BS ISO 4378‑2:2017

BSI Standards Publication

Plain bearings — Terms, definitions,

classification and symbols

Part 2: Friction and wear

BS ISO 4378‑2:2017 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword

This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 4378‑2:2017. It

supersedes BS ISO 4378‑2:2009, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee MCE/12, Plain bearings.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2017
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017
ISBN 978 0 580 92940 3
ICS 21.100.10; 01.040.21
Compliance with a British Standard cannot con fer immunity from
legal obligations .

This British Standard was published under the authority of the

Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2017.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected

INTERNATIONAL
BS ISO 4378‑2:2017
ISO
STANDARD 43 78-2

Third edition
2017-07

Plain bearings — Terms, definitions,

classification and symbols —
Part 2:
Friction and wear
Paliers lisses — Termes, définitions, classification et symboles —
Partie 2: Frottement et usure

Reference number
ISO 4378-2:2017(E)

© ISO 2017
BS ISO 4378‑2:2017
ISO 43 78-2 : 2 01 7(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland

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ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 BS ISO 4378‑2:2017
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Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative re ferences ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

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BS ISO 4378‑2:2017
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and
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World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following
URL: www.iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 123, Plain bearings, Subcommittee SC 6,
Terms and common items.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4378-2:2009), which has been technically
revised. The following changes have been made:
— editorial revision of the document;
— addition o f 6 new figures;
— revision of clause numbers.
A list of all the parts in the ISO 4378 series can be found on the ISO website.

iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

 BS ISO 4378‑2:2017
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Introduction

As there is a large number of multiple designations in the domain of plain bearings, there is a
con s iderable ri s k o f error i n the i nterpre tation o f s ta nda rd s and te ch n ic a l l iteratu re . T h i s u ncer tai nty

le ad s to the conti nuou s add ition o f s upplementa r y de s ignation s , wh ich on ly s er ve s to i nc re a s e the

misunderstanding.
T h i s do c u ment i s an attemp t to e s tabl i s h a u n i form b as ic s ys tem o f de s ignation s o f fric tion and we ar.

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v

BS ISO 4378‑2:2017
 BS ISO 4378‑2:2017
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 43 78-2 : 2 01 7(E)

Plain bearings — Terms, definitions, classification and

symbols —
Part 2:
Friction and wear
1 Scope
T h i s do c ument s p e c i fie s the mo s t com mon ly us e d term s relati ng to fric tion and we ar o f plai n b e ari ngs

with thei r defi n ition s and clas s i fic ation .

For s ome term s and word combi nation s , thei r s hor t form s a re given, wh ich c a n b e u s e d where they are

u nambiguou s . S el f- expla nator y term s are given without defi n ition s .

2 Normative re ferences
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the pu rp o s e s o f th i s do c u ment, the fol lowi ng term s a nd defi n ition s apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso .org/obp
3.1 General terms
3 .1 .1
external friction
force and its phenomenon of resistance to the relative motion between two bodies, originating at the
contac t are a o f thei r s ur face s a nd d i re c te d tangenti a l ly to them

3 .1 . 2
internal friction
force and its phenomenon o f re s i s tance to the relative mo tion o f p ar ticle s or ma s s o f a b o dy with re s p e c t

to o ther p ar ticle s or ma s s i n the s a me b o dy

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3 .1 . 3
friction
force and its phenomenon o f re s i s ta nce to the relative mo tion worki ng ta ngentia l ly with re s p e c t to the

com mon b oundar y b e twe en two b o d ie s when, u nder the ac tion o f an ex terna l force, one b o dy move s or

is at rest relative to the surface of the other

N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 1.

Key

W weight of material
P normal force
F friction force
Figure 1 — Friction

3 .1 .4
friction force
force due to friction (3.1.3)
N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 1.
3 .1 . 5
coe fficient o f friction

ratio of the friction force (3.1.4) between two bodies to the normal force pressing these bodies together
3 .1 .6
friction angle

angle, the tangent of which is equal to the ratio of the friction force (3.1.4) to the normal force, or
coefficient o f friction (3.1.5)
N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 1.
3 .1 .7
wear

process of wear or the result of a wear process (3.1.8)

3 .1 . 8
wear process

pro ce s s o f a lo s s o f s ub s ta nce from a s ol id b o dy s ur face i n fric tiona l cond ition s , wh ich app e ars as a

gradua l de cre a s e o f b o dy d i men s ion s a nd/or cha nge o f s hap e

N o te 1 to entr y: Ra rel y, i n a b ro ader s en s e , i s there a p ro ce s s o f p er m a nent i nc re a s e o f b o dy d i men s ion s on the

surface without loss of substance.

