UNIT - II - Disasters

1. Disasters classification
2. natural disasters (floods, draught, cyclones, volcanoes,
earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, coastal erosion, soil erosion, forest
fires etc.);
3. manmade disasters (industrial pollution, artificial flooding in urban
areas, nuclear radiation, chemical spills, transportation accidents,
terrorist strikes, etc.);
4. hazard and vulnerability profile of India,
5. mountain and coastal areas,
6. ecological fragility.
Disasters classification

 Natural disasters
1. Disasters that occur in nature, without human provocation.
2. Natural disasters are those which occur as a natural process of weather patterns or
other factors affecting Earth
 floods, draught, cyclones, volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, coastal
erosion, soil erosion, forest fires
 Manmade disasters / Artificial Disasters –
1. Disasters that occur due to human activities
2. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect human, other organisms and biomes and
ecosystems The frequency and severity of hazards are key elements in some risk
analysis methodologies
 industrial pollution, artificial flooding in urban areas, nuclear radiation, chemical
spills, transportation accidents, terrorist strikes
FLOODS
 Flood is a state of high water level along a river channel or on the coast that
leads to inundation of land, which is not usually submerged. Floods may
happen gradually and also may take hours or even happen suddenly without
any warning due to breach in the embankment, spill over, heavy rains etc
 Floods are sudden and temporary inundation of a large area as an
overflowing of rivers or reservoirs
 A flood occurs when the volume of water in the river becomes greater than
bank full stage, the extra water spills over the banks and spreads in sheets all
along and away from the banks governed by available slope. This condition is
called flood
INTRODUCTION
 Floods are relatively slow in occurrences and often, occur in well-identified
regions and within expected time in a year.
 Commonly occur when surface run-off exceeds the carrying capacity of
river channels & streams and flows into the neighbouring low lying flood
plains.
 Also caused due to a storm surge in coastal areas, high intensity rainfall for
a considerably longer time period, melting of ice & snow, reduction in the
infiltration rate and presence of eroded material in the water due to higher
rate of soil erosion
 Though floods occur frequently over wide geographical area having
disastrous ramifications in many parts of the world, floods in south,
southeast & east Asian countries particularly in China, India, Bangladesh
are frequent and equally disastrous
TYPES/ CLASSIFICATION OF FLOODS
 SLOW ONSET FLOODS - these usually last for a relatively longer
period, it may last for one or more weeks, or even months
 RAPID ONSET FLOODS - these last for a relatively shorter period,
they usually last for one or two days only
 FLASH FLOODS - they may occur with in minutes or
a few hours after heavy rainfall, tropical storm, failure of dams or levees or
release from dams, and it causes the greatest damages to society
 MAGNITUDE & FREQUENCY OF FLOODS
 Magnitude – discharge of water
from a channel at a particular
point, discharge is commonly
indicated by means of
hydrograph.
 Hydrograph is a plot between
discharge of a stream in cubic
meters/ sec or cubic feet / sec
over a period of time (day or
week or month or year )
 Studying hydrographs of river
for long periods will help in
predicting the flood duration,
intensity and return period
FLOOD HAZARD IN INDIA
 National flood commission identified 40 million hectares of land as flood
prone in India
 India receives an annual rainfall of 1200mm , 85% of which is concentrated
in 3-4 months i.e June to September.
 Assam, West Bengal & Bihar are highest flood prone states
 Punjab & Uttar Pradesh are vulnerable to occasional floods
 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana & Punjab are inundated to flash floods.
 Southern States experiences floods during monsoon season
 Ganga basin, Brahmaputra basin - north western region
RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
MAPPING OF FLOOD PRONE AREAS
 This is a primary step involved in reducing the risk of the region.
 Historical records gives floods inundation areas & period of occurrence &
extent of coverage.
 Warning can be issued looking into earlier marked heights of water levels
LAND USE CONTROL
 This will reduce danger of life & property waters inundate the flood plains
& costal areas.
 In areas where people already have built their settlements, measures
should be taken to relocate to better sites so as to reduce vulnerability.
 Important facilities like schools, hospitals, should be built in safe area.
RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
CONSTRUCTION OF ENGINEERED STRUCTURES
 Doing this in flood plains & strengthening of structures to withstand flood forces &
seepage, buildings should be constructed on an elevated area, if necessary build
on stilts or platform.
 Reforestation will decrease the runoff, protection of vegetation,, clearing of debris
from streams & other water holding areas, conservation of ponds & lakes
 Improvement of embankments, dams & channels,
FLOOD MANAGEMENT
 Systematic planning for flood management commenced with 5 yr plan launched in
1954 along with NATIONAL PROGRAM OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT
 Last 48 yrs structural & non structural measures have been adopted.
 Important facilities like schools, hospitals, should be built in safe area.
CAUSES OF FLOODS
NATURAL CAUSES
 Heavy rainfall
 Snow melt
 Relief
 Coastal flooding
HUMAN CAUSES
 Deforestration
 Poor farming
 Poor water management
 Population pressure
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF FLOODS
 Casualties - loss of life, livestock, outbreak of epidemics,

contamination of water & food

 Structural damage - damage of weak structures, dams, roads,, canals etc
 Material loss - loss of electronics and household goods
 Utilities damage - disruption in power supply, transportation,
 Crop loss - loss of food grains and crops
PRECAUTIONS
 Building houses away from flood prone area
 Keeping updated about weather & flood forecasting
 Evacuating and going to safe shelters immediately after the warnings
 Store extra food, such as rice, pulses etc for emergency
 Do not touch loose electric wire to avoid electrocution
 Don’t spread rumours or listen to them
 Medication for spread diseases
FLOOD BENIFITS
 Recharging ground water, making soil more fertile & increasing nutrients in some soils
 Provides much needed water resources in arid & semi arid regions where precipitation can
be very unevenly distributed throughout the year
 Freshwater floods particularly play an important role in maintaining ecosystem in river
corridors
 Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes & rivers which can lead to increased biomass &
improved fisheries for few years
 Weather fish make use of floods in order to reach new habitats
DROUGHT
 Droughts may be defined as a condition that arises from too little precipitation for an
extended period of time for normal farming practices to be conducted
 Drought is an event that results from lower than normal expected rainfall over a season or
period. The low rainfall is insufficient to meet the needs of human beings, plants, animals
& agriculture. Short fall in rain results in dying of rivers, lakes. Reservoirs & dying of wells
due to excessive withdrawal & poor recharge of ground water & loss of crop yield due to
shortage of water are some of the main indicators of drought
INTRODUCTION
 68% of the net area in the country is prone to drought
 Out of this 33% is chronically drought prone, receiving rainfall <750mm per annum
 35% of drought prone that receive rainfall between 750-1125mm per annum

