Earthsci Reporting Docs
Earthsci Reporting Docs
Earthsci Reporting Docs
Trace fossils are a great way to learn about how extinct animals behaved. Studying fossilized feces,
also known as coprolite, is an important part of paleontology. And some people are just fascinated by
it. For instance in 2014, a collector bought a 40-inch coprolite at an auction for over $10,000. That
may have been a mistake: It came from a formation in Washington State where similar items have
been studied and were actually just the mineral siderite.
In 2018, a fossil of the Crossvallia waiparensis was discovered in New Zealand. The penguin lived
ranging from 56 and 66 million years ago and it was about 5 foot 3 inches tall. But its not the tallest
penguin but the Palaeeudyptes klekowskii could have been 6 foot 5.
Before 1736, it means dug up and the word fossil can be traced to the latin term fossus. But as the
time goes by, the word fossil means preserved remains
The first identified dino fossil belonged to a Megalosaurus. An array of its bones, including a large
lower jawbone, were found around 1815, but it wasn’t until 1824 that William Buckland published an
article describing their previous owner as a reptile or “great fossil lizard.”
MER
Index fossils or guide fossils are fossils that are used to define and correlate the ages of rock
layers and the geologic time periods they belong to. They have four characteristics: they are
distinctive, widespread, abundant, and limited in geologic time. Index fossils help geologists
to date rocks and map out the history of life on Earth1.
The geologic time scale is a system of chronological measurement that relates stratigraphy
(the study of rock layers) to time. It is divided into four major subdivisions: eons, eras,
periods, and epochs. Each subdivision represents a different segment of Earth’s history,
marked by significant events such as mass extinctions, continental drift, and evolution of life
forms2.
Some examples of index fossils and the geologic time subdivisions they define are:
Trilobites: These are hard-shelled marine animals that lived from the Cambrian Period
to the Permian Period (about 521 to 252 million years ago). They are useful index
fossils for the Paleozoic Era1.
Ammonites: These are coiled-shelled mollusks that lived from the Devonian Period to
the Cretaceous Period (about 419 to 66 million years ago). They are useful index
fossils for the Mesozoic Era1.
Foraminifera: These are single-celled protists with calcareous shells that live in
marine environments. They are useful index fossils for the Cenozoic Era (about 66
million years ago to present), especially for the Tertiary and Quaternary Periods
Index fossils are fossils of organisms that lived only during a specific interval of geologic time and had a
wide geographic distribution. They are useful for dating and correlating rock layers across different regions
and continents. By comparing the index fossils found in different strata, geologists can determine the
relative ages of the rocks and assign them to specific periods of the geologic time scale 12. For example, the
trilobite genus Olenellus is an index fossil for the Cambrian Period, and the ammonite genus Perisphinctes
is an index fossil for the Jurassic Period3. Index fossils help define the boundaries and characteristics of the
major divisions of geologic time, such as eons, eras, periods, and epochs4.
An organism is rarely preserved as a fossil because it usually gets eaten, decomposed, or destroyed by
natural processes after it dies. Only a small fraction of organisms are buried quickly and deeply enough to
avoid these factors and become fossilized. Fossilization also requires specific environmental conditions,
such as low oxygen, high pressure, or mineral-rich water, that are not common in most habitats. Therefore,
fossils are considered to be exceptional and valuable records of past life on Earth
Body fossils are the preserved parts of an organism’s body, such as bones, teeth, skin, leaves, or wood.