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3 .1 .9
wear rate

amount of wear (3.1.7) per unit sliding distance or per interval of time
Note 1 to entry: A distinction is made between “momentary” (at a definite moment) and “mean” wear rate (during
a definite interval o f time).
3 .1 .10
specific wear rate

wear intensity

value of amount of wear (3.1.7 ) divided by the product of sliding distance (or time) and load; that is, the
ratio of wear rate (3.1.9) to the load
Note 1 to entry: Wear can be expressed in the units o f length, volume, mass, etc.
Note 2 to entry: Wear intensity is distinguished as “momentary” or as “mean” wear intensity.

3 .2 Types and characteristics o f external friction and classification

3 .2 .1 Classification according to the presence o f relative motion

3 . 2 .1 .1
s tatic friction
(3.1.3) and its phenomena that occur between two contacting bodies before the start of relative
friction
motion under increasing external force
Note 1 to entry: Friction that occurs at an extremely low sliding speed is also re ferred to as static friction.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 2.

Key

f friction
L sliding distance
Figure 2 — Friction according to relative motion

3 . 2 .1 . 2
ma ximum s tatic friction
friction (3.1.3 ) and its phenomena that occur between two contacting bodies just before the start of
relative motion under gradually increasing external force
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

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3 . 2 .1 . 3
dynamic friction
friction (3.1.3) and its phenomena between two bodies in relative motion
N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 2.
3 .2 .2 Classification according to the mode o f relative motion

3 . 2 . 2 .1
sliding motion

relative motion between two bodies in contact when the contact areas of both bodies move with
d i fferent magn itude s a nd/or d i re c tion s o f tangenti a l velo city

3.2.2.2
sliding friction
force and its phenomena of resistance to the sliding motion (3.2.2.1) between two bodies
N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 1.
3.2.2.3
sliding velocity

difference between tangential velocities of two bodies in contact, at their contact point, during sliding
3 . 2 . 2 .4
sliding sur face

b o dy s u r face s ubj e c te d to sliding motion (3.2.2.1)

3.2 .2 .5
rolling motion

relative motion between two bodies in contact when the contact areas of both bodies move with the
s ame magn itude and d i re c tion o f tangenti a l velo city

3 . 2 . 2 .6
rolling velocity

revolutiona l velo c ity o f rol l i ng b o d ie s

3 . 2 . 2 .7
rolling friction
force and its phenomena of resistance to the rolling motion (3.2.2.5) between two bodies
3.2 .2 .8
combined rolling and sliding friction
dynamic friction (3.2.1.3) that occurs between two contacting bodies when rolling and sliding motion
(3.2.2.1 ) ta ke place s i mu ltane ou s ly with i n the contac t are a

3 . 2 . 2 .9
traction

force and its phenomena that occur during the rolling motion (3.2.2.5 ) o f a b o dy on ano ther b o dy,

accomp a nie d b y s l id i ng at the contac t a re a i n the tangenti a l d i re c tion, and wh ich are uti l i z e d for p ower

transmission
3 . 2 . 2 .10
traction force
force that occurs during the rolling motion (3.2.2.5 ) o f a b o dy on a no ther b o dy, accomp an ie d b y s l id i ng

at the contact area in the tangential direction

3 . 2 . 2 .11
coe fficient o f traction

d i men s io n le s s va lue o b ta i ne d b y d i vid i ng the traction force (3.2.2.10 ) b y the no rm a l lo ad on the

contact area

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3 .2 .3 Classification according to the presence o f lubricant

3 . 2 . 3 .1
unlubricated friction
dry friction
friction (3.1.3) that occurs between two contacting bodies with no lubricant on the interacting surfaces
3.2.3.2
lubricated friction
friction(3.1.3) that occurs between two contacting bodies with a lubricant applied on the interacting
surfaces
3.2.3.3
boundary friction
friction (3.1.3 ) a nd its phenomena th at o cc u r i n a b ou ndar y lubric ation cond ition

3 . 2 . 3 .4
mi xed friction
friction (3.1.3 ) a nd its phenomena th at o cc u r i n a m i xe d-fi l m lubric ation

3.2 .3.5
fluid friction
friction (3.1.3) and its phenomena of resistance to the relative motion between individual molecules of
the fluid or b e twe en the flu id and the wa l l o f the contai ner

3 .3 Types and characteristics o f wear process and classification

3 .3 .1 Mechanical wear

3 . 3 .1 .1
mechanical wear

wear process (3.1.8) due to mechanical actions

3 . 3 .1 . 2
abrasive wear

wear process (3.1.8 ) o f a materia l c au s e d b y c utti ng or s c ratch i ng ac tion s o f h ard b o d ie s or hard p a r ticle s

N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 3.

