BVC ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Course
Title
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Instructor
RAHUL KUMAR SINGH Details
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
BVC Engineering College
Email: rahulkumarsingh238@gmail.com UNIT-2
 Course Outcomes

At the end of the Course, Student will be able to:

CO 1 : Identify the Disaster Concepts to Management

CO 2 :explain the concepts of Development and Disasters

CO 3 :analyse the disaster impacts

CO4 : plan the disaster risk reduction.

CO 5: Discuss about the disasters,environment and development

 Course Contents

UNIT I : Introduction to Disaster

UNIT II : Development and Disasters

UNIT III: Disaster Impacts

UNIT IV: Disaster Risk Reduction

UNIT V : Disasters, Environment and Development

 Text Books

1. Disaster Risk Reduction in South Asia, Pradeep Sahni,

2004, Prentice Hall.

2. Handbook of Disaster Management: Techniques &

Guidelines, Singh B.K., 2008, Rajah Publication
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
It is defined as a continuous and integrated multi-sectorial,

multidisciplinary process of planning and implementation of measures

aimed at prevention , mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery

of disaster
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
CYCLE
 Classification of Disasters

Natural and Man made

Natural Disasters Man made Disasters

Meteorological Technological
Topographical Industrial
Environmental Warfare
FLOODS
Recent climatic disasters in India due to
global warming
Floods in India
1. June 2013 North Indian floods
2. June 2015 Gujarat flood
3. July 2015 Gujarat flood
4. 2015 South Indian floods
5. 2016 Assam floods
6. 2017 Gujarat flood
7. August 2017 Nepal and India floods
8. August 2018 Kerala Flood
9. August 2019 Indian floods
About 30 million people are affected annually. Floods in the
Indo–Gangetic–Brahmaputra plains are annual feature.
On an average, a few hundred lives are lost, millions are
rendered homeless and several hectares of crops are
damaged every year.
Nearly 75% of the total rainfall occurs over a short monsoon
season (June – September).
40 million hectares, or 12% of Indian land, is considered
prone to floods. Floods are a perennial phenomenon in at
least 5 states – Assam, Bihar, Orissa , Uttar Pradesh and
West Bengal.
On account of climate change, floods have also occurred in
recent years in areas that are normally not flood prone.
In 2006, drought prone parts of Rajasthan experienced floods.
Flooding is overflowing of water onto land that is normally dry.
Floods can happen during heavy rains, when ocean waves come on shore, when
snow melts quickly, or when dams or levees break.
Damaging flooding may happen with only a few inches of water, or it may cover
a house to the rooftop.
Floods can occur within minutes or over a long period, and may last days, weeks,
or longer.
Floods are the most common and widespread of all weather-related natural
disasters.
 Types of floods

1. River Flood

2. Coastal Flood

3. Storm Surge

4. Inland Flooding

5. Flash Flood
 River Flooding
A river flood occurs when water levels rise over the top of river banks. This
flooding can happen in all river and stream channels. This includes everything from
small streams to the world’s largest rivers.
Causes of River Flooding
River flooding typically happens for four reasons. They are:
 Excessive rain from tropical storm systems making landfall
 Persistent thunderstorms over the same area for extended periods
 Combined rainfall and snowmelt
 Ice jam
 Coastal Flooding
A coastal flood is the inundation of normally dry land areas along the coast with
seawater.
Causes of Coastal Flooding
Coastal flooding is typically a result of a combination of sea tidal surges, high
winds, and barometric pressure.
These conditions typically come from storms at sea like:
 Tropical cyclones
 Tsunami
 Higher-than-average tides
 Storm Surge
Storm surge is an abnormal rise in water level in coastal areas over and above the
regular astronomical tide.
Causes of Storm Surge
Storm surge is always a result meteorological storms that cause higher than normal
tides on the coast. There are three parts of a storm that create this surge. They are:
 Wind
 Waves
 Low atmospheric pressure
 Inland Flood
An inland flood is flooding that occurs inland or not in a coastal area.
Therefore, coastal flooding and storm surge are not inland floods.
Causes of Inland Flooding
Rainfall is almost always to blame for inland floods. Rain causes inland
flooding in two ways. It can happen with steady rainfall over several days or it
can happen because of a short and intense period of rainfall.
Snowmelt also causes inland floods, although rainfall is a more common
cause.
Another way inland flooding happens is when water ways get blocked by
What Causes Flooding? Effects of Flooding
 Heavy rainfall  Human Loss
 Overflowing rivers  Property Loss
 Broken dams  Affects the Major Roads
 Storm surge and tsunamis  Disruption of Air / Train / Bus
Channels with steep banks services
Lack of vegetation  Spread of Water-borne Communicable Diseases
Melting of snow and ice
 Communication Breakdown
 Electricity Supply Cut off
 Economic and Social Disruption
 Increase in Air / Water Pollution
 Factors affecting Flood

