PLANNING AND DESIGN OF WASTE WATER

TREATMENT PLANT FOR NANDYAL

A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
A.VishnuVardhana Reddy (15091A01F0)
B.Siva Kumar (15091A01B6)
P.Subbarayudu (15091A01C5)
E.Srikanth yadav (15091A01C2)
K.Yaswanth (15091A01F2)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

B.Rohini, M.Tech
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous),
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to J. N. T.U.Anantapur, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)

2015 - 2019
 R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous),
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to J. N. T.U.Anantapur, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled ”PLANNING AND DESIGN OF
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR NANDYAL” that is being submitted
by

A.VishnuVardhana Reddy (15091A01F0)

B.Siva Kumar (15091A01B6)
P.Subbarayudu (15091A01C5)
E.Srikanth yadav (15091A01C2)
K.Yaswanth (15091A01F2)

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech in Civil Engineering in the
RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECH-
NOLOGY,(AUTONOMOUS), Nandyal (Affiliated to J.N.T University, Anantapur) is a
bonafide record of confide work carried out by them under our guidance and supervision. The
results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other university or
institute for the award of any Degree.

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of Head of the Department

B.Rohini M.Tech Dr. G. Sreenivasulu Ph.D (IISC),
Assistant professor Professor and HOD

Examiner:
Date:

i
Dedicated to my beloved parents, and teachers who have worked hard throughout my education.

ii
 Acknowledgements

We express our deep sense of gratitude and honour to our project guide B.ROHINI ,M.Tech, As-
sistant Professor in C.E of R.G.M College of Engineering and Technology(AUTONOMOUS),Nandyal,
Kurnool District,A.P.for her encouragement and inspired guidence throughout our project work for
successful completion this disertation.

At the outmost, we express our deep and profound sense of gratitude to our HOD, Dr. G.
SREENIVASULU Ph.D (IISc) Professor and Head of the department for giving us this unique
opportunity to make out this major project.

We are thankful to P.RAMANJANEYULU,M.Tech,(Ph.D)Assistant Professor in C.E of R.G.M

College of Engineering and Technology,Nandyal,Kurnool District,A.P for his encouragement and in-
spired guidence throughout our project work for successful completion of our project.

Involuntarily, we are perspicuous to divulge our sincere gratefulness to our principal, Dr. T.
JAYACHANDRA PRASADwho has been observed posing valiance in abundance completion of
this major project.

At the outset we thank our Chairman Dr. M. SANTHI RAMUDUand our Managing Director
Mr. M. SIVARAMfor providing us with good faculty and for their moral support throughout the
course.

We express our Sincere thanks to other teaching and non teaching staff members for constantly
cooperating in the completion of the Project.Last but no way the least our thanks to all those who
helped us in the completion of this project.

A.VishnuVardhana Reddy (15091A01F0)

B.Siva Kumar (15091A01B6)
P.Subbarayudu (15091A01C5)
E.Srikanth yadav (15091A01C2)
K.Yaswanth (15091A01F2)

iii
 ABSTRACT
Now a days many water resources are polluted by anthropogenic sources including household
and agricultural waste and industrial processes. Public concern over the environmental impact of
wastewater pollution has increased. several conventional wastewater treatment techniques, i.e. Chem-
ical coagulation, adsorption, activated sludge, have been applied to remove the pollution, however
there are still some limitations, especially that of high operation costs.Waste water treatment can
be defined as a process of removing organic and inorganic matter from the wastewater to make it
suitable to be discharged back to the environment. Rainwater entering drains and industrial wastes
also appear to fit under this category.
The motivation for treatment of waste water are manifold.Treatment and re-use of waste water-
conserves the supply of fresh water and this represents clear advantages with respect to environmental
pollution. So the main aim of this project is to plan, Design a waste water treatment plant for Nandyal
city.
KEY WORDS: Water resources,Pollution,Wastewater treatment techniques,Waste water treatment
plant,Design..