Figure 3 — Abrasive wear

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3 . 3 .1 . 3
adhesive wear

wear process (3.1.8 ) due to ad he s ion and e xtrac tion o f materi a l out o f the b o dy s ur face

N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 4.

Figure 4 — Adhesive wear

3 . 3 .1 .4
hydro -abrasive wear

fluid-abrasive wear

wear process (3.1.8 ) due to the ac tion o f h ard b o d ie s or hard p a r ticle s c arrie d i n a flowi ng l iqu id or gas

N o te 1 to entr y: H yd ro - ab ra s ive we a r i s a l s o known a s ga s - ab ra s ive we a r.

N o te 2 to entr y: S e e Figure 5.

Key

1 flowing liquid o r gas

2 hard particles
3 wear debris
Figure 5 — Hydro abrasive wear

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3 . 3 .1 . 5
fluid erosion

wear process (3.1.8) due to the action of streaming liquid or gas

N o te 1 to entr y: S e e Figure 6.

Key

1 streaming liquid or gas

2 wear debris
Figure 6 — F luid erosion

3 . 3 .1 .6
fatigue wear

wear process (3.1.8 ) c au s e d b y fatigue frac tu re when m ic ro volu me s o f the fric tiona l s u r face materi a l

a re s ubj e c te d to rep e ate d s tre s s

N o te 1 to entr y: Fatigue we a r m ay o cc u r du ri n g b o th s l id i ng a nd rol l i ng.

3 . 3 .1 .7
cavitation wear

cavitation erosion

wear process (3.1.8 ) when l iqu id move s a long a s ol id wa l l or when a s ol id b o dy move s relatively with

re s p e c t to l iqu id i n wh ich vap ou r bubble s generate d b y re duc tion o f pre s s ure col lap s e clo s e to the

s u r face, thu s , c au s i ng lo c a l ly h igh i mp ac t pre s s ure or h igh temp erature

3 . 3 .1 . 8
fretting wear
wear process (3.1.8 ) o f the contac ti ng b o d ie s under a cond ition o f o s c i l lator y rel ative m icro - d i s placement

3 .3 .2 Mechano-chemical wear

3 . 3 . 2 .1
mechano - chemical wear

tribo - chemical wear

wear process (3.1.8 ) due to me ch an ic a l ac tion accomp a n ie d by chem ic a l and/or ele c tro chem ic a l

interaction of the material with the environment

3.3.2 .2
fretting corrosion
mechanical and chemical wear process (3.1.8 ) o f the contac ti ng b o d ie s u nder a cond ition o f o s ci l lator y

relative micro-displacement
N o te 1 to entr y: I n c a s e o f fer ro u s m ater i a l s u nder lub r ic ate d cond itio n s , b rown i s h oxidative we a r p a r ticle s a re

generated.

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3.3.2.3
oxidative wear
wear process (3.1.8) in which chemical reaction o f material with oxygen or oxidizing media predominates
3.3.3 Other wear
3 . 3 . 3 .1
electroerosive wear
wear process (3.1.8 ) caused by electrical discharge that occurs at the contact sur faces o f two bodies
when electric current flows between them
3.3.3.2
thermal wear
wear due to so ftening and melting o f the friction area caused by the heating o f the surroundings and
friction (3.1.3)
3.4 Phenomena and processes in friction and wear
3 .4.1
stick-slip motion
phenomenon o f alternation o f relative sliding and relative state o f rest or alternately increasing and
decreasing relative sliding velocity (3.2.2.3 ) developing spontaneously during dynamic friction (3.2.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: As an example o f stick-slip motion, sel f-excited vibration occurs when the friction coe fficient
decreases with the increase o f relative sliding velocity.
3 .4. 2
adhesion in friction
adhesion
phenomenon of local attraction of two bodies in relative sliding due to the action of molecular forces
3 .4. 3
trans fer o f material
phenomenon developed during friction (3.1.3 ) when the material of one body adheres to another body
and, being detached from the first, remains on the sur face o f the second body
3 .4.4
seizure
process of formation and developing of damage on sliding surfaces (3.2.2.4) due to adhesion (3.4.2) and
(3.4.3)
transfer o f material
Note 1 to entry: Seizure may result in rapid stopping o f relative motion.
3 .4. 5
fatigue
damage and fracture due to the repetition o f stress produced by external load
3 .4.6
scoring
damage of surface(s) in relative sliding in the form of severe scratches in the direction of sliding
3 .4.7
scratching
formation o f fine scratches on the sur face in the direction o f sliding due to irregularities on the harder
sliding surface (3.2.2.4) or due to hard particles