Intensive rainfall
Slope of Catchment.
Magnitude of Catchment.
Soil type.
Catchment shape.
Improve drainage system/poor drainage system.
Climatic changes.
Form of precipitation.
Water logging
 Flood Damage

Flood damage is defined as all the varieties of harm provoked by

flooding.
It includes all detrimental effects on people, their health, and
properties; on public and private infrastructure, ecological systems,
cultural heritage, and economic activities.
Understanding the nature of flood damage is important in assessing
flood risk.
For most people, the benefits of flood risk reduction at the coast is the
direct flood damage on property and economic activity avoided as a
result of schemes to reduce either the frequency or impact of flooding.
Flood Damage Contd…
Further, we can distinguish between immediate or long-term consequences and
tangible or intangible consequences.
Immediate impacts of flooding can include loss of human life, damage to
property and infrastructure, and destruction of crops and livestock.
Examples of long-term impacts include the interruption to communication
networks and critical infrastructure (such as power plants, roads, hospitals, etc.)
that can have significant impacts on social and economic activities.
More difficult to assess are the intangible impacts; for example, the
psychological effects of loss of life, displacement, and property damage can be
long-lasting.
• About 30 million people are affected annually. Floods in the Indo–Gangetic–
Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature. On an average, a few hundred lives are
lost, millions are rendered homeless and several hectares of crops are damaged
everyyear.
• Nearly 75% of the total rainfall occurs over a short monsoon season(June
– September). 40 million hectares, or 12% of Indian land, is considered prone to
floods.
• Floods are a perennial phenomenon in at least 5 states – Assam, Bihar, Orissa ,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. On account of climate change, floods have also
occurred in recent years in areas that are normal not flood prone. In 2006, drought
prone parts of Rajasthan experienced floods.
DROUGHTS
DROUG
HT
A drought or drouth is
an event of prolonged
shortages in the water
supply, whether
atmospheric (below-
average precipitation),
surface water or
ground water
About 50 million people are affected annually by drought.
Of 90 million hectares of rain fed areas, about 40 million
hectares are prone to insufficient or no rain.
In India annually 33% area receive rainfall less than 750
mm (low rainfall area) and 35 % area receive between 750
to 1125 mm rainfall Medium rainfall) and only 32% falls in
the high rainfall (>1126 mm) zone.
CYCLONES
 Cyclone
s•
A cyclone is a large
scale air mass that rotates
around a strong center of
low atmospheric pressure.
• Cyclones are characterized
by inward spiralling winds
that rotate about a zone of
low pressure
 Cyclone
s•
A cyclone is a large https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coBJtwccRwU
scale air mass that rotates
around a strong center of
low atmospheric pressure. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jO2VVjlHe8o