TYPES & CLASSIFICATIONS

 Metrological Drought : precipitation is < average for an extended period of time,
causing a natural shortage of available water
 Agricultural Drought : When soil moisture is not sufficient to support the production
of crop
 Hydrological Drought : Occurs when water level in aquifers, lakes & reservoirs fall
below the average levels
CAUSES
 Due to shortage of rainfall – if rainfall is <10% of annual average rainfall, the
condition is said to be drought
 In the recent past frequency periods of drought have increasing due to
deforestation & environmental degradation.
 EFFECTS / IMPACTS
 Economic Impacts :
 Destroy growth of crops, with lower yields & poor quality
 Livestock of ranches may be lost
 Fishes & aquatic organisms cant survive
 Loss to tourism industry
 Businesses related to food industry will suffer with losses
 Hydropower will be in short supply
 Environmental Impacts:
 Due to lack of water, aquatic organisms will be endangered
 Low water consumption leads to diseases
 Reduction in wet lands results in soil erosion, and chances of forest fires
 Loss of biodiversity & extinction of species
 Social Impacts :
 Revenue loss caused by drought may cause mental & physical stress on people, which tend for suicidal
thoughts
 People migrate to other places
 Reduction in nutrition due to inflation
 Increase in poverty leads to changes in lifestyle & quality of life
DROUGHT CONTROL MEASURES
 Rain water harvesting : construction of rain water harvesting pits to store the
rain water and recharging the ground water
 Crop rotation : rotation of perennial crops & leguminous plants alternating with
cash crops controls soil erosion
 Channelizing the rivers : building canals in drought prone areas is an efficient
way to combat the effects of drought
 Cloud seeding : artificial technique to stimulate the precipitation process &
form rain, by sprinkling silver iodide aerosols into the upper part of clouds
 Desalination of sea water : desalination plants are set up to convert sea water
into portable drinking water
 Risk mitigation efforts by Government : these include
 Drought prone area program (DPAP)
 Desert Development Program (DDP)
EARTHQUAKE
 It is the sudden shaking of the earth crust. The impact of an earthquake is
sudden and there is hardly any warning, making it impossible to predict
 An earthquake is a phenomenon of shaking on the surface of the earth, due to
the movement along geological faults present in the earth's lithosphere. It is
usually what happens when 2 blocks of the earth suddenly slips past one another
or break apart from each other as a result of tension caused by prolonged energy
build up. This sudden release of energy from the fault plane will generate seismic
waves to travel in all directions. The seismic waves that reach the earth’s surface
cause an earthquake
 Earthquake is a sudden release of energy accumulated in deformed rocks of earth
crust causing the ground to tremble or shake. Earthquake can occur suddenly any
time of the year without any warning causing severe loss of life & property.
CAUSES
 All these movements are associated with earthquakes.
 The areas of stress at plate boundaries which release accumulated energy by
slipping or rupturing are known as 'faults‘.
 The theory of 'elasticity’ says that the crust is continuously stressed by the
movement of the tectonic plates; it eventually reaches appoint of maximum
supportable strain.
 A rupture then occurs along the fault and the rock rebound sunder its own
elastic stresses until the strain is relieved.
 The fault rupture generates vibration called seismic (from the Greek 'seismos’
meaning shock or earthquake) waves, which radiates from the focus in all
directions.
TERMINOLOGY
 Focus or Hypocentre: The point on the fault where slip starts is the focus or
hypocentre
 Epicentre: The point vertically above this on the surface of the earth is the
epicentre
 Focal Depth: The depth of focus from the epicentre, called as focal depth
 Epicentral distance: Most of the damaging earthquakes have shallow focus with
focal depths less than about 70kmm. Distance from epicentre to any point of
interest is called epicentral distance
 TYPES / CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKES
 Depth of focus as basis:
 Shallow : Depth of focus lies up to 60km below the surface
 Intermediate : Depth of focus lies between 60-300kms below the surface
 Deep seated : Depth of focus lies between 300 – 700 km below the surface

 Magnitude basis :based on magnitude

 Cause of origin as basis :
 Tectonic earthquake : caused due to relative displacements of blocks of the crust, of the earth along
the rupture planes.
 Non-tectonic earthquake: Caused due to volcanic eruptions, atomic explosions landslides &
subsidence.
 The ground shaking is caused by ‘body waves ’and‘ surfacewave’
 Bodywaves(PandSwaves): penetrate the body of the earth, vibrating fast. ‘P’ waves travel about
6kilometers per hour and ‘S’ waves travel with a speed of 4 kilometers per hour
 Surfacewaves: vibrate the ground horizontally and vertically. These long period waves causes
waying of tall buildings and slight waves motion in bodies of water even at great distances
from the epicenter.
 Measuring Earthquakes
 GROUP MAGNITUDE
The scale was developed by a seismologist named Charles Richter.
 GREAT >8
An earthquake with a magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale releases
MAJOR 7-7.9
30 times the energy than one with 6.5 magnitudes.
 STRONG 6-6.9
An earthquake of magnitude 3 is the smallest normally felt by
humans. The largest earthquake that has been recorded with this MODERATE 5-5.9
system is 9.25 (Alaska,1969 and Chile,1960). LIGHT 4-4.9
 The second type of scale, the earthquake intensity scale MINOR 3-3.9
measures the effects of an earthquake where it occurs. VERY MINOR <3
 The most widely used scale of this type was developed in 1902 by
Mercalli an Italian seismologist.
 The scale was extended and modified to suit the modern times. It
is called the Modified Mercalli Scale, which expresses the
intensity of earthquake effect on people, structure and the
earth’s surface in values from I to XII. With an intensity of VI and
below most of the people can feel the shake and there are cracks
on the walls, but with an intensity of XII there is general panic
with buildings collapsing totally and there is a total disruption in
normal life.
MODIFIED MERCALLI SCLAE RICHTER SCALE

1 Felt by almost no one

Generally not felt but
2.5
2 Felt by very few people recorded

3 Terror noticed by many but they often do not realize it is an earthquake

4 Felt indoors by many, feels like a truck has struck the building 3.5 Felt by many people
5 Felt by nearly everyone, many people awakened, swaying trees and pole may be observed

6 Felt by all, many people run outdoors, furniture moved slightly damage occurs
4.5 Some local damage
7 Everyone runs outdoors, poorly built structures considerable damage

8 Specially designed structures damaged slightly, others collapse 6.0 Destructive

earthquake
9 All buildings considerably damaged, many shifts off foundations, noticeable cracks in ground