iv
Contents

Abstract iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 Waste Water and its sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 Sludge/Sewage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.3 Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.4 Bar screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.5 Skimming Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.6 Grit Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.7 Primary Settlement tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.8 Secondary sedimentation tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 CLASSIFICATION OF TREATMENT PROCESS 5

2.1 Preliminary Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Primary Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Secondary Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 The final or Advanced treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 Experimental Study On Waste Water 8

3.1 Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.1 Impact of Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.1 Impact of pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Dissolved Oxygen and B.O.D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

v
4 Design of Sewage Treatment Plant 11
4.1 Forecasting of Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1.1 Arithmetic Increase Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Quantity of Sewage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.1 Size Calculation of Collection pit : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 Design of Bar Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3.1 Construction and working of fixed screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3.2 Disposal of screenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4 Design of Grit Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.1 Construction and Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.4.2 Disposal of Grit chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.5 Design of Skimming Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5.1 Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5.2 Disposal of skimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.6 Design of Primary Setting Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.7 Design of Aeration tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.8 Design of Secondary Setting Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.9 Sludge Digestion Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.10 Design of Trickling filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.10.1 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.10.2 Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

vi
List of Figures

2.1 Process involved in Sewage Treatment plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.1 Nandyal Municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4.2 Diagram of Bar Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.3 Diagram of Grit chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.4 Diagram of Skimming tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5 Diagram of Primary Setting Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.6 Diagram of Aeration Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.7 Diagram of Secondary Setting Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.8 Diagram of Sludge Digestion Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.9 Diagram of Trickling filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

vii
List of Tables

3.1 Tabulated values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Tabulated values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Tabulated values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.1 Population data from municipality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

viii
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
Today many people are suffering with various diseases in many villages,towns and cities
because of air pollution, water contamination and waste water discharged directly into streams,
rivers etc. without treatment is one of the parameter polluting the environment.This waste wa-
ter contaminates ground water and also the water flowing down the stream or river .This
contaminated water causes so many problems for human health and aquatic life. So the waste
water should be treated before discharging into stream or rivers. And the treated water can be
used for parks, growing of trees etc.which reduces the demand of water in water scarcity areas.
If the quantity of sewage is too high or it contain large amount of waste elements it will create
dirty scene at the site as well as nuisances and unhygienic smells.If the excessive quantity of
sewage is mixed with the natural water course, the water becomes septic and totally unfit for
other use.
To reduce the strength of sewage we need to go for treatement process. The objective of
the treatment units is to reduce the solids from the sewage and remove all the nuisance causing
elements and change the character of sewage in such a way that it can safely discharged for
use.
The present study focuses on the improvement of quality of water discharged from the
nandyal town (Source: Chyam kaaluva) by characterizing the properties of water by performing
lab tests for turbidity , pH, B.O.D. , D.O., etc.
And also designing an efficient sewage treatment plant including all the components necessary
to make the waste water reusable.

1
1.2 Objectives
1.The main objective of the sewage treatment plant is to dispose off the waste in such away
that there is no harm to mankind.
2.Before planning and designing the STP ,proper characterization of the waste water is carried
out in lab.
3.The following properties are determined for the samples taken from (Source : Chyam kaaluva)
taken at two different times:

• pH

• Turbidity

• B.O.D

• D.O

• Suspended Solids

• Chlorides

1.3 Terminology

1.3.1 Waste Water and its sources

Sewage water is known as the quantities of water used by the human population , whether
for domestic or industrial purposes It is generally collected in sewers that all together compose
the sewage system
SOURCES:

• Human waste.

• Washing waste.

• Highway drainage.

• Industrial waste.

