂x
∂z
= −2 ∂z
∂y = 8 xy − 3x 2 y 2
∂y

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
486 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

5. h( x, y ) = e
(
− x2 + y 2 ) 13. f ( x, y ) =
x4 y
3y + 2
hx ( x, y ) = −2 xe
(
− x2 + y2 ) 4 x3 y
f x ( x, y ) =
hy ( x, y ) = −2 ye
(
− x2 + y2 ) 3y + 2

(3 y + 2)( x 4 ) − ( x 4 y )(3)
6. g ( x, y ) = e x y f y ( x, y ) =
(3 y + 2)
3

1 xy
g x ( x, y ) = e 3x 4 y + 2 x 4 − 3x 4 y
y =
(3 y + 2)
2
x
g y ( x, y ) = − 2 e x y
y 2 x4
=
(3 y + 2)
2

7. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2
1 2 x xy
( x + y 2 ) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
f x ( x, y ) = 14. f ( x, y ) =
2 2
x + y 2 x2 + y 2
1 y ∂z
f y ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y ) =
−1 2
= y
2 2 2 ∂x
x + y
∂z 1 x
= xy −1 2 =
∂y 2 2 y
2 x3 + 5 y = (2 x3 + 5 y )
13
8. z = 3

∂z 1 2x2 15. z = f ( x, y ) = 3 x + 2 y
= ( 2 x 3 + 5 y ) (6 x 2 ) =
−4 3

(2 x3 + 5 y )
43
∂x 3 ∂z 3( x + Δ x) + 2 y − (3 x + 2 y )
= f x ( x, y ) = lim
∂z 1 5 ∂x Δx → 0 Δx
= ( 2 x3 + 5 y ) (5) =
−4 3

3( 2 x + 5 y ) 3 + 3Δ x + 2 y − 3 x − 2 y
43
∂y 3 3
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
9. z = y 2e 2 xy 3Δ x
= lim
∂z Δx → 0 Δx
= y 2e 2 xy ( 2 y ) = 2 y 3e 2 xy
∂x = 3
∂z
= y 2e 2 xy ( 2 x) + e 2 xy ( 2 y ) = 2 xy 2e2 xy + 2 ye 2 xy z = f ( x, y ) + 3 x + 2 y
∂y
∂z 3 x + 2( y + Δy ) − (3x + 2 y )
= 2 ye 2 xy ( xy + 1) = f y ( x, y ) = lim
∂y Δy → 0 Δy
10. z = xe x + y 3 + 2 y + 2Δy − 3 x − 2 y
= lim
∂z Δy → 0 Δy
= xe x + y + e x + y = ( x + 1)e x + y
∂x 2Δy
= lim
∂z Δy → 0 Δy
= xe x + y
∂y = 2

(
11. g ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2 )
2x
g x ( x, y ) = 2
x + y2
2y
g y ( x, y ) = 2
x + y2

x + y
12. z = ln = ln ( x + y ) − ln ( x − y )
x − y
∂z 1 1 2y
= − = − 2
∂x x + y x − y x − y2
∂z 1 1 2x
= + = 2
∂y x + y x − y x − y2

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 487

16. z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2

∂z ( x + Δ x) − 2( x + Δ x) y + y 2 − ( x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 )
2

= f x ( x, y ) = lim
∂x Δx → 0 Δx
x 2 + 2 xΔ x + Δ x 2 − 2 xy − 2Δ xy + y 2 − x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
2 xΔ x + Δ x 2 − 2Δ xy
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
Δ x( 2 x + Δ x − 2 y )
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
= lim ( 2 x + Δ x − 2 y )
Δx → 0

= 2x − 2 y

z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2

x 2 − 2 x( y + Δy ) + ( y + Δy ) − ( x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 )
2
∂z
= f y ( x, y ) = lim
∂y Δy → 0 Δy
x 2 − 2 xy − 2 xΔy + y 2 + 2 yΔy + Δy 2 − x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
− 2 xΔy + 2 yΔy + Δy 2
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
Δy ( − 2 x + 2 y + Δy )
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
= lim ( − 2 x + 2 y + Δy )
Δy → 0

= − 2x + 2 y

17. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + xy − y 2 18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 3 xy + y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x + y, f x ( 2, 1) = 13 f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y, f x (1, −1) = 5
f y ( x, y ) = x − 2 y, f y ( 2, 1) = 0 f y ( x, y ) = − 3 x + 2 y, f y (1, −1) = − 5

19. f ( x, y ) = e x y 2

f x ( x, y ) = e x y 2 , f x (ln 3, 2) = e ln 3 ( 2) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12
2

f y ( x, y ) = 2e x y, f y (ln 3, 2) = 2eln 3 ( 2) = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12

20. f ( x, y ) = 3e xy

f x ( x, y ) = 3e xy ⋅ y = 3 ye xy , f x (1, ln 5) = 3(ln 5)e1⋅ ln 5 = 3 ln 5(ln 5) = 3(ln 5)


2

f y ( x, y ) = 3e xy ⋅ x = 3 xe xy , f y (1, ln 5) = 3(1)e1⋅ ln 5 = 3(ln 5) = 3 ln 5

21. f ( x, y ) = ln (3 x + 5 y ) 1 1
22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( xy )
12
= ln x + ln y
3 2 2
f x ( x, y ) = , f x (1, 0) = 1 1 1
3x + 5 y f x ( x, y ) = , f x ( −1, −1) = −
2x 2
5 5
f y ( x, y ) = , f y (1, 0) = 1 1
3x + 5 y 3 f y ( x, y ) = , f y ( −1, −1) = −
2y 2

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488 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

xy
23. f ( x, y ) =
x − y

f x ( x, y ) =
(x − y ) y − xy(1)
= −
y2
, f x ( 2, − 2) = −
1
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
4

f y ( x, y ) =
(x − y ) x − xy( −1)
=
x2
, f y ( 2, − 2) =
1
(x − y) (x − y)
2 2
4

4 xy
24. f ( x, y ) =
x2 + y 2
1
x 2 + y 2 ( 4 y ) − 4 xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 x)
−1 2

f x ( x, y ) =  2 ( x2 + y 2 )(4 x) − 4 x2 y = 4 y3 , f 1, 0 = 0
= x( )
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
32 32
x2 + y 2

1
x 2 + y 2 ( 4 x) − 4 xy  ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y )
−1 2

f y ( x, y ) =
2
  ( x2 + y 2 )(4 x) − 4 xy 2 = 4 x3 , f 1, 0 = 4
= y( )
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
2 2 32 32
x + y

∂z ∂z 2z
25. (a) = y (1, 2, 2) = 2 31. w =
∂x ∂x x + y

(b)
∂z
= x
∂z
(1, 2, 2) = 1 wx =
(x + y )(0) − 2 z (1)
= −
2z
∂y ∂y ( x + y)
2
(x + y)
2

∂z x ∂z 3 ( x + y )(0) − 2 z(1) 2z
26. (a) = − (3, 0, 4) = − wy = = −
( x + y) ( x + y)
2 2
∂x 25 − x − y 2 2 ∂x 4
∂z y ∂z 2
(b) = − (3, 0, 4) = 0 wz =
∂y ∂y x+ y
25 − x 2 − y 2
xy
∂z ∂z 32. w =
27. (a) = −2 x (1, 1, 2) = −2 x + y + z
∂x ∂x

(b)
∂z
= −2 y
∂z
(1, 1, 2) = −2 wx =
(x + y + z ) y − xy (1)
=
y 2 + yz
∂y ∂y
(x + y + z) (x + y + z)
2 2

∂z ∂z (x + y + z ) x − xy (1) x 2 + xz
28. (a) = 2x (−2, 1, 3) = −4 wy = =
∂x ∂x (x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2

∂z ∂z (x + y + z )(0) − xy(1)
(b) = −2 y ( −2, 1, 3) = −2 wz = = −
xy
∂y ∂y
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2

29. w = xy 2 z 4 + 9 xy − z
33. w = 2 xz 2 + 3xyz − 6 y 2 z
2 4
wx = y z + 9 y
wx = 2 z 2 + 3 yz , wx (1, −1, 2) = 2
wy = 2 xyz 4 + 9 x
wy = 3 xz − 12 yz , wy (1, −1, 2) = 30
wz = 4 xy 2 z 3 − 1
wz = 4 xz + 3 xy − 6 y 2 , wz (1, −1, 2) = −1

30. w = x3 yz 2 + xy − 4 yz
34. w = 3 x 2 y − 5 xyz + 10 yz 2
wx = 3x 2 yz 2 + y
wx = 6 xy − 5 yz , wx (3, 4, − 2) = 112
wy = x 3 z 2 + x
wy = 3 x 2 − 5 xz + 10 z 2 , wy (3, 4, − 2) = 97
3
wz = 2 x yz − 4 y
wz = − 5 xy + 20 yz , wz (3, 4, − 2) = − 220

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Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 489

35. w = x2 + y2 + z 2 40. w = ln x2 + y 2 + z 2
x 2 1
wx = , wx ( 2, −1, 2) = w = ln x2 + y2 + z 2 =ln ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
x2 + y2 + z 2 3 2
x 3
wy =
y
, wy ( 2, −1, 2) = −
1 wx = 2 , wx (3, 0, 4) =
3 x + y2 + z2 25
x2 + y 2 + z 2
y
z 2 wy = , wy (3, 0, 4) = 0
wz = , wz ( 2, −1, 2) = x2 + y2 + z 2
x2 + y2 + z 2 3
z 4
wz = , wz (3, 0, 4) =
36. w = 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 25

3x 3 5
wx = , wx (1, − 2, 1) = 41. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 − 4 x + 16 y + 3
3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 5
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 4 y − 4 = 0  − 4 x − 8y = −8
y 2 5 f y ( x, y ) = 4 x + 2 y + 16 = 0  4 x + 2y = −16
wy = , wy (1, − 2, 1) = −
3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 5 −6y = − 24
− 2z −2 5 y = 4
wz = , wz (1, − 2, 1) = x = −6
2
3x + y − 2 z 2 2 5
Solution: ( −6, 4)
3 2 2 x2
37. w = y z e
42. f ( x, y ) = 3 x3 − 12 xy + y 3
wx = 4 xy 3 z 2e2 x , wx
2
( 12 , −1, 2) = − 8 e 3 2
f x ( x, y ) = 9 x 2 − 12 y = 0  y = x
, w ( 12 , −1, 2) = 12 e
2
wy = 3 y 2 z 2 e 2 x y 4
2
wz = 2 y ze 3 2 x2
, w ( 12 , −1, 2) = − 4 e f y ( x, y ) = −12 x + 3 y 2 = 0  −12 x + 3
 3x 2 
z
 = 0
 4 
3
38. w = xye9 z 27 4
−12 x + x = 0
3 16
wx = ye9 z 3
x(9 x3 − 64) = 0
( )
3
wx 2, 3, − 13 = (3)e9(−1 3) = 3e −1 3 16
43 3
wy = xe9 z
3 x = 0 or x =
3

( )
3
wy 2, 3, − 13 = ( 2)e9(−1 3) = 2e −1 3 43 9
y = 0 or y =
3
3
(
wz = xye9 z 27 z 2 = 27 xyz 2e9 z ) 3
43 3 43 9
Solutions: (0, 0),  , 
3 
( ) ( )
2
 3
3
wz 2, 3, − 13 = 27( 2)(3) − 13 e9(−1 3) = 18e −1 3

1 1
(
39. w = ln 5 x + 2 y 3 − 3z ) 43. f ( x, y ) =
x
+
y
+ xy
5 1
wx = , wx ( 4, 1, −1) = 1 
3
5 x + 2 y − 3z 5 f x ( x, y ) = − + y = 0  x 2 y = 1
x2 
6 y2 6 1  x = y =1
wy = , wy ( 4, 1, −1) = f y ( x, y ) = − 2 + x = 0  y x = 1
2
3
5 x + 2 y − 3z 25 y 

wz = −
3
, wz ( 4, 1, −1) = −
3 Solution: (1, 1)
5 x + 2 y 3 − 3z 25
(
44. f ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2 + 1 )
2x
f x ( x, y ) = = 0  x = 0
x2 + y2 + 1
2y
f y ( x, y ) = 2 = 0  y = 0
x + y2 + 1
Solution: (0, 0)

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490 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

45. z = x3 − 4 y 2 47. z = x 4 − 2 xy + 3 y 3
∂z ∂z
= 3x 2 = 4 x3 − 2 y
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= −8 y = − 2x + 9 y2
∂y ∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 6x
∂x 2 = 12 x 2
2
∂x 2
∂ z
= 0 ∂ 2z
∂x∂y = −2
∂x∂y
∂ 2z
= 0 ∂ 2z
∂y∂x = −2
∂y∂x
∂ 2z
= −8 ∂ 2z
∂y 2 = 18 y
∂y 2
46. z = 2 x 3 + y 5 48. z = y 3 − 6 x 2 y 2 − 1
∂z ∂z
= 4x = −12 xy 2
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= 5 y4 = 3 y 2 − 12 x 2 y
∂y ∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 4 = −12 y 2
∂x 2 ∂x 2
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 0 = − 24 xy
∂x∂y ∂x∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 20 y 3 = − 24 xy
∂y 2 ∂y∂x
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 0 = 6 y − 12 x 2
∂y∂x ∂y 2

49. z = (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
3

∂z
( ) (12 x3 ) ( )
2 2
= 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3 = 36 x 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3
∂x
∂z
( ) (− 6 y 2 ) ( )
2 2
= 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3 = −18 y 2 3x 4 − 2 y 3
∂y
∂ 2z
= 36 x3 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(12 x3 ) + (3x 4 − 2 y 3 ) (108 x 2 ) = 108 x 2 (3x 4 − 2 y 3 )(11x 4 − 2 y 3 )
2

∂x 2
∂ 2z
= 36 x3 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )( − 6 y 2 ) = − 432 x3 y 2 (3x 4 − 2 y 3 )
∂y∂y
∂ 2z
= −18 y 2 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )( − 6 y 2 ) + (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 ) ( − 36 y ) = − 36 y (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(3 x 4 − 8 y 3 )
2

∂y 2
∂ 2z
= −18 y 2 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(12 x3 ) = − 432 x3 y 2 (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
∂y∂x

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Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 491

50. z = 9 − x2 − y2
∂z 1 x
= (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x) = −
−1 2

∂x 2 9 − x2 − y2
∂z 1 y
= (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y ) = −
−1 2

∂y 2 9 − x2 − y2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (1) − x (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2
2
∂ z  2 y2 − 9
= − =
(9 − x 2 − y 2 )
32
∂x 2 2
9− x − y 2

1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (0) − x (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y )
−1 2

∂2 z  2 xy
= − = −
(9 − x − y 2 )
32
∂x∂y 9 − x2 − y 2 2

1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (0) − y  (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2

∂2 z 2
  xy
= − = −
(9 − x − y 2 )
32
∂y∂x 9 − x2 − y 2 2

1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (1) − y (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y )
−1 2

∂2 z  2 x2 − 9
= − =
(9 − x 2 − y 2 )
32
∂y 2 9 − x2 − y2

x2 − y2 x
51. z = 52. z =
2 xy x + y

∂z 2 xy ( 2 x) − ( x 2 − y 2 )( 2 y ) x2 + y 2 ∂z ( x + y )(1) − x(1) = y
= = =
( ) ( y)
2 2
∂x 2 2
4x y 2 x2 y ∂x x + y x +

∂z 2 xy( −2 y ) − ( x 2 − y 2 )( 2 x) x2 + y2 ∂z
= −
x
= = −
∂y 2 2
4x y 2 xy 2 ∂y ( x + y )2
∂2 z 2 x 2 y( 2 x) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 4 xy ) y ∂2 z 2y
= = − 3 = −
∂x 2 4x4 y2 x ∂x 2
( x + y )3
∂2 z 2 x 2 y( 2 y ) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 x 2 ) x2 − y 2 ∂2 z ( x + y ) (1) − y(2)( x + y )(1) = x − y
2
= 4 2
= − =
∂x∂y 4x y 2x2 y 2 ∂x∂y ( x + y )4 ( x + y )3
∂2 z 2 xy 2 ( 2 x) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 y 2 ) x2 − y 2
= − 2 2
= − ∂2 z
= −
( x + y) (1) − x( 2)( x + y )(1) = x − y
2

∂y∂x 4x y 2x2 y 2
( x + y) ( x + y)
4 3
∂y∂x
∂2 z 2 xy 2 ( 2 y ) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 4 xy ) x
= − = 3 ∂2 z 2x
∂y 2 4x2 y4 y =
( x + y)
3
∂y 2

53. f ( x, y ) = x 4 − 3 x 2 y 2 + y 2

f x ( x, y ) = 4 x3 − 6 xy 2 , f y ( x, y ) = −6 x 2 y + 2 y

f xx ( x, y ) = 12 x 2 − 6 y 2 , f xx (1, 0) = 12

f xy ( x, y ) = −12 xy, f xy (1, 0) = 0

f yx ( x, y ) = −12 xy, f yx (1, 0) = 0

f yy ( x, y ) = −6 x 2 + 2, f yy (1, 0) = −4

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492 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

54. f ( x, y ) = x3 + 2 xy 3 − 3 y 56. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x − y )
1 1 −1
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 2 y 3 , f y ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2 − 3 f x ( x, y ) = (1) = = ( x − y)
x − y x − y
f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f xx (3, 2) = 18 1 1 −1
f y ( x, y ) = ( −1) = − = − ( x − y)
x − y x − y
f xy ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 , f xy (3, 2) = 24
−2 1
f xx ( x, y ) = ( −1)( x − y ) = −
f yx ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 , f yx (3, 2) = 24 ( x − y) 2

f yy ( x, y ) = 12 xy, f yy (3, 2) = 72 −2 1
f yy ( x, y ) = ( −1)( −1)( x − y ) =
(x − y)
2

3 x2
55. f ( x, y ) = y e −2 1
f xy ( x, y ) = ( −1)( x − y ) ( −1) =
(x − y)
2
3 x2 2 x2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy e , f y ( x, y ) = 3 y e
−2 1
f yx ( x, y ) = ( −1)( −1)( x − y ) (1) =
f xx ( x, y) = e x ( 4 x 2 y 3 + 2 y 3 ),
2
f xx (1, −1) = − 6e ( x − y) 2

f xy ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2e x ,
2
f xy (1, −1) = 6e 1 1
f xx (0, − 2) = − 2
=
0 − ( − 2) 4
2
f yx ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2e x , f yx (1, −1) = 6e
1 1
f yy (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2)
x2 4
f yy ( x, y ) = 6 ye , f yy (1, −1) = − 6e
1 1
f xy (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2) 4

1 1
f yx (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2) 4

57. w = x 2 − 3 xy + 4 yz + z 3
wx = 2 x − 3 y , wy = − 3x + 4 z, wz = 4 y + 3 z 2

wxx = 2, w yx = − 3, wzx = 0

wxy = − 3, wyy = 0, wzy = 4

wxz = 0, w yz = 4, wzz = 6 z

58. w = x 2 y 3 + 2 xyz − 3 yz
wx = 2 xy 3 + 2 yz , wy = 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xz − 3 z , wz = 2 xy − 3 y ,

wxx = 2 y 3 , wyx = 6 xy 2 + 2 z , wzx = 2 y ,

wxy = 6 xy 2 + 2 z , wyy = 6 x 2 y , wzy = 2 x − 3,

wxz = 2 y , w yz = 2 x − 3, wzz = 0,

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Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 493

4xz
59. w =
x + y

wx =
(x + y )( 4 z ) − 4 xz (1)
=
4 yz
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2

wy =
(x + y )(0) − 4 xz (1)
=
− 4 xz
( x + y) 2
( x + y) 2

4x
wz =
x + y
8 yz
wxx = 4 yz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3
= −
 (x + y)
3

4 z( x − y)
wxy = 4 yz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y) (4 z ) =
 (x + y)
3

4y
wxz =
(x + y)
2

4 z( x − y)
wyx = − 4 xz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y) (− 4 z ) =
 (x + y)
3

8 xz
wyy = − 4 xz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3
=
 ( x + y)
3

4x
wyz = −
( x + y) 2

wzx =
(x + y )( 4) − 4 x(1)
=
4y
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2

4x
wzy = 4 ( −1)( x + y ) (1)
−2
= −
 (x + y)
2

wzz = 0

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
494 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

xy
60. w =
x + y + z

wx =
(x + y + z ) y − xy(1)
=
y 2 + yz
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2

wy =
(x + y + z ) x − xy (1)
=
x 2 + xz
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2

wz =
(x + y + z )(0) − xy (1)
=
− xy
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2

2( y 2 + yz )
wxx = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
= −
 (x + y + z)
3

2 xy + xz + yz + z 2
wxy = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (2 y + z) =
 (x + y + z)
3

xy − yz − y 2
wxz = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( y) =
 (x + y + z)
3

2 xy + xz + yz + z 2
wyx = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (2 x + z) =
 (x + y + z)
3

− 2( x 2 + xz )
wyy = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
=
 (x + y + z)
3

xy − x 2 − xz
wyz = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( x) =
 (x + y + z)
3

xy − y 2 − yz
wzx = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (− y) =
 (x + y + z)
3

xy − x 2 − xz
wzy = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( − x) =
 (x + y + z)
3

2 xy
wzz = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
=
 (x + y + z)
3

61. C = 10 xy + 149 x + 189 y + 675


∂C 5y ∂C
(a) = + 149, (120, 160) ≈ 154.77 (b) Increasing the production of racing bikes increases the cost at a
∂x xy ∂x higher rate than increasing the production of mountain bikes.
∂C 5x ∂C Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The absolute value of
= + 189, (120, 160) ≈ 193.33 dC dy is greater than the absolute value of dC dx at (120, 160).
∂y xy ∂y

62. R = 200 x1 + 200 x2 − 4 x12 − 8 x1 x2 − 4 x2 2 63. f ( x, y ) = 200 x 0.7 y 0.3


∂R ∂f
0.3
(a) = 200 − 8 x1 − 8 x2  y
∂x1 (a) = 140 x −0.3 y 0.3 = 140 
∂x  x
∂R When x = 1000 and y = 500,
When x1 = 4 and x2 = 12, = 72.
∂x1 0.3 0.3
∂f  500  1
∂R = 140  = 140  ≈ 113.72.
(b) = 200 − 8 x1 − 8 x2 ∂x  1000  2
∂x2
0.7
∂R1 ∂f  x
When x1 = 4 and x2 = 12, = 72. (b) = 60 x 0.7 y −0.7 = 60 
∂x2 ∂y  y
When x = 1000 and y = 500,
0.7
∂f  1000 
= 60( 2)
0.7
= 60  ≈ 97.47.
∂y  500 

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Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 495

64. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.75 y 0.25 68. z = 0.105 x + 0.339 y + 257

∂f
0.25 ∂z ∂z
 y (a) = 0.105; = 0.339
(a) = 75 x −0.25 y 0.25 = 75  ∂x ∂y
∂x  x
When x = 1000 and y = 500, (b) For every increase of $1 million in sales for
Skechers, the shareholder’s equity will increase by
0.25 0.25
∂f  500  1 $0.105 million or $105,000. For every increase of
= 75  = 75  ≈ 63.07.
∂x  1000   2 $1 million in total assets, the shareholder’s equity for
0.75
Skechers will increase by $0.339 million or $339,000.
∂f  x
(b) = 25 x 0.75 y −0.75 = 25 
∂y  y M
69. IQ( M , C ) = × 100
C
When x = 1000 and y = 500,
100
0.75 IQM =
∂f  1000  C
= 25( 2)
0.25
= 25  ≈ 42.04.
∂y  500  −100 M
IQC =
C2
∂x1 5
65. Complementary because = − < 0 and 100
∂p2 2 IQM (12, 10) = = 10
10
∂x2 3
= − < 0. −100(12)
∂p1 2 IQC (12, 10) = = −12
102
∂x1 For a child who has a current mental age of 12 years and
66. Substitute because = 1.8 > 0 and
∂p2 a chronological age of 10 years, the IQ is increasing at a
∂x2 rate of 10 IQ points for every increase of 1 year in the
= 0.75 > 0. child’s mental age. For a child who has a current mental
∂p1
age of 12 years and a chronological age of 10 years, the
IQ is decreasing at a rate of 12 IQ points for every
67. z = 0.391x − 0.069 y + 6
increase of 1 year in the child’s chronological age.
∂z ∂z
(a) = 0.391; = − 0.069
∂x ∂y 70. (a) f x ( 4, 1) < 0

(b) For every increase of $1 billion in expenditures (b) f y ( 4, 1) > 0


on amusement parks and campgrounds, the
expenditures for spectator sports will increase by (c) f x ( −1, − 2) < 0
$0.391 billion or $391,000,000. For every increase (d) f y ( − 1, − 2) > 0
of $1 billion in expenditures on live entertainment
(excluding sports), the expenditures for spectator
sports will decrease by $0.41 billion or
$410,000,000.
10
1 + 0.10(1 − R ) 
71. V ( I , R ) = 1000  
 1+ I 
10
1 + 0.10(1 − R)
9
1 + 0.10(1 − R)   1 + 0.10(1 − R) 
VI ( I , R) = 10,000  −  = −10,000 
(1 + I ) (1 + I )
2 11
 1 + I   

VI (0.03, 0.28) ≈ −14,478.99


9
1 + 0.10(1 − R )
9
1 + 0.10(1 − R )   0.10 
VR ( I , R ) = 10,000   −  = −1000 
(1 + I )
10
 1+ I   1 + I
VR (0.03, 0.28) ≈ −1391.17
The rate of inflation has the greater negative influence on the growth of the investment because
−14,478.99 > −1391.17 .

72. Since both first partials are negative, an increase in the charge for food and housing or tuition will cause a
decrease in the number of applicants.

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496 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

73. U = − 5 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
z
(a) U x = −10 x + y
(b) U y = x − 6 y
y
(c) When x = 2 and y = 3, U x = −17 and U y = −16.
x
The person should consume one more unit of good y, since the rate
of decrease of satisfaction is less for y.
The slope of U in the x-direction is 0 when y = 10 x and negative when y < 10 x.
The slope of U in the y-direction is 0 when x = 6 y and negative when x < 6 y.

74. Answers will vary.

Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables

Skills Warm Up
1. 5 x = 15 5.  x − 2 y = 4 Equation 1
 
3 x − 2 y = 5 5 x − 3 y = 13 Equation 2
5 x = 15 Multiply Equation 1 by − 5: − 5 x + 10 y = − 20
x = 3 Add the new equation to Equation 2:
Substitute in the other equation. − 5 x + 10 y = − 20
3(3) − 2 y = 5 
 5 x − 3 y = 13
−2 y = −4
Solve for y: 7 y = − 7
y = 2
y = −1
The solution is (3, 2).
Substitute y = − 1 in Equation 1:
2.  1y = 3
2 x − 2( −1) = 4

− x + 5 y = 19 x = 2
1
y = 3 The solution is ( 2, −1).
2
y = 6
Substitute in the other equation. 6. 2 x − 4 y = 14 Equation 1

− x + 5(6) = 19 3 x + y = 7 Equation 2
− x = −11 Multiply equation 2 by 4: 12 x + 4 y = 28
x = 11 Add new equation to Equation 1: 14 x = 42
Simplify: x = 3
The solution is (11, 6).
Substitute 3 for x in Equation 2: 3(3) + y = 7
3.  x + y = 5 Simplify: y = −2

 x − y = −3 The solution is (3, − 2).
Adding the two equations gives 2 x = 2, so x = 1.
Substitute. 7.  x 2 + x = 0 Equation 1
1+ y = 5 
2 yx + y = 0 Equation 2
y = 4
Factor Equation 1: x ( x + 1) = 0
The solution is (1, 4).
Solve equation 1 for x: x = −1 or x = 0
4.  x + y = 8 Substitute −1 for x in Equation 2: 2 y ( −1) + y = 0
 Solve for y: y = 0
2 x − y = − 2
Adding the two equations gives 3 x = 6, so x = 2. Substitute 0 for x in Equation 2: 2 y (0) + y = 0
Substitute. Solve for y: y = 0
2 + y = 8 The solutions are ( −1, 0) and (0, 0).
y = 6
The solution is (2, 6).