• Cyclones are characterized

by inward spiralling winds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whv99YvDe9w
that rotate about a zone of
low pressure
Impact of HUDHUD
Cyclone
Rescue and relief during HUDHUD
Cyclone
Rescue and relief during HUDHUD
Cyclone
About 8% of the land is vulnerable to cyclones of which
coastal areas experience two or three tropical cyclones of
varying intensity each year.
Cyclonic activities on the east coast are more severe than
on the west coast.
Cyclones typically strike the East Coast of India, along the
Bay of Bengal, i.e. the states of West Bengal, Orissa,
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, but also parts of
Maharashtra and Gujarat at the Arabian Sea West Coast.
The Indian continent is considered to be the worst cyclone
affected part of the world, as a result of low depth ocean
bed topography and coastal configuration.
The principal threat from a cyclone are in the form of gales
and strong winds.
Earthquake (tremor or temblor)
An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of
the Earth resulting from a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates
seismic waves Global plate tectonic movement
Earthquake epicenters occur mostly along tectonic
plate boundaries, and especially on the Pacific
Ring of Fire.
 Earthquake
Scale
There are two
primary scales used to
measure
earthquakes:
• Richter scale and
• Mercalli scale.
  Kobe is located in the south east of Japan, near
a destructive plate margin.
Earthquake-A Case  It is a megacity and has one of the largest
study Kobe-1995 container ports in the World.
Although further from a plate margin than
most of the cities in Japan, Kobe is still found
on a fault line.
The earthquake that hit Kobe during the
winter of 1995 measured 6.9 on the Richter
scale.
At this plate margin, the Pacific plate is being
pushed under the Eurasian plate, stresses build
up and when they are released the Earth
shakes.
 This is known as an earthquake happening
along a subduction zone.
Earthquake -
Kobe-1995
Tsunam
i
 Tsunam
•
i
Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.
• Out in the depths of the ocean, tsunami waves do not dramatically increase in height.
• But as the waves travel inland, they build up to higher and higher heights as the
depth of the ocean decreases.
• The speed of tsunami waves depends on ocean depth rather than the distance from the
source of the wave.
• Tsunami waves may travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down
when reaching shallow waters.
 Tsunami-A Case Study
Tsunami-2004 Indian
Ocean
• The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and
tsunami (also known as the Boxing Day
Tsunami) occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on
26 December, with an epicentre off the
west coast of northern Sumatra,
Indonesia.
• A series of large tsunami waves up to 30
metres (100 ft) high were created by the
underwater seismic activity.
• Communities along the
surrounding coasts of the Indian
Ocean were seriously affected.
 Tsunami-A Case Study
Tsunami-2004 Indian
Ocean
• The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and
tsunami (also known as the Boxing Day
Tsunami) occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on
26 December, with an epicentre off the
west coast of northern Sumatra,
Indonesia.
• A series of large tsunami waves up to 30
metres (100 ft) high were created by the
underwater seismic activity.
• Communities along the
surrounding coasts of the Indian
Ocean were seriously affected.
Tsunami-2004 Indian
Ocean Preparedness

• Nil
There were no tsunami warning
systems in the Indian Ocean to
detect tsunamis or to warn the
general population living around
the ocean.
 Tsunami-2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami-
• Disaster
The tsunami arrived in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along the southeast coast of the
Indian mainland shortly after 9:00 a.m.
• At least two hours later, it arrived in the state of Kerala along the southwest coast.
• Tamil Nadu, the union territory of Pondicherry and Kerala were extensively damaged, while Andhra
Pradesh sustained moderate damage.
• There were two to five waves of varying height that coincided with the local high tide in some
areas.
• The tsunami run-up was only 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in areas in the state of Tamil Nadu shielded by the island of Sri
Lanka, but was 4–5 m (13.1–16.4 ft) in coastal districts such as Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu directly
across from Sumatra.
• On the western coast, the runup elevations were 4.5 m (14.8 ft) at Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu,
and 3.4 m (11.2 ft) each at Kollam and Ernakulam districts in Kerala.
Tsunami-2004 Indian
Ocean Impact of
Tsunami
• According to the U.S. Geological Survey a total of 227,898 people died.
• Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death toll estimates at around
170,000.
• Most of the boats of fisherman destroyed.
• Houses near coastal areas were destroyed.
Tsunami-2004 Indian Ocean- Relief after
Tsunami
Government Ex gratia
The Prime Minister announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs.
Government of 1,00,000 (one lakh rupees) to the next of kin of each deceased.
India The payment will be made from the Prime Minister's National
Relief Fund.

Government of The Chief Minister announced an ex-gratia payment of Rs.

Tamil Nadu 1,00,000 (one lakh) to the family of each victim.
Ex gratia payment of Rs.50,000 to the next kin of those killed;
Government of assistance of Rs.10,000 to the families of the deceased to meet
Kerala funeral expenses
Chief Minister N. Rangasamy announced an ex gratia payment of Rs 100,000
(one lakh) to the next of kin of those killed. The administration would also
Union Territory of pay an ex gratia Rs5000 towards funeral expenses. For those injured in the
Puducherry disaster, the administration would provide Rs5000. A sum of Rs10,000
would enable the homeless to rebuild their homes.
Post Tsunami hazards along the Indian
coast
1. Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment
The following physical parameters are vital in controlling the impact of Tsunami waves.
i. Near shore sea floor topography
ii. Elevation of coastal land forms
iii. Occurrence of shoreline erosion protection measures
iv. Occurrence of natural barriers like coastal dunes and coastal vegetation

shoreline erosion protection Coastal dunes coastal vegetation

LANDSLI
DE
A landslide is defined as the
movement of a mass of rock,
debris, or earth down a slope.

