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MAE 3233

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 MAE 3233 Heat Transfer HW2 – Radiation Chapter 12 Page 1 of 2
Fall 2016 DUE DATE: Wed. Aug. 31, 2016 at 4:45 PM
2-1 (15 Points): Radiation Solid Angle 2-3 (20 Points): Radiation

(Answer: 𝑄̇ ≈ 0.0014W; G2= 2.76 W/m2)

2-2 (10 Points): Radiation

Hint: Calculate simply radiation exchange between

one object and its environment. Assume one
dimensional heat conduction using q''=k ΔT/L

(Answer: ΔT=1.1ºC) (Answer: k=2.9 W/mK, yes: ΔT=3.3ºC)

1-5 (15 Points): Convection

(Answer: G= 1086 W/m2)

 MAE 3233 Heat Transfer HW2 – Radiation Chapter 12 Page 2 of 2
Fall 2016 DUE DATE: Wed. Aug. 31, 2016 at 4:45 PM
2-4 (20 Points): Radiation

Note: Spectral emissivity and absorptivity are identical

however you need to find the appropriate ‘total absorptivity’
Hint: There are three heat transfer component: Convection heat
for tungsten. Hint: 𝑄̇ =mcΔT/Δt
Hint: There are three heat transfer components: Convection heat
(Answer: DT/Dt = -1980 K/s)
transfer from surface to outside air, radiation from surface and
incident radiation to the surface (irradiation). In steady state, the
summation should be zero. (Answer: Ts=49ºC)

2-5 (15 Points): Radiation 2-7 (20 Points): Radiation

(Answer: E= 2000 W/m2, I=637 W/m2sr)

2-6 (20 Points): Radiation

Note: 𝛼 is 0.2 between 0 and 1.38𝜇m and 1.0 for the rest.
Hint: Gs can be assumed as Eb coming from a black body
surface. Table 12.1 (Set # 2 notes) (fraction of radiation) can
be used in finding transmissivity (𝜏) in the same way it was
used for finding emissivity in Example 4 of Set # 2.

(Answer: 𝜏 =0.7, 𝜏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 =0.60,

𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 =0.09, 𝛼𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 =0.31, 𝜀=1, q''= -615W/m2 )
 PROBLEM 12.2
KNOWN: A diffuse surface of area A1 = 10-4m2 emits diffusely with total emissive power E = 5 × 104
W/m2 .
FIND: (a) Rate this emission is intercepted by small surface of area A2 = 5 × 10-4 m2 at a prescribed
location and orientation, (b) Irradiation G2 on A2, and (c) Compute and plot G2 as a function of the
separation distance r2 for the range 0.25 ≤ r2 ≤ 1.0 m for zenith angles θ2 = 0, 30 and 60°.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Surface A1 emits diffusely, (2) A1 may be approximated as a differential surface
area and that A 2 r22 << 1.

ANALYSIS: (a) The rate at which emission from A1 is intercepted by A2 follows from Eq. 12.6 written
on a total rather than spectral basis.
q1→2 = Ie,1 (θ , φ ) A1 cosθ1dω 2 −1 . (1)

Since the surface A1 is diffuse, it follows from Eq. 12.11 that

Ie,1 (θ , φ ) = Ie,1 = E1 π . (2)

The solid angle subtended by A2 with respect to A1 is

dω 2 −1 ≈ A 2⋅ cos θ 2 r22 . (3)

Substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1) with numerical values gives

⎡ 5 × 10−4 m 2 × cos 30D ⎤

q1→ 2 =
E1
π
⋅ A1 cos θ1 ⋅
A 2 cos θ 2
2
r2
=
5 × 104 W m 2
π sr
(
× 10 −4
m × cos 60 × ⎢
2
⎢⎣
D
) ( 0.5m )2
⎥ sr (4)
⎥⎦

( )
q1→ 2 = 15, 915 W m 2sr × 5 × 10 −5 m 2 × 1.732 × 10−3 sr = 1.378 × 10−3 W . <
(b) From section 12.2.3, the irradiation is the rate at which radiation is incident upon the surface per unit
surface area,
q 1.378 × 10−3 W
G 2 = 1→ 2 = = 2.76 W m 2 (5) <
−4 2
A2 5 × 10 m
(c) Using the IHT workspace with the foregoing equations, the G2 was computed as a function of the
separation distance for selected zenith angles. The results are plotted below.

Continued...

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 PROBLEM 12.2 (Cont.)