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Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 497

Skills Warm Up —continued—

8.  3 y 2 + 6 y = 0 Equation 1 12. z = 2 x 2 − 3 xy + y 2

xy + x + 2 = 0 Equation 2 ∂z ∂z
= 4 x − 3 y, = −3 x + 2 y
Factor Equation 1: y (3 y + 6) = 0 ∂x ∂y

Solve for y: y = 0 ∂2 z ∂z
= 4, = 2
∂x 2 ∂y 2
3y + 6 = 0
y = −2 ∂2z ∂2z
= −3, = −3
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
Substitute 0 for y in Equation 2: x (0) + x + 2 = 0
Solve for x: x = −2 13. z = ye xy
2

Substitute −2 for y in Equation 2: x ( −2) + x + 2 = 0


∂z
= y( y 2 )e xy = y 3e xy
2 2
Solve for x: x = 2 ∂x
The solutions are ( −2, 0) and ( 2, − 2). ∂z 2 2 2 2
= y( 2 xy )e xy + e xy (1) = 2 xy 2e xy + e xy
∂y
9. z = 4 x 3 − 3 y 2
∂2 z
= y 3 ( y 2 )e xy = y 5e xy
2 2
∂z ∂z
= 12 x 2 , = −6 y ∂x 2
∂x ∂y
∂2 z 2 2 2
∂2 z ∂2 z = 2 xy 2 ( 2 xy )e xy + e xy ( 4 xy ) + 2 xye xy
= 24 x, = −6 ∂y 2
∂x 2 ∂y 2 2 2
2 2
= 4 x 2 y 3e xy + 6 xye xy
∂ z ∂ z
= 0, = 0
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂2z 2 2
= 2 xy 4e xy + 3 y 2e xy
∂x∂y
10. z = 2 x 5 − y 3
∂2z 2 2 2 2
∂z ∂z = y 3 ( 2 xy )e xy + e xy 3 y 2 = 2 xy 4e xy + 3 y 2e xy
= 10 x 4 , = −3 y 2 ∂y∂x
∂x ∂y
∂2z ∂2 z 14. z = xe xy
= 40 x3 , = −6 y
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z
= xye xy + e xy = e xy ( xy + 1)
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂x
= 0, = 0
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂z
= x 2e xy
∂y
11. z = x 4 − xy + 2 y
∂2 z
∂z y xy = e xy ( y ) + ( xy + 1) ye xy = ye xy ( xy + 2)
= 4 x3 − = 4 x3 − ∂x 2
∂x 2 xy 2x
∂2z
= x3e xy
∂z x xy ∂y 2
= − + 2 = − +2
∂x 2 xy 2y
∂2 z
= e xy ( x) + ( xy + 1) xe xy = xe xy ( xy + 2)
∂2 z y 2 xy xy ∂x∂y
2
= 12 x 2 − + 2
= 12 x 2 +
∂x 4 x xy 4x 4 x2 ∂2z
= x 2 ye xy + e xy ( 2 x) = xe xy ( xy + 2)
∂2 z x xy xy ∂y∂x
2
= − + 2
=
∂y 4 y xy 2y 4 y2

∂2 z x xy
= − = −
∂x∂y 4 x xy 4 xy

∂2 z x xy
= − = −
∂y∂y 4 x xy 4 xy

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498 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 12 y − 3 4. f ( x, y ) = 7 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 7 x + 16 y − 13
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 8 The first partial derivatives of f,
and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y − 12, are zero at the critical point f x ( x, y ) = 14 x − 7 = 7( 2 x − 1) and
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y + 16 = 4( y + 4),
(− 4, 6). Because
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, are zero at the critical point ( 12 , − 4). Because
it follows that f xx ( − 4, 6) > 0 and f xx ( x, y ) = 14, f yy ( x, y ) = 4, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,

( )
2
f xx ( − 4, 6) f yy ( − 4, 6) −  f xy ( − 4, 6) = 4 > 0. it follows that f xx 12 , − 4 > 0 and
So, ( − 4, 6, − 55) is a relative minimum.
( 12 , − 4) f ( 12 , − 4) −  f ( 12 , − 4) = 56 > 0.
2
f xx yy xy

2. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 6 y + 6 So, ( 12 , − 4, − 741
16 )
is a relative minimum.
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2( x + 1)
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point 5. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + 1

( −1, 3). Because The first partial derivatives of f,


x
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, f x ( x, y ) = and
x + y2 + 1
2

it follows that f xx ( −1, 3) > 0 and y


2
f y ( x, y ) = , are zero at the critical point
f xx ( −1, 3) f yy ( −1, 3) −  f xy ( −1, 3) = 4 > 0. x + y2 + 1
2

So, ( −1, 3, − 4) is a relative minimum. (0, 0). Because


y2 + 1
f xx ( x, y ) = ,
3. f ( x, y ) = − 3 x − 4 y − 6 x − 2 y + 9
2 2
( x2 + y 2 + 1)
32

The first partial derivatives of f,


x2 + 1
f x ( x, y ) = − 6 x − 6 = − 6( x + 1) and f yy ( x, y ) = , and
( x2 + y 2 + 1)
32

f y ( x, y ) = − 8 y − 2 = − 2( 4 y + 1), are zero at the


− xy
( )
critical point −1, − 14 . Because f xy ( x, y ) = ,
(x + y 2 + 1)
32
2

f xx ( x, y ) = − 6, f yy ( x, y ) = − 8, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 > 0 and
(
it follows that f xx −1, − 14 < 0 and ) f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 1 > 0.
2

( ) ( ) ( )
2
f xx −1, − 14 f yy −1, − 14 −  f xy −1, − 14  = 48 > 0. So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.
 
So, ( −1, − 14 , 49
4)
is a relative maximum.

( )
14
6. f ( x, y ) = − 4 x 2 + y 2 + 1
2x
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = − ( x 2 + y 2 + 1)
−3 4
( 2 x) = − and
(x + y 2 + 1)
34
2

2y
f y ( x, y ) = − ( x 2 + y 2 + 1)
−3 4
(2 y ) = − , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
(x + y 2 + 1)
34
2

x2 − 2 y2 − 2 y2 − 2 x2 − 2 3 xy
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = ,
(x + y + 1) (x + y + 1) (x + y 2 + 1)
74 74 74
2 2 2 2 2

2
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 4 > 0.
So, (0, 0, − 4) is a relative maximum.

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Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 499

( )
13
7. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 8
1 2 2x
( 3x + 6 y 2 + 8) (6 x) =
−2 3
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = and
( y 2 + 8)
23
3 3 x 2
+ 6
1 2 4y
(3 x + 6 y 2 + 8) (6 y ) =
−2 3
f y ( x, y ) = , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
( y 2 + 8)
23
3 3 x 2
+ 6
− 2 x 2 + 12 y 2 + 16 12 x 2 − 8 y 2 + 32 −16 xy
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = ,
(3 x + 6 y + 8) (3x + 6 y + 8) (3x + 6 y 2 + 8)
53 53 53
2 2 2 2 2

2
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 512 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 2) is a relative minimum.

10. f ( x, y ) = 9 − ( x − 3) − ( y + 2)
2 2
8. f ( x, y ) = 25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2

The first partial derivatives of f ,


The first partial derivatives of f,
f x ( x, y ) = −2( x − 3) and f y ( x, y ) = −2( y + 2), are
2− x
f x ( x, y ) = and zero at the critical point (3, − 2). Because
25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2

f xx ( x, y ) = −2, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and


−y
f y ( x, y ) = , f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (3, − 2) < 0 and
25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2
2
f xx (3, − 2) f yy (3, − 2) −  f xy (3, − 2) = 4 > 0.
are zero at the critical point (2, 0). Because
y 2 − 25 So, (3, − 2, 9) is a relative maximum.
f xx ( x, y ) = 32
,
25 − ( x − 2)2 − y 2 
  11. f ( x, y ) = −5 x 2 + 4 xy − y 2 + 16 x + 10

( x − 2) − 25
2 The first partial derivatives of f,
f yy ( x, y ) = 32
, and f x ( x, y ) = −10 x + 4 y + 16 and
25 − ( x − 2)2 − y 2 
  f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 2 y , are zero at the critical point

f xy ( x, y ) =
( 2 − x) y , (8, 16).
32
25 − ( x − 2)2 − y2  Because f xx ( x, y ) = −10, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and
 
f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (8, 16) < 0 and
1
it follows that f xx ( 2, 0) = − < 0 and
f xx (8, 16) f yy (8, 16) −  f xy (8, 16) = 4 > 0.
2
5
2 1
f xx ( 2, 0) f yy ( 2, 0) −  f xy ( 2, 0) = > 0. So, (8, 16, 74) is a relative maximum.
25
So, ( 2, 0, 5) is a relative maximum. 12. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 6 xy + 10 y 2 − 4 y + 4
The first partial derivatives of f,
9. f ( x, y) = ( x − 1) + ( y − 3)
2 2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 6 y = 2( x + 3 y ) and
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2( x − 1) f y ( x, y ) = 6 x + 20 y − 4 = 2(3x + 10 y − 2),
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point are zero at the critical point ( −6, 2).
(1, 3). Because f xx ( x, y) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and Because f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 20, and
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 3) > 0 and f xy ( x, y ) = 6, it follows that f xx ( −6, 2) > 0 and
2
f xx ( −6, 2) f yy ( −6, 2) −  f xy ( −6, 2) = 4 > 0.
2
f xx (1, 3) f yy (1, 3) −  f xy (1, 3) = 4 > 0.

So, (1, 3, 0) is a relative minimum. So, ( −6, 2, 0) is a relative minimum.

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500 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

13. f ( x, y ) = − x 3 + 4 xy − 2 y 2 + 1

The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −3 x 2 + 4 y and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y, are zero at the critical points (0, 0)

and ( 43 , 43 ). Because f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = −4, and f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0


2
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = −16 < 0.
So, (0, 0, 1) is a saddle point.

Because f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = −4, and f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx ( 43 , 43 ) < 0 and


( 43 , 43 ) f ( 43 , 43 ) −  f ( 43 , 43 ) = 16 > 0.
2
f xx yy xy

So, ( 43 , 43 , 59
27 )
is a relative maximum.

14. f ( x, y ) = 2 xy − 1 x4
2
− 1 y4
2
+1

The first partial derivatives of f are f x ( x, y ) = 2 y − 2 x3 and f y ( x, y ) = 2 x − 2 y 3 .


Next, solve the system of equations:
2 y − 2 x3 = 0.

2 x − 2 y 3 = 0
The critical points (0, 0), (1, 1), and ( −1, −1) are obtained. Then find f xx ( x, y ) = − 6 x 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = − 6 y 2 , and
f xy ( x, y ) = 2.
2
At (0, 0), d = f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = − 4 < 0, so (0, 0, 1) is a saddle point.
2
At (1, 1), d = f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) −  f xy (1, 1) = 32 > 0 and f xx (1, 1) < 0, so, (1, 1, 2) is a relative maximum.
2
At ( −1, −1), d = f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) −  f xy ( −1, −1) = 32 > 0, and f xx ( −1, −1) < 0, so ( −1, −1, 2)
is a relative maximum.

15. f ( x, y ) = 1 xy
2 17. f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )e1− x
2 − y2

The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 1y


2
and The first partial derivatives of f,
f x ( x, y ) = ( −2 x 2 − 2 xy + 1)e1− x
2 − y2
f y ( x, y ) = 1 x,
2
are zero at the critical point (0, 0). and
Because f xx ( x, y ) = 0, f yy ( x, y ) = 0, and f y ( x, y ) = ( −2 y 2 − 2 xy + 1)e1− x
2 − y2
, are zero at
f xy ( x, y ) = 1 , it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0 and
2
2
the critical points ( 12 , 12 ) and (− 12 , − 12 ).
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = − 14 < 0.
Because f ( x, y ) = ( 4 x + 4 x y − 6 x − 2 y )e
xx
3 2 1− x 2 − y 2
,
So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point.
f ( x, y ) = ( 4 y + 4 xy − 6 y − 2 x)e
yy
3 2 1− x 2 − y 2
, and
16. f ( x, y ) = x + y + 2 xy − x − y 2 2

f ( x, y ) = ( 4 x y + 4 xy − 2 y − 2 x)e
xy
2 2
,1− x 2 − y 2
The first partial derivatives of f,
f x ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 y − 2 x and f y ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 x − 2 y , it follows that f ( 12 , 12 ) = −3e < 0,
xx
12

are not zero at a specific point. Because the partial


f ( 12 , 12 ) f ( 12 , 12 ) −  f ( 12 , 12 ) = 0,
2

derivatives exist for all real values of x and y and are xx yy 


xy 
never both zero, f does not have any relative extrema. f ( − 2 , − 2 ) = 3e > 0, and
xx
1 1 12

f ( − 12 , − 12 ) f ( − 12 , − 12 ) −  f ( − 12 , − 12 ) = 0.
2
xx yy xy 
So, ( 12 , 12 , e ) is a relative maximum and
12

(− 12 , − 12 , − e ) is a relative minimum.
12

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 501

18. f ( x, y ) = 3e
(
− x2 + y 2 ) 26. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 3 x + 12 y + 7
The first partial derivatives of f,
The first partial derivatives of f ,
f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 = 3( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 3( x − 1)
2

f x ( x, y ) = −6 xe
( − x2 + y 2 ) and f y ( x, y ) = − 6 ye
( − x2 + y2 ),
f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 + 12 y + 12 = 3 y 2 + 4 y + 4 ( )
are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
= 3( y + 2)
f xx ( x, y ) = 6e
( − x2 + y 2 ) (2 x 2 − 1), are zero at the critical point (1, − 2). Because

(
− x2 + y 2 ) (2 y 2 f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6, f xx (1, − 2) = 0,
f yy ( x, y ) = 6e − 1), and
f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y + 12, f yy (1, − 2) = 0,
f xy ( x, y ) = 12 xye
( − x2 + y2 ), it follows that f xy ( x, y ) = 0, the Second-Partials Test fails.
f xx (0, 0) = −6 < 0 and Note that f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) + ( y + 2) .
3 3

2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 36 > 0. By testing “nearby” points, you can conclude that
So, (0, 0, 3) is a relative maximum. (1, − 2, 0) is a saddle point.

27. f ( x, y ) = ( xy )
2
19. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (9)( 4) − 62 = 0
2

The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy 2 and


Insufficient information
f y ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 y, are zero at the critical points ( a, 0) and
20. f xx < 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( −3)( −8) − 2 > 0
2 2
(0, b) where a and b are any real numbers. Because
f has a relative maximum at ( x0 , y0 ). f xx ( x, y ) = 2 y 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 , and
f xy ( x, y ) = 4 xy , it follows that
21. f xx < 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( −9)(6) − 102 < 0
2

2
f xx ( a, 0) f yy ( a, 0) −  f xy ( a, 0) = 0 and
f has a saddle point at ( x0 , y0 ).
2
f xx (0, b) f yy (0, b) −  f xy (0, b) = 0 and the
22. f xx > 0 and
Second-Derivative Test fails. Note that f ( x, y ) = ( xy )
2
f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( 25)(5) − ( −11) = 4 > 0
2 2

is nonnegative for all ( a, 0, 0) and (0, b, 0) where a and


f has a relative minimum at ( x0 , y0 , f ( x0 , y0 )).
b are real numbers.
23. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( 4)(8) − 3 = 24 > 0
2 2 So, ( a, 0, 0) and (0, b, 0) are relative minima.

f has a relative minimum at ( x0 , y0 , f ( x0 , y0 )).


28. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2

24. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (8)(7) − 92 < 0 x


2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) =
x2 + y2
f has a saddle point at ( x0 , y0 ).
y
and f y ( x, y ) = , are undefined at the point
25. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 x2 + y 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 and (0, 0). Because
f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). y2 x2
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = ,
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
32 32
Because
f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y , f xy ( x, y ) = 0, − xy
and f xy ( x, y ) = , it follows that f xx (0, 0)
(x + y2 )
2 32
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 0, the 2

Second-Partials Test fails. By testing “nearby” points, is undefined and the Second-Derivative Test fails.
you can conclude that (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point. Note that f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is nonnegative for
all real numbers. So, (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.

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502 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

29. f ( x, y ) = x 2 3 + y 2 3 34. The sum is


The first partial derivatives of f, x + y + z = 32
2 2 z = 32 − x − y
f x ( x, y ) = 3 and f y ( x, y ) = , are undefined
3 x 3 y
3
and the product is P = xy 2 z = 32 xy 2 − x 2 y 2 − xy 3 .
2
at the point (0, 0). Because f xx ( x, y ) = − 4 3 , The first partial derivatives of P are
9x
Px = 32 y 2 − 2 xy 2 − y 3 = y 2 (32 − 2 x − y )
2
f yy ( x, y ) = − 4 3 , f xy ( x, y ) = 0 and f xx (0, 0) is
9y Py = 64 xy − 2 x 2 y − 3 xy 2 = xy (64 − 2 x − 3 y ).
undefined, the Second-Derivative Test fails. Because
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
f ( x, y ) ≥ 0 for all points in the xy-coordinate plane,
2x + y = 32
(0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
2 x + 3 y = 64.
( )
23
30. f ( x, y ) = x + y 2 2
Solving this system, you have x = 8, y = 16, and
4x z = 8.
The first partials of f , f x ( x, y ) = and
3( x + y 2 )
13
2
35. The sum is x + y + z = 60, or z = 60 − x − y,
4y and the sum of the squares is
f y ( x, y ) = are zero at the critical point
3( x 2 + y 2 ) S = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = x 2 + y 2 + (60 − x − y ) .
13 2

(0, 0). Because The first partial derivatives of S are


4( x + 3 y
2 2
), 4( y + 3x 2 2
) , and S x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2(60 − x − y )( −1) = 4 x + 2 y − 120
f xx ( x, y ) = f yy =
9( x + y ) 9( x + y )
43 43
2 2 2 2
and
8 xy S y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2(60 − x − y )( −1) = 2 x + 4 y − 120.
f xy = − are zero at the point (0, 0),
9( x + y )
43
2 2
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
the Second-Partials Test fails. Note that 4 x + 2 y = 120
f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )
23
2 2
is positive for all points 2 x + 4 y = 120.
Solving this system, you have x = 20, y = 20, and
( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0). So (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
z = 60 − 20 − 20 = 20.
31. f ( x, y, z ) = ( x − 1) + ( y + 3) + z 2
2 2
36. The sum is x + y + z = 2, or z = 2 − x − y,
Critical point: ( x, y , z ) = (1, − 3, 0) and the sum of the squares is
S = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = x2 + y 2 + (2 − x − y) .
2
Relative minimum

2
The first partial derivatives of S are
32. f ( x, y, z ) = 6 −  x( y + 2)( z − 1)
S x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2( 2 − x − y )( −1) = 4 x + 2 y − 4
Critical points: Any points of the form (0, y, z ),
and
( x, − 2, z ), or ( x, y , 1). They all correspond to relative
S y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2( 2 − x − y )( −1) = 2 x + 4 y − 4.
maxima because f ( x, y , z ) ≤ 6.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
33. The sum is x + y + z = 45, or z = 45 − x − y, 4x + 2 y = 4
and the product is P = xyz , or 2 x + 4 y = 4.
P = xy ( 45 − x − y ) = 45 xy − x y − xy . 2 2
Solving this system, you have x = 2, y = 2,
and
3 3
The first partial derivatives of P are 2 2
z = 2− − = 23 .
Px ( x, y ) = 45 y − 2 xy − y 2 = y ( 45 − 2 x − y ) 3 3

Py ( x, y ) = 45 x − x 2 − 2 xy = x( 45 − x − 2 y ).
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
2 x + y = 45
x + 2 y = 45.
Solving the system, you have x = 15, y = 15, and
z = 45 − 15 − 15 = 15.

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Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 503

37. The revenue function is 39. The revenue function is


R( x1 , x2 ) = −5 x12 − 8 x 22 − 2 x1 x 2 + 42 x1 + 102 x2 and R = x1 p1 + x2 p2
the first partial derivatives of R are = 1000 p1 + 1500 p2 + 3 p1 p2 − 2 p12 − 1.5 p22
R x = −10 x1 − 2 x2 + 42 and
1 and the first partial derivatives of R are
R x = −16 x2 − 2 x1 + 102.
2 R p = 1000 + 3 p2 − 4 p1 and
1
Setting these equal to zero produces the system R p = 1500 + 3 p1 − 3 p2 .
2
5 x1 + x2 = 21
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
x1 + 8 x2 = 51.
4 p1 + 3 p2 = 1000
Solving the system, you have x1 = 3 and x2 = 6.
−3 p1 + 3 p2 = 1500.
Because R x = −10, R x1x 2 = −2, and R x 2 x 2 = −16, it
1 x1
Solving this system, you have p1 = 2500 and
( )
2
follows that R x < 0 and Rx1 x1 R x 2 x 2 − Rx1 x > 0. p2 = 3000, and by the Second-Partials Test you
1 x1 2

So, the revenue is maximized when x1 = 3 and x2 = 6. can conclude that the revenue is maximized when
p1 = 2500 and p2 = 3000.
38. The revenue function is
40. The revenue function is
R = 870 p1 + 950 p2 + 1.5 p1 p2 − 1.5 p12 − p22
R = x1 p1 + x2 p2
and the first partial derivatives of R are
= 600 p1 − 4 p12 + 6 p1 p2 + 870 p2 − 3 p22
R p = 870 + 1.5 p2 − 3 p1 and
1 and the first partial derivatives of R are
R p = 950 + 1.5 p1 − 2 p2 .
2 R p = 600 − 8 p1 + 6 p2 and R p = 6 p1 + 870 − 6 p2 .
1 2
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
3 p1 − 1.5 p2 = 870
8 p1 − 6 p2 = 600
−1.5 p1 + 2 p2 = 950.
− 6 p1 + 6 p2 = 870.
Solving the system, you have p1 = 844 and
Solving this system, you have p1 = 735 and
p2 = 1108.
p2 = 880. By the Second-Derivative Test, you
So, the revenue is maximized when p1 = 844 and
can conclude that the revenue is maximized when
p2 = 1108. p1 = $735 and p2 = $880.

41. The profit is


P = R − C1 − C2
= 225 − 0.4( x1 + x2 )( x1 + x2 ) − (0.05 x12 + 15 x1 + 5400) − (0.03 x22 + 15 x2 + 6100)
= −0.45 x12 − 0.43x22 − 0.8 x1 x2 + 210 x1 + 210 x2 − 11,500
and the first partial derivatives of P are Px = −0.9 x1 − 0.8 x2 + 210 and Px = −0.86 x2 − 0.8 x1 + 210.
1 2
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
0.9 x1 + 0.8 x2 = 210
0.8 x1 + 0.86 x2 = 210.
Solving this system, you have x1 ≈ 94 and x2 ≈ 157, and by the Second-Partials Test you can conclude
that the profit is maximized when x1 ≈ 94 and x2 ≈ 157.

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504 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

42. The profit function is


P( x1 , x2 ) = 15( x1 + x2 ) − c1 − c2
= 15 x1 + 15 x2 − (0.02 x12 + 4 x1 + 500) − (0.05 x22 + 4 x2 + 275)
= −0.02 x12 − 0.05 x22 + 11x1 + 11x2 − 775
and the first partial derivatives of P are Px = −0.04 x1 + 11 and Px = −0.10 x2 + 11.
1 2
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
− 0.04 x1 + 11 = 0
− 0.10 x2 + 11 = 0.
Solving this system, you have x1 = 275 and x2 = 110.

< 0 and Px x Px2 x2 − ( Px1x 2 ) > 0.


2
Because Px = −0.04, Px1x 2 = 0, and Px2 x 2 = −0.10, it follows that Px
1 x1 1 x1 1 1

So, the profit is maximized when x1 = 275 and x2 = 110.

43. z = 10 − 5 x − 2 y 44. z = 6 − 3
x − 2y
2
V = xyz = xy (10 − 5 x − 2 y ) = 10 xy − 5 x y − 2 xy 2 2

2
V = xyz = xy 6 − ( 3
2
x )
− 2 y = 6 xy − 3 2
2
x y − 2 xy 2
Vx = 10 y − 10 xy − 2 y
Vx = 6 y − 3xy − 2 y 2
V y = 10 x − 5 x 2 − 4 xy
3 2
Vy = 6 x − 2
x − 4 xy
Set these equations equal to zero and factor out a
common factor in each equation. Then solve the system. Set these equations equal to zero and factor out a
common factor in each equation. Then solve the system.
10 y − 10 xy − 2 y = 0
2

 6 y − 3xy − 2 y 2 = 0
 10 x − 5 x 2 − 4 xy = 0  3 2
6 x − 2 x − 4 xy = 0
 y(10 − 10 x − 2 y ) = 0
  y(6 − 3 x − 2 y ) = 0
 x(10 − 5 x − 4 y ) = 0 

10 x + 2 y = 10 ( 3
x 6 − 2 x − 4 y = 0 )

 5 x + 4 y = 10  3x + 2 y = 6
3
This yields the solutions (0, 0) and ( ). Using the
2 5
,
3 3  2 x + 4 y = 6
Seconds Partials Test, you can determine that the This yields the solutions (0, 0) and ( 43 , 1). Using the
maximum occurs when the length is x = 23 , the width
Seconds Partials Test, you can determine that the
is y = 5
3
, and the height is z = 10 − 5 ( ) − 2( ) =
2
3
5
3
10
3
. maximum occurs when the length is x = 43 , the width

So, the maximum volume is ( 23 )( 53 )(103 ) = 100


27
cubic units. is y = 1, and the height is z = 6 − ( ) − 2(1) = 2.
3 4
2 3

So, the maximum volume is ( 43 )(1)(2) = 8


3
cubic units.

45. Let x = length, y = width, and z = height.


The sum of length and girth is x + ( 2 y + 2 z ) = 246
x = 246 − 2 y − 2 z.
The volume is V = xyz = 246 yz − 2 zy − 2 yz 2 and the first partial derivatives are
2

V y = 246 z − 4 zy − 2 z 2 = 2 z (123 − 2 y − z ) and Vz = 246 y − 2 y 2 − 4 yz = 2 y (123 − y − 2 z ).


Setting these equal to zero produces the system
2 y + z = 123
y + 2 z = 123.
Solving this system, you have y = 41 and z = 41. So, x = 82. The volume is a maximum when the length
is 82 centimeters and the width and height are each 41 centimeters.

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Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 505

46. Let x = length, y = width, and z = height.


The sum of length and girth is
x + ( 2 y + 2 z ) = 366
x = 366 − 2 y − 2 z.

The volume is V = xyz = 366 yz − 2 zy 2 − 2 yz 2 and the first partial derivatives are
V y = 366 z − 4 zy − 2 z 2 = 2 z (183 − 2 y − z ) and Vz = 366 y − 2 y 2 − 4 yz = 2 y (183 − y − 2 z ).
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
2 y + z = 183
y + 2 z = 183.
Solving this system, you have y = 61 and z = 61.
So, x = 122.
The volume is a maximum when the length is 122 centimeters and the width and height are each 61 centimeters.

47. Let x = length y = width, z = height and 48. Let x = length, y = width, z = height, and
C = cost. C = cost.
18 24.75
The volume is xyz = 18 or z = . The volume is xyz = 24.75 or z = .
xy xy
The cost is C = 0.6 xy + 0.45( 2) xz + 0.45( 2) yz The paint cost (per coat) is
= 0.6 xy + 0.9 xz + 0.9 yz C = 1.1xy + 0.6( 2) xz + 0.6( 2) yz
 18   18  = 1.1xy + 1.2 xz + 1.2 yz
= 0.6 xy + 0.9 x  + 0.9 y 
xy
   xy   24.75   24.75 
= 1.1xy + 1.2 x  + 1.2 y  
= 0.6 xy +
16.2 16.2
+ .  xy   xy 
y x 29.7 29.7
= 1.1xy + + .
The first partial derivatives of C are y x
16.2 The first partial derivatives of C are
C x = ( x, y ) = 0.6 y − and
x2 29.7
16.2 C x = ( x, y ) = 1.1 y − and
C y = ( x, y ) = 0.6 x − 2 . x2
y 29.7
C y = ( x, y ) = 1.1x − 2 .
Setting these equal to zero produces the system y
16.2 Setting these equal to zero produces the system
− + 0.6 y = 0
x2 29.7
− + 1.1y = 0
16.2 x2
0.6 x − 2 = 0.
y 29.7
1.1x − 2 = 0.
Solving this system, you have x = 3, y = 3, and y
18 Solving this system, you have x = 3, y = 3, and
z = = 2.
( )(3)
3 24.75
z = = 2.75.
The cost is a minimum when x = 3 meters, (3)(3)
y = 3 meters, and z = 2 meters. The cost is a minimum when x = 3 meters,
y = 3 meters, and z = 2.75 meters.
The minimum cost is
16.2 16.2
C = 0.6(3)(3) + + = $16.20. The minimum cost (per coat) is
3 3 29.7 29.7
C = 1.1(3)(3) + + = $29.70.
3 3

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506 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

49. The total cost function is C ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 15 x − 20 y + 4 xy + 39 and the first partial derivatives are
Cx = 4 x − 15 + 4 y and C y = 6 y − 20 + 4 x.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
4 x + 4 y = 15
4 x + 6 y = 20.
Solving this system, you have x = 1.25 and y = 2.5. So, the minimum total cost is
2(1.25) + 3( 2.5) − 15(1.25) − 20( 2.5) + 4(1.25)( 2.5) + 39 = $4.625 million.
2 2

50. The duration function is D( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − 18 x − 24 y + 2 xy + 120 and the first partial derivatives are
Dx = 2 x − 18 + 2 y and D y = 4 y − 24 + 2 x.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
2 x + 2 y = 18
2 x + 4 y = 24.
Solving this system, you have x = 6 and y = 3.
So, to minimize the duration of the infection you should take 600 milligrams of the first drug and 300 milligrams
of the second drug.