They tell us something about the appearance of ancient life forms. For example, dinosaur skeletons are
body fossils that show us the size and shape of these extinct animals1
Trace fossils are the preserved evidence of an organism’s activities or behavior, such as footprints,
burrows, feces, or feeding marks. They tell us something about the movements, interactions, and diets of
ancient life forms. For example, coprolites (fossil feces) are trace fossils that reveal the types of food
organisms consumed2
Preserved remains: This is when the original parts of an organism are preserved
without much change, such as insects in amber, animals in ice, or mummies in dry
environments1
Permineralization: This is when minerals in water fill the pores or replace the tissues
of an organism, creating a stone-like replica of the original structure, such as petrified
wood, dinosaur bones, or shells12
Molds and casts: This is when an organism leaves an impression in the sediment,
forming a mold, and then the mold is filled with other sediments or minerals, forming
a cast. The cast is a copy of the shape and surface features of the organism, such as
clam shells, trilobites, or footprints12
Replacement: This is when the original material of an organism is completely
replaced by a different mineral, such as pyrite, quartz, or dolomite. The replacement
fossil preserves the shape and details of the organism, but not its original composition,
such as ammonites, brachiopods, or coral12
Compression: This is when an organism is flattened and compressed by high
pressure, leaving behind a thin film of carbon or a dark imprint on the rock, such as
leaves, ferns, or fish12
BOBBY
A living fossil is an organism that has remained very similar to its fossil relatives over a long
period of time, and has few or no close living relatives. Living fossils are rare and valuable
examples of evolutionary stasis, which means they have not changed much in appearance or
function. Some examples of living fossils are the coelacanth, a fish that was thought to be
extinct until 1938; the ginkgo, a tree that has been around for over 200 million years; and the
horseshoe crab, an arthropod that has not changed much in over 450 million years345
Index fossils are fossils of organisms that lived in a specific time period and had distinctive features that
make them easy to identify. They are important for geologists because they can help determine the relative
age of rock layers and correlate them across different locations. Index fossils can also provide clues about
the climate, environment, and biodiversity of the past.
The fossil record shows us that species evolve over time by providing evidence of the following facts12:
Life on earth was once different from life found on earth today. Fossils of extinct organisms show
that they had different forms and features than living organisms. For example, the fossil of a
Tyrannosaurus rex shows that it had a large head, sharp teeth, and a long tail, unlike any living
animal3.
Life on earth has changed gradually over time. Fossils of the same group of organisms show that
they have changed slightly from one generation to the next. For example, the fossil record of
horses shows that they evolved from small, four-toed animals to large, one-toed animals over
millions of years4.
Life on earth has diversified into many different forms. Fossils of different groups of organisms
show that they have diverged from common ancestors and adapted to different environments. For
example, the fossil record of mammals shows that they evolved from reptile-like ancestors and
diversified into many orders, such as rodents, primates, and whales.
These facts support the theory of evolution, which states that all living organisms share a common ancestry
and have changed over time due to natural selection and other mechanisms12. The fossil record is one of
the main sources of evidence for evolution, along with comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology,
and molecular biology12.
KEZEIAH
The general development of Earth's life forms over the last 540 million years is captured in the
geological time scale, divided into several eras and periods. This period encompasses a wide range of
evolutionary events, including the emergence of major groups of organisms, diversification,
extinctions, and the eventual evolution of complex life forms. Here is a brief overview:
• Cambrian Period (541-485 million years ago): This period witnessed the "Cambrian
Explosion," a rapid diversification of life forms. The first appearance of various animal phyla occurred
during this time, marking the emergence of complex multicellular organisms.
• Ordovician Period (485-443 million years ago): Evolution continued with the proliferation of
marine life forms, including diverse invertebrates. The first jawless fish also appeared.
• Silurian Period (443-419 million years ago): Land plants made their debut, leading to the
colonization of terrestrial environments. The first jawed fish and early arthropods evolved.
• Devonian Period (419-359 million years ago): Often referred to as the "Age of Fishes," this
period saw the diversification of fish, including the appearance of jawed fish and early tetrapods
(four-legged vertebrates).
• Carboniferous Period (359-299 million years ago): Amphibians emerged, and vast forests
dominated the land. Insects evolved, and the first reptiles appeared.
• Permian Period (299-252 million years ago): Synapsids, early mammal-like reptiles, and
other reptilian forms continued to diversify. The Permian-Triassic extinction event concluded the
era, causing a significant loss of biodiversity.
• Triassic Period (252-201 million years ago): The first dinosaurs evolved alongside other
reptiles. Mammals also appeared but were relatively small in size.