Irradiation, G2 (W/m^2)
10

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Separation distance, r2 (m)

theta2 = 0 deg
theta2 = 30 deg
theta2 = 60 deg

For all zenith angles, G2 decreases with increasing separation distance r2 . From Eq. (3), note that dω2-1
and, hence G2, vary inversely as the square of the separation distance. For any fixed separation distance,
G2 is a maximum when θ2 = 0° and decreases with increasing θ2, proportional to cos θ2.

COMMENTS: (1) For a diffuse surface, the intensity, Ie, is independent of direction and related to the
emissive power as Ie = E/ π. Note that π has the units of [sr ] in this relation.

(2) Note that Eq. 12.7 is an important relation for determining the radiant power leaving a surface in a
prescribed manner. It has been used here on a total rather than spectral basis.

(3) Returning to part (b) and referring to Figure 12.9, the irradiation on A2 may be expressed as

A cos θ1
G 2 = Ii,2 cos θ 2 1
r22

2
Show that the result is G2 = 2.76 W/m . Explain how this expression follows from Eq. (12.13).

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 PROBLEM 12.6
KNOWN: Flux and intensity of direct and diffuse components, respectively, of solar irradiation.
FIND: Total irradiation.
SCHEMATIC:

ANALYSIS: Since the irradiation is based on the actual surface area, the contribution due to the
direct solar radiation is
G dir = q′′dir ⋅ cosθ .
From Eq. 12.17 the contribution due to the diffuse radiation is
Gdif = π Idif .
Hence
G = Gdir + Gdif = q′′dir ⋅ cosθ + π Idif
or

G = 1000 W / m 2 × 0.866 + π sr × 70 W / m 2 ⋅ sr

G = ( 866 + 220 ) W / m 2
or

G = 1086 W / m 2 . <
COMMENTS: Although a diffuse approximation is often made for the non-direct component of
solar radiation, the actual directional distribution deviates from this condition, providing larger
intensities at angles close to the direct beam.

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 PROBLEM 12.92
KNOWN: Temperatures of furnace wall and top and bottom surfaces of a planar sample.
Dimensions and emissivity of sample.
FIND: (a) Sample thermal conductivity, (b) Validity of assuming uniform bottom surface
temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction in sample, (3)

Constant k, (4) Diffuse-gray surface, (5) Irradiation equal to blackbody emission at 1400K.
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water coolant (300K): cp,c = 4179 J/kg⋅K
ANALYSIS: (a) From energy balance at top surface,
α G − E = q′′cond = ks ( Ts − Tc ) / L

where E = ε sσ Ts4 , G = σ Tw
4
, α = ε s giving

s( s c)
4 − ε σ T 4 = k T − T / L.
ε sσ Tw s s
Solving for the thermal conductivity and substituting numerical values, find

( s )
εsL σ 4 − T4
ks = Tw
Ts − Tc

0.85 × 0.015m × 5.67 × 10−8 W / m 2 ⋅ K 4 ⎡

(1400K ) − (1000K ) ⎤
4 4
ks =
(1000 − 300 ) K ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

k s = 2.93 W / m ⋅ K. <
(b) Non-uniformity of bottom surface temperature depends
on coolant temperature rise. From the energy balance

 c cp,c ΔTc = (α G − E ) W 2
q=m

ΔTc = 0.85 × 5.67 × 10−8 W / m 2 ⋅ K 4 ⎡⎢14004

⎣
−10004 ⎤⎥ K 4 ( 0.10m ) / 0.1kg / s × 4179 J / kg ⋅ K
2
⎦

ΔTc = 3.3K. <

The variation in Tc (~ 3K) is small compared to (Ts – Tc) ≈ 700K. Hence it is not large enough to
introduce significant error in the k determination.

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 PROBLEM 12.106
KNOWN: Solar irradiation of 1100 W/m2 incident on a flat roof surface of prescribed solar absorptivity
and emissivity; air temperature and convection heat transfer coefficient.
FIND: (a) Roof surface temperature, (b) Effect of absorptivity, emissivity and convection coefficient on
temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Back-side of plate is perfectly insulated, (3)
Negligible irradiation to plate by atmospheric (sky) emission.
ANALYSIS: (a) Performing a surface energy balance on the exposed side of the plate,
αSGS − q′′conv − ε E b (Ts ) = 0 αSG S − h (Ts − T∞ ) − εσ Ts4 = 0
Substituting numerical values and using absolute temperatures,
(Ts − 300)K − 0.2(5.67 × 10−8 W m 2⋅ K 4 )Ts4 = 0
W W
0.6 × 1100 − 25
2 2
m m ⋅K
Regrouping , 8160 = 25Ts + 1.1340 × 10−8 Ts4 , and performing a trial-and-error solution,

Ts = 321.5 K = 48.5oC. <

(b) Using the IHT First Law Model for a plane wall, the following results were obtained.