51. The total weight function is


T = xW1 + yW2
= x(3 − 0.002 x − 0.001 y ) + y( 4.5 − 0.004 x − 0.005 y )
= 3 x − 0.002 x 2 + 4.5 y − 0.005 y 2 − 0.005 xy
and the first partial derivatives are Tx = 3 − 0.004 x − 0.005 y and Ty = 4.5 − 0.010 y − 0.005 x.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
0.004 x + 0.005 y = 3
0.005 x + 0.01 y = 4.5.
Solving this system, you have x = 500 and y = 200.
The lake should be stocked with approximately 500 smallmouth bass and 200 largemouth bass.

52. Points A and B are relative extrema. Points C and D are saddle points.

53. The population function is P( p, q, r ) = 2 pq + 2 pr + 2qr.


Because p + q + r = 1, r = 1 − p − q.
So, P = 2 pq + 2 p(1 − p − q) + 2q(1 − p − q )
= −2 p 2 + 2 p − 2q 2 + 2q − 2 pq
and the first partial derivatives are
Pp = −4 p + 2 − 2q
Pq = −4q + 2 − 2 p.
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
4 p + 2q = 2
2 p + 4q = 2.
Solving this system, you have p = 1 and q = 13 . So, r = 13 .
3

The proportion is a maximum when p = 13 , q = 13 , and r = 13 .

The maximum proportion is P = 2 ( 13 )( 13 ) + 2( 13 )( 13 ) + 2( 13 )( 13 ) = 6


9
= 23 .

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Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself 507

54. Because x + y + z = 1, you have z = 1 − x − y.


Then H = − x ln x − y ln y − (1 − x − y ) ln (1 − x − y ).
The first partial derivatives of H are
1   −1  
H x ( x, y ) = − x  + ( −1) ln x − (1 − x − y )  + ln (1 − x − y )( −1)
 x  1 − x − y  
 1 − ln (1 − x − y )
= −1 − ln x − −
= − ln x + ln (1 − x − y )
and
1   −1  
H y ( x, y ) = − y   + ( −1) ln y − (1 − x − y )  + ln (1 − x − y )( −1)
y
    1 − x − y  
= −1 − ln y − −1 − ln (1 − x − y )
= − ln y + ln (1 − x − y ).
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
− ln x + ln (1 − x − y ) = 0
− ln y + ln (1 − x − y ) = 0.
Solving this system, you have ln x = ln y  x = y. So, using H x ,
− ln x + ln (1 − 2 x) = 0
ln x = ln (1 − 2 x)
x = 1 − 2x
3x = 1
1
x = .
3
1 1 1 1 1
So, x = , y = , and z = 1 − − = .
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
The maximum value of H is H = − ln   − ln   − ln   = − ln   = ln 3 ≈ 1.0986.
3  3 3  3 3  3  3
55. True

56. False. Relative maxima sometimes occur at points where one or more of the partial derivatives do not exist.

Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself


z
z
1. (a) 2. (a) 4
(2, 1, 4)
3 2
−4
−2 −2
2
2 y
x 3 −2
1 −2
−1 (1, 3, 2) (0, − 5, − 6) − 4
−6
1
(−1, 2, 0)
2 2
x
y (b) d = (0 − 2) + ( − 5 − 1) + ( − 6 − 4)
2 2 2

(b) d = (−1 − 1)
2
+ ( 2 − 3) + (0 − 2)
2 2
= 3 = 4 + 36 + 100 = 140 = 2 35

 1 + ( −1) 3 + 2 2 + 0   5   2 + 0 1 + ( − 5) 4 + ( − 6) 
(c) Midpoint =  (c) Midpoint =  , , 
, ,  =  0, , 1
 2 2 2   2   2 2 2 
= (1, − 2, −1)

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508 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

2
5 − ( − 2) + ( −1 − 0) + ( 2 − 3)
2 2
3. (a) z (b) d =
6

4
(− 2, 0, 3) = 49 + 1 + 1
2 = 51
(5, − 1, 2) − 2 −2
 − 2 + 5 0 + ( −1) 3 + 2 
2 2
y
(c) Midpoint =  , , 
 2 2 2 
4 −2
x
−4
3 1 5
=  , − , 
2 2 2

4. ( h, k , j ) = ( −1, 7, 4), r = 6  0 + 2 3 + 5 1 + ( −5) 


5. Center:  , ,  = (1, 4, − 2)
2  2 2 2 
 x − ( −1) + ( y − 7) + ( z − 4) = 62
2 2

(1 − 0) + ( 4 − 3) + ( −2 − 1)
2 2 2
Radius = = 11
(x + 1) + ( y − 7) + ( z − 4) = 36
2 2 2

Standard form: ( x − 1) + ( y − 4) + ( z + 2) = 11
2 2 2

6. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 2 y − 6 z − 23 = 0
( x2 − 8x + 16) + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 23 + 16 + 1 + 9

( x − 4) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 3) = 49
2 2 2

Center: ( 4, 1, 3)

Radius: 49 = 7

z z
7. 2 x + 3 y + z = 6 8. x − 2 z = 4
(0, 0, 6) 1
To find the x-intercept, 6
To find the x-intercept,
let y = 0 and z = 0. let z = 0. 1 1
4 (4, 0, 0) 2
(0, 0, − 2)
2x + 3 y + z = 6 3 x − 2z = 4 4
5
2 x + 3(0) + 0 = 6
x −3 y
x − 2(0) = 4
2

1 −4
2x = 6 −1
x = 4 −5
1 (0, 2, 0)
1
x = 3 (3, 0, 0)
Because the y-coefficient is 0, there is no y-intercept.
3 3
To find the y-intercept, 5
4 4 y The plane is parallel to the y-axis.
x
let x = 0 and z = 0.
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0.
2x + 3y + z = 6
x − 2z = 4
2(0) + 3 y + 0 = 6
0 − 2z = 4
3y = 6
− 2z = 4
y = 2
z = −2
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0.
2x + 3y + z = 6 9. z

2(0) + 3(0) + z = 6 6

z = 6
2

2 2 (0, 3, 0)
4 4
6 6
x y

The only intercept is y = 3. The plane is parallel to


the xz-plane.

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Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself 509

x2 y2 z2
10. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
4 9 16

z2 x2 y2
11. The graph of z 2 − x 2 − y 2 = 25 or − − = 1 is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
25 25 25

x2 z2
12. The graph of 64 y − 8 x 2 − z 2 = 0, or y = + , is an elliptic paraboloid.
8 64

13. f ( x, y ) = x − 9 y 2 17. The domain of f ( x, y ) = e x + y is all points ( x, y ), or all

f (1, 0) = 1 − 9(0) = 1
2 real numbers.
The range is 0 < f ( x, y ) < ∞ or (0, ∞), all positive
f ( 4, −1) = 4 − 9( −1) = −5
2
real numbers.

14. f ( x, y ) = 4x2 + y 18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y y

6 c=5
x2 + y = 0 → y = − x2
f (1, 0) = 4(1) + 0 = 2
2
c=4 c=3
x2 + y = 1 → y = − x2 + 1
f ( 4, −1) = 4( 4) + ( −1) =
2
63 = 3 7 x2 + y = 2 → y = − x2 + 2 −6 −4 4 6
x

x2 + y = 3 → y = − x2 + 3
15. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x − 2 y )
−4

x2 + y = 4 → y = − x2 + 4 −6

f (1, 0) = ln (1) = 0 2 2
c=1 c=0 c=2
x + y = 5 → y = −x + 5
f ( 4, −1) = ln ( 4 − 2( −1)) = ln 6 ≈ 1.79 The level curves are parabolas reflected about the x-axis
(opening downward) with a vertical shift of c units.
16. The domain of f ( x, y) = 81 − x 2 − y 2 is
 29,000(0.055) 
81 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0  
 12 
19. M = = $473.80
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 81   ()
12 6
1
1−  
or all points ( x, y ) inside and on the circle 1 + (0.055 12) 
x 2 + y 2 = 81. $473.80 × 72 payments = $34,113.60
The range is 0 ≤ f ( x, y ) ≤ 9 or [0, 9].
20. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − 3 x − y + 1

f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 f x ( −2, 3) = 2( −2) − 3 = −7

f y ( x, y ) = 4 y − 1 f y ( −2, 3) = 4(3) − 1 = 11

3x − y 2
21. f ( x, y ) =
x+ y

(x + y )(3) − (3x − y 2 ) y2 + 3y y( y + 3) 32 + 3(3)


f x ( x, y ) = = = , f x ( −2, 3) = = 18
(x + y) ( x + y) (x + y)
2 2 2
(−2 + 3)
2

(x + y )( −2 y ) − (3 x − y 2 ) − y 2 − 2 xy − 3 x −32 − 2( −2)(3) − 3( −2)


f y ( x, y ) = = , f y ( −2, 3) = = 9
( x + y) (x + y)
2 2
(−2 + 3)
2

22. f ( x, y ) = x 3e 2 y

f x ( − 2, 3) = 3( − 2) e2(3) = 12e6 ≈ 4841.15


2
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 e 2 y ,

f y ( − 2, 3) = 2( − 2) e2(3) = −16e6 ≈ − 6454.86


3
f y ( x, y ) = 2 x3e 2 y ,

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
510 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

23. f ( x, y ) = ln ( 2 x + 7 y )

2 2 2
f x ( x, y ) = , f x ( − 2, 3) = = ≈ 0.118
2x + 7 y 2( − 2) + 7(3) 17

7 7 7
f y ( x, y ) = , f y ( − 2, 3) = = ≈ 0.412
2x + 7 y 2( − 2) + 7(3) 17

24. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy − 6 x + 2 y

The first partial derivatives of f are f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 2 y − 6 and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y − 2 x + 2.


Solving the system
6 x − 2 y − 6 = 0

2 y − 2 x + 2 = 0
 6x − 2 y = 6

− 2 x + 2 y = − 2
4x = 4
x =1
yields the solution (1, 0).

Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = −2, it follows that f xx (1, 0) > 0 and


2
f xx (1, 0) f yy (1, 0) −  f xy (1, 0) = 8 > 0. So, (1, 0, − 3) is a relative minimum.

25. f ( x, y ) = − x 3 + 4 xy − 2 y 2 + 1

The first partial derivatives of f are f x ( x, y ) = −3 x 2 + 4 y and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y.


Solving the system
− 3x + 4 y = 0
2

 4 x − 4 y = 0

− 3x 2 + 4 x = 0
− x ( 3 x − 4) = 0
x = 0, x = 4
3

yields the solutions (0, 0) and ( 43 , 43 ).


Because f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = − 4, and f xy = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0 and
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = −16 < 0, f xx 43 , ( 4
3 ) = −8, so (0, 0, 1) is a saddle point.
( 43 , 43 ) < 0 and f ( 43 , 43 ) f ( 43 , 43 ) −  f ( 43 , 43 ) ( 43 , 43 , 5927 ) is a relative maximum.
2
Because f xx xx yy xy = 16 > 0,

26. The cost function is C ( x, y ) = 1 x2


16
+ y 2 − 10 x − 40 y + 820 and the first partial derivatives are C x = 1x
8
− 10
and C y = 2 y − 40. Setting these equal to zero and solving for x and y gives you x = 80 and y = 20.

The minimum combined cost is 1


16 (80)2 + 202 − 10(80) − 40( 20) + 820 = 20, or $20,000.

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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 511

Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers

Skills Warm Up
1. 4 x − 6 y = 3 Equation 1 3. 5 x − y = 25 Equation 1
 
2 x + 3 y = 2 Equation 2  x − 5 y = 15 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 2: 4 x + 6 y = 4 Multiply Equation 2 by − 5: −5 x + 25 y = −75
Add to Equation 1: 8x = 7 Add to Equation 1: 24 y = −50
Simplify: x = 7 Simplify: 25
y = − 12
8

Substitute 7
8
for x in Equation 2: 2 ( 78 ) + 3 y = 2
25 for y in Equation 1:
Substitute − 12

Solve for y: y = 1
12
( )
25 = 25
5 x − − 12

The solution is ( 78 , 121 ). Solve for x: x = 55


12

2.  6 x − 6 y = 5 Equation 1
The solution is ( 1255 , − 1225 ).

−3 x − y = 1 Equation 2 4.  4 x − 9 y = 5 Equation 1

Multiply Equation 2 by 2: −6 x − 2 y = 2 − x + 8 y = −2 Equation 2
Add to Equation 1: −8 y = 7 Multiply Equation 2 by 4: −4 x + 32 y = −8
Simplify: y = − 78 Add to Equation 1: 23 y = −3
Simplify: 3
Substitute − 78 for x in Equation 2: −3x − − 78 = 1 ( ) y = − 23
3 for y in Equation 2:
Substitute − 23
1
Solve for x: x = − 24
1
The solution is − 24 (
, − 87 . ) ( )3 = −2
− x + 8 − 23

Solve for x: x = 22
23

The solution is ( 2223 , − 233 ).


5.  2 x − y + z = 3 Equation 1

2 x + 2 y + z = 4 Equation 2

− x + 2 y + 3 z = −1 Equation 3
Multiply Equation 3 by 2: −2 x + 4 y + 6 z = −2
Add to Equation 2: 6 y + 7z = 2 New Equation 1
Multiply Equation 3 by 2: −2 x + 4 y + 6 z = −2
Add to Equation 1: 3y + 7z = 1 New Equation 2
Subtract New Equation 2 from New Equation 1: 3y = 1
Simplify: y = 1
3

Substitute 1
3
for y in New Equation 2: 3 ( 13 ) + 7 z =1

Solve for z : z = 0
Substitute 1 for y and 0 for z in Equation 3:
3

−x + 2 ( 13 ) + 3(0) = −1
Solve for x: x = 5
3

The solution is ( 53 , 13 , 0).

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512 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

Skills Warm Up —continued—


6. 3 x + 4 y + z = 2 Equation 1

 x − 2 y − 2z = − 7 Equation 2

4 x − 6 y + 4 z = 0 Equation 3
3x + 4 y + z = 2
Add − 13 times Equation 1 to Equation 2: 10 y + 7 z = 23 New Equation 2
Add − 4 times Equation 1 to 3 times Equation 3: 34 y − 8 z = 8 New Equation 3
3x + 4 y + z = 2
10 y + 7 z = 23
Multiply new Equation 3 by 1: 17 y − 4 z = 4
2

3x + 4 y + z = 2
10 y + 7 z = 23
Add 47 times new Equation 2 to new Equation 3: 159 z = 351
351 117
Solve for z : z = 159
= 53

Substitute 117
53
for z in new Equation 2: 10 y + 7 (117
53 )
= 23
40
Solve for y : y = 53

Substitute 40
53
for x and 117
53
for z in Equation 1: ( 5340 ) + (117
3x + 4 53 )
= 2
Solve for x : x = − 57
53

The solution is − 57
53 (
, 40 117
,
53 53 ).
7. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + xy 2 9. f ( x, y , z ) = x( x 2 + 3 y 2 − z 2 ) = x3 + 3 xy 2 − xz 2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy + y 2 f x ( x, y , z ) = 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 − z 2
f y ( x, y ) = x + 2 xy
2
f y ( x, y, z ) = 6 xy
f z ( x, y, z ) = − 2 xz
f ( x, y ) = 25( xy + y 2 )
2
8.
10. f ( x, y , z ) = z ( xy + xz + yz )
f x ( x, y ) = 50( xy + y 2 )( y )
f x ( x, y, z ) = z ( y + z ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(0)
= 50 y 2 ( x + y )
= z 2 + yz
f y ( x, y ) = 50( xy + y 2 )( x + 2 y )
f y ( x, y , z ) = z ( x + z ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(0)
= 50 y( x + y )( x + 2 y )
= z 2 + xz
f z ( x, y , z ) = z ( x + y ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(1)
= xy + 2 xz + 2 yz

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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 513

1. F ( x, y, λ ) = xy − λ ( x + y − 14)
Fx = y − λ = 0, y = λ
Fy = x − λ = 0, x = λ
Fλ = − ( x + y − 14) = 0
− ( x + y − 14) = 0
− (λ + λ − 14) = 0
2λ = 14
λ = 7
So, λ = 7, x = 7, y = 7, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (7, 7). The maximum is f (7, 7) = 49.

2. F ( x, y, λ ) = xy − λ ( x + 3 y − 6)
Fx = y − λ = 0, y = λ
Fy = x − 3λ = 0, x = 3λ
Fλ = − ( x + 3 y − 6) = 0
− (3λ + 3λ − 6) = 0
6λ = 6
λ =1
So, λ = 1, x = 3, and y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (3, 1). The maximum is f (3, 1) = 3.

3. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ (3 x + y − 10)
3
Fx = 2 x − 3λ = 0, x = 2
λ

Fy = 2 y − λ = 0, y = 2

Fλ = − (3 x + y − 10) = 0

( ( ) ( λ ) − 10) = 0
− 3 32 λ + 1
2

5λ = 10
λ = 2
So, λ = 2, x = 3, and y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at (3, 1). The minimum is f (3, 1) = 10.

4. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( − 2 x − 4 y + 5)
Fx = 2 x + 2λ = 0, x = −λ
Fy = 2 y + 4λ = 0, y = − 2λ
Fλ = − ( − 2 x − 4 y + 5) = 0
− ( − 2( − λ ) − 4( − 2λ ) + 5) = 0
10λ = − 5
λ = − 12

So, λ = − 12 , x = 1 , and
2
y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at ( 12 , 1). The minimum is f ( 12 , 1) = 5
4
.

5. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − y 2 − λ ( x − 2 y + 6)
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0, x = 1λ
2
Fy = −2 y + 2λ = 0, y = λ
Fλ = −( x − 2 y + 6) = 0, 3λ
2
= 6, λ = 4
So, λ = 4, x = 2, and y = 4, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at (2, 4). The minimum is f ( 2, 4) = −12.

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514 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

6. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − y 2 − λ 2 y − x 2 ( ) 7. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x + 2 xy + y − λ ( 2 x + y − 100)

Fx = 2 x + 2λ x = 0, 2 x(1 + λ ) = 0, λ = −1 Fx = 2 + 2 y − 2λ = 0, y = λ − 1
λ −1
Fy = −2 y − 2λ = 0, y = −λ Fy = 2 x + 1 − λ = 0, x =
2
Fλ = −( 2 y − x 2 ) = 0, x = 2y Fλ = −( 2 x + y − 100) = 0,
So, λ = −1, x = 2, y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a  λ − 1
−2  − (λ − 1) = −100, λ = 51
maximum at ( )
2, 1 . The maximum is f ( )
2, 1 = 1.
 2 
So, λ = 51, x = 25, y = 50, and f ( x, y ) has
a maximum at ( 25, 50). The maximum is
f ( 25, 50) = 2600.

8. F ( x, y, λ ) = 3x + y + 10 − λ x y − 6 ( 2
)
Fx = 3 − 2 xyλ = 0
1
Fy = 1 − x 2λ = 0, λ =
x2
6
Fλ = −( x 2 y − 6) = 0, y =
x2
 6  1 
For Fx , you can write 3 = 2 x 2  2 
 x  x 
3 x 3 = 12
3
x = 4.
3 4 3 3 33 4 
So, x = 3
4, y = , and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at  4, .
2  2 

 33 4  9 3 4 + 20
The minimum is f  3 4,  = ≈ 17.143.
 2  2

9. Note: f ( x, y ) has a maximum value when 10. Note: f ( x, y ) has a minimum when
g ( x, y ) = 6 − x − y is maximum.
2 2
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is minimum.
F ( x , y , λ ) = 6 − x 2 − y 2 − λ ( x + y − 2) F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( 2 x + 4 y − 15)
Fx = −2 x − λ = 0, −2 x = λ  Fx = 2 x − 2λ = 0, x = λ
 x = y
Fy = −2 y − λ = 0, −2 y = λ  Fy = 2 y − 4λ = 0, y = 2λ
Fλ = −( x + y − 2) = 0, 2 x = 2, x = 1 3
Fλ = −( 2 x + 4 y − 15) = 0, −10λ = −15, λ =
So, x = 1, y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (1, 1). 2
The maximum is f (1, 1) = 2. 3 3
So, λ = , x = , y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum
2 2
3  3  3 5
at  , 3. The minimum is f  , 3 = .
2  2  2

(
11. F ( x, y, λ ) = e xy − λ x 2 + y 2 − 8 )
2 xλ 
Fx = ye xy − 2 xλ = 0, e xy =
y 
 x = y
2 yλ 
Fy = xe xy − 2 yλ = 0, e xy =
x 
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 − 8) = 0, 2 x 2 = 8, x = 2

So, x = 2, y = 2, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (2, 2). The maximum is f ( 2, 2) = e 4 .

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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 515

12. F ( x, y, λ ) = e2 xy − λ 2 x 2 + ( 1 2
2
y −1 )
2 xλ 
Fx = 2 ye 2 xy − 4 xλ = 0, e 2 xy =
y  2 xy 2 xλ yλ
 e = = = e 2 xy
yλ  y 2x
Fy = 2 xe 2 xy − yλ = 0, e 2 xy =
2 x  2 xλ yλ
=
y 2x
1 2
4 x 2 = y 2 or x 2 = y
4
 1 
Fλ = −  2 x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0
 2 
 1 
− 2 x 2 + ( 4 x 2 ) − 1 = 0
 2 
4 x2 = 1
1
x = (Assuming x and y are positive.)
2
1 1  1 
So, x = , y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at  , 1. The maximum is f  , 1 = e.
2 2  2 

13. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + y + z − 6) 15. F ( x, y , z , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 1)

Fx = yz − λ = 0 Fx = 2 x − λ = 0 
 
Fy = xz − λ = 0 x = y = z Fy = 2 y − λ = 0 x = y = z
 
Fz = xy − λ = 0 Fz = 2 z − λ = 0 
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 6) = 0, −3 x = −6, x = 2 Fλ = −( x + y + z − 1) = 0, 3 x = 1, x = 1
3
So, x = 2, y = 2, z = 2, and f ( x, y, z ) has a So, x = 13 , y = 13 , z = 13 , and f ( x, y, z ) has a
maximum at ( 2, 2, 2). The maximum is f ( 2, 2, 2) = 8.
minimum at ( 13 , 13 , 13 ). The minimum is f ( 13 , 13 , 13 ) = 1.
3

(
14. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = x 2 y 2 z 2 − λ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9 ) 16. F ( x, y , z , λ ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 24)
Fx = 2 xy 2 z 2 − 2λ x = 0, y 2 z 2 = λ  Fx = 4 x − λ = 0, λ = 4x

Fy = 2 x 2 yz 2 − 2λ y = 0, x 2 z 2 = λ  x = y = z Fy = 6 y − λ = 0, λ = 6y

Fz = 2 x 2 y 2 z − 2λ z = 0, x 2 y 2 = λ  Fz = 4 z − λ = 0, λ = 4z
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 9) = 0
2 2 2
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 24) = 0
− ( x + x + x − 9) = 0
2 2 2
λ λ λ
+ + = 24
2
3x = 9 4 6 4
8λ = 288
x2 = 3
λ = 36
x = 3
So, λ = 36, x = 9, y = 6, z = 9, and f ( x, y, z )
So, x = 3, y = 3, z = 3, and f ( x, y, z ) has a
has a minimum at (9, 6, 9).
maximum at ( 3, 3, )
3 . The maximum is
The minimum is f (9, 6, 9) = 432.
f ( 3, 3, )
3 = 27.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
516 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

(
17. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = x + y + z − λ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 )
Fx = 1 − 2 xλ = 0 

Fy = 1 − 2 yλ = 0 x = y = z

Fz = 1 − 2 zλ = 0 
3
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1) = 0, 3x 2 = 1, x =
3
3 3 3  3 3 3
So, x = , y = , z = , and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at  , , .
3 3 3  3 3 3 
 3 3 3
The maximum is f  , ,  = 3.
 3 3 3 

(
18. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = 3x + 2 y + z − λ 3x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 )
1
Fx = 3 − 6 xλ = 0 → x =
2λ 

1 
Fy = 2 − 2 yλ = 0 → y = 
λ
1 
Fz = 1 − 2 zλ = 0 → z = 
2λ 
Fλ = − (3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6) = 0
  1 2  1 2  1 2 
− 3  +   +   − 6 = 0

   λ
  λ
 
2 
3 1 1
+ 2 + = 6
4λ 2 λ 4λ 2
8
= 6
4λ 2
8 = 24λ 2
1
λ2 =
3
1 3
λ = =
3 3
1 3 1 1 3 3 3
So, x = 2
= ,y = 2
= 3, z = 2
= , and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at  , 3, .
 1  2  1   1  2 2 2
2     
 3  3   3 
3 3  3 3
The maximum is f  , 3,  = 3  + 2(3) + = 12.
2 2  2 2

19. Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz subject to the constraint x + y + z = 90.


F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + y + z − 90)
Fx = yz − λ = 0, yz = λ 

Fy = xz − λ = 0, xz = λ  yz = xz = xy  x = y = z

Fz = xy − λ = 0, xy = λ 
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 90) = 0
− ( x + x + x − 90) = 0
3x = 90
x = 30
So, x = 30, y = 30, z = 30, and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at (30, 30, 30).

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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 517

20. Maximize f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 yz subject to the constraint 24. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( 2 x + 3 y + 1)


x + y + z = 80. Fx = 2 x − 2λ = 0, x = λ
F ( x, y z , λ ) = x yz − λ ( x + y + z − 80)
2
3
Fy = 2 y − 3λ = 0, y = λ
2
Fx = 2 xyz − λ = 0, λ = 2 xyz
 3  
Fλ = − 2λ + 3 λ  + 1 = 0
Fx = 2 xyz − λ = 0, λ = 2 xyz   2  
y = z
Fy = x 2 z − λ = 0, λ = x 2 z   
3 
− 2λ + 3 λ  + 1 = 0
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 80) = 0  2  
2
Using Fx and Fz , 2 xy 2 = x 2 y  2 y = x λ = −
13
and using Fx , − ( 2 y + y + y − 80) = 0  y = 20.
2 3 2  3
So, x = − , y =  −  = − , and
So, x = 40, y = 20, and z = 20. 13 2  13  13

21. Minimize f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the 4 9 13 1


d = x2 + y 2 = + = =
constraint x + y + z = 120. 169 169 169 13
13
F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 120) = .
13
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0 

Fy = 2 y − λ = 0 x = y = z 25. F ( x, y, λ ) = ( x + 3) + y 2 − λ y − x 2
2
( )

Fz = 2 z − λ = 0  3
Fx = 2( x + 3) + 2λ x = 0 → x = −
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 120) = 0, 3x = 120, x = 40 1+ λ
1
So, x = 40, y = 40, and z = 40. Fy = 2 y − λ = 0 → y = λ
2
Fλ = − ( y − x 2 ) = 0
22. Minimize f ( x, y , z ) = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 subject to the
constraint x + y + z = 36. 1  3  
2
−  λ − −   = 0
F ( x, y z , λ ) = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − λ ( x + y + z − 36)  2  1 + λ  
1 9
Fx = 3x 2 − λ = 0, λ = 3x2  λ − = 0
 2 (1 + λ )2
Fy = 3 y 2 − λ = 0, λ = 3 y 2  x = y = z
λ 9
Fz = 3 z 2 − λ = 0, λ = 3 z 2  =
2 (1 + λ )2
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 36) = 0
λ (1 + λ ) = 18
2

Using Fλ , − ( x + x + x − 36) = 0, x = 12. λ (1 + 2λ + λ 2 ) = 18


So, x = 12, y = 12, and z = 12. λ 3 − 2λ 2 + λ − 18 = 0
λ = 2
23. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( x + y − 6)
3 1
x = − = −1, y = ( 2) = 1
λ 1+ 2 2
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0, x =
2 d 2 = ( −1 + 3) + (1) = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2

λ
Fy = 2 y − λ = 0, y = = x d = 5
2
Fλ = −( x + y − 6) = 0, x + x = 6  x = 3

So, x = 3, y = 3, and
d = x2 + y2 = 9+9 = 18 = 3 2.

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518 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

26. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + ( y − 10) − λ ( x − 4) + y 2 − 4
2 2
 
x 
Fx = 2 x − 2λ ( x − 4) = 0, λ =
x − 4 
 5 x + 2 y = 20
y − 10 
Fy = 2( y − 10) − 2λ y = 0, λ =
y 
2
 20 − 5 x 
Fλ = − ( x − 4) + y 2 − 4 = 0, ( x − 4) + 
2 2
   = 4
 2 
116 ± 4 29
x = (x ≈ 3.2572, 4.7428)
29
116 − 4 29 10 29
So, x = (the other value of x results in a negative y-value), y = ,
29 29
2 2
 116 − 4 29   10 29 
and d =   +  − 10  ≈ 8.770.
 29   29 

27. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = ( x − 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 1) − λ ( x + y + z − 1)
2 2 2

Fx = 2( x − 2) − λ = 0
 x − 2 = y − 1 = z − 1
Fy = 2( y − 1) − λ = 0 
 x −1 = y = z
Fz = 2( z − 1) − λ = 0 

Fλ = −( x + y + z − 1) = 0

(1 − 2) + (0 − 1) + (0 − 1)
2 2 2
So, y = 0, z = 0, x = 1, and d = = 3.