2
1.3.2 Sludge/Sewage

Sludge refers to the residual , semi-solid material left from industrial waste water , or
sewage treatment processes.Sewage is the art of collecting, treating and finally disposing of the
sewage

1.3.3 Sewage Treatment

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household
sewage, both effluents and domestic . It includes physical, chemical , and biological processes
to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants

1.3.4 Bar screen

It is for removing bigger suspended or floating matter in sewage

1.3.5 Skimming Tank

These tanks are used for removing oil , grease And fats of the sewage

1.3.6 Grit Chamber

These are long narrow tanks that are designed to slow down the flow so that solids such
as sand, coffee grounds , and eggshells will settle out of the water

3
1.3.7 Primary Settlement tank

The primary settling tanks are designed to reduce the velocity of waste water flow, allow-
ing heavier organic solids(called raw sludge) to settle. They are first stage of treatment after
the removal of rags and grits in the inlet works

1.3.8 Secondary sedimentation tank

The secondary sedimentation tanks or Settling basins or clarifiers allow the micro organ-
isms and other solids to settle after secondary or biological treatment. This sludge is pumped
back into the inlet end of the primary sedimentation tanks and settles with the raw sludge

4
Chapter 2

CLASSIFICATION OF TREATMENT
PROCESS

Sewage before being disposed off either in river streams or on land, has generally to be
treated so as to make it safe. The degree of treatment required,however depends upon the
characteristics of the sources of disposal.
There are many different ways to treat sewage. Treatment processes are often classified as:

• Preliminary treatment

• Primary treatment

• secondary treatment and

• Tertiary treatment

Figure 2.1: Process involved in Sewage Treatment plant

5
2.1 Preliminary Treatment
• Preliminary treatment consists seperating the floating materials like dead animals,tree
branches,paper pieces of rags,wood etc.,and also the heavy settleable inorganic solids

• It also helps in removing the grease etc from the sewage

• This treatment reduces the BOD of the waste by about 15 to 30percent

• In this process screening are used for removing floating papers, rags, cloths etc.

• Grit chambers for removing grit and sand, and skimming tanks for removing oils and
greases.

2.2 Primary Treatment

• Primary treatment consists of removing large suspended organic solids. This process is
accomplished by sedimentation in setting basins.

• The liquid effluents from primary treatment often contain a large amount of suspended
organic material and have a high BOD of the waste about by 60 percent.

• The organic solids which are seperated out in the sedimentation tanks are often stabilized
by anaerobic decomposition in a design tank.

6
2.3 Secondary Treatment
• Secondary treatment involves turker treatment of the effluent from the primary units.

• This is generally accomplished through biological processes using filters, aeration tanks
or other means.

• The effluent from the secondary treatment will usually contain several milligrams per litre
of Dissolved Oxygen.

• The organic solids seperated out will be disposed of by stabilising them by aerobic process
in a sludge digestial tank, as it is done for the residue left from sedimentation tank.

2.4 The final or Advanced treatment

• This treatment sometimes called Tertiary treatment and it includes removal of the organic
load left after secondary treatment and particularily to kill pathogenic bacteria.

• It may however, some time be adopted, the sewage treatment is therfore usually confined
up to secondary treatment only.

7
Chapter 3

Experimental Study On Waste Water

For the project purpose,waste water is collected from (SOURCE : CHYAM KALUVA).And
lab tests are performed to characterize the properties of water.

3.1 Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual
particles that are generally invisible to naked eye, similar to smoked in air. The measurement
of turbity is a key test of water quality.

3.1.1 Impact of Turbidity

High turbidity can significantly reduce the aesthetic quality of lakes and streams, having
a harmful impact on recreation and tourism. It can increase the cost of water treatment for
drinking and food processing. It can harm fish and other aquatic life by reducing food supplies,
degrading spawing beds, and affecting gill function.

Table 3.1: Tabulated values

SAMPLE SAMPLE DESCRIP- TEMPERATURE OF

TURBIDITY(NTU)
NO TION SAMPLE
1 Waste water 8 AM 27 55
2 Waste water 3 PM 27 53

8
3.2 pH
pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances (pH stands for ’Po-
tential of Hydrogen’). A pH value is a number from 1 to 14, with 7 as neutral point. values
below 7 indicates acidity and above 7 indicates alkalinity. pH is really a measure of the relative
amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen
ions is acidic, where as water that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic.