10 Many structures destroyed. Ground is badly cracked 7.0 Major earthquake

11 Almost all structures fall very wide cracks in ground

>8.0 Great earthquake
12 Total destruction, waves seen on ground surfaces objects are tumbled and tossed
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS ZONING IN INDIA
 Indian plate is driving into Asia at a rate
of 47mm/year.
 54% of land is vulnerable to
earthquakes.
 Seismic zoning map of India given in the
earthquake resistant design code of
India (IS 1893 PART 1 – 2002)
 As per that India is divided into 3 zones
– zone3, zone4, zone5 , where zone 3 is
the lowest
Typical adverse effects
 Damage occurs to human settlement, buildings, structures and infrastructure, especially bridges,
elevated roads, railways, water towers, pipelines, electrical generating facilities.
 After shocks of an earthquake can cause much greater damage to already weakened structures
 Secondary effects include fires, dam failure and landslides which may block water ways and also
cause flooding.
 Damage may occur to facilities using or manufacturing dangerous materials resulting in possible
chemical spills.
 There may also be a break-down of communication facilities.
 There are large number of casualties because of the poor engineering design of the buildings and
close proximity of the people.
 About 95 percent of the people who are killed or who are affected by the earthquake is because
of the building collapse.
 There is also a huge loss to the public health system, transport and communication and water
supply in the affected areas.
Year Location
Magnitude of 6+
1950 Arunachal Pradesh -China Border
8.5
1956 Anjar, Gujarat
7.0
1967 Koyna, Maharashtra
6.5
1975 Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh
6.2
1988 Manipur -Myanmar Boarder
6.6
1988 Bihar -Nepal Border
6.4
1991 Uttarkashi-Uttar Pradesh Hills
6.0
 RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
 Planning: The Bureau of Indian Standards has published building codes and guide lines for
safe construction of buildings against earth quakes.
 Before the buildings are constructed the building plans have to be checked by the
Municipality, according to the laid down by laws.
 Many existing life line buildings such as hospitals, schools and fire stations may not be built
with earth quake safety measures.
 Their earth quake safety needs to be upgraded by retrofitting techniques
 Engineered structures: Buildings need to be designed and constructed as per the building
by laws to with stand ground shaking.
 Architectural and engineering inputs need to be put together to improve building design
and construction practices.
 The soil type needs to be analysed before construction.
 Building structures on soft soil should be avoided.
 Buildings on soft soil are more likely to get damaged even If the magnitude of the
earthquake is not strong.
 Similar problems persist in the buildings constructed on the river banks which have alluvial
soil.
CYCLONES
 Cyclone is a region of low atmospheric pressure surrounded by high atmospheric
pressure resulting in swirling atmospheric disturbance accompanied by powerful
winds blowing in anticlockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and in the
clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. They occur mainly in the tropical
& temperature regions of the world.
 Cyclones are violent storms often of vast extent, characterised by strong and high
winds rotating about a calm centre of low atmospheric pressure. This centre
moves onward often with velocity of around 50km/h cyclones strike suddenly
through it takes time for them to build up. Cyclone is generally followed by heavy
rains causing floods. Satellite tracking can predict on possible affected areas and
inhabitants fore-warned can be made for warning
Cyclones are known by different names in different
parts of the world:
 Typhoons : in the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of the dateline
 Hurricanes : in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast Pacific Ocean
east of the dateline, or the South
Pacific Ocean.
 Tropical cyclones : the Southwest Pacific Ocean and Southeast Indian Ocean.
 Severe cyclonic storm” (the North Indian Ocean)
 Tropical cyclone (the Southwest Indian Ocean)
 Willie-Willie : in Australia
 Tornado : in South America
Types of cyclones
 Tropical cyclones:
 Occur in tropical ocean region
 Hurricanes and typhoons are the types of tropical cyclones
 Hurricanes are found in Atlantic & north east pacific, typhoons are found in northwest pacific
 Tropical cyclones occur in south pacific or Indian ocean
 They care categorised in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 increasing intensity & wind speeds from 74-95kmph to 155
kmph
 Polar cyclones :
 Occur in polar region like Greenland, Siberia & antarctica
 Mesocyclone :
 Meso means middle, as the mid point between one type of storm and the other tornadoes all
come from thunder clouds, but not all thunderstorm clouds make tornadoes.
 When a thunderstorm cloud starts to spin, which may eventually lead to a tornado.
 General Characteristics:
 Strong wind
 Exceptional rain
 Storm surge

Development of cyclones
 Formation & initial development state
 Fully matured
 Weakening or decay
Development of cyclones
 Formation & initial development state
 Four atmospheric/oceanic conditions are necessary for the formation of a cyclone namely:
 A warm sea temperature in excess of 26 degree centigrade, to a depth of 60 meters,
which provides abundant water vapour in the air by evaporation.
 High relative humidity (degree to which the air is saturated by water vapor) of the
atmosphere to a height of about 7000 meters, facilitates condensation of water vapor in
to droplets and clouds, releases heat energy and induces drop in pressure.
 Atmospheric in stability (an above average decrease of temperature with altitude)
encourages considerable vertical cumulus cloud convection when condensation of rising
air occurs.
 A location of atleast 4-5 latitude degrees from the Equator allow the influence of the
force due to the earth’s rotation (Coriol is force) to take effect in inducing cyclonic wind
circulation around low pressure centres.
Development of cyclones
Fully matured
 The main feature of a fully mature tropical cyclone is a spiral pattern of highly turbulent
giant cumulus thunder cloud bands.
 These bands spiral in wards and form a dense highly active central cloud core which raps
around a relatively calm zone. This is called the “eye” of a cyclone.
 The eye looks like a black hole or a dot surrounded by thick clouds. The outer
circumference of the thick cloud is called the ‘eyewall’.
Weakening or decay
 A tropical cyclone begins to weaken as soon as its source of warm moist air is abruptly
cut off.
 This is possible when the cyclone hits the land, or the cyclone moves to a higher altitude
or when there is the interference of another low pressure.
 Depending on their track on the warm tropical sea and proximity to land, a cyclone may
last for less than 24 hours to more than 3 week.
 On an average the life cycle of a cyclone takes six days.
Cyclones in India
SlNo Year Area
Death toll
1 1971 Eastern Coast
9658
2 1972 Andhra Pradesh and Orissa
100
3 1977 Chennai, kerala& Andhra Pradesh 14,204

4 1979 Andhra Pradesh

594
5 1981 Gujarat
470
6 1982 Gujarat & Maharashtra
500
7 1984 Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh 512

8 1985 Andhra Pradesh

Typical Adverse effect:
 Physical damage–structures will be damaged or destroyed by the wind force, flooding
and storm surge. Light pitched roofs of most structures especially the ones fitted on to
industrial buildings will suffer severe damage.
 Casualties and public heath–caused by flooding and flying elements, contamination of
water supplies may lead to viral out breaks, diarrhea and malaria.
 Water supplies–Ground and pipe water supply may get contaminated by flood waters.
 Crops and food supplies–high winds and rains ruin the standing crop and food stock
lying in low lying areas. Plantation type crops such as banana and coconut are
extremely vulnerable. Salt from the sea water may get deposited on the agricultural
land and increase the salinity. The loss of the crop may lead to acute food shortage.
 Communication –severed is eruption in the communication links as the wind may
bring down the electricity and communication towers, telephone poles, telephone
lines, antennas and satellite disk and broad casting services.
 Transport lines (road and rail) may be curtailed, lack of proper communication affects
effective distribution of relief materials.
Possible Risk Reduction Measures
Hazard mapping
 Meteorological records of the wind speed and the directions give the probability of the winds in the
region.
 Cyclones can be predicted several days in advance.
 The onset is extensive and often very destructive.
 Past records and path scan give the pattern of occurrence for particular wind speeds.