• Jurassic Period (201-145 million years ago): Dinosaurs became dominant, and diverse forms
of marine life, including ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, flourished. Birds evolved from small, feathered
dinosaurs.
• Cretaceous Period (145-66 million years ago): Flowering plants proliferated, and diverse
dinosaur species existed. The era ended with the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event,
leading to the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs and many other species.
• Paleogene Period (66-23 million years ago): Mammals underwent significant diversification
and adaptive radiation. The first primates, including early forms of apes and monkeys, appeared.
• Neogene Period (23-2.6 million years ago): Hominids, the evolutionary ancestors of humans,
emerged. Grasslands expanded, influencing the evolution of large herbivores and predators.
• Quaternary Period (2.6 million years ago - present): Characterized by the onset of glacial
cycles and the appearance of Homo sapiens (modern humans). Human civilizations and complex
societies developed during the Holocene epoch, which began approximately 11,700 years ago.
Throughout these eras and periods, life on Earth has undergone continuous evolution, with the
emergence of new species, adaptations to changing environments, and occasional mass extinctions
shaping the diversity of life we observe today. The study of Earth's history and the evolution of life
forms is conducted through paleontology, geology, and other related fields.
Title: The Transformative Power of Art: A Multifaceted Exploration
Introduction:
Art, in its myriad forms, has been an integral part of human civilization, serving as a
reflection of our thoughts, emotions, and experiences. From the cave paintings of
prehistoric times to the digital masterpieces of the contemporary era, art has evolved
and adapted, resonating with the essence of humanity. This essay delves into the
multifaceted nature of art, exploring its transformative power on individuals,
societies, and cultures.
Body:
Conclusion:
Art, in its many forms, has long been an important component of human civilization,
reflecting our thoughts, feelings, and experiences (How Art Impacts Our Lives: Personal and
Social: [Essay Example], 775 Words, 2023). From prehistoric cave drawings to modern
digital masterpieces, art has developed and changed to capture the essence of mankind. This
article investigates the complex nature of art, namely its transformational influence on
First, art provides cultural Identity and Heritage. Art provides a unique medium for
people to communicate thoughts and feelings that may be difficult to express in other ways
(Therapeutic Benefits of Art and Expression, 2023). Artists may transmit the
whether through the touch of a paintbrush, the melody of a musical piece, or the words of a
poet. This expressive capacity helps us get a better knowledge of ourselves and others,
Second, art makes social Commentary and Advocacy, Artists frequently utilize their
art to make social criticism and advocacy (Alam, 2023). They use paintings, sculptures,
books, and performances to expose society concerns, question norms, and encourage critical
thinking. Art has the ability to influence public discourse by drawing attention to topics such
Benefits, Education, and Impact, 2023). As a result, it serves as a catalyst for change,
Third, art has an aesthetic Appreciation and Emotional Impact. Aside from its
communicative and sociological functions, art has an intrinsic aesthetic element that
captivates and enchants (Mastandrea et. al, 2019). Art, whether in the form of a beautiful
painting, an elaborate sculpture, or the evocative sounds of music, has the ability to elicit
strong emotional responses. The enjoyment of beauty and the emotional effect of art improve
Lastly, art increases cognitive Development and Innovation. Art increases mental
processes and increases creativity (Fioranelli et al., 2023). The act of creating and interpreting
improves critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and creative discovery. The capacity to
think creatively is becoming more important in a quickly changing society. Art, with its
emphasis on creativity and originality, is essential for creating a flexible and progress-
In short, the changing effect of art is a broad phenomenon that affects all aspects of
human life. It is a medium for expression, a protector of cultural identity, an agent for social
complex details of the modern world, art continues to change and reshape our perceptions of
ourselves, others, and the world around us. Art, in all of its forms, symbolizes the
irrepressible spirit of human invention and expression, highlighting its eternal relevance in
References:
Jenkins, P. (2023, July 25). What is Creativity in Art: Unlocking the Secrets of Artistic
in reducing cognitive decline and improving quality of life in healthy older people: a
Importance of Art in Society:Benefits, Education, and Impact. (2023, March 5). Good
https://www.goodacademic.com/blog/articles/role-of-art-in-society/#:~:text=Art%20can
%20also%20shape%20society%20by%20bringing%20attention,bridge%20gaps%20between
%20different%20communities%20and%20promote%20diversity.