(
28. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = ( x − 4) + y 2 + z 2 − λ x 2 + y 2 − z 2
2
)
Fx = 2( x − 4) − 2 xλ = 0, 2 x(1 − λ ) = 8

Fy = 2 y − 2 yλ = 0 2 y (1 − λ ) = 0

Fz = 2 z + 2 zλ = 0  2 z (1 + λ ) = 0

Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 − z 2 ) = 0, z = x2 + y2

From Fy , you have y = 0 or λ = 1. From Fx , you know that λ ≠ 1 (since 0 ≠ 8), so, y = 0.

From Fλ and Fz , you now have x = z and λ = −1. So, x = 2, y = 0, z = 2, and

(2 − 4) + (0) + ( 2)
2 2 2
d = = 2 2.

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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 519

29. Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz subject to the constraint 31. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = xyz − λ ( 40 xy + 60 xz + 60 yz − 2430)


2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90 = 0. Fx = yz − ( 40λ y + 60λ z ) = 0
F ( x, y z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( 2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90)  x = yxz
Fy = − ( 40λ x + 60λ z ) = 0 
Fx = yz − 2λ = 0, λ = 1 yz 
2  1 1 2
Fz = xy − (60λ x + 60λ y ) = 0
1 xz 
y = x  y = x
Fy = xz − 3λ = 0, λ = 3 
2
1z
3
1y
3
3
When y = x, Fz = xx − (60λ x + 60λ x) = 0.
=  z = y
Fz = xy − 5λ = 0, λ = 1 xy  3 5 5
5   x 2 − 120λ x = 0
Fλ = − ( 2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90) = 0 x( x − 120λ ) = 0
x = 0, x = 120λ → y = 120λ
( ( )
Using Fλ , − 2 x + 3 23 x + 5 53
 ( 23 x) − 90) = 0 From Fx when x = 120λ and y = 120λ ,
− 2 x − 2 x − 2 x + 90 = 0  x = 15. 120λ z − 40λ (120λ ) + 60λ z  = 0
So, x = 15, y = 10, and z = 6.
− 4800λ 2 + 60λ z = 0
The rectangular box has dimensions 15 units by 10 units
by 6 units. 60λ z = 4800λ 2
z = 80λ (λ ≠ 0).
Fλ = − 40(120λ )(120λ ) + 60(120λ )(80λ )
Fx = yz − λ = 0 
 x = 2y + 60(120λ )(80λ ) − 2430 = 0
Fy = xz − 2λ = 0
Fz = xy − 2λ = 0, y = z 1,728,000λ = 2430
3
Fλ = − ( x + 2 y + 2 z − 108) = 0, 6 y = 108, y = 18 λ = 80

So, x = 36, y = 18, and z = 18. So, x = y = 120 ( 803 ) = 4.5 and z ( 803 ) = 3.
= 80
The volume is maximized when the dimensions are The case λ = 0 is not possible.
36 × 18 × 18 centimeters.
The volume is maximized when the dimensions are
4.5 meters × 4.5 meters × 3 meters.

32. Minimize C ( x, y, z ) = 50 xy + 30( xy + 2 xz + 2 yz ) = 80 xy + 60 xz + 60 yz subject to the constraint xyz = 4.5.


F ( x, y, z , λ ) = 80 xy + 60 xz + 60 yz − λ ( xyz − 4.5)
Fx = 80 y + 60 z − λ yz = 0  x = y z

Fy = 80 x + 60 z − λ xz = 0  4y
 4 y = 3z , z = 3
Fz = 60 x + 60 y − λ xy = 0
Fλ = −( xyz − 4.5) = 0, y( y ) ( 43 y) = 4.5, y = 1.5
x

y
So, x = 1.5, y = 1.5, and z = 2.
The dimensions for minimizing cost are 1.5 meters × 1.5 meters × 2 meters.

33. F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 25 x1 + 0.05 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 1000)


Fx1 = 0.5 x1 + 25 − λ = 0, x1 = 2λ − 50
Fx 2 = 0.1x2 + 12 − λ = 0, x2 = 10λ − 120
Fλ = −( x1 + x2 − 1000) = 0
(2λ − 50) + (10λ − 120) = 1000
12λ = 1170
λ = 97.5
So, x1 = 145 and x2 = 855.
To minimize cost, let x1 = 145 units and x2 = 855 units.

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520 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

34. F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 2000)

Fx1 = 0.5 x1 + 10 − λ = 0, x1 = 2λ − 20

Fx 2 = 0.3 x2 + 12 − λ = 0, x2 = 10 λ − 40
3

Fλ = −( x1 + x2 − 2000)

(2λ − 20) + (103 λ − 40) = 2000


16 λ = 2060
3
λ = 386.25
So, x1 = 752.5 and x2 = 1247.5.
To minimize cost, let x1 = 753 units and x2 = 1247 units.

35. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 subject to the constraint 48 x + 36 y = 100,000.
F ( x, y, λ ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 − λ ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000)
Fx = 25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 − 48λ = 0
Fy = 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25 − 36λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000) = 0
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25
Using Fx , λ = and Fy , λ = , so
48 36
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25
=
48 36
25 y 0.75 75 x 0.25
0.75
=
48 x 36 y 0.25
3
y = 3x
4
y = 4 x.
3125
Then using Fλ , − ( 48 x + 36( 4 x) − 100,000) = 0  x = .
6
3125 6250  3125 6250 
So, x = and y = , and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at  , .
6 3  6 3 
 3125 6250 
The maximum production level is f  ,  ≈ 147,314 units.
 6 3 
− 0.75 0.75
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 25  3125   6250 
(b) Using Fx , 25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 − 48λ = 0, so λ = =     ≈ 1.4731.
48 48  6   3 
(c) 147,314 + (125,000 − 100,000)λ ≈ 147,314 + 25,000(1.4731) ≈ 181,142 units
(d) 147,314 + (350,000 − 100,000)λ ≈ 147,314 + 250,000(1.4731) ≈ 515,589 units

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 521

36. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.6 y 0.4 subject to the constraint 48 x + 36 y − 100,000 = 0.
F ( x, y , λ ) = 100 x 0.6 y 0.4 − λ ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000)
Fx = 60 x − 0.4 y 0.4 − 48λ = 0
Fy = 40 x 0.6 y − 0.6 − 36λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000) = 0
60 x − 0.4 y 0.4 40 x 0.6 y − 0.6
Using Fx , λ = and Fy , λ = , so
48 36
5 x − 0.4 y 0.4 10 x 0.6 y − 0.6
=
4 9
5 y 0.4 10 x 0.6
=
4 x 0.4 9 y 0.6
45 y = 40 x
8
y = x.
9
 8  
Then using Fy , −  48 x + 36 x  − 100,000  = 0  x = 1250.
 9  
10,000  10,000 
So, x = 1250 and y = , and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at 1250, .
9  9 
 10,000 
The maximum production level is f 1250,  ≈ 119,247 units.
 9 
0.4
 10,000 
60 y 0.4
60 y 0.4
60  9 
(b) Using Fx , − 48λ = 0, so λ = =   ≈ 1.192.
x 0.4 48 x 0.4 48  1250 
 
 
(c) 119,247 + (125,000 − 100,000)(1.192) ≈ 149,047 units

(d) 119,247 + (350,000 − 100,000)(1.192) ≈ 417,247 units

37. (a) Minimize f ( x, y ) = 50 x + 100 y subject to 100 x 0.7 y 0.3 − 20,000 = 0.


F ( x, y, λ ) = 50 x + 100 y − λ (100 x0.7 y 0.3 − 20,000)
Fx = 50 − 70λ x − 0.3 y 0.3 = 0
Fy = 100 − 30λ x 0.7 y − 0.7 = 0
Fλ = − (100 x 0.7 y 0.3 − 20,000) = 0
0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7
 y 50  y 30λ  y  y y  50  30λ 
Using Fx ,   = and using Fy ,   = . So,     = =   
 x 70λ  x 100  x  x x  70λ  100 
y 3 3
=  y = x.
x 14 14
Since 100 x 0.7 y 0.3 = 20,000,
0.3
3 
100 x 0.7  x  = 20,000
 14 
0.3
3
  x = 200
 14 
200
x = 0.3
≈ 317 units.
3
 
 14 
3
So, x ≈ 317 units and y = (317) ≈ 68 units.
14

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
522 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

(b) f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.7 y 0.3


f x ( x, y ) = 70 x − 0.3 y 0.3
f y ( x, y ) = 30 x 0.7 y − 0.7

f x ( x, y ) 70 x − 0.3 y 0.3 50
= =
f y ( x, y ) 0.7 − 0.7
30 x y 100
70 y 50
=
30 x 100
y 3
=
x 14
3
So, y = x and the conditions are met.
14

38. (a) Minimize f ( x, y ) = 50 x + 100 y subject to 100 x 0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000 = 0

F ( x, y, λ ) = 50 x + 100 y − λ (100 x0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000)

Fx = 50 − 40λ x − 0.6 y 0.6 = 0


Fy = 100 − 60λ x 0.4 y − 0.4 = 0
Fλ = − (100 x 0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000) = 0
0.6 0.4
 y 50  y 60λ
Using Fx ,   = and using Fy ,   = .
 x 40λ  x 100
0.4 0.6
 y  y y  50  60λ 
So,     ==   
 x  x x  40λ  100 
y 3 3
=  y = x.
x 4 4
Since 100 x 0.4 y 0.6 = 20,000
0.6
3 
100 x 0.4  x  = 20,000
4 
0.6
3
  x = 200
4
200
x = 0.6
≈ 238 units.
3
 
4
3
So, x = 238 units and y = ( 238) ≈ 179 units.
4
(b) f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.4 y 0.6
f x ( x, y ) = 40 x − 0.6 y 0.6
f y ( x, y ) = 60 x 0.4 y − 0.4

f x ( x, y ) 40 x − 0.6 y 0.6 50
= =
f y ( x, y ) 60 x 0.4 y − 0.4 100
40 y 50
=
60 x 100
y 3
=
x 4
3
So, y = x and the conditions are met.
4

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Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 523

39. (a) Barn 41. Minimize C ( x, y, z ) = x + 2 y + 3z subject to the


constraint 12 xyz = 0.13.
x x x
F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x + 2 y + 3 z − λ (12 xyz − 0.13)
y y Fx = 1 − 12λ yz = 0, 12λ yz = 1 
 x = 2y
Fy = 2 − 12λ xz = 0, 12λ xz = 2
Minimize
 x = 3z
f ( x, y ) = 30( 2 x + 2 y ) + 12 x = 72 x + 60 y subject Fz = 3 − 12λ xy = 0, 12λ xy = 3
to the constraint g ( x, y ) = 2 xy − 1215 = 0.  x  x 
Fλ = −(12 xyz − 0.13) = 0, 12 x   = 0.13
 2  3 
F ( x, y, λ ) = 72 x + 60 y − λ ( 2 xy − 1215)
2 x3 = 0.13
Fx = 72 − 2λ y = 0 y = 36 λ
 x = 3
0.065 ≈ 0.402
Fy = 60 − 2λ x = 0 x = 30 λ
3 1 3
Fλ = −2 xy + 1215 = 0 So, x = 0.065 ≈ 0.402, y = 0.065 ≈ 0.201,
2
2 xy = 1215 13
z = 0.065 ≈ 0.134, and f ( x, y, z )
 30  36  3
2   = 1215
 λ  λ  is a minimum at about (0.402, 0.201, 0.134). To
1 9 minimize the cost, use 0.402 liter of solution x,
=
λ2 16 0.201 liter of solution y, and 0.134 liter of solution z.
4
λ =
3 (
42. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = x + 2 y + 3z − λ 0.01x 2 y 2 z 2 − 0.13 )
So, x = 22.5 and y = 27. Fx = 1 − 0.02λ xy 2 z 2 = 0, 100 = 2λ xy 2 z 2 
 x = 2y
To minimize the cost of the fencing, make the fence Fy = 2 − 0.02λ x 2 yz 2 = 0, 200 = 2λ x 2 yz 2 
22.5 meters by 54 meters.
Fz = 3 − 0.02λ x 2 y 2 z = 0, 300 = 2λ x 2 y 2 z , x = 3z
(b) f ( 22.5, 27) = $3240
Fλ = −(0.01x 2 y 2 z 2 − 0.13) = 0, x 2 y 2 z 2 = 13
The minimum cost is $3240.
2 2
40. (a) Minimize C ( x, y ) = 1800 x + 720 y subject to the  x  x
x 2     = 13
 2  3
constraint 4 xy = 40.
x 6 = 468
F ( x, y, λ ) = 1800 x + 720 y − λ ( 4 xy − 40)
6
x = 468 ≈ 2.786
Fx = 1800 − 4λ y = 0 y = 450 λ
 6 1 6
Fy = 720 − 4λ x = 0  x = 180 λ So, x = 468 ≈ 2.786, y = 468 ≈ 1.393,
2
Fλ = −( 4 xy − 40) = 0 z =
16
468 ≈ 0.929, and f ( x, y, z ) is a minimum
3
 180  450  at about ( 2.786, 1.393, 0.929). To minimize the cost,
40 = 4  
 λ  λ 
use 2.786 liters of solution x, 1.393 liters of
λ 2 = 8100 solution y, and 0.929 liter of solution z.
λ = 90
So, x = 2 and y = 5. To minimize the cost, make
the partitions 2 meters by 5 meters.
(b) C ( 2, 5) = $7200
The minimum cost is $7200.

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524 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

43. Maximize G ( x, y , z ) = 0.05 x 2 + 0.16 xy + 0.25 z 2 subject to the constraint 9 x + 4 y + 4 z = 400.

F ( x, y , z , λ ) = 0.05 x 2 + 0.16 xy + 0.25 z 2 − λ (9 x + 4 y + 4 z − 400)

Fx = 0.1x + 0.16 y − 9λ = 0
Fy = 0.16 x − 4λ = 0 x = 25λ

Fz = 0.5 z − 4λ = 0  z = 8λ

Fλ = −(9 x + 4 y + 4 z − 400) = 0

From Fλ , you have 9( 25λ ) + 4 y + 4(8λ ) = 400. So, y = 100 − 64.25λ . From Fx , you have
0.1( 25λ ) + 0.16(100 − 64.25λ ) − 9λ = 0. So, λ = 800
839
≈ 0.953516. So, x ≈ 23.8, y ≈ 38.7, z ≈ 7.6,
and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at about ( 23.8, 38.7, 7.6). To maximize the amount of ice cream you can eat,
have f ( 23.8, 38.7, 7.6) ≈ 190.1 grams.

44. (a) z (1, 2) = 2

(b) z ( 2, 2) = 8

45. (a) Maximize A = 0.0001t 2 pr1.5 subject to the constraint 90t + 36 p + 45r = 8100.
F ( A) = 0.0001t 2 pr1.5 − λ (90t + 36 p + 45r − 8100)
Ft = 0.0002tpr1.5 − 90λ = 0
Fp = 0.0001t 2 r1.5 − 36λ = 0
Fr = 0.00015t 2 pr 0.5 − 45λ = 0
Fλ = − (90t + 36 p + 45r − 8100) = 0

0.0001t 2 r1.5
From Fp , λ = .
36
 0.0001t 2 r1.5 
Using Ft , Ft = 0.0002tpr1.5 − 90  = 0.
 36 
 0.0001t 2 1.5
r 
0.0002tpr1.5 − 90  = 0
 36 
0.0002tpr1.5 − 0.00025t 2 r1.5 = 0
Divide by r1.5 and t ( r1.5 ≠ 0 and t ≠ 0).
0.0002 p − 0.00025t = 0
0.00025t = 0.0002 p
t = 0.8 p
Similarly, using Fr , you obtain r = 1.2 p.
Using Fλ , you obtain p = 50.
So, t = 0.8(50) = 40 and r = 1.2(50) = 60.

To maximize the number of responses, spend 90( 40) = $3600 on a cable television ad, 36(50) = $1800 on
a newspaper ad, and 45(60) = $2700 on a radio ad.

(b) A = 0.0001( 40) (50)(60)


2 1.5
≈ 3718
The maximum number of responses is about 3718.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis 525

Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis

Skills Warm Up

1. ( 2.5 − 1) + (3.25 − 2) + ( 4.1 − 3) = (1.5) + (1.25) + (1.1) = 2.25 + 1.5625 + 1.21 = 5.0225
2 2 2 2 2 2

2. (1.1 − 1) + ( 2.08 − 2) + ( 2.95 − 3) = (0.1) + (0.08) + ( −0.05) = 0.01 + 0.0064 + 0.0025 = 0.0189
2 2 2 2 2 2

3. (0, 1), (3, 7) y 6. ( − 4, − 2), ( 2, − 3.5)

− 3.5 − ( − 2)
3
7 −1 −1.5 1
m = = 2 2 m = = = −
3−0 1
2 − ( − 4) 6 4
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) x
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
y
−3 −2 1 2 3
2
y − 1 = 2( x − 0) −1
1
y = 2x + 1
−2
y − ( − 2) = −
4
( x − (− 4)) 1
x
−3 −12 −8 −6 −4 −2 2
−1
1
4. (1, 3), ( 4, 0) y y + 2 = − x −1 −2

4
−4
0−3
5
1
m = = −1 4 y = − x −3 −5

4 −1 4
3

y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) 2

1
7. S = a 2 + 6b 2 − 4a − 8b − 4ab + 6
y − 0 = ( −1)( x − 4) x ∂S
−1 1 2 3 4 5 = 2a − 4 − 4b
y = −x + 4 −1 ∂a
∂S
5. ( − 2, − 3), (8, 2) y = 12b − 8 − 4a
∂b
3
2 − ( − 3) 1 2
m = = 8. S = 4a 2 + 9b 2 − 6a − 4b − 2ab + 8
8 − ( − 2)
1
2 x
−2 − 1 1 4 5 6 ∂S
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) = 8a − 6 − 2b
∂a
1 −3
∂S
y − 2 = ( x − 8) −4 = 18b − 4 − 2a
2 −5 ∂b
1
y = x − 2
2

1.
x-values −3 −2 −1 0 1
Actual y-values 2 2 4 6 8
Linear model,
f ( x) = 1.6 x + 6 1.2 2.8 4.4 6 7.6

Quadratic model,
2.01 2.76 4.09 6 8.49
g ( x) = 0.29 x 2 + 2.2 x + 6

Linear model sum of the squared errors:


S = (1.2 − 2) + ( 2.8 − 2) + ( 4.4 − 4) + (6 − 6) + (7.6 − 8) = 1.6
2 2 2 2 2

Quadratic model sum of the squared errors:


S = ( 2.01 − 2) + ( 2.76 − 2) + ( 4.09 − 4) + (6 − 6) + (8.49 − 8) = 0.8259
2 2 2 2 2

The quadratic model is a better fit.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
526 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

2.
x-values −3 −1 1 3
Actual y-values 4 2 1 0
Linear model,
f ( x) = − 0.7 x + 2 4.1 2.7 1.3 −0.1

Quadratic model,
3.64 1.76 0.36 −0.56
g ( x) = 0.06 x 2 − 0.7 x + 1

Linear model sum of the squared errors:


S = ( 4.1 − 4) + ( 2.7 − 2) + (1.3 − 1) + ( − 0.1 − 0) = 0.6
2 2 2 2

Quadratic model sum of the squared errors:


S = (3.64 − 4) + (1.76 − 2) + (0.36 − 1) + ( − 0.56 − 0) = 0.9104
2 2 2 2

The linear model is a better fit.

3.
x-values −2 −1 0 3
Actual y-values 11 10 7 4
Linear model,
f ( x) = −1.4 x + 8 10.8 9.4 8 3.8

Quadratic model,
10.76 8.74 7 3.46
g ( x) = −1.14 x 2 − 1.6 x + 7

Linear model sum of the squared errors:


S = (11 − 10.8) + (10 − 9.4) + (7 − 8) + ( 4 − 3.8) = 1.44
2 2 2 2

Quadratic model sum of the squared errors:


S = (11 − 10.76) + (10 − 8.74) + (7 − 7) + ( 4 − 3.46) = 1.9368
2 2 2 2

The linear model is a better fit.

4.
x-values −1 1 2 4 6
Actual y-values −4 −3 0 5 9
Linear model,
f ( x) = 2.0 x − 3 −5 −1 1 5 9

Quadratic model,
−4.16 −1.56 0.16 4.44 9.84
g ( x) = 0.14 x 2 + 1.3 x − 3

Linear model sum of the squared errors:

S = ( − 5 − ( − 4)) + ( −1 − ( − 3)) + (1 − 0) + (5 − 5) + (9 − 9) = 6
2 2 2 2 2

Quadratic model sum of the squared errors:

S = ( − 4.16 − ( − 4)) + ( −1.56 − ( − 3)) + (0.16 − 0) + ( 4.44 − 5) + (9.84 − 9) = 3.144


2 2 2 2 2

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis 527

5. The sum of the squared errors is as follows. y

S = ( −2a + b + 1) + (0a + b) + ( 2a + b − 3)
2 2 2 5
4
(2, 3)
∂S 3
= 2( −2a + b + 1)( −2) + 2( 2a + b − 3)( 2) = 16a − 16 2
∂a
1
∂S (0, 0)
= 2( −2a + b + 1) + 2b + 2( 2a + b − 3) = 6b − 4 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
x

∂b (− 2, − 1) −1
−2
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces a = 1 −3

2 2
and b = . So, y = x + .
3 3

6. The sum of the squared errors is as follows. y

S = ( −3a + b) + ( − a + b − 1) + ( a + b − 1) + (3a + b − 2)
2 2 2 2 4

3
∂S (3, 2)
= −6( −3a + b) − 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b − 1) + 6(3a + b − 2) = 40a − 12 2
∂a (−1, 1)
(−3, 0) (1, 1)
∂S
= 2( −3a + b) + 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b − 1) + 2(3a + b − 2) = 8b − 8 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x

∂b −1

3 3 −2
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces a = and b = 1. So, y = x + 1.
10 10

7. The sum of the squared errors is as follows.


y
S = ( −2a + b − 4) + ( − a + b − 1) + (b + 1) + ( a + b + 3)
2 2 2 2
5
∂S 4
= −4( −2a + b − 4) − 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b + 3) = 12a − 4b + 24 (− 2, 4)
3
∂a 2
∂S (− 1, 1) 1
= 2( −2a + b − 4) + 2( − a + b − 1) + 2(b + 1) + 2( a + b + 3) = −4a + 8b − 2 x
∂b −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3 4
(0, − 1)
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces: −2
−3 (1, − 3)
12a − 4b = −24 −4

−4a + 8b = 2
So, a = −2.3 and b = −0.9, and y = −2.3 x − 0.9.

8. The sum of the squared errors is as follows.


S = ( −5a + b + 3) + ( −4a + b + 2) + ( −2a + b + 1) + ( − a + b − 1)
2 2 2 2 y

2
∂S
= −10( −5a + b + 3) − 8( −4a + b + 2) − 4( −2a + b + 1) − 2( − a + b − 1) (−1, 1)
∂a
x
= 92a − 24b − 48 −6 −5 −4 −3 −1
−1
(− 2, −1)
∂S (− 4, −2)
= 2( −5a + b + 3) + 2( −4a + b + 2) + 2( −2a + b + 1) + 2( − a + b − 1) −2

∂b (− 5, −3)
−3

= −24a + 8b + 10 −4

Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces:


92a − 24b = 48
−24a + 8b = −10
So, a = 0.9 and b = 1.45, and y = 0.9 x + 1.45.

9. y = 0.8 x + 2 12. y = −0.4519 x + 5.6

10. y = 0.4118 x + 3 13. y = 1.0129 x − 2.417

11. y = −1.1824 x + 6.3851 14. y = − 2.7802 x − 1.4432

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
528 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

15. (a) y = 8.52t − 5.4 20. Negative correlation


(b) Let t = 17: y = 8.52(17) − 5.4 r ≈ −0.9652
y
y = 139.44
8
About $139.44 billion in 2017
(c) Let y = 180 and solve for t. 6

4
180 = 8.52t − 5.4
185.4 = 8.52t 2

x
t ≈ 21.8 2 4 6 8

About $180 billion in 2022


21. No correlation
16. (a) y = −1.78 x + 127.6 r = 0
(b) Let x = 32.95. y

y = −1.78(32.95) + 127.6 = 70 12

10
(c) Let y = 100 and find x.
8

100 = −1.78 x + 127.6 6

− 27.6 = 1.78 x 4

$15.51 ≈ x 2

x
1 2 3 4 5 6
17. (a) y = 10.8 x + 1932
(b) Let x = 180. 22. Positive correlation
y = 10.8(180) + 1932 = 3876 liters per hectare r ≈ 0.9276
y

18. (a) y = 0.22 x − 7.5 matches (iv). 4


The positive slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the
3
data points can be used.
2
(b) y = − 0.35 x + 11.5 matches (i).
1
The negative slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the
data points can be used. x
1 2 3 4
(c) y = 0.09 x + 19.8 matches (iii).
The positive slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the 23. No linear correlation
data points can be used. r ≈ 0.0750
(d) y = −1.29 x + 89.8 matches (ii). y

The negative slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the 36

data points can be used. 30

24
19. Positive correlation
18
r ≈ 0.9981
12
y
6
16
x
14 1 2 3 4 5 6
12

10 24. Negative correlation


8
r ≈ −0.9907
6
y
4

2 10
x
8
1 2 3 4 5 6
6

x
1 2 3 4 5

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 529

25. False, the slope is positive, which means there is a 28. True
positive correlation.
29. True
26. True
30. False, there is a strong negative correlation, so the
27. True regression line will fit the data well.
31. Answers will vary.

Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane

Skills Warm Up
1 13. y = x, y = 0, x = 3
= x]0 = 1
1
1.  0 dx y

2
= 3 y]0 = 6
2
 0 3 dy
4
2.
3

4 4
= 2( 4) − 2(1)  = 130
3 3
 −1 6 x 2 x 3 
2
3. dx = 2
−1  
1
1 1
4. 0 2x 3 dx = 1 x4 
2 0
= 1
2
1 2 4
x

 1 ( x − 2 x + 4) dx =  14 x − x + 4 x1
2 2
3 4 2
5.
14. y = x, y = 3, x = 0
= ( 4 − 4 + 8) − ( 1
4 )
−1+ 4 = 19
4
y

 0 (4 − y )
2 2
6. 2
dy = 4 y − 1 y3
3 0
= 16
3
2
3 3
3 4 3 4 −3  2  2 
7. 1 5 x3
dx = 1 5
x dx = − x − 2  = − 2 
 5 1 5x  1
1

x
2 2 16 1 2 3 4
= − + =
45 5 45
15. y = 16 − x 2 , y = 0, x = 0
4 2 4
8. 1 x
dx = 4 x  = 8 − 4 = 4
1
y

2x 2
dx = ln ( x 2 + 1)
2
9. 0 2
x +1 0 12

= ln 5 − ln 1 8

= ln 5 4

≈ 1.609 x
2 6 8
e 1 e
10. 2 dy = ln ( y − 1) 2 = ln (e − 1) − ln ( 2 − 1)
y −1 16. y = x 2 , y = 4 x
= ln (e − 1) ≈ 0.541 y

15
2 2
2 +1 1 x2 +1 
11. 0 xe x dx = 2
e  0 = 1 5
2
e − 12 e ≈ 72.847 12

1 1 6
0 e dy = − 12 e −2 y  = − 12 e −2 + 1
−2 y
12. 2
≈ 0.432
0 3

x
1 2 3 4 5

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
530 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

x ey
 y2  3x 2 y (ln x ) 
x 2
1.  0 (2 x − y ) dy = 2 xy −

 =
2 0 2 9. 1
ey y ln x
dx = 
x 2 1

y (ln e y )
y y 2
y (ln 1)
2
2.  0 (5 x + 8 y) dx =  52 x 2 + 8 xy
0 = −
2 2
= ( 52 y 2
+ 8 y 2 − (0) =) 21 2
2
y
y3
=
x2 2
x2 y y2  x3 x x
3. x dy =  = − = ( x 2 − 1)
x 2x  x 2 2 2 3 xy 3
10. y dx = y x 2 + 1
x +12 y
2y y 2y
4. 1 x
dx = y ln x 1 = y ln 2 y = 10 y − y y2 + 1

= y ( 10 − y2 + 1 )
(3x 2 y + x) dx = x3 y +
y y
5. 2 1 2
x
2 2
2
1 y2 
(
= y4 + 1 y2
2 ) − (8 y + 2) 11.
1 2
 0  0 (x + y ) dy dx =  0 xy + 2  dx
0
= y4 + 1 y2 − 8y − 2
2 1
=  0 (2 x + 2) dx
x
1 4 =  x 2 + 2 x
1

 4 ( xy + 4 y ) dy
x
3 −2
6. =  xy 4 −  0
4 y 4
= 3
1 4
=  x5 −  − (64 x − 1)
 0  0 (6 y − x ) dy
2 3 2 3
4 x
0 3 y 2 − x 2 y dx
2
12. dx =
0
1 5 4
= x − 64 x − − 1
 0 (18 − 3x ) dx
2
2
4 x =
2
= 18 x − x3 
( x2 + 3 y 2 ) dy =  x 2 y + y 3  3
x x
7.  x3 x
0

= 36 − 0 = 36
= ( x5 2 + x3 2 ) − ( x5 + x9 )
2 4 2 4
 −3  − 2 ( xy) dx dy  −3  12 x y
2
= − x9 − x5 + x5 2 + x3 2 13. = dy
−2
2
1− y2 1− y2
=  −3 (8 y − 2 y) dy
8. − 1− y2
(x 2
+ y 2
) dx 1 3
=  3 x + xy 

2
1− y2 2
=  −3 (6 y) dy
(1 − y )
32
= 2 2
+ 2y 2
1− y 2
3 2
= 3 y 2 
= 2
3
1 − y 2 (1 − y 2 ) + 3 y 2  −3

= 12 − 27 = −15
= 2
3
1 − y 2 (1 + 2 y 2 )

 −1  − 3 ( x − xy 2 ) dy dx =
2 3 2 3
 −1 x y − 13 xy 3  dx
2 2
14.
−3

 −1 (3x − 9 x) − ( − 3x 2 + 9 x) dx
2
2
=

 − 1 (6 x − 18 x) dx
2
2
=
2
= 2 x3 − 9 x 2 
−1

= (16 − 36) − ( − 2 − 9) = − 9

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 531

2 6 x2 2 6 x2 1− y 2
15. 0 0 x3 dy dx = 0 x3 y
0
dx
17.
2
0 0
1− y 2
− 5 xy dx dy = −5
2 x2 
y dy
0 2 0
2
 0 6x
5
= dx −5 2
2
=
2 0
( y − y3 ) dy
= x 6  2
0
5  y2 y4 
= 64 = −  − 
2 2 4 0

 0  0 (6 x + 5 y ) dx
1 y 1 y 5
 0 3x + 5 xy 3  dy ( 2 − 4) = 5
3 2
16. dy = = −
0
2
 0 (3 y + 5 y 4 ) dy
1
2
=
2 2 y − y2 2 2 y − y2
1 18.  0  3 y2 − 6 y 3 y dx dy = 0 3 xy] dy
=  y 3 + y 5  3 y2 − 6 y
0

 0 (24 y − 12 y 3 ) dy
2
2
= 2 =
2
= 8 y 3 − 3 y 4 
0

= 16

 0  0 (3 x + 3 y 2 + 1) dy dx =
1 3x 1 3x
 0 3x y + y 3 + y dx
2 2
19.
0

 0 (9 x + 27 x3 + 3 x) dx
1
3
=

 0 (36 x + 3 x) dx
1
3
=
1
= 9 x 4 + 3 2
x
2 0
= 21
2

2y
 2 x3 
(1 + 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 ) dx dy =
1 2y 1
20. 0  y 0 x +
 3
+ 2 xy 2  dy
y
1  20 3 
=  0  y + y  dy
3 
1
 y2 5 y4 
=  + 
2 3 0
13
=
6

x b
23. Because (for a fixed x ) lim −2e −( x + y) 2  = 2e − x 2 ,
1 x 1
21. 0 0 1 − x 2 dy dx = 0 1 − x 2 y dx 0
0 b →∞

1 ∞ ∞ ∞
= − 12  1 − x 2 ( −2 x) dx you have 0 0 e −( x + y) 2
dy dx = 0 2e − x 2 dx
0
1 b
= − 13 (1 − x 2 )  =
32
1 = lim −4e − x 2  = 4.
0
 0 3 b →∞

b
4 x 2 4 2y 
x
24. Because (for a fixed y) lim − 12 ye
(
− x2 + y2 ) 1 ye − y 2 ,
22. 00 x2 + 1
dy dx = 0 x 2 + 1 0
dx b→∞
 =
0
2

4 2x ∞ ∞ (
− x2 + y2 ) ∞
1 ye − y 2
= 0 2
x +1
dx you have 0 0 xye dx dy = 0 2
dy
4 b
= lim − 14 e − y 
2
= ln x 2 + 1 
0 b →∞ 0
= ln 17 ≈ 2.833 = 14 .

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
532 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

8 3 3 2x − 2
25. A =  0  0 dy dx 30. A = 1  0 dy dx
8
 0 [ y] 0 dx
3 3 2x − 2
= =  1 [ y] 0 dx
8 3
= 0 3 dx = 1 2 x − 2 dx

= [3 x] 0
8 3
 1 (2 x − 2) (2) dx
1 12
= 2
= 24 3
1 2
(2 x − 2) 
32
= 2 3
2 3
1
26. A =  1 1 (1) dy dx = 1 43 2 − 0 = 8
3 3
2
 1 [ y] 1
3
= dx
3 9 − x2 y
2 31. A =  −3  0 dy dx
= 1 2 dx 10 y = 9 − x2

 − 3 (9 − x ) dx
3 8
2
=
= [2 x] 1
2
6

3 3 4
= 4 − 2 = 2  x 
= 9 x −  2

 3  −3 x
4 x −2 −1 1 2 3
27. A = 0 0 dy dx = 36
4
 0 [ y] 0 dx
x
= 1 x
 0  x3 2 dy dx
y
32. A =
4
= 0 x dx
=  0 ( x − x ) dx
1
32
1
y=x
4
=  12 x 2  x 2 1
0 2
=  − x5 2  y = x 3/2
= 8  2 5 0 x
1
1
6 x2 =
28. A = 0 0 dy dx 10
6
 0 [ y] 0 dx
x2 2 − y +5
= 33. A =  0  32 y dx dy y

6 x 5
= 0 2
dx =  (− y + 5 − 32 y) dy
2
0
4
x = 3y
2
3
6

 (− 52 y + 5) dy
1  =
2 (3, 2) x = −y + 5
=  x2  0
2

4  0 1
2
= 9  5 y2  x
= − + 5 y 1 2 3 4 5

 4 0
2 4 − x2
29. A = 0 0 dy dx = 5

 0 (4 − x ) dx
2
2
=
2
 x3 
= 4 x − 
 3 0
16
=
3

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 533

1 2 1
34. x + y = 2, x = 0, y = 0
y
37. 0 0 dy dx =  0 2 dx = 2
2 1 2
5
(0, 4)
 0  0 dx dy = 0 dy = 2
4
y
3

1
(4, 0) 2
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
1
The x-intercept and the y-intercept are ( 4, 0) and (0, 4),
respectively, and solving for y in x + y = 2 yields x
1 2

x + y = 2
3 4 3 3
y = 2− x
 1 [ x] 2 dy 2 dy = [2 y] 1 = 4
4 3
38.  1  2 dx dy = = 1
( )
2
y = 2− x 4 3 4 4
 2 [ y] 1  2 2 dx = [2 x] 2
3 4
 2 1 dy dx = dx = = 4
= 4− 4 x + x.
y

(2 − x )
2
4
A = 0 0 dy dx 4

0 ( 2 − )
4 2 3
= x dx
2

(4 − 4 x1 2 + x) dx
4
= 0 1

4 x
= 4 x − 83 x3 2 + 1 x2 
2 0
1 2 3 4

= 16 − ( 64
+8 −0 = ) 8
1 2 1 1
 0  2 y dx  0 (2 − 2 y) dy
3 3
39. dy = = 2 y − y 2  = 1
0

35. The point of intersection of the two graphs is found by 2


equating y = 2 x and y = x, which yields x = y = 0. 2 x 2 2 x x2 
2 2x
0 0 dy dx = 0 2
dx =  =1
4 0
A = 0  x dy dx y
y
5
2 y = 2x
=  0 (2 x − x) dx 4

3
2

2
= 0 x dx 2

1 1 y=
x
2
(2, 1)
y=x
2 2
x 
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
=  = 2 −1
2 0 1 2
x

36. The points of intersection of the two graphs are found by


equating y = 4 − x 2 and y = x + 2, which yields
( − 2, 0) and (1, 3).
1 4 − x2
 −2  x + 2
y
A = dy dx
y=x+2
5
1 4 − x2 y = 4 − x2
=  − 2 [ y] x + 2 dx
3 (1, 3)

(− x 2 − x + 2) dx
1
=  −2 2

1
1 (−2, 0)
= − 13 x 3 − 1 x2
2
+ 2 x −3 −1 1 3
x
−2
−1

= 9
2

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
534 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

4 3x 4 4
40. 0 0 dy dx =  0 3x dx =  32 x 2  = 24
0

 0 (4 − 13 y) dy
12 4 12 12
 0  1 3y dx dy = = 4 y − 1 y2 
6 0
= ( 48 − 24) − 0 = 24
y

(4, 12)
12

9 y = 3x

x
1 2 3 4

0 (3 )
2 1 3 y 1
 x2 
41. 0 x 2
2 1
dy dx = 0
2 
1 −
x
 dx =  x −  =1
43.  0  y2 dx dy = y − y 2 dy
 2  40
1
3 y3 
1 2y 1 1
=  y4 3 −
0 0 dx dy =  0 2y dy = y 2 
0
=1
4

3 0
y 5
=
12
2

0 ( )
1 x 1

(2, 1)
 0  x3 dy dx = x − x 3 dx
1 1
x 2 x4 
y=
2
=  x3 2 − 
x
3 4 0
1 2
5
=
12

 0 (2 − )
4 2 4
0 
y
42. dy dx = x dx
x

4 2 x = y2
 2 
= 2 x − x 3 2  x= 3
y
 3 0
1
8 (1, 1)
=
3
x
2
2 y2 2 y3  8 1 2

0 0 dx dy = 0 y 2 dy =  =
3 0 3
4 − y2
 − 2 (4 − y ) dy
2 2
 −2  0
y 2
44. dx dy =
3
2
 y3  32
2 (4, 2) = 4 y −  =
 3  −2 3
1
y= x
4 4− x 4
1 2 3 4
x
0 − 4− x
dy dx = 0 2 4 − x dx
−1
4
(4 − x)3 2  =
4 32
= −
3 0 3
y

x
1 2 3
−1

x = 4 − y2
−2

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 535

− 2 ( x + 6 − x ) dx
3 x+6 3
−2  x
y 2
45. 2
dy dx =
y=x+6
9 3
(3, 9)
=  12 x 2 + 6 x − 13 x3 
7 −2

(− 2, 4)
5 = ( 92 + 18 − 9) − (2 − 12 + 83 )
3 125
= 6
square units
1 y = x2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
or
4 y 9 y 4 9
0  − dx dy + 4  y − 6 dx dy = 0 2 y dy + 4 y − ( y − 6) dy
y
4 9
=  43 y 3 2  +  23 y 3 2 − 1 y2
2
+ 6 y
0 4

= 32
3
+  18 −
 ( 81
2
+ 54 − ) (163 − 8 + 24)
125
= 6
square units

y
46. 47. y

3 y=x y = 5x − 1
(3, 3) 4
(5, 4)
2
2
(0, 0)
y = x 2 − 2x y=x− 1
x
x 2 4 6
1 2 3 4
(0, −1)
−1 −2

 x − ( x 2 − 2 x) dx
0 ( )
3 x 3 5 5 x −1 5
0  x 2 − 2x
dy dx = 0   0  x −1 dy dx = 5 x − 1 − ( x − 1) dx

0 ( − x + 3 x) dx =  ( 5 x − x) dx
3 5
2
=
0

=  ( 5 x − x) dx
3 5
= − 13 x3 + 3 2
x
2 0
12
0

(
= −9 + 27
2 )−0 2 5 3 2
= 
1 
x − x2 
5

= 9
square units  3 2  0
2
 50 25 
=  −  −0
 3 2
25
= square units
6
2 2x + 4 2
−1 2 x −1 (2 x + 4) − 2 x  dx
2
48. y
y = 2x + 4 2
dy dx =
8

−1 (− 2 x + 2 x + 4) dx
(2, 8) 2
2
=
6
2
4 = − 23 x3 + x 2 + 4 x
−1
(− 1, 2) 2
y = 2x 2 (
= − 16
3
+ 4+8 − ) ( 23 + 1 − 4)
x
−3 −1 1 2 3 = 9 square units

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
536 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

3 3 2 2y
x2
49. (a) 0  y e dx dy cannot be evaluated in the order as 50. (a) Area =  0  y2 dx dy
2 4 x
given since no antiderivative for e x can be found.
The region bounded by y ≤ x ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 3
(b) Area = 0 x 2 dy dx

1 2
y − x2 − y 2
x=y 51. 0 0 e dx dy ≈ 0.6588
4
y=3

 0  x2 ( x + 3 y 2 ) dy dx ≈ 15.8476
2 2x
3
52.
2 x=3
2 x
1  0 e
xy
1
y=0
53. dy dx ≈ 8.1747
x
1 2 4
2 2y
54. 1  y ln ( x + y ) dx dy ≈ 2.0006
is rewritten as 0 ≤ y ≤ x and 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 so that
3 x 1 1
x2
the integral can be changed to 0 0 e dy dx. 55. 0 x 1 − x 2 dy dx ≈ 0.4521

3 x 3 x

 0 e y dx
x2 x2 x2
0 0 e dy dx =
0 56.
3
0 0 x 1 + x dy dx ≈ 24.3082
3
x2
=  0 xe dx 2 4 − x2 4 xy
3
57. 0  4 − x2 x2 + y2 + 1
dy dx ≈ 1.1190
= 2e   1 x2 
 0
4 y 2
= 1
2 ( e9 − 1)
58.  0  0 ( x + 1)( y + 1) dx dy ≈ 2.5903

≈ 4051.042
59. True
2 2
− y2
(b) 0  x e dy dx cannot be evaluated in the order as 1 2 1 y2 
2

2
 −1  − 2 y dy dx =  −1  dx
2  −2
given since no antiderivative for e − y can be found.
1
The region bounded by x ≤ y ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 =  −1 0 dx
y
y=x
= 0
x=0 1 2 1
 −1  − 2 y  −1 xy] − 2
3 2
y=2
dx dy = dy

x=2
=  −1 4 y dy
1
1
= 2 y 2 
−1
x
1 3
= 0

is rewritten as 0 ≤ x ≤ y and 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 so that 60. True


2 y
− y2
the integral can be changed to 0 0 e dx dy. y

y 3
2 y 2 y=x
2
 xe − y 2 y dy
0 0 e− y dx dy = 0   0 2
2
− y2
= 0 ye dy 1
x=1
2
= − 12 e − y 
2
x
 0 2 3

= − 12 (e− 4 − 1) 1 x 1 y
0 0 f ( x, y) dy dx = 0 0 f ( x, y) dx dy
≈ 0.491

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals 537

Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals

Skills Warm Up
2 4 1 2 1 1
 0 y]1 = x]0 = 1
2 1
1. 0 0 dy dx 5.  0 1 dy dx = dx =  0 dx
y
3 3 3 3
 0 x]1 = 2 y] 0 = 6
3
 0 1  0 2 dy
3
5 6. dx dy = dy =
4

3 1 x 1
 0 xy]0
x
2
7. 0 0 x dy dx = dx
1 1 1
0 x 1 x3 
2
x
= dx = 3 0
1 2 3 4 5
= 1
3
3 3
2. 2 1 dx dy y
xy dy = 0 (y − y ) dy
4 y 4 4
 0 1 0
2
8. y dx dy =
y 1

4 =  13 y 3 − 1 y2  4
2 0
3
= 40
3
2

3 x2 3 x2
1
9. 1  x 2 dy dx = 1 2 y]x dx
x

 1 (2 x − 2 x) dx
1 2 3 4 3
2
=
4 2 x +1 3
3. 0 0 dy dx =  23 x3 − x 2 
1

y = 9+ 1
3
10
= 28
3
8

6
1 − x2 + 2 1 − x2 + 2
4 10. 0 x dy dx =  0 y] x dx
2

 0 (− x + 2 − x) dx
1
2
x =
1 2 3 5

1
= − 13 x3 + 2 x − 12 x 2 
0
6 3
4. 0  y 2 dx dy = 7
6
y

x
1 2 3 4

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
538 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

5 5− x 5 5− x
1. 0 0 (5 − x − y) dy dx = 0 5 y − xy −

1 2
y
2 0
dx
5
0 5(5 − x) − x(5 − x) − 12 (5 − x)  dx
2
=

0 (25 − 5 x − 5 x + ) dx
5
25 1 2
= x2 − 2
+ 5x − 2
x

0 ( 252 ) dx
5
= − 5x + 1 x2
2
5
=  25
2
x − 5 2
2
x + 1 x3 
6 0
125 125 125 125
= 2
− 2
+ 6
= 6
cubic units

6 2 − 1 3x 6 2 − 1 3x
2. 0 0 (6 − x − 3 y ) dy dx = 0 6 y − xy −

3 2
y
2 0
dx

0 6(2 − 13 x) − x(2 − 13 x) − 32 (2 − 13 x)  dx
=
6  2

0 (12 − 2 x − 2 x + ) dx
6
= 1 x2 − 6 + 2x − 1 x2
3 6

0 (6 − 2 x + ) dx
6
= 1 x2
6
6
= 6 x − x 2 + 1 3
x
18  0

= 36 − 36 + 12 = 12 cubic units

1 4 − 4x 1 4 − 4x
3. 0 0 (8 − 8 x − 2 y ) dy dx = 0 8 y − 8 xy − y 2 
0
dx
1
0 8(4 − 4 x) − 8 x(4 − 4 x) − (4 − 4 x)  dx
2
=

0 (32 − 32 x − 32 x + 32 x − 16 + 32 x − 16 x 2 ) dx
1
2
=

0 (16 − 32 x + 16 x ) dx
1
2
=
1
= 16 x − 16 x 2 + 16 3 
3
x 
0

16 16
= 16 − 16 + 3
= 3
cubic units

2 4 − 2x 2 4 − 2x
4. 0 0 (16 − 8 x − 4 y ) dy dx = 0 16 y − 8 xy − 2 y 2 
0
dx
2
16( 4 − 2 x) − 8 x( 4 − 2 x) − 2( 4 − 2 x)2  dx
= 0  

0 (64 − 32 x − 32 x + 16 x − 32 + 32 x − 8 x 2 ) dx
2
2
=

0 (32 − 32 x + 8 x ) dx
2
2
=
2
= 32 x − 16 x 2 + 83 x 3 
0

64 64
= 64 − 64 + 3
= 3
cubic units

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals 539

13 1 3− x 13 1 3− x
5.  0 0 (2 − 6 x − 6 y ) dy dx = 0 2 y − 6 xy − 3 y 2 
0
dx

2
( 13 − x) − 6 x( 13 − x) − 3( 13 − x)  dx
13 2
= 0 

0 ( 23 )
13
= − 2x − 2x + 6x2 − 1 + 2 x − 3 x 2 dx
3

 0 (3 x ) dx
13
2 1
= − 2x + 3
13
=  x3 − x 2 + 13 x3 
0

= 1 − 1 + 1 = 1 cubic unit
27 9 9 27

14 1 2− 2x 14 1 2− 2x
6. 0 0 (1 − 4 x − 2 y ) dy dx = 0  y − 4 xy − y 2 
0
dx

0 ( 12 ) ( 12 − 2 x) − ( 12 − 2 x)  dx
= 
14
− 2x − 4x
2

0 ( 12 )
14
= − 2x − 2x + 8x2 − 1 + 2 x − 4 x 2 dx
4

0 ( 4 x ) dx
14
= 2
− 2x + 1
4
14
=  43 x3 − x 2 + 1 
x
4 0
1 1 1 1
= 48
− 16
+ 16
= 48
cubic unit

3 5 5 3
25 − x 2 25 − y 2
0 0  0  0 xy dx dy
5 5
7. xy dy dx = 8. 2
0 0 x dy dx = 2
0 0 x dx dy
2 5
3 5 3 xy  25 − y 2
0 0 xy dy dx = 0  dx 2
5 25 − y 2 5 x2 
2 0
0 0 x dx dy = 2 
0 
2 0
dy
3 25
= 0 2
x dx
=  0 (25 − y ) dy
5
2

3
25 2  5
= x  y3 
4  0 = 25 y − 
 3 0
225
= 250
4 =
3

2 2x y 2 y y 4 2 y
9. 0 x x + y2
2
dy dx =  0  y 2 x2 + y2
dx dy +  2  y 2 x2 + y2
dx dy

2x
y 1 
ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx
2 2x 2
0 x x2 + y2
dy dx = 0 2 x
2
1 2 1 2 5 1 5  5
ln (5 x 2 ) − ln ( 2 x 2 ) dx =  ln dx =  ln  x = ln
20 
= ≈ 0.916
2 0 2  2 2  0 2

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
540 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

4 x y 2 4 y 2 4
 0  0 (6 − 2 y) dx dy
y
10. 0 0 1 + x2
dy dx =  0  y2 1 + x 2
dx dy 14. V =
4
2
 0 [6 x − 2 xy]0 dy
x 4
 =
4 x y 4 y2 3

0 0 1 + x2
dy dx =  0 2(1 + x 2 )  dx
2
 0 (24 − 8 y) dy
2
0 =
1
4 x
=  0 2(1 + x 2 ) dx = 24 y − 4 y 2 
0
2

1 2 3 4
x

1 4 = 32
= ln (1 + x 2 )
4 0
6 ( −2 3) x + 4  12 − 2 x − 3 y 
=
1
ln 17
15. V = 0 0 
 4
 dy dx

4
≈ 0.708 6 1 3  (−2 3)x + 4
= 0 
4
12 y − 2 xy − y 2 
2 0
dx
3x
1 3x 1 1  3x  6 1  y
11.  0 0 x2 + 4
dy dx = 0 

 dx
x2 + 4  0
=  0  6 x
2
− 2 x + 6  dx
 5
y = − 23 x + 4
6 4
1 3x 1 
= 0 x2 + 4
dx =  x 3 − x 2 + 6 x
18 0
3

3 = 12
2 x( x 2 + 4)
−1 2 1
=
2  dx
1 2 3 4 5 6
x

−1
1
= 3( x 2 + 4) 
12

  0 2 2− x
16. V =  0  0 (2 − x − y ) dy dx
= 3 ( 5 − 2 cubic units) 2  y2 
2− x
y

= 0 2 y − xy −


2 0
dx 2
y=2− x
3x
4 3x 1 4  y 
12. 0 0 2x2 + 1
dy dx = 0 
 2
 dx
2x + 1 0 =
1
2
 0 2 ( 2 − x)
2
dx 1

4 3x 2
0 ( 2 − x)  =
= dx 1 3 4 x
2 = − 1 2
2x + 1 6 0 3
3 4
4 x( 2 x 2 + 1)
−1 2
=
4  0
dx 2 y

12 4
17. V =  0  0 (4 − x − y) dx dy
3
= ( 2 x 2 + 1)  y y
2   0 2  x2 
3
= 0 4 x −
 2
− xy dy
0
( )
2
= 33 − 1 cubic units
2 2  3y  2
=  0  4 y −  dy
2 
1
2 4 y y y=x
13. V = 0 0 2
dx dy
4  y  3 2 x
4 = 2 y 2 −  = 4 1 2
2 xy   2 0
= 0 2  0
dy 3

2
1 y
18. V =
 0  0 (1 − xy) dx
2
dy
= 0 2 y dy 1

y y
= y 2 
2 x
1  x2 y 
 0 x −
1 2 3 4
0 =  dy
2 0
= 4 1
 y3 
1
=  y −  dy
0
 2 y=x

4 1 x
y y  2
1
=  − 
 2 8 0
3
=
8

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals 541

 0 (4 − x − y 2 ) dy dx  0  0 (9 − x ) dy dx
1 1 2 x+2
19. V = 4 2
23. V = 2
0
1 2 x+2
1 
= 4 4 y − x 2 y −
y3 
 dx
= 0 9 y − x 2 y
0
dx
0
 3 0
 0 (− x − 2 x 2 + 9 x + 18) dx
2
3
y =
1  1
= 4 2
4 − x − 3  dx
0
  2
= − 14 x 4 − 23 x3 + 9 x2 + 18 x
2
2 0
1  11 
= 4  − x 2  dx = 134
0
 3  x 3
−2 2
1
11x x3  40 y
= 4 −  = y=x+2
 3 3 0 3 −2 4

1 x y
20. V = 0 0 1 − x 2 dy dx 2

1 1
= 0 x 1 − x 2 dx 1
x
1 2 3 4
32 1
= − 13 (1 − x 2 )  = 1
 0 3
x 2 4 − x2
1 24. V = 0 0 (x + y ) dy dx

2 4 − x2

21. V =
4
0 0
x
x dy dx y
= 0  xy + 1 y2
2 0
dx

=
4
 0 xy]0
x
dx
4
=  0 (x
2
4 − x2 + 2 − 1 x2
2 ) dx
3
2
= − 13 ( 4 − x 2 ) + 2 x − 16 x3  =
4 32
16
= 0 x 2 dx 2
  0 3
1
4
x3 
y
64
=  = x
3 0 3 1 2 3 4
2
y= 4 − x2

3 2x
22. V =  0  0 ( xy ) dy dx y 1

6 y = 2x
3 2x
 0  12 xy  dx
2
= 5 x
0 1 2
4
3
= 1

2 0
4 x 3 dx 3
2 2 30,000
= 1 x4  3
2 0
2

1
25. P = 0 0 (2 + x + y)
3
dy dx

x 2
= 81 2
−15,000( 2 + x + y )  dx
−2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 =
0

2  1 1 
= −15,000   −  dx
 ( 4 + x) (2 + x) 
0 2 2

2
 1 1 
= 15,000  −
4 + x 2 + x  0
= 2500 people inside the rectangular region
Because the region is 2 kilometers by 2 kilometers
= 4 square kilometers, the average population density
2500
is = 625 people per square kilometer. So, the
4
average is more than 600 people per square kilometer.