Land use control

 must designed so that least critical activities are placed invulnerable areas.
 Traditional homes can be improved by building in disaster resistant features.
 Such homes could with stand cyclones with moderate speeds.
 Policies should be in place to regulate land use and building codes should been forced.

Engineered structures
 structures need to be built to with stand wind forces.
 Good site selection is also important.
 Majority of the buildings in coastal areas are built with locally available materials and have no
engineering inputs.
Possible Risk Reduction Measures
Good construction practice should be adopted such as:
 Houses can be strengthened to resist wind and flood damage. All elements holding
the structures need to be properly anchored to resist the up lift or flying off of the
objects. For example, avoid large over hangs of roofs, and the projections should
be tied down.
 Arow of planted trees will act as a shield. It reduces the energy.
 Buildings should be wind and water resistant
 Buildings storing food supplies must be protected against the winds and water.
 Protect river embankments. Communication lines should be installed underground.
 Provide strong halls for community shelter
Possible Risk Reduction Measures
 Flood management–Torrential rains, strong wind and storm range leads to
flooding in the cyclone affected areas. There are possibilities of land slides
too. Flood mitigation measures could be in coorporated
 Improving vegetation cover–The roots of the plants and trees keep the soil
intact and prevent erosion and slow run off to preventor lessen flooding.
 The use of tree planted in rows will act as a wind break. Coastal shelter belt
plantations can be developed to break severe wind speeds. It minimizes
devastating effects.
 The Orissa calamity has also high lighted the need
for urgent measures like shelter belt plantation
along cyclone-prone coastal areas.
 Species chosen forth is purpose should not only
be able to with stand the impact of strong
cyclonic winds, but also check soil erosion
VOLCANOES
 Volcanoes are openings in the earth’s crust created when molten material under
the crust is propelled upward through the surface. The magma chamber collects
the magma that is expelled to the surface in an eruption
 Destructive : with voluminous lava flows or explosive activity. This usually occurs
when magma is sticky and contains al lot of gas. Hot debris particles called
pyroclastic are expelled during violent explosions. Heavier pieces land near the
crater and lighter pieces can be carried by the wind for hundreds of kms
 Non destructive : with little release of solids or magmatic liquid. These eruptions
occur when the magma is more fluid and contains less gas. The solids or magma
rocks and lava cools on its slope
Causes & distribution of volcanoes
 Volcanoes are generally found when tectonic plates are diverging or converging
 Divergent tectonic plates - A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the mid-Atlantic ridge
has caused by pulling apart
 Convergent tectonic plates - The pacific ring of fire has example of volcanoes
caused by coming together
 By contrast volcanoes are usually not created when 2 tectonic plates slide past one
another
 Plate hypothesis - volcanoes can also form where there is stretching & thinning of
the earth’s crust in the interiors of plates – in east African rift, the wells gray-
clearwater volcanic field & the Rio Grande Rift in north America
 Hotspots – volacanoes away from plate boundaries has explained as mantle
plumes, example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with
magma from core-mantle boundary 3000 km deep in the earth
List of volcanoes
1. YELLOWSTONE ERUPTION, 640,000 YEARS AGO magnitude-8 eruptions rocked the
area as far back as 2.1 million years ago, again 1.2 million years ago and most recently
640,000 years agocrater, measuring 30 by 45 miles across (48 by 72 kilometers).
2. HUAYNAPUTINA, 1600
3. KRAKATOA, 1883 140 feet (40 meters) and killed about 34,000 people
4. SANTA MARIA VOLCANO, 1902large crater, nearly a mile (1.5 km) killed as many as
5,000 people.
5. NOVARUPTA, 1912ash into the air, which fell to cover an area of 3,000 square miles
(7,800 square km)
6. MOUNT PINATUBO, 1991eruption ejected more than 1 cubic mile (5 cubic
kilometers) of material into the air and created a column of ash that rose up 22 miles
(35 km) in the atmosphere.
7. AMBRYM ISLAND, 50 AD 50 times since 1774
8. ILOPANGO VOLCANO, 450 AD
9. MOUNT THERA, APPROX. 1610 B.C
10. Nevado del Ruiz 1985 - 23,000 people died
Environmental Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions
 Releases a no of toxic gases possibly present in pyroclastic material
 Releases Carbon di oxide & sulphur dioxide gas along with hydrogen sulphide,
hydrogen chloride
 Carbon di oxide adds to natural greenhouse effects
 sulphur di oxide cause acid rains, and sulphuric aerosols reflect solar radiation and
reduce the temperature of earth, also destroy ozone layer
TSUNAMI
 Tsunami is a very long wave length wave of water that is generated by sudden
displacement of the seafloor or disruption of any body of standing water. Tsunami
are sometimes called “seismic sea waves”, although they can be generated by
mechanisms other than earthquakes. Tsunami have also been called “tidal
waves”, but this term should not be used because they are not in any way related
to the tides of the earth. Because tsunami occur suddenly often without warning,
they are extremely dangerous to coastal communities
 Tsunami is also called seismic sea wave or tidal wave, catastrophic ocean wave
usually caused by a submarine earthquake occurring <50km beneath the seafloor,
with a magnitude >6.5 on the Richter scale. Underwater or coastal landslides or
volcanic eruptions also may cause a tsunami. The term tidal wave is more
frequently used for such a wave, but it is a misnomer, for the wave has no
connection with the tide
Introduction
 The term Tsunami derived from Japanese word TSU – HARBOR, NAMI – WAVES
 These waves often affect distant shores, originate by rapid displacement of water
from the lake or sea either by seismic activity , landslides, volcanic eruption or
large meteoroid impacts

Physical characteristics of Tsunami

 Wavelength – distance between 2 identical points – 100 m to 500 m
 Wave height – distance between trough of wave and crest or peak of wave
 Wave amplitude – height of wave above still water, usually this is 0.5 wave height
 Wave frequency or period – time taken for 1 full wavelength to pass a stationary
point – 5 to 90 min
 Wave velocity – speed of wave – 100km/hr
 Causes of Tsunami
 Geological movements that cause tsunamis are produced in 3 major ways
First reason
 Faults in sea floor, accompanied by an earthquake
 Release of huge amount of energy & have capacity to cross oceans
 Degree of movement depends on how fast the earthquake occurs and how much water is
displaced
Second reason
 Landslide either occurring under water or originating above the sea and then plunging into the
water
 Massive rock slide produced a wave that reached a high water mark of 50-150m above shore
line
Third reason
 Flank of a volcano located near the shore or under water may be uplifted or depressed similar to
action of fault or volcano may actually explode
 Predictability
 Occurred in all oceans and in Mediterranean sea, but the great majority of them have
occurred in pacific ocean
 Since scientists cant exactly predict earthquakes they also cant exactly predict when a
tsunami will be generated
 2 ways to predict