Alam, M. A. (2023, August 12). The Impact of Art on Social Change: Activism, Awareness,
art-on-social-change-activism-awareness-and-creative-expression-99fb0db467b6#:~:text=Art
%20has%20the%20unique%20ability%20to%20incite%20action,to%20take%20a%20stand
%20and%20advocate%20for%20change.
Therapeutic Benefits of Art and Expression. (2023, July 27). CARE Counseling. https://care-
clinics.com/therapeutic-benefits-of-art-and-expression/#:~:text=Art%20provides%20a
%20medium%20for%20individuals%20to%20express,may%20be%20challenging%20to
%20convey%20through%20words%20alone.
How Art Impacts Our Lives: Personal and Social: [Essay Example], 775 words. (2023,
our-lives-personal-and-social/#:~:text=Art%2C%20in%20its%20myriad%20forms%2C
%20is%20an%20integral,cultural%20identity%2C%20and%20our%20engagement%20with
%20contemporary%20issues.
Mastandrea, S., Fagioli, S., & Biasi, V. (2019). Art and Psychological Well-Being: Linking
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00739
parts of our existence (n.d). From decreasing everyday tasks to improving medical research,
the incorporation of AI has great potential. This essay will look at the positive and negative
aspects of broad AI adoption, highlighting the importance of taking a balanced and genuine
approach.
First, one of the key benefits of adopting AI is the huge increase in productivity and
efficiency (Shaikh, 2023). Robotic procedures and machine learning systems can assess huge
amounts of data at rates well beyond human capabilities. AI-driven solutions simplify
to learn and adapt, resulting in the creation of more intelligent systems capable of solving
complicated problems. This major development has the potential to transform industries
ranging from healthcare with predictive diagnosis to transportation with autonomous cars.
Third, AI systems with powerful algorithms can process and analyze information to
industries, including finance, where AI-driven statistics can predict market patterns, and
healthcare, where medical AI systems may help doctors make accurate diagnoses. The use of
overall results.
significant AI adoption poses serious concerns, especially about unemployment and job
that depend mostly on manual labor may lose their jobs. Addressing these issues requires
investing in retraining programs and promoting the development of skills that complement AI
& Abbas, 2023). AI systems learn on previous data, and if that data contains prejudices, the
AI could maintain and increase those biases. Addressing this issue needs a dedication to
Sixth, the growing use of AI in a wide range of industries represents privacy and
perform effectively. Achieving a balance between using data for AI development and
protecting personal privacy is critical. To reduce the risks connected with the abuse of
advantages and real risks. While AI has the ability to change companies, increase
productivity, and drive creativity, it also raises issues such as unemployment, ethical
concerns, and privacy. Achieving a balance between using the benefits of AI and addressing
its negatives requires a realistic approach that includes cautious regulation, continuing
a future in which technology augments human talents, promoting development while limiting
References:
Dual-Edged Sword of AI: Harnessing Potential While Ensuring Safety and Ethics. (n.d.).
https://www.usaii.org/ai-insights/dual-edged-sword-of-ai-harnessing-potential-while-
ensuring-safety-and-ethics. https://www.usaii.org/ai-insights/dual-edged-sword-of-ai-
harnessing-potential-while-ensuring-safety-and-ethics
https://www.isaca.org/resources/news-and-trends/newsletters/atisaca/2021/volume-32/
challenges-of-ai-and-data-privacy-and-how-to-solve-them
Hussain, N., & Abbas, A. (2023, November 13). Ethical Considerations in Artificial
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375597827_Ethical_Considerations_in_Artificial_I
ntelligence_and_Machine_Learning
Daniel, S. (2023, December 24). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment and
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376795973_The_Impact_of_Artificial_Intelligence
_on_Employment_and_Workforce_Dynamics_in_Contemporary_Society_Authors
M. (2023, August 31). Artificial intelligence (AI) architecture - Azure Architecture Center.
A. (2023, August 7). Artificial Intelligence is Propelling the World into a New Era of
the-world-into-a-new-era-of-technology-4dce8afed8e8
Shaikh, A. (2023, May 27). Embracing the Power of AI: How it Can Benefit Humans.