120

100
Plate temperature, T(C)

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)

eps = 0.2, alphaS = 0.6

eps = 0.8, alphaS = 0.6
eps = 0.8, alphaS = 0.2

Irrespective of the value of h , T decreases with increasing ε (due to increased emission) and decreasing
αS (due to reduced absorption of solar energy). For moderate to large αS and/or small ε (net radiation
transfer to the surface) T decreases with increasing h due to enhanced cooling by convection. However,
for small αS and large ε, emission exceeds absorption, dictating convection heat transfer to the surface
and hence T < T∞ . With increasing h , T → T∞ , irrespective of the values of αS and ε.
COMMENTS: To minimize the roof temperature, the value of ε/αS should be maximized.

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 PROBLEM 12.10
KNOWN: Spectral distribution of Eλ for a diffuse surface.
FIND: (a) Total emissive power E, (b) Total intensity associated with directions θ = 0o and θ = 30o,
and (c) Fraction of emissive power leaving the surface in directions π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/2.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Diffuse emission.

ANALYSIS: (a) From Eq. 12.9 it follows that
∞ 5 10 15 20 ∞
E = ∫ E λ (λ ) dλ = ∫ (0) dλ + ∫ (100) dλ + ∫ (200) dλ + ∫ (100) dλ + ∫ (0) dλ
0 0 5 10 15 20

E = 100 W/m2 ⋅μm (10 − 5) μm + 200W/m2 ⋅μm (15 − 10) μm + 100 W/m2 ⋅μm (20−15) μm
E = 2000 W/m2 <
(b) For a diffuse emitter, Ie is independent of θ and Eq. 12.12 gives

E 2000 W m 2
Ie = =
π π sr

Ie = 637 W m 2⋅ sr <
(c) Since the surface is diffuse, use Eqs. 12.8 and 12.12,
2π π /2
E(π 4 → π 2) ∫ ∫π / 4
= 0
Ie cos θ sin θ dθ dφ
E π Ie
π /2 2π π /2
E(π 4 → π 2) ∫ cos θ sin θ dθ ∫0
= π /4
dφ 1 ⎡ sin 2 θ ⎤
φ 0 2π
= ⎢ ⎥
E π π ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦π / 4

E(π 4 → π 2) 1 ⎡1 2 ⎤
= ⎢
π ⎣2
(1 − 0.707 2 )(2π − 0) ⎥ = 0.50 <
E ⎦
COMMENTS: (1) Note how a spectral integration may be performed in parts.
(2) In performing the integration of part (c), recognize the significance of the diffuse emission
assumption for which the intensity is uniform in all directions.

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 PROBLEM 12.29

KNOWN: Spectral emissivity, dimensions and initial temperature of a tungsten filament.

FIND: (a) Total hemispherical emissivity, ε, when filament temperature is Ts = 2900 K; (b) Initial rate
of cooling, dTs/dt, assuming the surroundings are at Tsur = 300 K when the current is switched off;
(c) Compute and plot ε as a function of Ts for the range 1300 ≤ Ts ≤ 2900 K; and (d) Time required for
the filament to cool from 2900 to 1300 K.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Filament temperature is uniform at any time (lumped capacitance), (2) Negligible
heat loss by conduction through the support posts, (3) Surroundings large compared to the filament,
(4) Spectral emissivity, density and specific heat constant over the temperature range, (5) Negligible
convection.

PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Tungsten (2900 K); ρ = 19, 300 kg m3 , c p ≈ 185 J kg ⋅ K .

ANALYSIS: (a) The total emissivity at Ts = 2900 K follows from Eq. 12.36 using Table 12.1 for the
band emission factors,
∞
ε = ∫ ε λ E λ ,b (Ts )dλ = ε1F(0 → 2 μ m) + ε 2 (1 − F0 → 2 μ m ) (1)
0

ε = 0.45 × 0.72 + 0.1 (1 − 0.72) = 0.352 <

where F(0→ 2 μ m) = 0.72 at λT = 2μm × 2900 K = 5800 μm⋅K.