International tsunami warning systems

 Shortly after the Hilo tsunami 1946 the pacific tsunami warning system (PTWS) was
developed with operational centre at the pacific Tsunami Warning Center near
Honolulu, Hawaii
 PTWC is able to alert countries several hours before tsunami strikes
 Warning included predicted arrival time at the selected coastal communities where
the tsunami could travel in few hours
Regional warning systems
 Usually use seismic data about nearby earthquakes to determine if there is a possible
local threat of a tsunami
 Predictability in India
 Survey of India maintains a tide gauge network along the coast of India
 Tsunami can be detected with the help of radars
 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, recorded data from four radars & recorded the height of
tsunami waves 2 hours after the earthquake
 Satellites observations of the Indian ocean tsunami would not have been of any use in
delivering warnings, as the data
took 5 hours to process and it
was pure chance that satellites
were overhead at that time
 List of Tsunami’s in India
Date Location Impact
1524 Near Dabhol, Maharashtra Sufficient data not available
02 April 1762 ArakanCoast, Myanmar Sufficient data not available
16 June 1819 Rannof Kachchh, Gujarat Sufficient data not available
31 October 1847 Great Nicobar Island Sufficient data not available

31 December 1881 An earthquake of 7.9 in the Richter scale in Car 1m tsunamis were recorded at Chennai.
Nicobar Island Entire east coast of India and
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
26 August 1883 Explosion of the Krakatoa volcano in Indonesian, East 2m tsunamis were recorded at Chennai.
coast of India was affected
26 June 1941 An 8.1 Richter scale earthquake in the Andaman East coast of India was affected but no
archipelago. estimates of height of the tsunami is
available
27 November 1945 An 8.5 Richter scale earthquake at a distance of about 12m tsunami was felt at Kandla.
100km south of Karachi West coast of India from north
to Karwarwas affected;.
26 December Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra The waves measured around 10 m high
2004 Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; Sri killing
Lanka; Thailand; Malaysia; Kenya; Tanzania The
East cost of India was affected
 Adverse Effects / Impacts
 Local tsunami events or those < 30 min from the source cause the majority of damage
 It is normally the flooding affect of the tsunami that causes major destruction to the human
settlements, roads & infrastructure thereby disrupting the normal functioning of the society
 As the waves withdraw towards the ocean they sweep out the foundations of the buildings, the
beaches get destroyed and the houses carried out to sea.
 Damage to ports & airports may prevent importation of needed food and medical supplies
 Deaths mainly occur because of drowning as water inundates homes, many people get washed
away or crushed by giant waves & some are crushed by the debris
 Tsunami flooding caused large scale health problem.
 Availability of drinking water has always been a major problem in areas affected by a disaster
 Sewage pipes may be damaged causing major sewage disposal problems.
 Open wells & other ground water may be contaminated by salt water, debris & sewage
 Risk Reduction Measure
 Japan has implemented an extensive programme of building tsunami walls of up to 4.5m
high front of populated coastal areas.
 Others built flood gates and channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami’s
 Tsunami which hit the island of Hokkaido on july 12,1993 created waves as much as 30m
as tall as 10 story building. The tsunami wall was washed away, but it has slowed down the
impact
Site planning & management
 Designation, zoning of tsunami hazard areas for such open-space uses as agriculture, parks
& recreation or natural hazard area is recommended as the first land use planning strategy.
This strategy is designed to keep development at a minimum in hazard areas
Engineering structures
 Site selection – avoid building or living within several meters from coastline
 Elevated coastal homes – most tsunami waves are <3m in height
 Construction of water breakers to reduce velocity of waves

Flood management
 Flooding will result from tsunami, flood mitigation could be incorporated
LANDSLIDES or MASS MOVEMENT or LANDSLIPS or MUDSLIPS
 Landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movements
such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in
offshore, coastal & onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary
driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the
original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface
conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often
requires a trigger before being released.
 Important terminology
Landslide hazard
 Potential of occurrence of a damaging landslide within a given area, such damage could
include loss of life or injury, property damage, social & economic disruption or
environmental degradation
Landslide vulnerability
 Potential loss to given element within area affected by the hazard, expressed on a scale of
0-1
 Vulnerability is shaped by physical, social, economic & environmental conditions

Landslide risk
 Probability of harmful consequences the expected number of lives lost, persons injured,
extent of damage to property or ecological systems or disruption of economic activity –
within a landslide prone are.
 The risk may be individual or societal in scope, resulting from an interaction between the
hazard and individual or societal vulnerability
Landslide risk evaluation
 Application of analyses & judgement to determine risk management alternatives .
 Types of landslides
Flowage
 By flowage is understood a
downgrade movement of mass
along no definite surface of failure
 Mass involved in this type of failure
is primarily unconsolidated or
loosely packed
 Result is that the movement is
distributed throughout the mass, in
highly irregular manner
 Types of landslides
Sliding
 True landslide is a type of mass failure in
which a superficial mass fails by moving as
a whole along a definite surface of failure
 Surface of failure may be planar or semi-
circular in outline
 Mass above the failure surface is unstable
where as the material lying below is stable
in general
 Types of landslides
subsidence
 Sinking or settling of ground in
almost vertically downward
direction which may occur
because of removal of natural
support from the underground or
due to compaction of weaker
rocks under the load from
overlying mass
 Causes
Natural causes of landslides include
 Groundwater pressure acting to destabilize the slope
 Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients, and soil structures
 Erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves
 Weakening of a slope through saturation by snow melt, glaciers melting or heavy rains
earthquakes adding loads to barely stable slope earthquake caused liquefaction
destabilizing slopes volcanic erosion landslides are aggravated by human activities
Human causes include:
 Deforestation, cultivation and construction, which destabilize the already fragile slopes
 Earthwork which alters the shape of a slope or which imposes new loads on an existing
slope
 In shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that binds colluviums to bedrock
 Construction, agricultural or forestry activities which change the amount of water which
infiltrates the soil
 Adverse Effects
 Most common elements at risk are the settlements built on the steep slopes, built
at the toe and those built at the mouth of the streams emerging from the
mountain valley
 All those buildings constructed without appropriate foundation for a given soil and
in sloppy areas are also at risk.
 Roads, rails, electricity, telecommunication lines are vulnerable
 Control of mass movement
Drainage
 Water presence is the one of the factor that leads to mass movement
 Avoid waster content either by surface or sub-surface methods
 Construct series of ditches
 Backfill the pits on the soil surface with concrete or asphalt to prevent the water
impounding
 Cover the slope surface with granular material to remove excess rainfall