3.2.1 Impact of pH

Excessively high and low pHs can be detrimental for the use of water. High pH causes a
bitter taste, water pipes and water-using appliances become encrusted with deposits. Low pH
water will corrode or dissolve metals and other substances.
Pollution can change a water pH, which inturn can harm animals and plants living in
water. For instance water coming out of an abondoned coal mine can have a pH of 2, which is
very acidic and would definitely affect any fish crazy enough to try to live in it.

Table 3.2: Tabulated values

SAMPLE DESCRIP- TEMPERATURE OF

SAMPLE NO pH
TION SAMPLE
1 waste water 8AM 27 7.78
2 Waste water 3PM 27 8.91

3.3 Dissolved Oxygen and B.O.D

Dissolved Oxygen refers to microscopic bubbles of gaseous oxygen(O2) that are mixed
in water and available to aquatic organisms for respiration. A critical process for almost all
organisms. Primary source of DO include the atmosphere and aquatic plants.
B.O.D is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break-
down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific
time period. The B.O.D value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed
per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 degree centigrade and is often used as a
surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.

9
 Table 3.3: Tabulated values

VOLUME OF
SODIUM THIO DISSOLVED
VOLUME OF BURETTE
DAY - SULPHATE OXYGEN
SAMPLE READINGS
SOLUTION (mg/l)
USED IN ml
- - INITIAL FINAL - -
B-1 203 0 8.2 8.2 8.09
S-1 203 0 13.8 13.8 13.59
B-5 203 0 8.1 8.1 7.8
S-5 203 0 19.6 19.6 19.31

CALCULATION:
Initial D.O of the diluted sample, D0 = 13.8 X 0.2 X 1000/203
= 13.59 mg/l
D.O at the end of 5 days for diluted sample, D5 = 19.6 X 0.2 X 1000/203
= 19.31mg/l
Initial D.O of the blank, C0 = 8.2 X 0.2 X 1000/203
= 8.09 mg/l
D.O at the end of 5 days for blank, D5 = 8.1 X 0.2 X 1000/203
= 7.98 mg/l
Blank correction, Bc = C0 - C5 = 8.09 - 7.98
= 0.09 mg/l
(D0 − D5 − Bc)XV olumeof thedilutedsample
B.O.D =
V olumeof sampletaken
= (13.59 - 19.35 - 0.09) X 300/10
= 174.3 mg/l

10
Chapter 4

Design of Sewage Treatment Plant

4.1 Forecasting of Population

4.1.1 Arithmetic Increase Method

This method is suitable for large and old city with considerable development. If it is
used for small, average or comparitively new cities, it will give lower population estimate than
actual value .In this method the average increase in popualation per decade is calculated from
the past census reports.
This method is based on the assumption that population is increasing at a constant rate
. The rate of change of population with time is constant. The population after ’n’ decades can
be determined by the formula
Pn = P + n X c
where,,
p = population at present
n = no.of decades
c = constant determined by the average of increase of ’n’ decades

11
 The population of town taken from Nandyal municipality

Table 4.1: Population data from municipality

S.NO YEAR POPULATION INCREMENT

1 1961 42,927 -
2 1971 63,193 20,266
3 1981 88,185 24,992
4 1991 1,19,813 31,628
5 2001 1,57,526 37,713
6 2011 2,12,640 55,114
- - Total 1,69,713
- - Average 33,942

for future years

P(2021) = P(2011) + n X c
P(2021) = 2,12,640 + 1 X 33,942
P(2021) = 2,46,582
P(2031) = P(2021) + n X c
P(2031) = 2,46,582 + 1 X 33,942
P(2031) = 2,80,524
So,for the present study,planning and design for treatment plant is carried out for
population of 280524.