(b) Perform an energy balance on the filament at the instant of time at which the current is switched off,
dT
E in − E out = Mc p s
dt

(
As (α G sur − E ) = As α σ Ts4 − ε σ Ts4 = Mc p dTs dt )
and find the change in temperature with time where As = πDL, M = ρ∀, and ∀ = (πD2/4)L,
π DLσ (ε Ts4 − α Tsur
(ε Ts4 − α Tsu4 r )
4
dTs ) 4σ
=− =−
dt
( 2
ρ π D 4 Lcp ) ρ cp D

dTs 4 × 5.67 × 10−8 W m 2 ⋅ K 4 (0.352 × 29004 − 0.1 × 3004 )K 4

=− = −1977 K s <
dt 19, 300 kg m 2 × 185 J kg ⋅ K × 0.0008m
(c) Using the IHT Tool, Radiation, Band Emission Factor, and Eq. (1), a model was developed to
calculate and plot ε as a function of Ts. See plot below.
Continued...

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 PROBLEM 12.29 (Cont.)

(d) Using the IHT Lumped Capacitance Model along with the IHT workspace for part (c) to determine ε
as a function of Ts, a model was developed to predict Ts as a function of cooling time. The results are
shown below for the variable emissivity case (ε vs. Ts as per the plot below left) and the case where the
emissivity is fixed at ε(2900 K) = 0.352. For the variable and fixed emissivity cases, the times to reach Ts
= 1300 K are
tvar = 8.3 s tfix = 5.1 s <
0.4 3000

Ts (K)
0.3 2000
eps

0.2 1000
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.1 Elapsed time, t (s)
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Variable emissivity
Filament temperature, Ts (K) Fixed emissivity, eps = 0.352

COMMENTS: (1) From the ε vs. Ts plot, note that ε increases as Ts increases. Could you have surmised
as much by looking at the spectral emissivity distribution, ελ vs. λ?
(2) How do you explain the result that tvar > tfix?

(3) The absorptivity is α = 0.1. This is from Section 12.5.1. The results are insensitive to the absorptivity
since Tsur << Ts.

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 PROBLEM 12.59
KNOWN: Spectrally selective, diffuse surface exposed to solar irradiation.

FIND: (a) Spectral transmissivity, τλ, (b) Transmissivity, τS, reflectivity, ρS, and absorptivity, αS, for
solar irradiation, (c) Emissivity, ε, when surface is at Ts = 350K, (d) Net heat flux by radiation to the
surface.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Surface is diffuse, (2) Spectral distribution of solar irradiation is proportional
to Eλ,b (λ, 5800K).

ANALYSIS: (a) Conservation of radiant energy requires, according to Eq. 12.54, that ρλ + αλ + τλ
=1 or τλ = 1 - ρλ - αλ. Hence, the spectral transmissivity appears as shown above (dashed line). Note
that the surface is opaque for λ > 1.38 μm.
(b) The transmissivity to solar irradiation, GS, follows from Eq. 12.53,
∞ ∞
τ S = τ λ G λ ,S dλ / GS = τ λ Eλ ,b ( λ ,5800K ) dλ / E b ( 5800K )
∫ ∫
0 0
1.38
τ S = τ λ ,b ∫ Eλ ,b ( λ ,5800K ) dλ / E b ( 5800K ) = τ λ ,1F( 0→λ ) = 0.7 × 0.856 = 0.599 <
0 1

where λ1 TS = 1.38 × 5800 = 8000 μm⋅K and from Table 12.1, F( 0 →λ ) = 0.856. From Eqs. 12.50
1
and 12.55,
∞
ρS = ∫ ρ λ G λ ,Sdλ / GS = ρ λ ,1F( 0 → λ ) = 0.1 × 0.856 = 0.086 <
0 1

αS = 1 − ρS − τ S = 1 − 0.086 − 0.599 = 0.315. <

(c) For the surface at Ts = 350K, the emissivity can be determined from Eq. 12.36. Since the surface
is diffuse, according to Eq. 12.61, αλ = ελ, the expression has the form
∞ ∞
ε = ∫ ε λ E λ ,b ( Ts ) dλ / E b ( Ts ) = ∫ α λ E λ ,b ( 350K ) dλ / E b ( 350K )
0 0
ε = α λ ,1F( 0 −1.38 μ m ) + α λ ,2 ⎡1 − F( 0 −1.38 μ m ) ⎤ = α λ ,2 = 1 <
⎣ ⎦
where from Table 12.1 with λ1 TS = 1.38 × 350 = 483 μm⋅K, F( 0 − λ T ) ≈ 0.

(d) The net heat flux by radiation to the

surface is determined by a radiation balance
q′′rad = GS − ρSGS − τ SGS − E
q′′rad = αSGS − E

q′′rad = 0.315 × 750 W / m 2 − 1.0 × 5.67 × 10−8 W / m 2 ⋅ K 4 ( 350K ) = −615 W / m 2 .

4
<

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