Disaster Management 01 - Daily Class Notes - Prahar (UPSC 2023)

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DAILY
CLASS NOTES
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Lecture – 01
Introduction
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Introduction
Syllabus:
 India and Disaster Management
 Disaster Management Framework in India
 SENDAI Framework for Disaster Management
 Earthquake
 Cloud Burst
 Heat Waves
 Cyclones
 Floods
 Droughts
 Landslides
 Miscellaneous Topics
India and Disaster Management
Disaster:
 Disaster is the disruption on a massive scale.
 It can be natural or manmade.
 It occurs in short or long periods of time.
 It can lead to human hardship.
 It can lead to economic hardship.
 It can lead to environmental hardship.
 It can lead to material hardship.
 These hardships are beyond the bearable capacity of society.
Vulnerability Profile of India:
 There are 30 different types of disasters that will have a long-term effect on the macro-economic
performance of India.
 Approximately 30% of Indian land is under the impact of Earthquakes.
 Approximately 8% of Indian land is vulnerable to Cyclones (coastal areas).
 Approximately 12% of Indian land is vulnerable to Floods..
 Around 68% of Indian land under cultivation is vulnerable to droughts.
 Around 5700 out of 7516.6 km of the coastal area is vulnerable due to cyclones and tsunamis.
 India is vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies.
 In India, Disaster risks are compounded by various other issues:
 Unplanned urbanization
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 Demographics and Socio-economic conditions

 Development in the high-risk zone
 Environmental degradation
 Climate change
 Epidemics and Pandemics
Classification of Disaster:
Biological Disaster:
 Viral epidemics
 Locust plague
 Cattle epidemics
 Pest attacks, etc
Man-Made Disasters:
 Urban and forest fires
 Oil spills
 Collapse of huge architecture
Water and Climatic Disasters:
 Floods
 Cyclones
 Hurricanes
 Hailstorms
 Cloudburst
 Heat waves
 Cold waves
 Drought
 Storm Surge
 Tsunami
Industrial Disasters:
 Leakage of chemicals
 Industrial accidents
 Mines shaft wires
 Oil spills
Nuclear Disasters:
 Radioactive poisoning
 Nuclear core meltdown
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Geological disasters:
 Landslides
 Earthquakes
 Volcanic eruptions
 Tornadoes
Broad Causes for Occurrence of Disaster:
Environmental Degradation:
 Removal of trees/forest covers:
 Consequences: Soil erosion, surface runoff increases, groundwater depletion (Lack of availability of
water for industries as well as humans), flood area will increase mainly in upper river parts.
Developmental Process:
 Exploitation of land use
 Development of Infrastructure
 Rapid Urbanization (increases the population)
 Technological development
 These all are increasing the pressure over the natural resources.
Political Issues:
 Using chemical weapons in wars
 Nuclear war/nuclear power aspirations
 Super power aspirations
 Aspirations to conquer land, sea, and space
 All this will lead to disastrous events. For example, the Syrian war, Hiroshima nuclear attack, Chernobyl
incident, Growing militarization of sea and outer space
Industrialization:
 Increase in Global Warming:
 Global warming leads to sea level rise. Also submergence of coastal areas and low lying islands.
 Extreme Weather Events:
 Cyclones and Hurricanes
Natural Disasters:
 Cloud bursts
 Earthquakes
 Volcanic eruptions
 Hail storms
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Cloud Burst Areas of India:
Impacts of Disasters:
Physical and Psychological Impacts:
 Loss of Lives: 2076 (in 2017) people died due to disasters / natural calamities. This is second only to Puerto
Rico.
 Injuries: Those who survive the disasters are mostly injured at least.
 Fear in Dangerous Areas: There is a psychological fear of disasters in disaster-prone regions. For example,
Odisha (The National capital of disaster) is prone to tropical cyclones.
Economic Impacts:
 Loss to GDP: Disasters not only impact the daily economic activities but it also impacts the governments
purse. This loss equates to up to 2% of the Indian GDP, approximately 12% of central government revenue.
 Loss of Infrastructure: Loss of Houses, Loss of lifeline infrastructures (Power and communication towers,
hospitals, ridges, roads, crops, etc), etc.
 Agricultural Loss: High-speed winds, torrential rain, droughts, and floods make the land unsuitable for
agriculture.
Environmental Impact:
 Changes the Land Profile:
 Examples:
 Erosion of beaches by cyclones
 Eroding embankment beside the rivers.
 Destroying vegetation in the coastal areas (Because of cyclones and tsunamis)
 Because of disasters like torrential rain, clouds burst to reduce the fertility of the soil.
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 Forest Destructions:
 Cyclones remove the forest canopy near the coastal areas.
 Because of drought the occurrence of the incident of forest fires increases
Political Impact:
 Political Instability: Man-made disasters like war create instability in the political establishments. For
example, Angola massacre, Rwanda massacre, Ukraine-Russia war, etc.
 Low level of Governance
 Displacement or migration of people
Social Impacts:
 The most vulnerable groups to disasters are:
 Women: Increases the desire for boy children because boys can tolerate the disaster effect more
prominently (Patriarchal society) and the population of men increases.
 Children: Disasters lead to school dropout, nutritional deficiency, fewer health facilities, etc.
 Poor: Poor people become poorer because poverty hits more because of disasters.
 Unemployment:
 Disasters increase the disruptions/lack of availability of drinking water and industrial water.
 It will impact production, so industries get lost and industries start to decrease their operating cost and
start to lay off workers, therefore unemployment increases.
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 Demographics and Socio-economic conditions

Cloud Burst Areas of India:

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