4.2 Quantity of Sewage

1) Quantity of water =future year population X per capital per day liters
= 2,80,524 X 135 liters/day
= 3,78,81,000 liters/day
= 37881 X 103 liters/day
= 37,881 m3 /day
= 1,878.375 m3 /hour
= 26.306 m3 /min
= 0.438 m3 /sec
2)Quantity of sewage = 80percent of water that is suppiled
= 0.8 X 2,80,524 X 135 X 1.5

12
 = 45.44 X 106 lit/day
=45.44 X 103 / 24 x 3600
3) Average sewage fiow = 0.525m3 /sec
= 12.62 m3 /hr
→ Peak factor:(Range;2-4)
4) Design of flow capacity = Average sewage flow X peak factor (m3 /hr)
= 12.62 X 3
= 37.87 m3 /hr

4.2.1 Size Calculation of Collection pit :

Retention period = 4 hr (Range: 3-6hr :SOURCE:Text Book; M.N.RAO.)

capacity of collection sump = (design of flow capacity X retention period)
= 37.87 X 4
= 151.48 m3
Assume liquid depth 3 to 6m
Capacityof CollectionSump
Area required for collection pit =
Assumeliquiddepth
= (151.48/6)
= 25.246 m2
If it is circular tank,
→ πr2 = 25.246
r = 2.83 m = 3 m
diameter = 6m
Volume of the pit provided = (πd2 / 4) X Liquid depth
= π X 62 / 4 X 6
= 169.64 m3
area of pit provided = π X 62 / 4
= 28.27 m2

13
4.3 Design of Bar Screens
Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten into sewer system such as bricks, bottles,
pieces of wood, etc
LOCATION:
The screens are generally located before the grit chambers
CLASSIFICATIONS:
a . Depending upon the size of operations, the screens are classified as:

• Fine screens (mesh type screen size of openings about 1.5 to 6mm).

• Medium screens (Size of openings 6 to 40mm).

• Codices screens (Size of opening about 40mm or more).

b . Depending upon condition of screens they are classified as:

• Fixed screens.

• Movable screens.

• Moving screens.
From the above classification of screens, fixed screens are designed in the
treatment plant for clear spacing.

4.3.1 Construction and working of fixed screens

:
The screen consists of parallel 6mm steel bars having 30mm equal spacing between them.
The screens is placed at an angle of 30degrees to horizontal. All the floating solids larger in
size than of the openings retained on the screen. They are removed periodically.

4.3.2 Disposal of screenings

:
When sewage is passed through screens, the suspended and floating matters larger than
the openings of the screens and are removed from sewage. These removed materials are contin-
uously deposited on screens. After some time then the screens becomes partially clogged, they

14
are cleaned and the screenings are taken away for disposal.

Assume Size of the bar = 50mm X 6mm

Figure 4.1: Nandyal Municipality

Peak discharge = 11300kL(is taken from table)

(per day) = 11300 m3
(per hr) = 470.83 m3 / hr
Average sewage flow = 12.62 m3 / hr
Inclination of bars = 300
Velocity = 0.3 X capacity of collection sump
= 0.3 X 151.48
= 45.44 m/h/m2
P eakdischargeperhr
Cross section area required =
V elocity
= 470.83 / 45.44
= 10.36 m2
Let liquid depth required = 2m (depth of flow)
Required effective width = 10.36 / 2
= 5.18 = 6m
A clear spacing of 24mm between the bar is provided
Assume velocity of flow normal top the screen is 30cm/sec

15
 averagerateof f low
Net submerged area of the screen opening required =
velocityof f low
= 0.525 / 0.3
= 1.75 m2 (175 cm2 per MLD)
Gross submerged area of the screen
1.75
=
0.80
=2.187m2
Submerged c/s area of the screen = 2.187*Sin300
=1.093 m/sec
= 109.3 cm/sce >37.5cm/sec
Now,provided 30no.s of bars , the gross width of the screen and thus of the chambers
= 30 X 0.006 + 3 X 0.003 = 1.11m
Areaof thescreen
Liquid depth =
grosswidth
= 1.093 / 1.11
= 0.98m
Now providing a free board = 0.25m,
Total depth of the channel = 0.25 + 0.98
= 1.23
Size of the channel provided
Depth = 123cm = 120cm
Width = 111cm = 110cm