Retaining structure
 Construct retaining wall and buttresses
 Slope reinforcement by rock bolting - Tie up different rock
blocks together
 Rock anchors – structural elements made up of cables, bars.
Up to 20-30 m in length
 Slope treatment – treating top layers with cement & sand with
1:3 mix proportion
COASTAL EROSION, SOIL EROSION, FOREST FIRES

 Introduction
 Causes of occurrence
 Process of occurrence
 Primary & secondary hazards (adverse affects)
 Ways to measure
 Past events list
 Control measures (mitigation measures)
Manmade disasters
• industrial pollution,
• artificial flooding in urban areas,
• nuclear radiation,
• chemical spills,
• transportation accidents,
• terrorist strikes, etc.
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
 Industrial pollution is which can be directly linked with industry. This form of pollution is
one of the leading causes of pollution worldwide. There are a number of forms of
industrial pollution. Industrial pollution can also impact air quality, and it can enter the
soil, causing widespread environmental problems
 Industrial activities are a major source of air, water, land pollution, leading to illness and
loss of life all over the world. The world health organisation (WHO) estimates that outdoor
air pollution alone accounts for around 2% of all heart & lung diseases, about 5% off all
lung cancers, and about 1% of all chest infections
 Causes of Industrial pollution
Industrial growth that is unplanned
 A lot of air & water pollution has occurred from companies who ignored rules or standard
practices of facilitate rapid growth.
 Industrial growth has been a frequent culprit for pollution

Lack of Effective Policies

 Many industries have been able to ignore or entirely by pass pollution laws because the
policies are either not valid, or not adequately enforced by pollution control boards.
 The result has been significant pollution that has had a direct effect on many people

The Sheer Number of Industries

 Small sectors that have to rely on grants from the government to keep operating are often
able to avoid following environmental regulations, releasing significant amount of toxic gas,
making pollution an even more substantial issue from those smaller industries
Using Old & Outdated Technology
 Updating technologies is expensive, and there are many companies & plants which are
relying on outdated technology to continue operating their business successfully.
 Causes of Industrial pollution
Natural Resource Use
 Raw material is necessary for a lot of industries which requires them to pull underground
elements.
 One of the most common forms of leaching from natural resources is fracking for oil. When
industries pull minerals, the process causes pollution in the soil and also causes oil leaks &
spills that are harmful & deadly to people and animals
Improper Disposal of Waster
 One of the most common forms of soil and water pollution are because of companies who
do not dispose of their waste correctly.
 This is one of the most significant causes of pollution because the effects include severe
and chronic health issues and lower air quality
 Effects of Industrial Pollutions
Water Pollution
 Ecosystem has been significantly impacted because of
pollution, and the consequence will affect many future
generations.
 Big industries & manufacturing plants use significant
amounts of water from nearby lakes, rivers & oceans to
operate
 During the manufacturing process, the water is exposed
to chemicals, heavy metals, organic sludge & radio
active waste, & that water is dumped back into its
original water source.
 Not only does this process affect the plants, animals &
insects in their habitat, farmers also use that water for
irrigation causing harmful effects to the food we eat &
entered the food chain
 Effects of Industrial Pollutions
Soil pollution
 Soil pollution is the result of land degradation, and it is caused because of human-made
chemicals as a result of industrial activity, the improper disposing of waster & various
agricultural chemicals
 Soil pollution poisons agriculture and sometime kills local vegetation
 Result of soil pollution include chronic health concerns for people who work with soil, for
farmers & for people who consume the fruits and vegetables from contaminated land
 Effects of Industrial Pollutions
Air pollution
 Similar to water & soil pollution , air pollution has been the
culprit for many illnesses, increasingly frequent over time,
 The effects of air pollution has an impact on everyone,
everyday, it is caused by smoke released by various industries,
vehicles etc
 Effects of Industrial Pollutions
Animal Extinction
 Pollution is one of the most significant contributors to global warming, there are conspiracy
theories & people who believe global warming doesn’t exist, but scientists &
environmentalists have proven the existence of global warming
 The rapid increase of global warming is of concern to many people. The greenhouse gasses,
and the smoke that causes it is released into the air daily & causing consequential
problems.
 Glaciers are melting, polar animals are becoming extinct, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods &
other natural disasters are increasing because of global warming
 Effects of Industrial Pollutions
Natural Resource Use
 Industrial pollution continues to cause significant damage to earth and all of its inhabitants.
 It disrupts natural habitats and rhythms, affecting wildlife and ecosystems.
 Animals are becoming extinct and habitats are being destroyed
 Pollution is the culprit for oil spills and radioactive material leaks, and both of those types
of disasters take years to decade to clean up
 Control/Reducing Industrial pollution
 Development of better technology for waste disposal
 Increased recycling efforts
 Development of cooling rooms or bins that allow industries to recycle the water they need
instead of pushing it back into natural water source it came from
 Adopting organic water and soil cleaning methods, like using microbes that feed off of
metal and waste
 Creating policies that prevent land misuse
 Other ways
 Source control – adopting new technologies for waste disposal
 Industry site selection
 Proper treatment of industrial waste
 Planting and rebuilding
 Stricter laws and enforcement
 Regular environmental impact assessments
 Statistics – air pollution Top air pollution cities
 Air pollution levels remain dangerously high in rank Major city US AQI
many parts of the world. New data from WHO 1 Delhi, India 195
shows that 9 out of 10 people breathe air
2 Kathmandu, Nepal 173
containing high levels of pollutants.
3 Lahore, Pakistan 168
 WHO estimates that around 7 million people die
4 Jakarta, Indonesia 167
every year from exposure to polluted air.
5 Wuhan, China 160
 Ambient air pollution alone caused some 4.2
million deaths in 2016, while household air 6 Beijing, China 154
pollution from cooking with polluting fuels and 7 Kabul, Afghanistan 153
technologies caused an estimated 3.8 million 8 Hangzhou, China 129
deaths in the same period 9 Mumbai, India 124
 At least 30.7% of deaths in India can be 10 Kolkata, India 124
attributed to air pollution from fossil fuels--that
means about 2.5 million people die every year
after breathing toxic air www.iqair.com
Statistics – oil spills
 In the 1990s there were 358 spills of 7
tonnes and over, resulting in 1,134,000
tonnes of oil lost; 73% of this amount was
spilt in just 10 incidents.
 In the 2000s there were 181 spills of 7
tonnes and over, resulting in 196,000 tonnes
of oil lost; 75% of this amount was spilt in
just 10 incidents.
 In the 2010s there were 63 spills of 7 tonnes
and over, resulting in 164,000 tonnes of oil
lost; 91% of this amount was spilt in just 10
incidents. One incident was responsible for
about 70% of the quantity of oil spilt.
Statistics – water pollution
 Around 80% of India's water is
severely polluted because people dump raw
sewage, silt and garbage into the country's
rivers and lakes.
 This has led to water being undrinkable and
the population having to rely on illegal and
expensive sources.
 Each year, more than 1.5
million Indian children die from diarrhea
ARTIFICIAL FLOODS IN URBAN AREAS
URBAN FLOODING
 Urban flooding is specific in the fact that the
cause is a lack of drainage in an urban area.
 As there is little open soil that can be used for
water storage nearly all the precipitation needs
to be transport to surface water or the sewage
& draining canals do not have the necessary
capacity to drain away the amounts of rain that
are falling.
 Water may even enter the sewage system in
one place and then get deposited somewhere
else in the city on the streets.
 Causes of urban flooding
 Fast growing urban region
 Construction of houses filling up the water bodies
 Dumping trash into canals, restricting the flow of
storm water
 No proper rainwater harvesting pits
 Effects of urban flooding
 Contamination of water
 Slow down in economy
 Disruption in power supply
 Loss of house, property and life
 Pandemic situation arises
 Control of urban flooding
 Stop dumping plastic waster into canals
 Avoid construction activates filling the lakes
 Construction of rainwater harvesting pits
 Construction of storm water drainage systems
NUCLEAR RADIATION