Landslides are a type of "mass

wasting," which denotes any
down-slope movement of soil
and rock under the direct
influence of gravity
CAUSES OF
LANDSLIDE
Landslides can be initiated in slopes already
on the verge of movement by
1. Rainfall,
2. Snowmelt,
3. Changes in water level,
4. Stream erosion,
5. Changes in ground water,
6. Earthquakes,
7. Volcanic activity,
8. Disturbance by human activities, OR
9. Any combination of these factors.
LARGEST WORLDWIDE
LANDSLIDES
The five largest Worldwide Landslides are:

1911 - Tadzhik Republic - 2,000,000,000 cubic meters of material - 54 killed

1919 - Indonesia - 185 square kilometers of material - 5,110 killed
1920 - China - unknown volume - 100,000 killed
1921 - Kazakh Republic - unknown volume - 500 killed
1933 - China - 150,000,000 cubic meters of material - 6,800 killed
Types of
LANDSLIDES
Types
of
LAN
D
SLID
ES
Man made Disasters
• Human-made disaster involves an element of human intent,
negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a man-made system.
• It is also called as man-made disaster.
• Manmade disasters can be both intentional and unintentional.
• It results in huge loss of life and property.
• It further affects a person's mental, physical and social well-
being.
Reasons For Man-Made
Disasters
• There are multiple factor that may relate to manmade disasters
• Ignorance
• Unawareness
• Illiteracy
• Carelessly handling danger
• Chemical Weapons
Man made disasters
• Fire hazards
• Transport hazard
• Solid waste
• Bio terrorism
• Rail and air craft’s accidents
• Emerging infectious diseases
Fire
Hazards
Types of
Fire
• Forest fire or Bushfire
• Chemical Fires
• Electrical Fires
Types of Fire
• Forest fire or Bushfire
• lightning
• Rays from the sun shine
• Throwing of cigarette butts
• Camped people failed to put out the fire
• Chemical Fires
• Manufacturing plants or factories
• Road accidents (Heavy transport vehicles collide)
• Electrical Fires
• Fault wiring in homes
• Restaurants
• Theatres
• Shops
• Offices
• Factories
• Schools
• Hospitals
• Shopping malls
Managing
Fire
• Water bombing by helicopters
• Every truck equipped with fire extinguisher
• People need to be educated to aware about fires in homes
and extinguishing methods
• Best equipped fire engine
• Fireman response with in minutes
• Firefighting training to the persons in every organization
• All places must fit with emergency firefighting cylinders
• Fitting smoke alarms in every building
• Automatic Water sprinkler during fire
• Fire drills should be conducted frequently
Water bombing
Aerial
firefighting
Fire extinguisher in
truck
Fire extinguishing
training
Best equipped fire engine
Fireman response with in minutes
Firefighting training to the persons in
every organization
Emergency firefighting
cylinders
Fitting smoke alarms in every
building
Water sprinkler during
fire
Fire
Drills
VIDE
OS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMy_MZoGE7I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9tQXY2GNxI
TRANSPORT HAZARD
DYNAMICS