Figure 4.2: Diagram of Bar Screen

16
4.4 Design of Grit Chamber
A grit chamber is an enlarged channel through which sewage is passed through to remove
grit.
TYPES:

• Manually cleaned type

• Mechanically cleaned type

• Hydraulically cleaned type

In above types of grit chambers, the manually cleaned type grit chamber is used.
LOCATION:
The manually cleaned type grit chamber is placed before sedimentation and immediately
after the screens.

4.4.1 Construction and Working

It is a concrete enlarged channel of 18m long with slightly larger area of flow that the
velocity is 0.3m/sec. Two seperate chambers are provided, one to take care of minimum flow
and another to take care of maximum flow. Here the detention period is 1minute or 60seconds.
The sewage is allowed into the grit chamber, the velocity of flow is reduced due to increased
areas of cross section of flow. At such low velocity all the inorganic grit particles settle down
by gravity and are deposited on bottom. When sufficient accumulations of grit takes place it
is cleaned bythe manual cleaned type method.

4.4.2 Disposal of Grit chamber

Clean grit is without odours. Washed grit may resemble particles of sand and gravel,
interspersed with particles of eggshell and other relatively inert materials from the households.
Grit washing machine should be employed when the detention time is more and flow of velocity
is less. Unless washed , it may contain considerable amount of organic matter. This attracts
rodents and insects. The grit should be disposed of by dumping or burying or by sanitary land
fill of low lying areas.

17
Capacity of grit chamber = 0.525 X 60
= 32m3
Surface loading rate = 1200m3 /m2 /day (SOURCE: Text book; M.N.RAO.)

Averagedailyf low
Surface area =
surf aceloading
= 45.44 X 103 / 1200
= 37.86 m3 / m2
Assuming horizontal velocity @ 0.3 m / sec
1 min as detention period
Length of grit chamber = 0.3 X 60
= 18m (length = 10 to 18m)

Capacityof gritchamber
Cross section area of Grit chamber =
2Xlength
( for two tanks)
= 32 / 2 X 18
= 0.9m2
Volume of grit chamber = (avg sewage flow X 2.5) X detention time
Maximum flow = avg sewage flow X 2.5
= 0.525 X 2.5 X 60
= 78 / 2.5
= 31.25 m3
volumeof gritchamber
c/s area of flow =
length
= 78 / 15
= 5.20 m2
= 5.20 / 2.5 = 2.1 m2
Provide 2m as width of chamber (liquid depth bar screen=2m)
(25 percent increased to accommodate inlet and outlet zone)
→Volume of grit chamber(15x2x1)
provide 0.3m freeboard +0.25m grit accumulation zone
total depth = 1 + 0.55
= 1.55m

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 Figure 4.3: Diagram of Grit chamber

4.5 Design of Skimming Tank

4.5.1 Working

The skimming tank consists of a chamber into which sewage is allowed and detained for
about 3minutes and skimmed at bottom. N ow the oils, fats and grease are seperated from
water and they float to the top surface. The floating substances are now collected in the outlet
channel and then removed.

4.5.2 Disposal of skimming

The disposal of skimming obtained from the skimming tanks can be done for the man-
ufacture of the soap, lubricants, wax, pitch and other non- edible products. The skimmings
are usually disposed of by burning or burying in the ground. If the mineral oils are present in
small quantity and more quantity of organic and vegetable oils are present, this can be used in
the production of the fuel gas.