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542 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

0 4 5000 xe y 1 4 2
− 2 0 8 0 0
26. P = dx dy 28. Average = xy dy dx
1 + 2 x2
1250e y ( 4 x)
2
0 4 1 4 xy 2 
= − 2 0 1 + 2x2
dx dy =
8  0 2 0
 dx
0 4
− 2 1250e
y 2 
= ln 1 + 2 x  0 dy 1 4
8 0
= 2 x dx
0
− 2 1250e
y
= ln 33 dy 4
x2 
=  = 2
= 1250 ln 33 e y 
0 8 0
−2

= 1250 ln 33(1 − e − 2 ) 1 2 2 2
29. Average =
4 0  0
( x + y 2 ) dx dy
≈ 3779 people inside the rectangular region
2
1 2  x3 2
4 0  3
Because the region is 2 kilometers by 4 kilometers =  + xy  dy
= 8 square kilometers, the average population density 0
3779 1 2 8
is ≈ 473 people per square kilometer. So, the 2
4 0 3
8 =  + 2 y  dy

average is not more than 500 people per square 2
kilometer. 1 8 2 
=  y + y3 
4 3 3 0
5 3
27. Average = 1
15  0  0 y dy dx =
8
3
3
5
= 1
15 0  1 y 2  dx
2  0 1 y
30. Average = 2  0 e x + y dx dy
5 0
= 1
30  0 9 dx 1 y
= 2  e x + y  dy
0 0
= 1
30 [9 x] 0 5

(e 2 y − e y ) dy
1
3
= 2
= 2
0
1
= 2  12 e 2 y − e y 
0
1
= e 2 y − 2e y 
0

= e 2 − 2e + 1
= (e − 1) ≈ 2.952
2

1 50
 40 (192 x1 + 576 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1 x2 − 5000) dx1 dx2
50

50  45
31. Average =
50
1 50  x13 

2
= 96 x1 + 576 x1x2 − − 5 x1 x22 − x12 x2 − 5000 x1  dx2
50 45
 3  40
1 50  48,200 
50  45  3
=  + 4860 x2 − 50 x22  dx2

50
1  48,200 x 50 x23 
=  + 2430 x22 − 
50  3 3  45
= $13,400

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 543

1 60
 55 (200 x1 + 580 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1 x2 − 7500) dx1 dx2
65

100  50
32. Average =
65
1 60  x13 
100  50
2
= 100 x1 + 580 x1x2 − − 5 x1x22 − x12 x2 − 7500 x1  dx2
 3  55
1 60  26,750 
100  50  3
=  + 4600 x2 − 50 x22  dx

60
1  26,750 50 3
=  x2 + 2300 x22 − x2
100  3 3  50
= $11,025

1 150 75
(500 − 3 p1 ) p1 + (750 − 2.4 p2 ) p2  dp1 dp2
1250  100  50 
33. Average =

1 150 75
1250  100  50 
= −3 p12 + 500 p1 − 2.4 p22 + 750 p2  dp1 dp2

1 150 75
=
1250  100
− p13 + 250 p12 − 2.4 p1 p22 + 750 p1 p2  dp2
50

1 150
1250  100 
= 484,375 − 60 p22 + 18,750 p2  dp2

1 150
= 484,375 p2 − 20 p23 + 9375 p22
1250  100

= $75,125

34. (a) The value of  R  f ( x, y) dA would represent the total volume of annual snowfall for Erie County, New York.
 R  f ( x, y) dA or 1
(b) The value of  R  f ( x, y ) dA would represent the average annual snowfall for
 R  dA  R  dA
Erie County, New York.
250
1 1 x1.6 
(100 y 0.4 )
325 250 325
35. Average =
1250  300  200
100 x 0.6 y 0.4 dx dy =
1250  300 
1.6  200
dy

325
128,844.1 325 0.4  y1.4 
=
1250  300
y dy = 103.0753 
 1.4  300
≈ 25,645.24

250
1 325 250 1 325 x1.25 
  
0.25 0.75
36. Average = x y dx dy = y 0.75  dy
1250 300 200 1250 300 1.25  200
325
193.5742 325 0.75 193.5742  y1.75 

1250  300
y dy ≈  
1250 1.75  300
≈ 287.74

Review Exercises for Chapter 7


z
1. 2. (− 4, − 3, 5)

(2, −1, 4) 4 z
(−2, −2, 1)
3
(3, 1, 2) 4
−3
−2 1 −2
(− 2, 2, 2)
−4 2 −4

2
1
2 (4, 52, 1)
3
x −2 2
4
y
−2 4
−3 x y
(−1, 3, −3) (1, − 2, − 3)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
544 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

3. d = (3 − 0)2 + (5 − 2) + (8 − 6)
2 2  3 + 1 − 4 + 0 −1 + ( − 5) 
9. Center =  , , 
 2 2 2 
= 9+9+ 4 = 22
= ( 2, − 2, − 3)
2
1 − ( −4) + (3 − 1) + (7 − 5)
2 2
4. d =
Radius = (2 − 3) + ( − 2 + 4) + ( − 3 + 1)
2 2 2

= 25 + 4 + 4 = 33
= 1+ 4+ 4
 2 + ( −4 ) 6 + 2 4 + 8  = 3
5. Midpoint =  , ,  = ( −1, 4, 6)
 2 2 2  Sphere: ( x − 2) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2

 5 + ( −1) 0 + ( −2) 7 + 9
6. Midpoint =  , ,  = ( 2, −1, 8) 3 + 5 4 + 8 0 + 2
10. Center =  , ,
 2 2 2  
 2 2 2 
= ( 4, 6, 1)
(x − 0) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 9) = 7 2
2 2 2
7.
(4 − 3) + (6 − 4) + (1 − 0)
2 2 2
x 2 + ( y − 1) + ( z − 9) = 49
2 2
Radius =

2
= 1+ 4 +1
(x − 4) +  y − ( −5) + ( z − 3) = 102
2 2
8.
= 6
(x − 4) + ( y + 5) + ( z − 3) = 100
2 2 2
Sphere: ( x − 4) + ( y − 6) + ( z − 1) = 6
2 2 2

11. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8 x + 2 y − 14 z − 15 = 0
( x2 + 8 x + 16) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 − 14 z + 49) = 15 + 16 + 1 + 49

(x + 4) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 7) = 81
2 2 2

Center: ( − 4, −1, 7)
Radius: 9

12. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 y − 10 z − 7 = 0 14. Let z = 0.

x 2 + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 10 z + 25) = 7 + 4 + 25 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) + (0 − 6) = 72
2 2 2

( x − 1) + ( y + 3) = 36
2 2
x 2 + ( y + 2) + ( z − 5) = 36
2 2

z
Center: (0, − 2, 5)
8

Radius: 6 −10
−6

13. Let z = 0.
(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + (0 − 3) = 25
2 2 2 4
y
8 −4
x
−6
( x + 2) + ( y − 1) = 16
2 2

z
15. x + 2 y + 3z = 6
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
4
x = 6
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0.
2y = 6  y = 3
4 y
x −2
6
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0.
z
3z = 6  z = 2
x-intercept: (6, 0, 0) (0, 0, 2)

y-intercept: (0, 3, 0)
(0, 3, 0)
z-intercept: (0, 0, 2) y

x
(6, 0, 0)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 545

16. 4 x − y + 2 z = 8 y2
22. The graph of z = x 2 − is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. 4

4x = 8  x = 2 23. The graph of 3x 2 + 9 y 2 − z 2 = 9 is a hyperboloid of


To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0. one sheet whose standard equation is
− y = 8  y = −8 x2 y2 x2
+ − = 1.
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0. 3 1 9
2z = 8  z = 4 z

5
24. The graph of 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 − 9 z 2 = 0 is an elliptic cone
x-intercept: (2, 0, 0) (0, 0, 4)
4 whose standard equation is
y-intercept: (0, − 8, 0) (0, − 8, 0) 3
2 x2 y2 z2
−9 + − = 0.
z-intercept: (0, 0, 4) y
1 16 1 16 1 9
(2, 0, 0) 1
x 3

25. The graph of z = x 2 + y 2 is the top half of a circular


17. 2 y + z = 4
cone whose standard equation is x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0.
Because the coefficient of x is zero, there is no
x-intercept. 26. The graph of −4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 is a hyperboloid of
To find the y-intercept, let z = 0. one sheet whose standard equation is
2y = 4  y = 2 z
y2 z2
5 + − x 2 = 1.
To find the z-intercept, (0, 0, 4) 4 4
let y = 0.
27. f ( x, y ) = xy 2
z = 4 (0, 2, 0)
(a) f ( 2, 3) = 2(3) = 18
2
y-intercept: (0, 2, 0) x 5
3
4
5 y
z-intercept: (0, 0, 4)
(b) f (0, 1) = 0(1) = 0
2

The plane is parallel to the x-axis.


(c) f ( −5, 7) = −5(7) = −245
2

18. 10 x − 2 z = 10
(d) f ( −2, − 4) = −2( −4) = −32
2
To find the x-intercept, let z = 0.
10 x = 10  x = 1
x2
Because the coefficient of y is zero, 28. f ( x, y ) =
y
there is no y-intercept.
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0.
z 62
4
(a) f (6, 9) = = 4
9
− 2 z = 10  z = − 5 2
(1, 0, 0) 82
x-intercept: (1, 0, 0) −2 (b) f (8, 4) = = 16
2 2 y
4
z-intercept: (0, 0, − 5) x −2
t2
(0, 0, −5)
(c) f (t , 2) =
The plane is parallel to the y-axis. 2
−6
r2
(d) f ( r , r ) = = r, r ≠ 0
y 2
z 2 r
19. The graph of x 2 + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
16 9
29. The domain of f ( x, y ) = 1 − x 2 − y 2 is the set of all
2
x points inside or on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1. The range is
20. The graph of z = + y 2 is an elliptic paraboloid.
9
[0, 1].
y2 z2
21. The graph of x 2 − − = 1 is a hyperboloid of 30. The domain of f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 3 is the set of all
16 9
two sheets. points in the xy-plane. The range is [− 3, ∞).

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
546 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

31. The domain of f ( x, y ) = ye1 x is the set of all points in 35. z = ( xy )


2

the xy-plane such that x ≠ 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞). 1


c = 1: ( xy ) = 1, y = ±
2

x
1
32. The domain of f ( x, y ) = is the set of all points 2
c = 4: ( xy ) = 4, y = ±
2
x+ y
x
except those on the line y = − x. The range is all real
3
c = 9: ( xy ) = 9, y = ±
2
numbers except 0.
x
33. z = 10 − 2 x − 5 y 4
c = 16: ( xy ) = 16, y = ±
2

c = 0: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 0, 2 x + 5 y = 10 x

c = 2: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 2, 2 x + 5 y = 8 5
c = 25: ( xy ) = 25, y = ±
2

x
c = 4: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 4, 2 x + 5 y = 6
The level curves are hyperbolas.
c = 5: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 5, 2 x + 5 y = 5 y c=1
c=4
c=9
c = 10: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 10, 2 x + 5 y = 0 c = 16
c = 25
The level curves are lines of slope − 52 .
1
y
x
−1 1
−1
3

1 c=0
c=2
x
−3 −2 −1 3 c=4
−1 c=5 36. z = y − x 2
c = 10
c = 0: y − x 2 = 0, y = x 2
c = −1: y − x 2 = −1, y = x 2 − 1
34. z = 36 − x 2 − y 2
c = 1: y − x 2 = 1, y = x 2 + 1
c = 0: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 0, x 2 + y 2 = 36
c = −2: y − x 2 = −2, y = x 2 − 2
2 2 2 2
c = 1: 36 − x − y = 1, x + y = 35
c = 2: y − x 2 = 2, y = x 2 + 2
c = 2: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 2, x 2 + y 2 = 32 The level curves are parabolas.
y
c = 3: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 3, x 2 + y 2 = 27 5
4 c=2
The level curves are circles. 3 c=1
y c=0
c = −1
c=0 c=2 c = −2
x
4 −4 −3 −2 2 3 4
c=1
c=3 −2
2
−3
x
−3 −1 1 3
−2 37. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.73 y 0.27
−4

(a) f (1100, 900) = 100(1100) (900)


0.73 0.27
≈ 104,199

(b) f (1600, 1000) = 100(1600) (1000)


0.73 0.27
≈ 140,931

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 547

38. A( r , t ) = 2000e rt

Number of years, t
Rate, r 5 10 15 20
0.02 $2210.34 $2442.81 $2699.72 $2983.65
0.04 $2442.81 $2983.65 $3644.24 $4451.08
0.06 $2699.72 $3644.24 $4919.21 $6640.23
0.07 $2838.14 $4027.51 $5715.30 $8110.40

39. z = − 0.398 + 0.0029 x − 0.0021 y

(a) z (1000, 400) = − 0.398 + 0.0029(1000) − 0.0021( 400) = $1.662


(b) The x-variable
Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The x-variable has a greater influence on the earnings per share because the
absolute value of its coefficient is larger than the absolute value of the coefficient of the y-term.

P ⋅ r 41. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + 3 xy + 2 x − 5 y
 
40. M =  12  f x = 2 xy + 3 y + 2
12t
 1 
1−   f y = x 2 + 3x − 5
1 + ( r 12) 
42. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy + xy 2 − 3x 2 y − x + 7 y
 200,000(0.05) 
  f x = 4 y + y 2 − 6 xy − 1
 12 
(a) M = 12(30)
= $1073.64
  f y = 4 x + 2 xy − 3x 2 + 7
1
1−  
1 + (0.05 12) 
z = ( xy + 2 x + 4 y )
2
43.
1073.64 × 360 payments = $386,510.40
∂z
= 2( xy + 2 x + 4 y )( y + 2)
 200,000(0.06)  ∂x
 
 12  ∂z
(b) M = 12( 20)
= $1432.86 = 2( xy + 2 x + 4 y )( x + 4)
  ∂y
1
1−  
1 + (0.06 12) 
1432.86 × 240 payments = $343,886.40
 200,000(0.065) 
 
 12 
(c) M = 12(15)
= $1089.35
 1 
1−  
1 + (0.065 12) 
$1089.35 × 180 payments = $196,083.00
Choices will vary, as well as explanations.

x3 y 2
44. z =
2x − y

∂z (2 x − y )(3x 2 y 2 ) − ( x3 y 2 )(2) 6 x3 y 2 − 3x 2 y 3 − 2 x3 y 2 4 x3 y 2 − 3x 2 y 3 x 2 y 2 (4 x − 3 y )
= = = =
(2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y)
2 2 2 2
∂x

∂z (2 x − y )(2 x3 y ) − ( x3 y 2 )(−1) 4 x 4 y − 2 x3 y 2 + x3 y 2 4 x 4 y − x3 y 2 x3 y(4 x − y )


= = = =
(2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y)
2 2 2 2
∂y

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
548 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

45. f ( x, y ) = ln (5 x + 4 y ) 52. z = y 2 − x 2
5 ∂z ∂z
f x ( x, y ) = (a) = − 2 x; (1, 2, 3) = − 2
5x + 4 y ∂x ∂x
4 ∂z ∂z
f y ( x, y ) = (b) = 2 y; (1, 2, 3) = 4
5x + 4 y ∂y ∂y

46. f ( x, y ) = ln 2x + 3y 53. z = 8 − x 2 − y 2

1 2  1 ∂z ∂z
f x ( x, y ) =   = (a) = − 2 x; (1, 1, 6) = − 2
2 2x + 3y  2x + 3 y ∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
1 3  3 (b) = − 2 y; (1, 1, 6) = − 2
f y ( x, y ) =   = ∂y ∂y
2 2x + 3y  2( 2 x + 3 y )

54. z = 100 − x 2 − y 2
47. f ( x, y ) = xe y + ye x
∂z x ∂z
f x = ye x + e y (a) = − ; (0, 6, 8) = 0
∂x 100 − x 2 − y 2 ∂x
f y = xe y + e x
∂z y ∂z 3
(b) = − ; (0, 6, 8) = −
48. f ( x, y ) = x ye 2 −2 y ∂y 100 − x 2 − y 2 ∂y 4

f x ( x, y ) = 2 xye − 2 y
55. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − xy + 2 y 3
f y ( x, y ) = x ( ye
2 −2 y
(− 2)) + e −2 y
(1) f x = 6x − y f y = −x + 6 y2
= x ( − 2 ye
2 −2 y
+ e −2 y
) f xx = 6 f yy = 12 y f xy = f yx = −1
= −x e 2 −2 y
(2 y − 1)

49. w = xyz 2
∂w
= yz 2
∂x
∂w
= xz 2
∂y
∂w
= 2 xyz
∂z

50. w = 3 xy − 5 xz 3 + 2 yz
∂w
= 3 y − 5z3
∂x
∂w
= 3x + 2 z
∂y
∂w
= −15 xz 2 + 2 y
∂z

51. z = 3xy
∂z ∂z
(a) = 3 y; ( − 2, − 3, 18) = − 9
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
(b) = 3x; ( − 2, − 3, 18) = − 6
∂y ∂y

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Review Exercises for Chapter 7 549

56. f ( x, y ) =
y 59. f ( x, y , z ) = xy + 5 x 2 yz 3 − 3 y 3 z
x − y
f x = y + 10 xyz 3

fx =
(x − y )(0) − ( y )(1)
= −
y f xx = 10 yz 3
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
f xy = 1 + 10 xz 3

fy =
(x − y )(1) − ( y )( −1)
=
x f xz = 30 xyz 2
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2

f y = x + 5x2 z3 − 9 y 2 z
−3 −2
f xx = − y ( − 2)( x − y ) (1) + ( x − y) (0) f yx = 1 + 10 xz 3
−3
= 2 y( x − y ) f yy = −18 yz
2y f yz = 15 x 2 z 2 − 9 y 2
=
(x − y)
3
f z = 15 x 2 yz 2 − 3 y 3
−3 −2
f yy = x( − 2)( x − y ) (−1) + ( x − y) (0) f zx = 30 xyz 2
−3
= 2 x( x − y ) f zy = 15 x 2 z 2 − 9 y 2
2x f zz = 30 x 2 yz
=
(x − y)
3

3 yz
−3 −2 60. f ( x, y , z ) =
f xy = − y ( − 2)( x − y ) (−1) + ( x − y) (−1) x + z
−3 −2
= − 2 y( x − y ) − ( x − y) 3 yz
fx = −
(x + z)
2
−3
= − ( x − y ) 2 y + ( x − y )
6 yz
− ( x + y) f xx =
= (x + z)
3
(x − y)
3

3z
−3 −2 f xy = −
f yx = x( − 2)( x − y ) (1) + ( x − y) (1) (x + z)
2

−3 −2
= − 2 x( x − y ) + ( x − y) 3 y( x − z )
f xz = −
−3
= − ( x − y ) 2 x − ( x − y ) (x + z)
3

−3
= − ( x − y) (x + y) fy =
3z
x + z
− ( x + y)
= 3z
(x − y)
3
f yx = −
( x + z)
2

Note: f yx = f xy f yy = 0
3x
57. f ( x, y ) = 1+ x + y f yz =
(x + z)
2

1 1
fx = fy = 3 xy
2 1+ x + y 2 1+ x + y fz =
(x + z)
2

1
f xx = f yy = f xy = f yx = 3 y( x − z )
4(1 + x + y )
32
f zx = −
(x + z)
3

2 − y2
58. f ( x, y ) = x e 3x
f zy =
( x + z)
2
− y2 − y2
f x = 2 xe f y = −2 x 2 ye
6 xy
f yy = 2 x 2 ( 2 y 2 − 1)e − y
2 2
f xx = 2e − y f zz = −
(x + z)
3
2
f xy = f yx = −4 xye − y

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550 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

61. C = 15( xy )
13
+ 99 x + 139 y + 2293 63. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2
∂C ∂C The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 2 x and
(a) = 5 x −2 3 y1 3 + 99; At (500, 250), = $99.50.
∂x ∂x
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
∂C
= 5 x1 3 y −2 3 + 139; Because f xx ( xy ) = 2, f yy ( xy ) = 4, and
∂y
∂C f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) > 0 and
At (500, 250), = $140.00.
∂y 2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy ( x, y ) = 8 > 0.
(b) Downhill skis; this is determined by comparing the
marginal costs for the two models of skis at the So, (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
production level (500, 250).
64. f ( x, y ) = − x 2 − y 2 + 2 x + 4 y

62. R = 15 x1 + 16 x2 −
1 2
x1 −
1 2
x2 −
1
x1 x2 The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = − 2 x + 2
10 10 100
and f y ( x, y ) = − 2 y + 4, are zero at the critical point
∂R 1 1 ∂R
(a) = 15 − x1 − x2 (50, 40) = $4.60 (1, 2). Because f xx ( x, y) = − 2, f yy ( x, y) = − 2, and
∂x1 5 100 ∂x1
∂R 1 1 ∂R f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 2) = − 2 < 0 and
(b) = 16 − x2 − x1 (50, 40) = $7.50
∂x2 5 100 ∂x2 2
f xx (1, 2) f yy (1, 2) −  f xy (1, 2) = 4 > 0. So, (1, 2, 5) is
a relative minimum.

( )
14
65. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 1

1 2
( x + y 2 + 1) (2 x) = 2 x2 3 4 and
−3 4
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) =
4 2( x + y + 1)
1 2
( x + y 2 + 1) (2 y) = 2 y2 3 4 , are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
−3 4
f y ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) =
4 2( x + y + 1)

− ( x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1) − ( y 2 − 2 x 2 − 1) − 3 xy
Because f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = , it follows that
4( x + y + 1) 4( x + y + 1) 4( x + y 2 + 1)
74 74 7 4
2 2 2 2 2

2 1
f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = > 0. So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.
16

66. f ( x, y ) = 1 − ( x + 2) + ( y − 3)
2 2
68. f ( x, y ) = y 2 + xy + 3 y − 2 x + 5
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −2( x + 2) The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = y − 2
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y + x + 3, are zero at the critical
( −2, 3). Because f xx ( x, y) = −2, f yy ( x, y) = 2, and point (−7, 2). Because f xx ( x, y) = 0, f yy ( x, y ) = 2,
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx ( −2, 3) > 0 and and f xy ( x, y ) = 1, it follows that f xx ( −7, 2) > 0 and
2
f xx ( −7, 2) f yy ( −7, 2) −  f xy ( −7, 2) = −1 < 0.
2
f xx ( −2, 3) f yy ( −2, 3) −  f xy ( −2, 3) = −4 < 0.
So, ( −2, 3, 1) is a saddle point. So, ( −7, 2, 15) is a saddle point.

67. f ( x, y ) = e x − x + y 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = e x − 1
and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
Because f xx ( x, y ) = e x , f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 > 0
2
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 2 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.

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Review Exercises for Chapter 7 551

69. f ( x, y ) = x 3 − 3 xy + y 2 70. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3 x − 3 y + 2

The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 − 3 y The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 3


and f y ( x, y ) = −3x + 2 y, are zero at the critical points and f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 − 3, are zero at the critical points
(0, 0) and ( 32 , 94 ). Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, (1, 1), (−1, −1), (1, −1), and (−1, 1). Because
f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = −3, it follows f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,

that f xx (0, 0) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 1) = 6 > 0,


2
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = −9 < 0, f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) −  f xy (1, 1) = 36 > 0,
f xx ( −1, −1) = −6 < 0,
( 94 ) = 9 > 0, and
f xx 32 ,
2
f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) −  f xy ( −1, −1) = 36 > 0,
f ( 32 , 94 ) f ( 23 , 94 ) −  f ( 32 , 94 ) = 9 > 0. So, (0, 0, 0)
2
xx yy 
xy 
f xx (1, −1) = 6 > 0,
is a saddle point and ( 2 , 4 , − 16 ) is a relative minimum.
3 9 27
2
f xx (1, −1) f yy (1, −1) −  f xy (1, −1) = −36 < 0,
f xx ( −1, 1) = −6 < 0, and
2
f xx ( −1, 1) f yy ( −1, 1) −  f xy ( −1, 1) = −36 < 0.
So, (1, 1, − 2) is a relative minimum, ( −1, −1, 6) is
a relative maximum, (1, −1, 2) is a saddle point, and
( −1, 1, 2) is a saddle point.

71. R = − 6 x12 − 10 x2 2 − 2 x1 x2 + 32 x1 + 84 x2
The first partial derivatives of f, Rx1 ( x1 , x2 ) = −12 x1 − 2 x2 + 32 and Rx2 ( x1 , x2 ) = − 20 x2 = 2 x1 + 84, are zero
at the critical point ( 2, 4). Because Rx1 x1 ( 2, 4) = −12, Rx2 x2 ( 2, 4) = − 20, and Rx1 x 2 ( 2, 4) = − 2, it follows that
2
Rx1 x 2 ( 2, 4) = − 2 < 0 and Rx1 x1 ( 2, 4) Rx2 x2 ( 2, 4) − Rxy (1, 2) = 236 > 0.

So, ( 2, 4, 200) is a relative minimum.


Therefore, the company should manufacture 2 racing bikes and 4 mountain bikes for a maximum revenue of $200.

72. P = 10( x1 + x2 ) − C1 − C2
= 10( x1 + x2 ) − (0.03 x12 + 4 x1 + 300) − (0.05 x22 + 7 x2 + 175)

Px = 6 − 0.06 x1 = 0  x1 = 100
1
Px 2 = 3 − 0.1x2 = 0  x2 = 30

By the Second-Partials Test, profit is maximized at x1 = 100 and x2 = 30.

73. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 xy − λ ( 2 x + y − 12) 74. F ( x, y, λ ) = 4 x + 3 xy + y − λ ( x + 4 y − 29)

Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 2 y − 2λ = 0  Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 4 + 3 y − λ = 0 
 y = 2x  3 x − 12 y − 15 = 0
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x − λ = 0  Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 3 x + 1 − 4λ = 0
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( x + 4 y − 29) = 0
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( 2 x + y − 12) = 0
Using Fλ , x + 4 y = 29  3 x + 12 y = 87
Using Fx , − ( 2 x + 2 x − 12) = 0
3x − 12 y = 15  3x − 12 y = 15
− 4 x = −12
6 x = 102
x = 3.
x = 17.
So, x = 3 and y = 6, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum
So, x = 17 and y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum
at (3, 6). The relative maximum is f (3, 6) = 36.
at (17, 3). The relative maximum is f (17, 3) = 224.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
552 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

75. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( x + y − 4) 77. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = 5 xyz − λ ( x + 3 y + z − 6)


Fx = 5 yz − λ = 0 
Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x − λ = 0  
 x = y Fy = 5 xz − 3λ = 0
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 2 y − λ = 0 
Fz = 5 xy − λ = 0 
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = −( x + y − 4) = 0, x = y = 2
From Fx and Fz , λ = 5 yz = 5 xy  z = x
Minimum f ( 2, 2) = 8. 5
From Fy , 3λ = 5 xz  λ = 3
xz
So, x = 2, y = 2, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum 5
3
xz = 5 yz  3 y = x
at ( 2, 2). The relative minimum is f ( 2, 2) = 8.
Fλ = − ( x + 3 y + z − 6) = 0
76. F ( x, y, λ ) = 3 x − y − λ ( 2 x − 4 y + 11)
2 2 3x + 6 = 0

Fx ( x, y , λ ) = 6 x − λ = 0  3x = − 6
 y = 6x x = 2
Fy ( x, y , λ ) = − 2 y + 4λ = 0
So,
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( 2 x − 4 y + 11) = 0
x = 2, y = 2
3
, z = 2, and f ( x, y , z ) has a maximum at
Using Fλ , − 2 x − 4(6 x) + 11 = 0
− 22 x = −11
(2, 23 , 2). The relative maximum is f (2, 23 , 2) = 40
3
.

x = 12 . 78. F ( x, y , z , λ ) = x 2 z + yz − λ ( 2 x + y + z − 5)

So, x = 1
2
and y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum Fx = 2 xz − 2λ = 0
Fy = z − λ = 0, z = λ
at ( 12 , 3). The relative minimum is f ( 12 , 3) = − 334 .
Fz = x 2 + y − λ = 0
Fλ = −( 2 x + y + z − 5) = 0
Substituting z = λ into Fx yields x = 1. From Fz ,
you have y = λ − 1. Substituting that into Fλ yields
λ = 2. So, x = 1, y = 1, z = 2, and f ( x, y, z ) has
a maximum at (1, 1, 2).

The relative maximum is f (1, 1, 2) = 4.

79. Minimize C = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 subject to the constraint x1 + x2 = 1000.
F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 1000)

Fx ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.50 x1 + 10 − λ = 0 
 5 x1 − 3x2 = 20
1
Fx ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.30 x2 + 12 − λ = 0
2

Fλ ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = −( x1 + x2 − 1000) = 0, x2 = 1000 − x1

So, x1 = 377.5 and x2 = 622.5, and f ( x1 , x2 ) has a minimum at (377.5, 622.5).

The cost is minimized when 378 units of x1 and 623 units of x2 are ordered.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 553

80. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.8 y 0.2 subject to the constraint 40 x + 35 y = 110,000.