 Sudden release of huge amount of harmful radiation or radioactive materials or

both together in environment in a small area either through explosion of a nuclear
bomb or in the operation of nuclear reactors and other nuclear related activities

Causes
 International use of nuclear weapons in the event of war
 Accidental explosion of nuclear weapons
 Accidents in nuclear power projects
 Terrorist attacks
International Nuclear Event Scale
 The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) was introduced in 1990[1] by the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in order to enable prompt communication of safety
significant information in case of nuclear accidents.
 The scale is intended to be logarithmic, similar to the moment magnitude scale that is used to
describe the comparative magnitude of earthquakes. Each increasing level represents an
accident approximately ten times as severe as the previous level. Compared to earthquakes,
where the
event intensity can be quantitatively evaluated,
the level of severity of a man-made disaster, such as a
nuclear
accident, is more subject to interpretation. Because
of this
subjectivity the INES level of an
incident is assigned well after the fact.

The scale is therefore intended to assist

Effects of Nuclear Disaster
 Blast. Nuclear explosions produce air-blast effects similar to those produced by conventional
explosives. The shock wave can directly injure humans by rupturing eardrums or lungs or by
hurling people at high speed, but most casualties occur because of collapsing structures and
flying debris.
 Thermal radiation. Unlike conventional explosions, a single nuclear explosion can generate an
intense pulse of thermal radiation that can start fires and burn skin over large areas. In some
cases, the fires ignited by the explosion can coalesce into a firestorm, preventing the escape of
survivors. Though difficult to predict accurately, it is expected that thermal effects from a
nuclear explosion would be the cause of significant casualties.
 Initial radiation. Nuclear detonations release large amounts of neutron and gamma radiation.
Relative to other effects, initial radiation is an important cause of casualties only for low-yield
explosions (less than 10 kilotons).
 Fallout. When a nuclear detonation occurs close to the ground surface, soil mixes with the
highly radioactive fission products from the weapon. The debris is carried by the wind and falls
back to Earth over a period of minutes to hours.
 Statistics
NAME EXECUTED BY DATE EFFECT REASON CONTRY
EFFECTED
INENSI
TY
TSAR Bomba Soviet Union October 30, 1961 detonating the biggest USSR
nuclear warhead
Hiroshima & United States August 6 & 9, 75,000, 1,20,000 Two nuclear weapons JAPAN
Nagasaki 1945 have been exploded
Chernoby Ukraine April 26, 1986 5,00,000 workers and cost an estimated worst nuclear accident USSR Level 7
18 billion rubles
Fukushima Fukushima March 11, 2011 3,00,000 people evacuated the area and magnitude 9.0 JAPAN Level 7
Nuclear Power around 15,884 (as of February 10, 2014) earthquake
Plant people died due to the earthquake and
tsunami. As of August 2013,
approximately 1600 deaths were related
to the evacuation or its consequences

Three Mile Pennsylvania March 28, 1979 The initial cleanup effort cost nearly a accident was a partial United Level 5
Island billion dollars. nuclear meltdown States

Baneberry 1970 buried 900 feet below ground, nuclear weapons tests
Test Eighty-six workers at the site were
exposed to radiation.
TERRORISM

 The Supreme Court of India quoted definition of terrorism in a 2003

 Whoever with intent to overawe the Government as by law established or to strike
terror in the people or any section of the people or to alienate any section of the
people or to adversely affect the harmony amongst different sections of the people
does any act or thing by using bombs, dynamite or other explosive substances or
inflammable substances or lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other
chemicals or by any other substances (whether biological or otherwise) of a hazardous
nature in such a manner as to cause, or as is likely to cause, death of, or injuries to, any
person or persons or loss of, or damage to, or destruction of, property or disruption of
any supplies or services essential to the life of the community, or detains any person
and threatens to kill or injure such person in order to compel the Government or any
other person to do or abstain from doing any act, commits a terrorist act.
Terrorism in india
1.Ethno-nationalist terrorism – This form of terror focuses either (a) on creating a
separate State within India or independent of India or in a neighbouring country, or (b) on
emphasising the views/response of one ethnic group against another. Violent Tamil
Nationalist groups from India to address the condition of Tamils in Sri Lanka, as well as
insurgent tribal groups in North East India are examples of ethno-nationalist terrorist
activities.
2.Religious terrorism – This form of terror focuses on religious imperatives, a presumed
duty or in solidarity for a specific religious group, against one or more religious groups.
Mumbai 26/11 terror attack in 2008 from an Islamic group in Pakistan is an example of
religious terrorism in India.
3.Left-wing terrorism – This form of terror focuses on economic ideology, where all the
existing socio-political structures are seen to be economically exploitative in character and
a revolutionary change through violent means is essential. The ideology of Marx, Engel,
Mao, Lenin and others are considered as the only valid economic path. Maoist violence in
Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are examples of left wing terrorism in India.
4.Narcoterrorism – This form of terror focuses on creating illegal narcotics traffic zones.
Drug violence in northwest India is an example of narco-terrorism in India.
Statistics in India Source : wikipedia

Terrorist incidents in India

Number of
Year Deaths Injuries
incidents
2018 748 350 540
2017 1000 470 702
2016 1025 467 788
2015 884 387 649
2014 860 490 776
2013 694 467 771
2012 611 264 651
2011 645 499 730
2010 663 812 660
2009 672 774 854
2008 534 824 1,759
2007 149 626 1,187
2006 167 722 2,138
2005 146 466 1,216
2004 108 334 949
Steps taken by India
 A total of 42 terrorist organisations like the Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Jaish-e-
Mohammed have been banned by the government for their involvement in various
acts of terrorism, which is largely been sponsored from across the border
 635 terrorists were killed by security forces in Jammu and Kashmir between 2018 and
2020, while 115 civilians lost their lives to terror violence in the Union Territory
during the period.
 61 cases of infiltration were reported along the Indo-Pakistan border in last two
years, 1,045 infiltrations along the Indo-Bangladesh border and 63 along the Indo-
Nepal border.