Surface area required for a tank(A) = 6.22 X 10−3 X Vqr

where, q = rate of flow of sewage = m3 / day
= 44.44 X 10−3 m3 /day
Vr = Self cleaning velocity(Minimum raising velocity of oily material to be removed)
= 0.25 m / min

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 45.44X10−3
A = 6.22 X 10− 3 X
0.25X60X24
A = 0.78 m2 = 1m2
SIZE OF THE TANK:
Assumed depth = 3 m
L : B = 1.5 : 1
1.5 B 2 = 1
√
B = 1 / 1.5 = 0.8 m
Size of the tank = (1.25m X 0.8m X 3m) + 0.5m(free board)

Figure 4.4: Diagram of Skimming tank

4.6 Design of Primary Setting Tank

Sedimentation tank is also known as settling tank or Clarifier.
2hrs detention time @ average flow
Capacity of primary setting tank = 0.525 X 60 X 60 X 2
= 3780m3
2nos of circular setting tanks of depth (2.5m-5m) = 3 m

capacity
Surface area of each tank =
2X3
= 630 m2

r
630
Diameter of tank = = 30m
0.786

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Wier loading of tank = Average daily flow / area of the tank

45.44X103
=
2X Π4 X302
= 32.14 m3 / m2 / day
(should be less than 100m3 /m2 /day
Hence it safe for our design
Assuming that grit chamber removes 100PPM of Suspended solids
65
=
100(450 − 100)

= 227PPM
Assumeing that Primary setting tank also remove 30percent of B.O.D
30
= 230 X
100

= 69PPM
The effluent coming out from the primary setting tank, will contain suspended solids
= 350 - 227
= 123PPM
→ =230 - 69
= 161PPM
45000X103
Quantity of suspended solids removed = 227 X
106
=10215 kgm / day
Assuming tht solid content is only 5 percent

Quantityof Suspendedsolidsremoved
The quantity of sludge =
Assumedsolidcontent

100
= 10215 X
5
= 2,04,300 kgm / day
Assuming density of sludge = 1000 kgm / cum

Quantityof sludge
Volume of sludge produced =
Densityof sludge

204300
=
1000
= 204.3 cum / day

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 Figure 4.5: Diagram of Primary Setting Tank

4.7 Design of Aeration tank

B.O.D in the feed sewage = 100 kg m−3 day −1
Number of Aeration tank =1
Average flow = 350 KLD
Total B.O.D to the aeration tank = 21.9 X 24 X 100
= 52,560 = 52.56Kg
MLSS = Mixed Liquor Suspended solids = 1500-3000
F / M = Food to Micro organisms ratio = 0.4-0.3

QXB.O.Dinf eedsewage
Volume of tank required =
F/M XM LSS

350X100
=
0.4X2000

= 43.75 m3
Assume liquid depth = 3.0 m(Design criteria)
Area = 43.75 / 3.0
Area = 14.5 m2
Size of the tank = 3.8m X 3.8m X 3.0m

4.8 Design of Secondary Setting Tank

Quantity of effluent to be handled(including recirculation effluent)
= 45000 X 2.5

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 Figure 4.6: Diagram of Aeration Tank

= 1,12,500 m2 / day
Assuming detention period of 2 hrs

Total Capacity of tank = 4 / 24 X 1,12,500

= 18750 m3
Assuming 4no.s radial flow tanks with 3mtrs depth
Capacity of each tank = 18750 / 4
= 4087.5 m3
Diameter of tank :
πXd2
4( )X 3 = 18750
4
18750
π X d2 =
3
2 6250
d =
√π
d = 1990
d = 44.50 = 45 m

Figure 4.7: Diagram of Secondary Setting Tank

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4.9 Sludge Digestion Tank
Sludge digestion is a biological process in which organic solids are decomposed into stable
substances.
Digestion reduces the total mass of solids, destroys pathogens, and makes it easier to
dewater or dry the sludge. Digested sludge is inoffensive, having the appearance and charac-
teristics of a rich pottingsozil.