F ( x, y , λ ) = 100 x 0.8 y 0.2 − λ ( 40 x + 35 y − 110,000)

Fx = 80 x − 0.2 y 0.2 − 40λ = 0


Fy = 20 x 0.8 y − 0.8 − 35λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 40 x + 35 y − 110,000) = 0

80 x − 0.2 y 0.2 20 x0.8 y − 0.8 4 x0.8 y − 0.8


Using Fx , λ = = 2 x − 0.2 y 0.2 and Fy , λ = = , so
40 35 7
4 x 0.8 y − 0.8
2 x − 0.2 y 0.2 =
7
14 x − 0.2 y 0.2 = 4 x 0.8 y − 0.8
7 y = 2x
2
y = x.
7
 2  
Then using Fx , − 40 x + 35 x  − 110,000 = 0
 7  
40 x + 10 x − 110,000 = 0
50 x = 110,000
x = 2200.
4400  4400 
So, x = 2200 and y = ≈ 628.6 and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at  2200, .
7  7 
 4400 
The maximum production level is f  2200,  ≈ 25,148 units.
 7 
(b) Fx = 80 x − 0.2 y 0.2 − 40λ = 0
0.2
80 x − 0.2 y 0.2 − 0.2  4400 
λ = = 2 x − 0.2 y 0.2 , λ = 2( 2200)   ≈ 1.557
40  7 
(c) 25,148 + (120,000 − 110,000)λ ≈ 25,148 + 10,000(1.557) ≈ 40,718 units

81.  xi = 0 82.  xi = − 2 y

y = 20 x + 8
 yi = 3  yi = 0 3

2
43 43

 xi 2 = 10  xi 2 = 18 (−3, − 1) 1
(1, 1)
(2, 1)

 xi yi = −15  xi yi = 8 −3 −2
−1
1 2 3
x

(0, 0)
(−2, − 1)
4( −15) − (0)(3) − 60 3 5(8) − ( − 2)(0) 20 −2
a = = = − a = =
4(10) − (0)
2
5(18) − ( − 2)
2
40 2 43 −3

1  3  3 1
(− 2)  =
b = 3 −  − (0) = 20 8
4 
b = 0 −
2
   4 5 43  43
3 3 20 8
y = − x + y = x +
2 4 43 43
y

5
4
(−2, 4)
3 y = − 3x + 3
2 4
(−1, 2)
1 (1, −1)
x
−4 − 3 −2 −1 2 3 4
−1
−2 (2, −2)
−3

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554 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

83. (a) y = − 2.6 x + 630 4 16 − x 2 4 16 − x 2


88. 0 0 2 x dy dx = 0 2 xy]0 dx
(b) Let x = 195.
4
y = − 2.6(195) + 630 = 123 speakers =  0 2x 16 − x 2 dx

(c) Let y = 160 and find x. 32 4



= 2
3 (16 − x2 )  0
160 = − 2.6 x + 630
= 128
− 470 = − 2.6 3

x ≈ $180.77
2 10 − x 2

84. (a) y = 1.405 x + 28.96


89. A = −2  6 dy dx
2 10 − x 2
(b) Let x = 400. =  − 2 [ y] 6 dx
y = 1.405( 400) + 28.96
− 2 (4 − x ) dx
2
2
=
≈ 590.96 thousand women
2
= 4 x − 13 x 3 
1 1+ x 1 1+ x −2
85.  0  0 (4 x − 2 y) dy dx =  0 4 xy − y 2 
0
dx
= 32
1
3
4 x(1 + x) − (1 + x)2  dx
= 0   4 4 x
1
(3x2 + 2 x − 1) dx
90. A = 1  0 dy dx
= 0 4
 1 [ y] 0
4 x
1 = dx
= x3 + x 2 − x
0
4 4
=1 = 1 x
dx
4
x  2
4 = 4 ln x  1
 − 3  0 ( x − y ) dx dy =  − 3  2
3 4 3
2
86. − xy 2  dy
0 = 4 ln 4

 − 3 (8 − 4 y ) dy
3
2
= 6 x+3

3
91. A =  −3  (1 3)x +1 dy dx
 4 
= 8 y − y 3  6 x+3
 3  −3 =  −3 [ y] (1 3)x +1 dx
= ( 24 − 36) − ( −24 + 36)
 −3 ( )
6
= x + 3 − 13 x − 1 dx
= −24
6
=  23 ( x + 3) − 16 x 2 − x
32

2 2y x 2 x 2 2y   −3
87.
1 1 y2
dx dy = 1  dy
2 y 2 1 = 9
2
2  4 y2 1 
= 1  2 −
 2 y 2
 dy
y2  92. A =
2 −x
 −1  x2 − 2 x − 2 dy dx
2  1 −2  2
1
−x
=  2 − y  dy
 2 
=  −1 [ y] x2 − 2 x − 2 dx

 −1 (− x + x + 2) dx
2 2
2
 1 =
= 2 y + 
 2 y 1 2
 1 1 
 1  1 = − x3 + x 2 + 2 x
= 4 +  − 2 +   3 2  −1
 4  2
9
7 =
= 2
4

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 555

6 − (1 2) x
 0  0 (3 − ) dy dx (8 − 23 x − 43 y) dy dx
4 2 12
93. V = 1y
2 94. V = 0 0
2 y2  ( )
4 2 12 6− 1 2 x
= 0 3 y −

1 y2 
4 0
dx = 0 8 y − 2 xy −
 3 3 0
dx

 0 ( 16 x )
4 12
=  0 5 dx = 2
− 4 x + 24 dx

= [5 x] 0
4 12
= 18
1 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 24 x
0
= 20 = 96

2 x 2 2 2
 0 [4 y] 0
x
95. V =  0  0 4 dy dx = dx =  0 4x dx = 2 x 2 
0
= 8

 0  x (4 − y ) dy dx  0 (163 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 4 y − 1 y3  − 4 x + 13 x3 dx = 16 1 x4 
2
96. V = =  3 x
dx = 3
x − 2x2 + 12  0
= 4

4 4
4 4 4 4 4 x2 y3  4 64 x 2 64 x3  4096
 0  0 ( xy )
2
97. V = dy dx = 0 0 x 2 y 2 dy dx = 0 3 0
 dx = 0 3
dx =
9 0
 =
9

x 3
3 x 3  y2  3 y2 3 3x 2 x3  27
98. V =  0  0 ( x + y ) dy dx =  0  xy +  dx =
2 0 0 x2 +
2
dx = 0 2
dx =  =
2 0 2

 0  0 (x + 2 xy + y 2 ) dy dx
2 4 2 5
1
0 0 1 2
99. Average = 8
4 xy dy dx 100. Average = 10
2 4 2 5
= 1
8 0 2 xy 2  dx
0
= 1
10 0  x 2 y + xy 2 +

1 y3
3 0
dx

 0 (5 x ) dx
2 2
= 1
8 0 32 x dx = 1
10
2
+ 25 x + 125
3

= 1 16 x 2  2 1 5 x2 25 x 2 125 x
2
8 0 = 10  3
+ 2
+ 3 0

= 8 = 44
3

1 50 40
101. Average =
100  40  30
(150 x1 + 400 x2 − x12 − 5x22 − 2 x1x2 − 3000) dx1 dx2
40
1 50  1 
100  40 
= 75 x12 + 400 x1x2 − x13 − 5 x1 x22 − x12 x2 − 3000 x1  dx2
3  30
1 50  30,500 
100  40  3
=  + 3300 x2 − 50 x22  dx2

50
1  30,500 50 3 
=  x2 + 1650 x22 − x2
100  3 3  40
= $5700

 437.5  525 (200 x1 − )


375 375
1 2 x2 + 250 x2 − 13 x22 dx2 dx1
102. Average = 1250 5 1
375 375
= 1
1250  437.5 200 x1x2 − 52 x12 x2 + 125 x22 − 19 x23 
525
dx1

 437.5 (− 30,000 x1 + 60 x1 − 6,656,250) dx1


375
= 1 2
1250
375
= 1
1250
−15,000 x12 + 20 x13 − 6,656,250 x1 
437.5

= $446,093.75

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
556 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

1 1
200 100 (100 x y ) dx dy 200 100 (100 x y ) dx dy
250 175 250 175
0.65 0.35 0.85 0.15
103. Average = 104. Average =
3750 3750
175 175
1 250  100 1.65 0.35  1 250  100 1.85 0.15 
=
3750 200 1.65 x y 
  100
dy =
3750 200 1.85 x y 
  100
dy

1 1
200 (183,534.02 y ) dy 200 (491,954.69 y ) dy
250 250
0.35 0.15
= =
3750 3750
250 250
1 183,534.02 1.35  1  491,954.69 1.15 
≈ y  ≈ y 
3750  1.35  200 3750  1.15  200
≈ 16,282 units ≈ 14,777 units

Chapter 7 Test Yourself


z (− 4, 0, 2)
z
1. (a) 2. (a)
3 (− 2, 2, 3)
3

2
−4 2
−3 −3
−2 1
−2 1 −2
(1, −3, 0) −1
−1 −1

(3, −1, 0) 1 1 1
1 −1
−1 2 2
2 2 x
y 3
3 y
−2
4 −2
x
−3
−3

(3 − 1) + ( −1 + 3) + (0 − 0) (−4 + 2) + (0 − 2) + ( 2 − 3)
2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) d = (b) d =
= 4+ 4+0 = 2 2 = 4+ 4+1 = 3

 1 + 3 −3 − 1 0 + 0   −2 − 4 2 + 0 3 + 2   5
(c) Midpoint =  , ,  = ( 2, − 2, 0) (c) Midpoint =  , ,  =  −3, 1, 
 2 2 2   2 2 2   2

z
3. (a)
6
(3, −7, 2)
4
−6
−4 2 −4
−2 −2

2 2
4 −2 4
6 6
8 8
x 10
−6 12
y

(5, 11, −6)

(5 − 3) + (11 + 7) + ( −6 − 2) =
2 2 2
(b) d = 4 + 324 + 64 = 14 2

 3 + 5 −7 + 11 2 − 6 
(c) Midpoint =  , ,  = ( 4, 2, − 2)
 2 2 2 

4. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 20 x + 10 y − 10 z + 125 = 0
( x2 − 20 x + 100) + ( y 2 + 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 − 10 z + 25) = −125 + 100 + 25 + 25

(x − 10) + ( y + 5) + ( z − 5) = 25
2 2 2

Center: (10, − 5, 5)
Radius: 5

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 7 Test Yourself 557

5. The graph of 4 x 2 + 2 y 2 − z 2 = 16 is a hyperboloid 12. z = 2 x3 + 5 y 2 + 9


of one sheet whose standard equation is ∂z
= 6x2
x2 y2 z2 ∂x
+ − = 1.
4 8 16 ∂z
= 10 y
∂y
6. The graph of 36 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 4 z 2 = 0 is an elliptic cone
∂2 z
y2 z2 = 12 x
whose standard equation is x + − 2
= 0. ∂x 2
4 9 ∂2 z
= 10
∂y 2
7. The graph of 7 x 2 − y 2 − 49 z = 0 is a hyperbolic
∂2z
x2 y2 = 0
paraboloid whose standard equation is z = − . ∂x∂y
7 49
∂2z
= 0
8. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + 1 ∂x∂y
f (1, 4) = 12 + 1( 4) + 1 = 6
13. w = x 2 y − 3 y 3 − 2 yz 2
f ( − 6, − 2) = ( − 6) + ( − 6)( − 2) + 1 = 49
2
∂w
= 2 xy
∂x
x + 2y ∂w
9. f ( x, y ) = = x2 − 9 y2 − 2z 2
3x − y ∂y
1 + 2( 4) ∂w
f (1, 4) = = −9 = − 4 yz
3(1) − 4 ∂z

f ( − 6, − 2) =
(− 6) + 2(− 2) =
−10
=
5 ∂2w
= 2y
3( − 6) − ( − 2) −16 8 ∂x 2
∂2w
= −18 y
10. f ( x, y ) = 3x + 9 xy − 2
2 2
∂y 2
∂2w
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x + 9 y 2 = −4y
∂z 2
f x (10, −1) = 6(10) + 9( −1) = 69
2
∂2w
= 2x
f y ( x, y ) = 18 xy ∂x∂y
∂2w
f y (10, −1) = 18(10)( −1) = −180 = 0
∂x∂z
∂2w
11. f ( x, y) = x x + y = 2x
∂y∂x
1 −1 2 ∂2w
f x ( x, y ) = x ( x + y ) (1) + x + y (1) = − 4z
 2 ∂y∂z
x
= + x+ y ∂2w
2 x+ y = 0
∂z∂x
10 14 ∂2w
f x (10, −1) = + 10 − 1 = = − 4z
2 10 + ( −1) 3 ∂z∂y

1 −1 2
f y ( x, y ) = x ( x + y ) (1) + x + y (0) 14. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 6 x + 16 y − 4
 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6
x
=
2 x+ y and f y ( x, y ) = 8 y + 16, are zero at the point (1, − 2).

10 5 Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6, f yy ( x, y ) = 8, and
f y (10, −1) = =
2 10 + ( −1) 3 f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, − 2) > 0 and
2
f xx (1, − 2) f yy (1, − 2) −  f xy (1, − 2) = 48 > 0.
So, (1, − 2, − 23) is a relative minimum.

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
558 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables

15. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy − x 4 − y 4

The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 4 y − 4 x 3 and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y 3 , are zero at the points


(0, 0), (1, 1), and (−1, −1).
Moreover, because f xx ( x, y ) = −12 x 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = −12 y 2 , and f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0,
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = −16 < 0, f xx (1, 1) = −12 < 0, f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) −  f xy (1, 1) = 128 > 0,
2

 
2
f xx ( −1, −1) = −12 < 0, and f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) −  f xy ( −1, −1) = 128 > 0.

So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point, (1, 1, 2) is a relative minimum, and ( −1, −1, 2) is a relative minimum.

16. Maximize f ( x, y ) = 60 x 0.7 y 0.3 subject to the constraint 17.  xi = 29


42 x + 144 y = 240,000.  yi = 22
F ( x, y , λ ) = 60 x 0.7 y 0.3 − λ ( 42 x + 144 y − 240,000)
 xi2 = 231
Fx = 42 x −0.3 y 0.3 − 42λ = 0,  xi yi = 160 y

42 x −0.3 y 0.3
λ = , λ = x −0.3 y 0.3 5(160) − ( 29)( 22) 10
42 a = y = 0.52x + 1.4
5( 231) − ( 29)
2 8
(8, 6)
−0.7
Fy = 18 x 0.7
y − 144λ = 0 6
≈ 0.52 4 (1, 2) (6, 4)
Fλ = −42 x − 144 y + 240,000 = 0 1 (3, 3)
b = ( 22 − 0.52( 29))
2

Substituting λ = x −0.3 y 0.3 into F y yields 5 x


2 4 6 8 10
≈ 1.4
18 x 0.7 y −0.7 − 144 x −0.3 y 0.3 = 0  x = 8 y.
y = 0.52 x + 1.4
From Fλ , you can obtain y = 500. So, x = 4000.
To maximize production, the company should use
4000 units of labor and 500 units of capital. The
maximum production level is
60( 4000) (500)
0.7 0.3
≈ 128,613 units.

 0  x (30 x y − 1) dy dx =
1 1 1 1
 0 15 x y − y dx
2 2 2
18.
x

=  0 (15 x
1
2
(
− 1) − 15 x 2 ( x) − x  dx
2
 )
 0 (−15 x + 15 x 2 + x − 1) dx
1
4
=
1
 x  3
= −3 x5 + 5 x3 + − x =
 2 0 2

2y
e −1 2y 1 e −1  x  e −1 2y e −1
19. 0 0 y2 + 1
dx dy = 0  2  dy =
 y + 1 0
0 2
y +1
dy = ln y 2 + 1 
0
= ln e = 1

2
 3 
3 − ( x − 2 x + 3) dx = (− x2 + 2 x) dx = − x3 + x2  = 43 square units
2 3 2 2
 0  x2 − 2 x + 3 0  
0
2
20. dy dx =
 0

4 3 4 4 4
 0 [8 y − 2 xy]0
3
21. V =  0  0 (8 − 2 x) dy dx = dx =  0 (24 − 6 x) dx = 24 x − 3 x 2  = 48
0

3
1  2 y2   2 9  3 9 
1

0
1
 x y + 2  dx  0  3x + 2  dx x + 2 x 0 11
 0  0 (x + y ) dy dx
1 3
2

22. Average =  0
= = = =
area 3 3 3 6

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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—Rien, dit mon voisin, il n’y a rien.
—Ça vous étonne, mon cher monsieur? lui demandai-je.
Je le reconnaissais: il était l’un de ceux dont la physionomie m’attirait
dans ces étranges lieux, qui servait d’excuse à ma faiblesse, d’appât à ma
curiosité: un petit homme maigre, sans âge, aux mains tremblotantes. Il
avait de beaux yeux, clairs, larges, profonds, mais hagards et desséchés
d’inquiétude, et toute sa face, indiciblement douloureuse, était comme figée
dans l’expression d’une épouvante une fois sentie et dont rien désormais ne
pourrait plus en lui affaiblir la mémoire.
A ce moment la voix du Mage répéta plus haut:
«Archange! Archange du mal, je t’adjure, je t’ordonne de paraître sous
une forme visible, sans bruit, sans mauvaise odeur, sans scandale, et de
répondre à mes questions. Sinon je te flagellerai des plus cruels exorcismes,
et je te torturerai avec le Verbe divin de Notre-Seigneur Jésus-Christ!»
—Nous pouvons nous en aller, le spectacle est fini, dis-je à demi-voix à
celui qui m’avait parlé. Si votre ami Satan ne vient pas d’abord, il me paraît
difficile de le flageller. Votre opérateur commet une pétition de principe.
En effet, Satan persista à ne point se déranger. L’évocateur alors, se
tournant vers nous, demanda si les personnes présentes n’avaient pas
éprouvé comme un frôlement d’invisibles ailes, ou des attouchements
mystérieux, enfin un phénomène quelconque pouvant passer pour un
commencement de présence.
—Rien du tout, dis-je, résolument.
Personne ne protesta. Si je n’avais ouvert la bouche, il est bien probable
qu’il se serait trouvé quelqu’un pour avoir senti n’importe quoi. Il y a des
cas où il faut s’empresser de parler le premier.
L’évocateur, après m’avoir regardé de travers, déclara que la cave ayant
été sans doute souillée depuis neuf jours par une présence impure, il était
inutile et même dangereux de continuer les conjurations. Après quoi il
déclara solennellement l’assemblée rompue.
Mon voisin poussa un soupir, et gravit avec moi les marches usées qui
conduisaient au dehors. Il était plus de minuit. Là-haut, dans le ciel, les
tranquilles petites étoiles avaient l’air de se moquer de nous; l’air vif de la
nuit, entrant dans les poitrines brûlées, rendait heureux, gai, grisait presque.
Des ombres sorties de la cave, s’évadaient par couples.
Je me mis à rire, en les montrant à mon compagnon inconnu.
—Regardez, lui dis-je, il y avait là quelques vieilles dames, et de bons
petits jeunes gens. Gagez qu’ils ont fait connaissance. Le diable n’a pas
daigné venir, il n’y a rien perdu.
Il me répondit, sans sourire:
—Vous vous amusez de nous, monsieur, et vous nous méprisez. Je ne nie
pas que vous ayez raison. La première fois que j’ai assisté à une telle
séance, je rougissais de moi-même, de ma stupidité, de celle des fidèles qui
me coudoyaient. Je n’osais pas me montrer. Aujourd’hui, je n’ai même plus
cette pudeur. L’espoir absurde et toujours mal satisfait qui me hante, me
tient, me traîne et m’a pris tout entier, il est ma raison d’être dans la vie.
Ah! monsieur, vous ne croyez pas, vous, qu’il peut exister un esprit du mal,
un être qui n’est peut-être pas personnel, qui n’a pas de formes, une force
éparse qui flotte et rôde dans l’air, dans la terre, dans les eaux, qui
accomplit les actes pensés, simplement pensés par nous, et dont l’horrible
perfidie, malgré nous, est à notre service?
—C’est de la pure folie, à classer dans les manies religieuses.
Je lui dis cela hardiment, malgré mon âpre désir d’entendre sa
confession, car je sentais que rien au monde maintenant ne pourrait plus
l’empêcher de parler, et qu’il allait livrer son mystère, parce que la nuit était
pure, l’obscurité silencieuse et son cœur trop plein.

—Écoutez, dit-il d’une façon précipitée, je m’appelle Hippolyte Liénard.


Pourquoi vous cacherais-je mon nom puisque je suis résolu à vous dire le
reste, en n’attendant de vous que des railleries. L’aventure dont la mémoire
me fait si cruellement souffrir et qui a bouleversé une vie déjà misérable,
vous la trouverez banale; d’autres, plus cyniques, diraient heureuse. Ai-je
donc un cerveau malade, suis-je né fou? Je ne le crois pas; j’ai rencontré
dans le monde une infinité d’hommes dans l’âme desquels je me mirais.
Vous peut-être! vous qui me regardez, qui m’analysez, qui m’avez, je le
soupçonne, malignement deviné, que ferez-vous de votre science? Rien
n’est-ce pas et ma question même vous étonne? Vous ne savez pas agir, et
cette impuissance est de nos jours commune. Je puis dire que j’en ai
profondément souffert, si profondément que ma honte de moi-même allait
jusqu’à l’anxiété, me rendait en même temps timide envers tous et
cependant plein de haine pour ceux qui ne me ressemblaient pas.
»L’homme qui m’inspirait le plus cette haine humiliée était
naturellement celui que je rencontrais le plus souvent, qui m’était le plus
proche, mon beau-frère. Je crois qu’il la sentait, qu’il en comprenait
vaguement les motifs et y trouvait plaisir. Je bredouillais en sa présence, il
me faisait baisser les yeux, quand il avait disparu j’étais aveuglé de rage,
une rage qui m’épuisait, m’abattait, comme si dans ma débilité elle n’eût
trouvé à se nourrir qu’à la condition de me dévorer. J’étais cependant
intelligent et orgueilleux de mon intelligence, je comprenais tout, il me
semblait voir les choses extérieures naître dans mon esprit et s’y arranger en
dociles matériaux, les plans que je construisais avaient la grandeur et la
beauté des chimères; mais écrire le premier mot de la première lettre utile à
leur exécution, me semblait une tâche de géant ou de forçat, ignoble ou trop
difficile. Et je savais pourtant que j’étais lâche, je me violentais; j’avais tort
de me violenter, car alors je me heurtais à une autre malédiction,
l’impossibilité de me défendre contre mes semblables. Oh! je les
comprenais bien, je devinais les plus petits mouvements de ces grossières
machines: seulement je ne pouvais pas bouger un doigt pour les empêcher
de me broyer. Ils me regardaient, je m’effondrais.
»J’avais fait un mariage honorable, j’avais une belle fortune, une belle
situation à la tête d’une maison de commission, et je perdis tout, ma
fortune, la dot de ma femme, ma position, sottement, fatalement, en voyant
très bien ce que j’aurais dû faire pour les conserver. Ce que je bâtis depuis
ce moment de drames de vengeance, de romans cruels et réalistes
mathématiquement agencés, ce que je vis en imagination mes ennemis
souffrir dans leurs biens et dans leur cœur, atteint les extrêmes limites du
mal possible. Mais quand je les rencontrais, ces ennemis, je leur tendais la
main et me livrais à eux.
»—Tu professes les théories les plus classiques, me dit mon beau-frère, à
la suite de ma ruine. Laissez faire, laissez passer, hein?
»Ma femme se jeta à ses pieds pour qu’il me tirât d’affaire.
»—Pas un sou et pas une démarche, répondit-il. Dans six mois tout serait
à recommencer. Ton mari est assez idiot, assez paresseux et assez honnête
pour échouer en correctionnelle. Tu es plus bête que lui: il fallait demander
la séparation de biens. Tant que je vivrai tu ne manqueras de rien, ni tes
enfants, ni lui: on ne peut pas le laisser mourir, malheureusement, mais il
n’aura jamais cinquante centimes.
»Je devins ainsi le parasite de sa magnifique insolence. Il me nourrissait
au même titre et sur le même pied que ses maîtresses, ses chiens et ses
chevaux. Plein de vigueur et de volonté animales, jeté dans les affaires
pareilles aux miennes, spéculant joyeusement, domptant ses rivaux par sa
force physique et sa belle humeur, ne raisonnant jamais, marchant
d’instinct, grand chasseur, fort buveur, jouisseur superbe, cet être en roulant
sur la société lui arrachait la substance nécessaire à sa vie et à ses vices,
pour ainsi dire par la puissance de son poids. Il m’écrasait de son imbécile
assurance, de sa vanité de commis voyageur. L’argent lui coulait des mains,
il en trouvait d’autre et le jetait de même. Le luxe dont il s’entourait et dont
il nous laissait ramasser les miettes salies, était le fruit de fugaces
conquêtes, et lui mort, tout disparaissait; mais chose singulière, j’avais
autant que lui la conviction qu’un tel homme, sa vie durant pouvait tomber,
mais rebondirait comme un de ces grands tigres des Indes dont il avait
l’élasticité, les yeux verts, le poil roux, et que tandis que le monde m’avait
laissé couvert de honte et de dérision, on lui tendrait la main, on panserait
ses blessures, on le mettrait à la tête de troupes nouvelles avec des
munitions nouvelles, parce qu’il était une des forces actives de la société,
un chef doué par la nature du don de découvrir les sources de la richesse qui
perpétuellement tarissent à une place pour reparaître, avec une abondance
plus grande encore, dans un autre endroit qu’il faut deviner.
»Sa générosité était aussi égoïste que sa rapacité était inconsciente.
Comprendrez-vous ma fureur à la sentir froidement couler sur moi, sans
que j’eusse le courage de m’écarter, et de gagner moi-même le pain de ma
famille? Quelquefois, par caprice, ou lui-même dans l’embarras, il nous
abandonnait, et nous étions plongés dans des difficultés d’autant plus
atroces qu’elles étaient mesquines. Je m’abaissais jusqu’à le prier, et il
répondait en me désignant plus clairement au mépris des miens. Puis la
source se rouvrait, lâchement j’y revenais boire, et ma haine s’accroissait
d’autant. Cette situation dura longtemps et je n’ai insisté sur elle que pour
faire comprendre le caractère des personnages. Je me hâte d’arriver
maintenant au drame qui la ferma.
»—J’ai quatre-vingt mille livres de rentes, disait en riant mon
persécuteur, et je te laisserai une belle fortune! un million de dettes! Tu
pourras renoncer à ma succession.
»—Au fond il n’était pas dans sa nature de prévoir qu’il pût mourir; mais
un beau jour une attaque de goutte le cloua sur un fauteuil, et le fit hurler.
Rien n’était plus inconnu, plus extraordinaire pour lui que la douleur et
j’eus le plaisir de le voir quelque temps triste, affaibli, déprimé, enfin pareil
à moi. Ce changement passager lui fit prendre une disposition qui l’étonna
lui-même dès qu’il fut revenu à la santé: il contracta une grosse assurance
dont, s’il mourait, le capital devrait être payé à ma femme.
»Une fois guéri, cette mesure devint pour lui le sujet de perpétuelles
récriminations, comme s’il eût eu des regrets de ne pas avoir eu confiance
dans son étoile et cru plus fortement à son immortalité. Il criait devant moi
et devant tous:
»—Vous verrez que maintenant Hippolyte m’empoisonnera! Hein,
Hippolyte, tu me ferais bien claquer, si tu étais capable de quelque chose?
»Chose horrible il disait vrai. Maintenant j’entrevoyais la mort de ce
malheureux comme une délivrance et comme un triomphe. Je la voyais,
cette mort, ou plutôt je me repaissais de cette idée de mort sous mille
formes différentes, je n’avais nul scrupule à méditer comment je pourrais
être l’auteur d’un meurtre, d’un meurtre bien fait, bien malin, dont personne
ne saurait le secret. Et comment l’aurais-je éprouvé, ce scrupule, puisque
jamais, jamais je ne serais capable, comme lui-même l’avait dit,
d’accomplir mon projet, de donner même le plus petit commencement à ces
plans compliqués? Je ressentais, à me plonger ainsi au fond du mal, sans le
faire, d’indicibles jouissances; je voyais se dérouler dans un monde
imaginaire toutes les phases de l’acte rêvé, si nettement, si véritablement
que je m’éveillais de ma veille hallucinée, agité de ces frissons
d’épuisement qui suivent, chez ceux qui agissent, les grands déploiements
de force, et de plus en plus incapable d’agir. Alors un jour, un jour... ah! je
vais avoir fini de parler; soutenez-moi, regardez-moi, souhaitez ardemment
que je parle, afin que je puisse parler jusqu’au bout!