AIR POLLUTION
 TRANSPORT HAZARD
•DYNAMICS
Transport plays significant role in overall development in
Nations economy.
• But this is a major problem for growing air pollution in
cities.
• Transport sector contributes major green gas emissions
(burning petroleum fuels).
• According to WHO’s study out of 10 school children, 1
student is suffering from Asthma.
• This is due to the emission of following from transport
vehicles.
• CO2, NOX , CO, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), O3, Pb
• As per WHO, in India, SPM is the most sinister in terms of its
TRANSPORT HAZARD
DYNAMICS- A CASE STUDY
IN DELHI
 TRANSPORT HAZARD
DYNAMICS –
A CASE STUDY IN DELHI
• Delhi is one of the oldest living city in the world
• Highest per capita income in the country
• Highest motorised vehicle ownership (at least one in each
family)
• Among the most polluted capitals in the world
• Vehicular growth four times higher than population
growth
 Reason for Air
pollution LAND USE
CHANGES
• Population growth
• Delhi metro
• Urban area growth
• Lack of Public Transport systems
• Changing of agricultural land in to living quarters (Rapid
urbanization)
• Better employment opportunities
• Increasing vehicular growth
• Lack of increase in road facilities compared to vehicular
growth
 ANALYSIS OF
TRANSPORT
• Vehicular growth rate is 7% per annum
• But population growth is 4.5% per annum
• Road growth is 2% per annum
• Out of registered vehicles 64% two wheelers, 36% cars, taxis,
autorickshows
• By 2001 , Delhi had 34.6 Lakhs motor vehicles (251 vehicles
per 1000 persons)
• Most of them are two wheelers
 Reason Vehicular
Increase Increasing
Pollution Load

Vehicula
r
Growth

Government Increasing Inadequate

policies (Bank Public Transport
loans) Population System
Pressure
 Factors causing vehicular
pollution
• Many vehicles are in poor condition
• Two-stroke engines
• Lower quality fuel used
• Lack of public transport system
• Bad road conditions
 Other Reasons for Air
pollution
• Burning of farm stubble
• Factory emissions
• Traffic fumes
• General weather patterns
• Fireworks that light up the night sky during the festivals.
 Reducing vehicular
pollution- Solutions
• Improvement of public transport system
• Optimizing the traffic and improving traffic management
• Removal of encroachment in roads
• Inspecting and certification system for on road vehicles
• Fuel quality improvement
• Tightening fuel emission norms
• Checking evaporative emissions in fuel tanks and fuel
distribution systems
VULNERABILITY
PROFILE
AND
MAPPING
OF INDIA
Vulnerability of profile of India
India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of disasters.
More than 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of
moderate to very high intensity.
Over 40 million hectares (12%) of its land is prone to floods and river
erosion.
Close to 5,700 kms, out of the 7,516 kms long coastline is prone to
cyclones and tsunamis.
68% of its cultivable area is vulnerable to droughts.
 PLANNING THE VULNERABILITY MAP
The vulnerability map can be used to decide where appropriate mitigation measures can be taken
such as:
Construction of groynes and sea walls to prevent beach erosion or damage to fishing boats and
structures near the coast
Protecting buildings from high water with sand bags or metal planks
Stabilising slopes with rods or by reshaping it by mechanical means
Coastal embankments to protect roads
Riverbanks and canals can be widened and strengthened
Protecting a harbour by building dykes.
 Flood,
A f e DISASTERS
MAJOR w disasters in Uttarakhand
Earthquake, 2013
Oct, 2005 (1980-2005)
Earthquake
Avalanch Uttarkashi, 20
e Feb Oct 1991
2005
Flood, Assam
& Bihar 2004
Bhuj,
Earthquake,
26 January, Bhopal Gas
2001 Tragedy, Dec
1984

Floods, Alia Cyclone

Mumbai, 2009
26 July 2005
Cyclone
Earthquake, 29 Oct 1999
Latur, 30
Sept 1993 PHAILIN
Cyclone 2013

Tsunami
Tsunami 26 Dec 2004
26 Dec 2004
• India has been vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of natural, as
well as, human-made disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic and socio-
economic conditions.
• It is highly vulnerable to floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides,
avalanches and forest fires.
• Out of 35 states and union territories in the country, 27 of them are disaster prone.
Almost 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very
high intensity; over 40 million hectares (12 per cent of land) are prone to floods
and river erosion; of the 7,516 km long coastline, close to 5,700 km is prone to
cyclones and tsunamis; 68 per cent of the cultivable area is vulnerable to drought
and hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches.
A multi-hazard map of India may be seen in the following Figure
 India’s Vulnerability to
• Disasters
Natural disasters in India can be described as -
• 58.6% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these, 12% is vulnerable
to severe earthquakes.
• 68% land is vulnerable to drought.
• 12% land is vulnerable to floods.
• 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.

• Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India are also vulnerable to
chemical and industrial disasters and man-made disasters.