Figure 4.8: Diagram of Sludge Digestion Tank

4.10 Design of Trickling filter

Trickling filters are also known as percolating or sprinkling filters. The trickling filters
work on the principle of attached growth process in which the aerobic bacteria, accumulated
on the surface of solid medium are employed to iodize the colloidal and dissolved organic sub-
stances.

4.10.1 Construction

The trickling filter consist a circular tank with the top opened to atmosphere. The depth
of filter medium may be 3m. There is a free circulation of air through the medium i.e. where
the medium is plading. The sewage flows through the centrally placed riser pipe from where it
goes into the spraying distributors.
The spraying distributors consist of four arms, each arm containing three nozzles. The

24
assembly between the riser pipe and rotary distributors is done with spraying system and mer-
cury seal to avoid any leakage of sewage. An under drain system is provided at the bottom of
the tank so as to collect the sewage after trickling over the surfaces to the broken stone.

4.10.2 Working

The sewage is sent to the distributor with sufficient head, it is issued in the form of spray
through the nozzles. The equal and opposite reactions to spray jets act on the spraying system
and make it to rotate slowly. Thus the spray of sewage is uniformly applied on the top of
surface of filter medium. The sewage then trickles over the surface of broken stone and is finaly
collected by the under drain system.
After continuous working of trickling filter the thickness of bacterial film grows and soon
aerobic conditions are set up. Then it is necessary that filtration is stopped, filter medium is
washed and cleaned. The trickling filter can be put to use again.

B.O.D. Load in the primary effluent = 174ppm

= 174 X 44.50 X 103 / 106
= 7893.684 kg/m
Trickling filters are designed on the basis of NRC and Rankine’s equation from
U.S.A:
(Water supply and Sanitary Engineering :By G.S.Birdie and J.S.Birdie)
Rcirculation ratio : 0.5 - 3.0 (Domestic water)
Depth : 0.9 - 2.5
Hydraullic loading m3 / m2 /day : 10 - 40
Organic loading : 0.32 - 1.0
Recirculation Ratio : 0.5 - 3.0 (Domestic water)
: uptio 8 ( Industrial water)
Providing high rate trickling filter with recirculation arrangements using 4 no.s trickling of filter
bed 30 m dia and 1.0 m deep
πXd2
Total volume of filter media = X Depth X No’s
4
πX302
= X 1.0 X 4
4
= 5026 cu-m
Total volume of filter media = 5026 cu-m

25
 B.O.Dloadintheprimaryef f luent
B.O.D load on filter =
V olumeof f iltermedia
7894
=
5026
= 1.570 Kgm / m2
Surface loading = Quantity of sewage / volume of filter media
= 45 X 106 / 5026
= 8953 ltr / m2 /day
Recirculation ratio = 2.5
Average hydraullic load on filter = 45000 X 2.5 / 1.62
= 69,444 cu-m / day

Figure 4.9: Diagram of Trickling filter

26
Conclusions

• The properties of wastewater sample collected is characterized conducting tests for tur-
bidity , pH, B.O.D., D.O., etc., And the obtained results indicated that the values are
not in range of desirable limit.

• Dimensions of the each component of waste water treatment plant is worked out.

• Finally the water treated from this treatment plant can be put to use for purposes like
gardens,industrial purposes,washing vehicles and cleaning garages etc..

• In the treatment plant,design is carried out in following stages:

Solids removal & Primary treatment:Bar screens,grit chamber,Skimming tank.
Secondary treatment :PST and SST.
Advanced treatment :Aeration ,sludge digestion tanks,trickling filter.

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References

• Karia,G.L & Christian,R.A.(2012). Wastewater Treatment Concepts and Design Ap-

proach.

• Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (1972). Wastewater Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN
978-0-07-041675-8.

• Qasim,S.R.,1999,Wastewater treatment plants:Planning,design,and operation,Technomic,Lancaster,U

1999).

• Water supply and Sanitary Engineering By G.S.Birdie and J.S.Birdie

• Waste Water Treatment(English, Paperback,M.N.Rao).

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