»C’était au mois d’octobre, en Bourgogne, dans un pays plat, boisé,


humide, où l’Ennemi avait des terres de chasse. Il m’avait traîné là comme
il me traînait partout, dans son ironique facilité à faire partager à ceux qu’il
avait l’habitude de trouver sur sa route les plaisirs dont il faisait cas.
D’ailleurs il avait besoin de bruit, d’activité, d’agitation violente, de tout ce
qui m’inspirait du dédain et de l’ennui: surtout il lui fallait du monde,
n’importe qui, mais du monde, autour de sa personne. Ce matin-là nous
étions partis pour chasser le faisan dans les tirés les plus proches de la
propriété. Je ne les avais pas encore vus, il me semble maintenant qu’ils
n’existaient pas avant ce jour funeste; ou bien, si je les avais vus, ils
n’étaient pas les mêmes. Nous marchions dans une prairie large, moussue,
mouillée comme une éponge, coupée de longues lignes de peupliers, verts
encore par le bas sous l’effort de la sève agonisante, jaunis déjà vers la
cime, et comme dorés d’un immuable coup de soleil. Ils tremblaient
doucement, incessamment, et ce bruit léger faisait taire tout autre bruit au
monde, sauf les coups de feu qui éclataient par crise, et coupaient mon rêve
d’un sursaut. Des arbustes plus bas cachaient les vieux troncs élancés,
faisaient une haie de chacune des lignes; ainsi ce paysage d’automne, sous
le grand ciel gris, m’enfermait en moi-même.
»Nous marchions de front le long de ces haies, balayant les étroits bouts
de pré, et les chiens fouillaient les broussailles intermédiaires que le vol
lourd des faisans remuait par instants. Alors je pensais: «Il faut tirer» et
quand j’épaulais, l’oiseau était déjà loin. L’idée vague que je devais faire
feu s’associait ainsi mécaniquement aux pensées de mon esprit bouleversé
et haineux. L’ennemi suivait le côté opposé de la haie le long de laquelle je
me trouvais, et j’entendais ses rires, ses encouragements, les élans sonores
de la vie qui roulait à flots dans ses veines. Ah! si je le tuais, si je le tuais!
me disais-je. Et aussitôt l’image me vint, hanta mes yeux et mes oreilles. Je
me figurais voir un faisan se lever, battant des ailes, filant comme une
flèche oblique: l’Ennemi criait: «Faisan, faisan! Hippolyte, espèce
d’endormi, encore un de raté!»
»Alors je tirais, non pas sur l’oiseau, mais sur cette tête détestée que je
voyais à travers les feuilles grelottantes. Elle tombait comme un chardon
sous une baguette, j’entendais le bruit du corps énergique qui se roulait, qui
ne voulait pas mourir; je fendais les buissons, je courais. Du sang et de la
cervelle sortaient d’un gros trou derrière l’oreille de l’homme; un, deux,
trois soubresauts, des râles, des yeux retournés, ternes, terribles, qui ne
voyaient plus et qui me cherchaient pour m’accuser; et c’était tout. Alors
moi, je m’accusais moi-même, je parlais de mon crime involontaire, des
misérables intérêts matériels qui s’y emmêlaient, je sanglotais, je me tordais
les mains. On ne pouvait pas déposséder ma femme, n’est-ce pas, on ne
pouvait pas me convaincre de l’avoir fait exprès: c’était un accident affreux,
déplorable, mais fréquent, mais banal, et naturel. Oh! comme je jouissais de
toute la scène, comme je l’apercevais avec des sons, des couleurs, des
gestes vivants!
»Tout à coup j’entendis:
»—Faisan, faisan! Hippolyte, espèce d’endormi, encore un de raté!
»Le cri avait été poussé dans la réalité des choses de la vie, dans
l’extérieur du monde. «Mon Dieu!» dis-je, et je crois que je levai mon fusil,
je n’en suis même pas sûr, une détonation éclata, qui me parût lointaine
encore comme en rêve, je vis la tête tomber comme un chardon coupé,
j’entendis le bruit du corps qui se roulait, ne voulant pas mourir. Comment
je sautai la haie, comment je m’arrachai aux ronces, je ne sais. Il était là,
l’objet de ma rancune silencieuse et illusoire, à terre, foudroyé, et son sang,
près de l’oreille, coulait mêlé à quelque chose de gris. Des chasseurs
l’entouraient déjà. Je me mis à crier:
»—C’est moi, c’est moi, moi!
»Et je lus dans les yeux de l’agonisant qu’il croyait que c’était moi.
L’horreur de l’acte avait chassé toutes mes égoïstes et féroces méditations
de tout à l’heure, ces calculs faits en songeant: cela n’arrivera pas. J’ouvris
la bouche pour dire: «Je l’ai fait exprès!»
»Oui, j’allais proclamer mon crime! A ce moment un homme se
précipita, un fusil à la main, aussi pâle que le cadavre, aussi pâle que moi,
qui tremblait comme moi, pleurait, criait, disait la même chose que moi. «Je
l’ai tué! ô mon Dieu, comment ai-je pu faire!»
»Et l’un des chasseurs lui dit:
»—C’est un grand malheur, mon pauvre Linières, et un bien plus grand
malheur encore pour vous que pour celui que vous avez atteint.
»Linières demanda:
»—Est-ce que c’est fini, tout à fait fini?...
»—Oui, mon pauvre vieux, répondit l’ami.
»Alors Linières, qui était un grand garçon solide, tanné, barbu, se mit à
sangloter tout haut comme un gigantesque enfant, et quelqu’un lui prit son
fusil.
»Je crus que je devenais fou, Monsieur, et depuis un instant tout le
monde croyait que je l’étais. Peut-être m’avait-on toujours trouvé la tête un
peu faible, à cause des histoires racontées par mon beau-frère. Je répétai de
toute ma force:
»—Qu’est-ce que cela veut dire? Ce n’est pas Linières, c’est moi!
»—Mon pauvre Hippolyte, dit l’ami, vous vous égarez. Nous avons tous
entendu et vu le coup de fusil de Linières, sa direction. Je vous assure qu’il
n’y a aucun doute, aucun doute.
»Et il ajouta tout à coup:
»—Regardez donc votre fusil.
»Je n’y avais pas pensé, je le regardai: je n’avais pas tiré une cartouche
depuis le début de la chasse, les deux coups étaient restés chargés! Je me
penchai vers le cadavre; j’avais été placé à sa droite et la blessure était à
gauche. Innocent, j’étais innocent! D’abord il me sembla que je sortais d’un
abîme d’horreur, qu’on me lâchait d’un bagne. Je versai des larmes de
soulagement, de joie peut-être, d’infinie compassion pour ce pauvre
Linières. Il était coupable, seul coupable! Cet homme qui n’avait jamais eu
pour l’objet de ma muette et furieuse haine que la plus franche amitié, ce
tireur réputé excellent, qui au moment du fatal coup de fusil n’avait que des
pensées vagues d’universelle sympathie, c’était un meurtrier; et moi, qui
pendant des années avait construit des plans de mort et de vengeance, qui
remâchais un de ces plans au moment de accident, qui avait vu d’avance
tous les détails de son exécution, j’étais innocent, on me tendait la main, on
me plaignait. Mes larmes se séchèrent, je faillis rire, ma tête se déchirait.
Non, c’était impossible. Longtemps je contemplai sans y croire ce
monstrueux spectacle: ce mort, sur la tombe duquel allait s’élever mon
indépendance mondaine, moi, pur aux yeux des hommes, et ce malheureux,
inconscient agent de la fatalité.
»De la fatalité? Je vous le demande maintenant, oserez-vous prononcer
ce mot sans arrière-pensée? Je le répète, j’avais tout fait, tout vu, tout
prémédité, et tout était arrivé, parce qu’une machine humaine avait
accompli le petit acte insignifiant de presser une gâchette «sans s’en
apercevoir», comme Linières le dit plus tard lui-même. Non, rien
n’explique cela, rien. Il existe une classe bâtarde de médiocres savantasses
qui ergotent sur les phénomènes de projection de la volonté, qui rappellent
le cas d’Esdaile, ce médecin anglais qui endormait à distance des centaines
d’Hindous et les poussait à des œuvres qu’ils exécutaient aveuglément et
sans le savoir. Mais Esdaile avait déjà magnétisé ces gens, il n’avait pris
que lentement sur eux cet empire absolu, et il voulait l’exercer. Moi, je ne
connaissais pas Linières, je composais un roman malicieux dans une
infirmité de volonté complète, je tuais un mandarin. L’Église catholique dit
très simplement qu’il y a des péchés en pensée. C’est bien, j’ai donc péché.
Mais mon péché s’est fait acte, vie et mort, et c’est là le mystère qui me
ronge l’âme.
»Aujourd’hui j’en suis arrivé à croire qu’il existe, épandue dans l’espace
et toujours présente, une Force du Mal qui dort peut-être, qui est neutre,
comme l’électricité reste neutre à moins d’un état spécial des corps, puis qui
tout à coup s’allume à un choc jaillissant de notre cerveau perverti,
emprunte à la matière ambiante une matérialité, se précipite, trouve sa
route, son moyen, nuit, détruit, et nous laisse pantelants devant un résultat
que nous avons souhaité, mais pour lequel nous jurerions, et tous les jurys
et les juges du monde jureraient que nous n’avons rien fait. J’ai parfois,
comme vous, assisté à la chute d’un homme public à mine sombre et froide,
ou hautement cynique, et dont les amis avouent qu’il a le mauvais œil. Il
s’écroule sous le déshonneur ou les moqueries, puis reste à plat, immobile
comme une pierre. Un peu de temps s’écoule, et l’un de ses ennemis tombe,
un autre est déshonoré, un autre se suicide, un autre est tué par un inconnu
qui ne se comprend pas lui-même, et c’est une suite de catastrophes dont
nul n’aperçoit le lien mystérieux; mais moi, je frissonne en songeant que le
mal s’est éveillé et a rebondi sur les objets de l’amère et toujours brûlante
rancune de cet homme. Eh bien, si cette force existe, pourquoi n’y aurait-il
pas des expériences qui le prouveraient? Je ne crois pas plus que vous à
l’anthropomorphisme idiot de conjurations pareilles à celle que nous venons
de voir, mais quelque chose peut en sortir, comme après des siècles, la
chimie est née de l’alchimie. Parfois pourtant je doute, puis ma hantise me
reprend, et ce sera ainsi jusqu’à ma mort.
—Monsieur, lui dis-je, vous m’avez trop vivement intéressé pour que je
veuille vous contredire, mais vous savez qu’on est arrivé à tout calculer,
même les probabilités de ce qui paraît improbable. Il y avait peut-être une
chance contre cinquante mille pour que votre pensée coïncidât avec
l’événement: vous êtes tombé sur cette chance.
—Et la proportion des probabilités de... mon hypothèse, l’avez-vous
calculée?
—Ce n’est pas la même chose. On n’additionne pas des oranges avec des
pavés, ni des contingences naturelles avec des inventions métaphysiques.
La sagesse des nations, l’arithmétique et le troupeau bêlant des professeurs
de philosophie sont par hasard d’accord sur ce point. Mais, mon cher
monsieur, puisque vous tenez absolument à des rêves qui ne sont pas de
cette terre, ne pourriez-vous en découvrir de moins capables de troubler
votre repos? Si vous n’êtes méchant qu’en pensée, vous n’êtes pas, après
tout, plus méchant que la meilleure partie des hommes, votre ennemi n’était
qu’un égoïste vulgaire, et, sans doute, il avait bien aussi sur la conscience
quelques péchés cachés qui appelaient la vengeance du ciel: et c’est
pourquoi, de vous soustraire à une tentation toujours renaissante est peut-
être entré dans le propos de la personne inconnue qui a fait le monde par
des procédés inconnus.
—Je ne vous comprends pas, murmura mon compagnon.
—Vous cherchez à expliquer votre cas par la possibilité d’action d’une
puissance du mal. Des âmes plus naïves que la vôtre, ou d’épiderme moral
autrement tissé, diraient qu’elles y voient la marque... mon Dieu, de la main
de Dieu: on lui attribue beaucoup de choses.
Mon interlocuteur me regarda fixement, les yeux lui sortirent de la tête,
et il s’enfuit en riant d’une façon frénétique.

Alors je rentrai chez moi, très triste, la conscience chargée, avec le


sentiment hargneux d’avoir été ce soir-là l’instrument de celui qui séduisit
Faust, trompa l’étudiant, et, dans le cours de l’éternité, dira toujours: Non.
L’ACCIDENT
Le docteur Roger conduisait lui-même son automobile sur la route
d’Andilly. Et il allait bien doucement: un petit trente à l’heure, un train de
père de famille, qui est aussi médecin de campagne.
Avant d’arriver au carrefour de la Croix-Verte, où est le «bouchon» de
M. Capdebosc, aubergiste et braconnier (bosquets et salons de société; on
peut apporter son manger), on traverse un petit bois. Le docteur Roger
ralentit encore, par pur plaisir, à cause de l’odeur des feuilles mourantes et
des branches juteuses que vient de trancher le fer des bûcherons. Car elle
est toute chargée d’indéfinissables délices, amère et voluptueuse, et il n’en
est pas au monde qui éveille plus de souvenirs: les promenades qu’on a
faites dans les cimetières, quand on était tout enfant, la main dans celle
d’une femme en deuil, qui vous appelait «mon petit»; le volet qu’on a
poussé, un matin, à la campagne, en écrasant des roses que les premières
gelées blanches faisaient pleurer, tandis que dans un grand lit, derrière,
quelqu’un de très aimé ouvrait les yeux vaguement, et les clignait au soleil
pâle; enfin tout ce qu’il y a de douloureux et de passionné dans ce que nous
avons connu de beau, épouvanté de vieillir... Or, les odeurs sont précieuses
surtout par les souvenirs qu’elles évoquent, et quand il y a longtemps,
longtemps déjà, que notre pauvre corps humain s’en est imprégné pour la
première fois.
Le docteur essayait de marcher juste assez vite pour que cet air plein
d’effluves lui fouettât encore la face, juste assez lentement pour en jouir
quelques instants de plus. Il se sentait exalté, léger, puissant. Ce sont des
minutes où il est impossible de penser à rien de particulier. Si l’on voulait
préciser, on dirait seulement: «Comme je vis, comme je vis! Est-ce qu’il y a
d’autres vies au monde que la mienne?» L’univers n’a plus d’existence bien
réelle: il apparaît comme une espèce de joie qu’on crée.
Voilà pourquoi, je suppose, l’univers jugea utile de protester. Il n’aime
pas qu’on le mette en dépendance. Et il fit sortir du bois, à trois pas de la
grosse voiture soufflante, une vieille femme avec un fagot. Vivement, le
docteur Roger pressa sur la poire de sa trompe. De longs siècles d’humanité
ont mis dans nos cœurs un sentiment très étrange, qui s’éveille quand on est
sur le point d’être la cause involontaire d’un accident. C’est comme si on se
dédoublait. On se voit soi-même à la place de l’être qu’on va tuer, on a le
frisson de la mort, ce hérissement affreux qui fait, de chaque cellule de
notre peau où croît un poil, le sommet d’une espèce de petit cratère
souffrant. La femme ne lâcha pas son fagot, parce qu’elle se crispait. Elle
courut follement sur la droite de l’auto. Le docteur pivota sur la gauche,
d’un coup brusque: la femme courut sur la gauche. Elle était comme
aimantée sur les terribles roues. Le docteur serra ses freins, évita d’un
cheveu ce corps terrifié qui tomba contre le grès du trottoir, et resta là,
étendu. Il en sortait un grand cri, qui n’arrêtait pas.
Le docteur demeura une minute sans pouvoir bouger. Il se disait: «Tout à
l’heure je me sentais léger, léger. J’aurais sauté par-dessus ma voiture en
marche. Et maintenant qu’il faut absolument que je descende, je ne peux
pas! Je sais ce que c’est: un trouble de la circulation, le sang qui reflue au
cœur. Ça va passer, il faut que j’agisse.» Mais il n’agissait pas. Il avait le
cerveau vide, les artères séchées.
Enfin il se laissa tomber de son siège à terre. Il s’efforçait de penser que
c’était une malade qu’il voyait là, une malade comme toutes les autres, et
qu’on l’avait appelé. Il se pencha.
—Ecchymose superficielle au-dessous du mollet... fracture simple au-
dessus de la cheville. Ouf!
Il souffla longuement. M. Capdebosc, aubergiste et braconnier, était sorti
de chez lui. Il regarda la femme, et d’une voix tranquille:
—Tiens, fit-il, c’est Emmeline.
—Qui, Emmeline? demanda le docteur.
—Ma servante. Pas une millionnaire, bien sûr.
On porta la femme chez Capdebosc. Le docteur Roger lui fit le premier
pansement, sans mettre le pied dans un appareil, à cause de la blessure. La
femme ne criait plus. Avant de partir, le docteur lui mit dans la main
quelques billets bleus, en présence de Capdebosc, parce qu’il faut toujours
prendre ses précautions.
—Je les enverrai à mon fils, dit-elle, pour la petite.
Ce fils était une espèce d’ivrogne, garçon marchand de vin à Paris. Voilà
ce que fit savoir Capdebosc.
La fracture se souda sans complications. Emmeline trouvait doux de
rester dans son lit, bien qu’elle ne touchât plus ses gages, n’étant bonne à
rien. Mais comme le docteur, deux fois par semaine, lui laissait une grosse
pièce blanche, elle était contente de son sort. Cependant, après quelque
temps, la peau devint toute noire autour de l’ecchymose. C’était un
sphacèle, une espèce de gangrène locale. Le docteur alors vint tous les
jours, et triompha du mal. Mais la plaie s’était creusée; elle apparaissait
comme un grand trou rose, sans bourgeonnements.
—Il faudrait essayer de la greffe humaine, dit le docteur.
Capdebosc se renseigna.
—On enlève un fragment de peau à une personne bien portante, expliqua
le docteur Roger, et on le dépose sur la chair vive. Il arrive que cette peau
prenne racine, et la cicatrisation s’étend. Si vous voulez...
—Ah! non, dit Capdebosc, merci bien.
—Et puis, réfléchit le docteur, vous êtes alcoolique.
Il regardait Emmeline. C’était plus qu’une malade, c’était sa victime.
Alors il enleva sa redingote, retroussa ses manches, plia le bras gauche pour
faire saillir son biceps; et avec une pince terminée par une espèce de petite
cuiller aux bords tranchants, s’arracha un morceau de peau bien vivante. Le
sang jaillit. Il grinça des dents.
—Voilà, dit-il tout de même, d’un air simple.
La greffe prit. Le docteur Roger contemplait avec un grand orgueil
l’élargissement de cette chair neuve, qui était la sienne. Emmeline suivait
des yeux chacun de ses gestes avec attendrissement. C’était une pauvre
vieille femme, soumise et bonne. Elle ne lui en voulait plus de l’accident, et
les soins qu’elle avait reçus l’avaient pénétrée de reconnaissance. Au bout
de quelques semaines, elle marcha et reprit son service. Le docteur Roger
ne revint plus.
Un jour qu’elle allait porter des relavures à la porcherie, elle entendit
derrière elle une voix qui disait:
—Hé! m’man.
Emmeline se retourna, ferme sur ses deux pieds, avec la conscience et la
fierté d’être encore bien alerte et ingambe. Posant son chaudron à terre elle
dit:
—Mon fieu!
Et courut l’embrasser. Il avait la mauvaise graisse, les joues blêmes, le
nez pincé des hommes qui boivent. Il dit:
—Pauvre m’man! j’suis venu de Paris exprès. J’voulais pas qu’on t’fasse
l’opération sans que j’sois là.
—Quelle opération? demanda Emmeline.
Elle ne comprenait pas encore, mais elle avait déjà peur.
—Ton pied, fit-il. Mais j’ai vu un médecin, à Paris, un homme qui fait
ces choses-là, pour les procès. C’est rien, va. On vous endort. On te
l’coupera sans que tu t’en aperçoives.
Emmeline cria:
—Me couper l’pied! Mais je vas, je viens, je cours! Me couper l’pied!
Mais quand j’les croise dans mon lit, je n’sais plus lequel c’est, qui s’est
cassé. Ah! ben, ah ben!
Elle ajouta:
—Le docteur Roger l’a trop bien raccommodé. Vas-y lui demander, s’il
faut l’couper.
—M’man, dit le fils, ne m’parle pas de ct’homme-là. Une espèce
d’assassin, voilà c’qu’il est! Ça écrase les pauv’ gens avec des voitures de
millionnaire, et puis ça vous jette un billet bleu, plus quarante sous de
monnaie. Et on lui dit: «Merci, monsieur.» Ah! la canaille! Non, faut qu’il
lâche une somme et qu’il paye une pension à vie, voilà c’qu’il faut.
—Une pension? dit Emmeline saisie.
—Si on te coupe le pied, faut bien qu’il t’paye une pension, c’est la loi.
—Dame, fit Capdebosc, qui était présent, c’est pourtant vrai.
—De combien qu’elle serait, la pension? demanda Emmeline.
—Six cents francs, et on aurait deux mille francs tout de suite.
Mais elle se mit à pleurer.
—Je n’veux point, dit-elle, qu’on fasse des nuisances à monsieur Roger.
Son fils s’installa dans l’auberge. Il payait avec l’argent du docteur et ne
parlait plus de rien. Mais il avait mis Capdebosc dans ses intérêts, et
maintenant Emmeline était toujours rudoyée.
—Vous avez beau dire, répétait l’aubergiste, vous ne marchez plus
comme avant; votre mal vous reprendra. Est-ce que ça peut être sain, pour
une femme, d’avoir de la peau d’un homme sur le corps? Attendez deux ou
trois ans. Et vous ne croyez pas que j’vas garder une infirme; c’est pas ici
un hôpital.
Alors elle sanglotait, très malheureuse.
Un jour, son fils reçut une lettre de Paris. Il l’ouvrit d’un air déjà
tragique.
—Bon Dieu de bon Dieu! fit-il.
Et il lut:
«Mon Émile, c’est pour te dire que la petiote est bien malade. C’est une
entérite. Elle vomit tout ce qu’elle mange, et elle a perdu cinq livres en une
semaine. Le médecin dit qu’il ne faut lui donner que des jaunes d’œufs, du
lait stérilisé coupé avec du Vichy, et de l’émulsion Scott. Je ne sais pas
comment arriver: quatre jaunes d’œufs frais à trois sous, ça fait douze sous;
un demi-litre de Vichy et le lait stérilisé, c’est plus d’un franc; et l’émulsion
Scott, c’est quatre francs la petite bouteille. Le médecin dit que l’entérite
c’est très long, et qu’il faut continuer le traitement des mois et des mois.
J’ai engagé la pendule...»

Emmeline releva la tête.


—Est-ce que c’est bien sûr, au moins, dit-elle, qu’on m’endormira?...
LE BON PÈRE
La femme du Jean Perdu étendit sur un drap le linge qu’elle allait porter
à la rivière, mit un morceau de savon de Marseille par dessus, après avoir
compté les pièces, et lia le drap par ses coins, solidement. Puis, d’un tour de
reins, elle enleva le paquet. Le Jean Perdu fumait sa pipe devant la maison,
assis sur un banc. Petit Pierrot, sur la route, essayait de courir après les
poules du voisin. Il n’avait que vingt-six mois, et tremblait encore sur ses
jambes, espèce de château branlant. Un caillou heurta son pied nu, rouge de
froid, et il tomba. Alors, on vit son derrière, parce qu’il n’avait ni langes ni
culotte, malgré la saison, mais seulement un mauvais sarrau de flanelle à
carreaux rouges et noirs. Mais il ne cria que très peu, connaissant déjà son
père. Sa mère le releva et dit au Perdu:
—Tu le garderas, ce p’tiot?
L’homme ôta sa pipe de sa bouche, et répondit d’un air sournois:
—Même que j’vas l’emmener à la promenade.
Sa femme le regarda d’un air craintif, remonta le ballot sur son épaule,
prit le battoir sur le rebord de la fenêtre et partit. Petit Pierrot devint
vaguement inquiet. Il alla s’asseoir sur le seuil de la porte, et commença de
sucer son pouce, en regardant son père, qui le regardait.
Le Jean Perdu fouilla dans sa poche. Il en retira deux ou trois pièces
blanches, des sous et sembla faire un calcul: il avait de quoi prendre le
train-tramway jusqu’à Givet.
Quand le lourd convoi s’arrêta sur la grand’route, à la halte marquée,
prenant Petit Pierrot dans ses bras, il monta dans un compartiment de
troisième classe. Petit Pierrot avait eu assez peur d’abord, à cause de
l’énormité de la machine qui remorquait le train. Il n’avait jamais vu de si
près cette bête monstrueuse, avec un gros ventre tout rond, des roues à la
place de pattes, un cou ridiculement long, qui vomissait des fumées, et pas
de tête. Mais quand on fut en pleine marche, il commença de s’égayer, le
nez contre la vitre. Parfois, c’étaient les champs labourés, les maisons, les
arbres sans feuilles qui fuyaient à l’envers: elles couraient, ces choses qu’il
avait toujours vues immobiles! Parfois, on pénétrait dans une tranchée, et
chaque aspérité des pierres, sur la paroi, élongée par une illusion dont il ne
se rendait pas compte, devenait une grande raie droite tracée sur la vitre; il
en était tout étourdi. A Givet, son père, entrant dans la boutique d’un
épicier, lui acheta pour deux sous de pelotes. Ce sont de petits carrés de
sucre gris, qui s’effritent sous la dent comme du sable, et ce sucre délicieux
a un arrière-goût poivré. Petit Pierrot s’étonna confusément de cette
générosité. Autre trait de sollicitude inaccoutumée: le Jean Perdu l’avait
pris dans ses bras. Mais, c’est qu’il marchait très vite. Au détour d’une rue,
il demanda à un passant:
—Le bureau des Enfants-Trouvés, où c’est?
On le lui dit, et il marcha encore plus vite.
Ce fut ainsi qu’ils arrivèrent devant la porte d’une grande maison triste.
Le Jean Perdu entra, et dit au portier, tout d’un trait:
—C’est un enfant que j’viens verser à l’administration.
On le fit entrer dans une chambre où il y avait un monsieur et un
registre. On lui fit donner son nom, montrer ses papiers, son livret, un acte
de naissance.
—Ce n’est pas un enfant naturel, remarqua le monsieur.
—J’l’ai reconnu au mariage, dit l’homme.
—Alors, vous avez le consentement de la mère?
Il sourit, satisfait de lui-même. Sa femme «signait son nom» sans savoir
lire. Il lui avait fait signer n’importe quoi, sous prétexte d’un papier pour le
percepteur.
—Vous n’avez pas de ressources? continua l’employé.
Le Jean Perdu ne répondit pas directement.
—J’suis un enfant trouvé, dit-il d’un ton brusque. Alors pourquoi qu’lui
aussi, il s’rait pas un enfant trouvé?
Petit Pierrot croquait toujours ses pelotes. Le sucre fondu lui dégouttait
par les coins de la bouche, avec de la salive. Une femme vint, qui
l’emmena.
—Vous ne l’embrassez pas? fit le monsieur.
Le Jean Perdu lui jeta un regard surpris, et tourna le dos. Mais une
grande barre coupait son front, entre les deux yeux. Il songeait que
maintenant, à la maison, il lui faudrait dire ce qu’il avait fait, et dompter,
par la force de ses poings, les éclats d’une douleur qui l’importunerait.
Il battit sa femme très longtemps. Elle ne sentait pas les coups, et hurlait
comme une bête fauve. Les femmes ont besoin d’être plaintes: suprême
tristesse, les voisins n’eurent pas de pitié. Pourquoi s’était-elle laissé faire
un enfant par le Perdu? Pourquoi l’avait-elle épousé, cet homme sans
famille, et méprisé? Il était fraudeur et braconnier; mais à ces métiers, qui
n’entraînent aucune déconsidération dans nos campagnes, on le soupçonnait
de joindre celui de voleur de bestiaux, ce qui ne saurait être pardonné. Elle
prit à la fin les yeux durs de ces malheureux auxquels personne jamais ne
parle, et vécut comme auparavant. Elle travaillait dans les fermes, car le
Perdu n’avait guère coutume de rien lui donner. Et il lui était encore réservé
une autre douleur et une autre humiliation.
Un jour qu’elle revenait de Blanzy, à deux lieues de son village, elle
aperçut de loin un tout petit enfant qui jouait sur la route avec un grand
chien. Depuis plus de six mois, elle n’aimait pas regarder les enfants des
autres. Mais, cette fois, la scène lui rappela trop le dernier souvenir qu’elle
avait gardé du jour où elle était partie, son ballot de linge à l’épaule: le
chien fit un bond et renversa l’enfant, qui cria... On dit que dans un
troupeau de cinq cents brebis, les mères reconnaissent leurs agneaux à la
voix, et les vont chercher, par la nuit la plus noire, sans se tromper jamais.
La Perdue reconnut, elle aussi, cette voix de faiblesse et d’appel, frissonna,
et ne fit qu’un bond.
—Mon p’tiot, cria-t-elle, mon p’tiot!
Mais une autre femme avait déjà relevé Petit Pierrot, et lui essuyait la
figure avec un mouchoir sale. La Perdue cria encore:
—Mon p’tiot! C’est mon p’tiot!
—De quoi? dit l’autre femme, assez rudement. C’est un gosse de
l’Assistance publique.
Mais la mère l’embrassait toujours éperdument, avec de grosses larmes
qui coulaient sur les joues et les cheveux de l’enfant. Petit Pierrot, qui ne la
reconnaissait pas, eut peur, et s’alla cacher derrière les jupes de l’autre
femme:
—Laissez-moi l’emmener, la Louise, il est à moi! dit la Perdue.
L’autre répondit:
—Ça serait trop commode. C’est un gosse de l’Assistance, j’vous dis.
C’est pus l’fils de quelqu’un, c’est un pensionnaire. Vingt-cinq francs par
mois qu’elle donne, l’Assistance, pour ses pensionnaires.
La femme prit Petit Pierrot par la main, le fit entrer dans sa maison, et
ferma la porte.
Quand le Jean Perdu fut informé que son fils était revenu dans le pays, et
que la Louise touchait pour le garder vingt-cinq francs par mois, trois cents
francs par an, il entra dans une grande stupeur. Sa femme essayait tous les
jours de voir Petit Pierrot, mais les autres femmes de Blanzy lui disaient des
injures, et lui jetaient des choses à la tête.
Le Jean Perdu alla voir le maire.
—C’est-il juste, lui dit-il, c’est-il juste qu’une étrangère ait pris mon
enfant?
Il ajouta même:
—Mon pauvre enfant!
—Ça ne me regarde pas, répondit le maire. Vous l’avez donné à
l’Assistance publique. Allez le réclamer. Vous avez toujours le droit.
Le Jean Perdu se décida. Un matin, il se rendit à Givet, au bureau des
Enfants-Trouvés, pour demander qu’on lui rendît son fils. Il reconnut la
grande maison triste, l’employé et le registre.
—J’ai réfléchi, dit-il. J’viens vous reprendre mon fils. V’là ses papiers.
—C’est en règle, dit l’employé. Vos sentiments paternels vous font
honneur. L’enfant est en pension à Blanzy, chez Louise Massiot. Vous
pourrez aller le chercher demain. Signez votre déclaration.
Comme le Jean Perdu allait prendre la plume, l’employé ajouta:
—C’est deux cents francs.
L’œil du Perdu s’illumina.
—J’vas les toucher tout de suite? fit-il.
—Les toucher? dit l’employé, tout étonné. Vous avez à payer deux cents
francs.
—J’ai deux cents francs à payer! cria le Jean Perdu. Bon Dieu de bon
Dieu! est-ce que vous vous foutez de moi? On donne vingt-cinq francs tous
les trente jours à une femme de rien du tout, une vieille fille, quoi! qui n’a
jamais fait un enfant, pour garder un gosse qui est de moi; et à moi, qui suis
son père, on me réclame deux cents francs! Et mes vingt-cinq francs, alors?
—Vous le reprenez, dit l’employé, parce que vous êtes son père. Et vous
avez à payer les mois de pension, plus le trousseau.
—Mais on m’donnera vingt-cinq francs? fit le Jean Perdu, abruti.
—On ne vous donnera rien du tout. Je vous dis, au contraire, que vous
avez à payer.
Le Jean Perdu cracha par terre, et cria:
—J’réclame pus rien, j’demande pus rien! C’est pas la peine d’être en
République!

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