Source link :
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/42-outfits-banned-i
n-india-for-involvement-in-terror-activities-government/articleshow/8141
1474.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_cam
paign=cppst
 Terrorist organisations Source : https://www.mha.gov.in/
24 Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) -- People’s War, all its formations and front
banned by India organizations
25 Maoist Communist Centre (MCC), all its formations and Front Organisations
1 Babbar Khalsa International 26 Al Badr
2 Khalistan Commando Force 27 Jamiat-ul-Mujahideen
3 Khalistan Zindabad Force 28 Al-Qaida/Al-Qaida in Indian Sub-continent (AQIS) and all its manifestations.
4 International Sikh Youth Federation 29 Dukhtaran-E-Millat (DEM)
5 Lashkar-E-Taiba/Pasban-E-Ahle Hadis 30 Tamil Nadu Liberation Army (TNLA)
6 Jaish-E-Mohammed/Tahrik-E-Furqan 31 Tamil National Retrieval Troops (TNRT)
7 Harkat-Ul-Mujahideen or Harkat-Ul-Ansar or Harkat-Ul-Jehad-E-Islami or 32 Akhil Bharat Nepali Ekta Samaj (ABNES)
Ansar-Ul-Ummah (AUU). 33 Organisations listed in the Schedule to the U.N. Prevention and Suppression of
8 Hizb-Ul-Mujahideen/ Hizb-Ul-Mujahideen Pir Panjal Regiment Terrorism (Implementation of Security Council Resolutions) Order, 2007 made under
9 Al-Umar-Mujahideen section 2 of the United Nations (Security Council) Act, 1947 and amended from time to
10 Jammu and Kashmir Islamic Front time.
11 United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) 34 Communist Party of India (Maoist) all its formations and front organizations.
12 National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) in Assam 35 Indian Mujahideen, all its formations and front organizations.
13 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 36 Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA), all its formations and front organizations.
14 United National Liberation Front (UNLF) 37 Kamatapur Liberation Organisation, all its formations and front organizations.
15 People’s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) 38 Islamic State/Islamic State of Iraq and Levant/Islamic State of Iraq and
16 Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) Syria/Daish/Islamic State in Khorasan Province (ISKP)/ISIS Wilayat Khorasan/Islamic
17 Kanglei Yaol Kanba Lup (KYKL) State of Iraq and the Sham-Khorasan (ISIS-K) and all its manifestations.
18 Manipur People’s Liberation Front (MPLF) 39 National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) [NSCN(K)], all its formations and front
19 All Tripura Tiger Force organisations
20 National Liberation Front of Tripura 40 Declaring khalistan Liberation Force and all its manifestations as Terrorist Organisation
21 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) 41 Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen (TuM) and all its manifestations
22 Students Islamic Movement of India 42 Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh or Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen India or Jamaat-ul-
Mujahideen Hindustan and all its manifestations
23 Deendar Anjuman
ACCIDENTS

 An unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically

resulting in damage or injury
 India accounts for the highest number of road accidents globally, with 1.5 lakh people
being killed and more than 4.5 lakh crippled annually in 4.5 lakh road accidents with
losses amounting to 3.14 per cent of the GDP
 TYPES OF ACCIDENT
 Road accidents
 Air accidents
 Water accidents
 Train accidents
Road accidents
 Both national & state highways are particularly vulnerable to serious road accidents,
a part from these roads in hilly sections and ghat areas are also vulnerable to road
accidents due to road vehicles falling into pits, congestion in traffic is inevitable and
the consequences are road accidents

Causes of accidents
 In most causes due to human failures and in a few rare cases these are caused by
technical failures such as failures of brakes etc, road accidents also occur under
conditions of impaired visibility, slippery road surface etc

Safety measures
 Look on either side of the road before crossing
 Use zebra crossing, helmet for 2 wheeler & seat belt for 4 wheelers
Rail accidents
 Railways are confronted with disasters arising out of cyclone, floods, fire bomb blasts,
technical errors etc
 While a railway accident can occur at any stretch of railway track experience has show that
portion of railway track having double line sections are particularly vulnerable to serious rail
accidents

Causes of accidents
 Cyclones, floods, landslides
 Washing away track, human failures, bomb blasts
 Tampering of track, level crossings

Safety measures
 Do not carry inflammable materials, avoid smoking in trains
 Pay attention to signals, swing barriers, fish crossing, level crossings, signals
Air accidents
 3 types of mid air collisions, forced landing, crash due to technical snags or air crash in
mountainous terrains due to poor visibility

Causes of accidents
 Human failure of pilots, air traffic controllers or technical failures
 Landing instruments

Safety measures
 Pay attention to the flight crew safety
 Keep your seatbelt fastened when seated
 Avoid smoking, stay calm and listen to crew members
boat accidents
 Either due to cyclone or floods or over loading of the boat or by tsunamis or poor
quality of equipment in the boat, poor maintenance and consequent breakdown
and of course human error of judgment

Causes of accidents
 Lack of safety consciousness on the part of crew
 Over loading, over crowding, sailing in adverse weather and collision

Safety measures
 Anchorage of boats during bad weather conditions
 Have safety kits for the no of people in the boat
Statistics
 A total 4,37,396 road accidents were recorded across India in 2019, resulting in the death
of 1,54,732 people and injuries to another 4,39,262, according to the latest National Crime
Records Bureau (NCRB) data

 Indian Railways has recorded zero passenger deaths in rail accidents in 2019, making it the
national transporter's safest year in history, according to official data. ... In 2018-19,
railways recorded 16 death, 28 deaths in 2017-2018 and 195 deaths during 2016-2017.

 Accident rate per million departures of scheduled commercial flights India 2019. For every
million departures of scheduled airlines, there were 2.4 accidents witnessed
in India during 2019. ... There were no accidents in 2012; it was the safest year in the last
ten years.

 In the year 2018, there were 29,696 incidences of drowning, resulting in deaths of 30,187
people. ... According to a report published by the Lancet in December 2019, there were
about 62,000 drowning deaths in India in the year 2017. This was nearly twice of all
(30,279) drowning deaths reported in ADSI 2017
Vulnerability in India

 India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of disasters.

 More than 58.6 percent of the land mass is prone to earthquakes of moderate
to very high intensity;
 Over 40 million hectares(12%) of its land is prone to floods and river erosion;
 Close to 5,700kms, out of the 7,516kms long coastline is prone to cyclones and
tsunamis;
 68% of its cultivable area is vulnerable to droughts; and, its hilly areas are at
risk from landslides and avalanches.
 More over, India is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies and other man-made disasters.
Of the 7,516 km long coastline,
close to 5,700 km is prone to
cyclones and tsunamis.
58.6 per cent of the landmass is
prone to earthquakes of
moderate to very high intensity.
Over 40 million hectares (12 per
cent of land) is prone to floods
and river erosion.