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3 .4. 8
spalling

flaking

s ep aration o f materi a l from a s u r face i n the form o f fla ke s due to fatigue wear (3.3.1.6)
N o te 1 to entr y: T h i s p heno menon i s ob s er ve d m a i n l y i n rol l i n g b e a ri n gs a nd ge a rs .

3 .4.9
pitting

process of pit formation on the surface(s) in relative sliding due to detaching of particles of material
during fatigue wear (3.3.1.6)
N o te 1 to entr y: T h i s p heno menon i s ob s er ve d m a i n l y i n rol l i n g b e a ri n gs a nd ge a rs .

3 .4.10
running-in

pro ce s s o f changi ng the ge ome tr y o f s u r face(s) i n relative sl id i ng a s wel l a s phys ic a l a nd me chan ic a l

prop er tie s o f materi a l s u r face layers du ri ng the i n iti a l p erio d o f friction (3.1.3 ) u s ua l ly d i s playe d as

decrease of friction force (3.1.4), temperature and wear intensity (3.1.10) under constant outside
conditions
3 .4.11
initial running-in

running-in (3.4.10) that occurs in the initial stage of a running-in period

3 .4.1 2
edge loading

cond ition i n wh ich the sh a ft a nd the b e a ri ng come ex tremely clo s e to , or i n contac t with, e ach o ther at

an end or both ends of the bearing due to bending or tilting of the shaft or improper installation of the
bearing and in which brinelling or wear occurs on the bearing as a result
3 .5 Vibration and vibration-related terms regarding a rotating sha ft supported by plain

bearings

3 . 5 .1
oil whip

phenomenon o f the s tatic e qu i l ibriu m s tate o f a n ela s tic ro tati ng s ha ft s upp or te d by j ourna l b e a ri ngs

b e com i ng un s table when the ro tationa l s p e e d exce e d s the l i m it s p e e d de term i ne d by the cha rac teri s tic s

o f lubric a nt fi l m force, the sh a ft weight and the rigid ity o f b end i ng o f the s ha ft, wh ich s tar ts a wh i rl i ng

mo tion at h igh ampl itude at the fre quenc y clo s ely corre s p ond i ng to the m i n i mu m b end i ng fre quenc y

N o te 1 to entr y: T h i s p heno menon le ad s to c ata s trop h ic b re a kdown o f m ach i ne s .

3.5.2
oil whirl

phenomenon o f the s tatic e qui l ibriu m s tate o f a rigid ro tati ng s ha ft s upp or te d b y j ou rna l b e ari ngs

b e com i ng u n s table and s tar ti ng a wh i rl i ng mo tion at a fre quenc y corre s p ond i ng to a l ittle le s s tha n

half of the rotational speed, ω , when the ro tationa l s p e e d e xce e d s the l i m it s p e e d de term i ne d b y the

charac teri s tics o f lubric ant fi l m force and the sh a ft weight

3.5.3
friction whirl

phenomenon o f a ro tati ng sha ft ma ki ng a wh i rl i ng mo tion i n a j ou rna l b e ari ng wh i le i nterm ittently

making solid contact

3 . 5 .4
s ti ffness coe fficient o f lubricant film

s pri ng con s tant o f lubric a nt fi l m i n a j ou rna l b e a ri ng , de term i ne d b y the ratio o f i nc re a s e o f lubric ant

fi l m force with the i ncre as e o f d i s placement o f the s ha ft centre

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3.5.5
damping coe fficient o f lubricant film

dampi ng con s ta nt o f lubric ant fi l m i n a j ou rna l b e a ri ng , de term i ne d by the ratio o f i ncre as e o f lubric ant

fi l m force with the i ncre as e o f velo c ity o f the s ha ft centre

3 . 5 .6
creep o f bearing

phenomenon o f the pla i n b e ari ng under ro tati ng lo ad s l id i ng s lowly i n the hou s i ng i n the opp o s ite

direction to that of shaft rotation, resulting in damage such as wear (3.1.7), seizure (3.4.4) or deformation
on the fitti ng s u r face s

10 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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ICS 2 1 .1 00.1 0; 01 .040.2 1

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