Medium. https://medium.com/@aasmaashaikh/embracing-the-power-of-ai-how-it-can-
benefit-humans-5cc7f398b594#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20significant%20advantages
%20of%20AI%20is,to%20focus%20on%20more%20complex%20and%20creative
%20endeavors.
Q. (n.d.). Artificial Intelligence: Transforming the World with Boundless Potential. Topical
Talk. https://talk.economistfoundation.org/festivals/festival-2023/ai-and-the-arts/artificial-
intelligence-transforming-the-world-with-boundless-potential/
life, I see a wealth of different events that have together shaped me into the person I am now
(Alina, 2023).
Childhood noises echo down the hallways of memory during the early years of my
existence. Playgrounds, infinite places of fantasy, where each slide mastered seemed like
Memories Essay for Students and Children | 500+ Words Essay, 2019). The air echoed with
youthful laughter, and everything opened as a canvas ready for the brushstrokes of discovery
(Asad, 2023). Life in those early years was a simple song, a lullaby that soothed me into
The story of youth unfolded, a chapter identified by the variety of emotions. The
canvas of life has been changed painted with the brilliant colors of identity development and
developing resilience in the face of hardship (Hearts, 2023). Friendships grew into
partnerships, and my search of passion became the compass that led me through the maze of
options (Maden, n.d.). Life throughout these formative years became a symphony of
obstacles and successes, with each note adding to the expanding harmony.
As my life went on, maturity came unexpected twists and turns. Responsibilities and
goals become connected, resulting in a complicated mosaic (Beck, 2022). The palette grew to
incorporate the hues of love, sadness, and the search of significance (Harris, n.d.).
and others by painful farewells (Miller, n.d.). Life's unpredictability showed itself, telling me
safety from the stress of existence. The sunset over the horizon, soaking the sky in amber and
gold, spoke of mortality (Padda, 2023). The delicate movement of cherry blossoms in the
spring represented the brief essence of joy (Bond, 2023). Life's tapestry was constructed with
threads of both joy and sadness, highlighting the briefness of each stitch.
In the calmer moments, peace was found in the basics of relationships between
people. Conversations with loved ones provided the narrative's punctuation marks, providing
depth and significance to the story as it unfolded (A Summary and Analysis of Wordsworth's
'I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,' 2023). Shared laughter rang through the chambers of
memory, demonstrating the necessity of building ties in the face of life's chaos (Danzey,
2021).
Standing on the edge of the present, I realize that life is a moving forward narrative, a
story in the making. The work of art is always being weaved, with goals and aspirations
interacting with the threads of daily life (Lancaster, 2017). Each sunrise is a new beginning, a
In the amazing weave of life, every thread, whether weaved in times of pleasure or
sadness, contributes to the narrative's richness. Life is not a straight line, but rather a mosaic
of events that define the outlines of who we are. Accepting the complicated nature of this
story, I go ahead, excited to see what the next chapter brings and glad for the beauty that
References:
A Grand Tapestry of Life Poem Analysis. (n.d.).
https://www.poetry.com/poem-analysis/158438/a-grand-tapestry-of-life
Lancaster, I. (2017, September 18). Standing at the threshold: Facing the future with prayer,
your-threshold-moment-what-moses-advice-means-today/113974.htm
Danzey, E. (2021, November 2). What Does the Bible Say about Laughter and Its
bible-say-about-laughter-and-its-importance.html
wordsworths-i-wandered-lonely-as-a-cloud/
Bond, E. N. (2023, July 6). Nature’s Delicate Beauty: Unveiling the Symbolism and Cultural
https://wotgorilla.com/2023/04/26/the-allure-of-cherry-blossoms-exploring-the-symbolism-
and-cultural-significance/
Padda, T. (2023, May 29). Life’s Tapestry Unfolds – Poem - Taj Padda - Medium. Medium.
https://medium.com/@Mr.Tee/lifes-tapestry-unfolds-poem-aa05c06afd49
Beck, J. (2022, September 29). Story of My Life: How Narrative Creates Personality. The
Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/08/life-stories-narrative-
psychology-redemption-mental-health/400796/
Maden, J. (n.d.). Aristotle On the 3 Types of Friendship (and How Each Enriches Life).
friendship-and-how-they-enrich-life/
https://medium.com/@KeyToWinningHearts/conquering-challenges-forging-resilience-in-
2024-56f33a9973df
Ranganathan, N., & Wadhwa, T. (2022, November 26). The Kaleidoscope of Adolescence:
Asad, O. (2023, December 17). A Dream within a Dream by Edgar Allan Poe. Poem
Analysis. https://poemanalysis.com/edgar-allan-poe/a-dream-within-a-dream/
Childhood Memories Essay for Students and Children | 500+ Words Essay. (2019,
essay/
Alina, N. (2023, February 21). The Journey of Life - Poetry of nature and life - Medium.
Medium. https://medium.com/poetry-of-nature-and-life/the-journey-of-life-7601ec10b9da
Title: The Compelling Case for Implementing a "No ID, No Entry" Policy: Safeguarding
measures are required to safeguard the safety of persons and the areas they occupy. One such
approach, the "No ID, No Entry" policy, has many advantages in terms of security,
accountability, and establishing a safe atmosphere. This essay aims to persuade readers of the
significance and advantages of implementing a "No ID, No Entry" policy in a range of public
First, the "No ID, No Entry" policy is an essential part of security construction (A
Bing, n.d.). Individuals with damaging intent are forbidden from entering if they are required
to produce a legitimate identity. This regulation reduces the danger of illegal access, criminal
activity, and dangers to public safety. In an era when security concerns are essential,
implementing this policy is a critical step toward ensuring a safer workplace for everybody.
critical (Wojcik, 2019). A "No ID, No Entry" policy makes the identification procedure,
allowing for faster and more effective responses in emergency situations. This is especially
important in public locations, educational institutions, and workplaces where big crowds
come together, allowing emergency responders to quickly detect and manage potential
dangers.
among individuals (President, n.d.). Requiring identification upon entering emphasizes the
importance of taking personal responsibility for one's actions. This policy encourages
individuals to be careful of their conduct and conform to established norms, in order
Fourth, regardless of pushing for strict security measures, it is essential to consider the
privacy of individuals (Power et al, 2021). A well-implemented "No ID, No Entry" policy
respects privacy by focusing mostly on essential identity while protecting sensitive personal
information. By finding a balance between security and privacy, this policy allows people to
Fifth, the "No ID, No Entry" policy complies with legal and regulatory security and
safety standards (Corcuera, 2021). Many countries require companies to adopt steps to
guarantee the safety of persons on their premises. Adopting a policy requiring the display of
regulations.
necessary step to protect security, encourage accountability, and establish a secure workplace
in a variety of situations. From open spaces to educational institutions and workplaces, this
responsibility, protects privacy, and guarantees legal compliance. Adopting such a strategy is
Wojcik A. (2019). The Importance of Communication Before and During a Public Health
https://doi.org/10.32481/djph.2019.10.010
Daniel J. Power, Ciara Heavin & Yvonne O’Connor (2021) Balancing privacy rights and
surveillance analytics: a decision process guide, Journal of Business Analytics, 4:2, 155-
dilg-legalopinions-2022425_fb59687358.pdf
24-Hr Curfew for Students and Senior Citizens and Closure of Recreational Facilities |
circular-41-2020-reiteration-of-stricter-control-measures-against-covid19
%2C+No+Entry"+policy+serves+as+a+fundamental+component+of+security+infrastructure
+&form=ANNTH1&refig=fd47708c264c4824a3040f9afcde6bf5&pc=HCTS
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