JEE Advanced Revision Notes

Chemistry
Gaseous and liquid states

Matter exists in three different states:

● Solids
● Liquids
● Gases

Properties of gases:
1. No definite shape nor volume.
2. Volume of gas = volume of the container
3. Undergoes compression and expansion.
4. Intermolecular distance is very high.
5. Volume depends on its pressure and temperature.
6. Intermixes with each other to form a homogenous mixture.
7. Gravitational forces have the least influence on the velocities of gas
molecules.
8. Gases can expand freely into the space available to them this property is
known as diffusion of gases.

S.T.P or N.T.P Conditions

Temperature Pressure
t  0 C P =1 bar
T = 273.15k = 105 pa

Measurable properties of gases:

Mass Pressure(P) Temperature
In the C.G.S system – Kelvin scale -Boiling
grams. Pressure = N/m2 = Pa S.I.
point = 373 K
In S.I system – unit
ice point = 273 K
kilogram C.G.S unit = dyne-cm2
Fahrenheit scale
Convert 1N/m2 into
1l  103 m3 →B.P. = 212℉
dyne/cm2
1l  103 cm9 ice point = 32℉

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 1

 1dm3  1l  103 m3 1N 105 dyne Celsius scale→ -B.P. =
 100℃
1ml  103  1cm3  1cc 1m2 104 cm2
ice point = 0℃
1N / m2  10dyne / cm 2
1atm  1.013 105 N / m2
1bar  1105 N / m2
1atm  760mm of hg
 760torr
Vapour density of a Vapour density of a
gas is independent of gas is dependent of
temperature temperature

At absolute zero
● Molecular motion in the gas ceases.
● Pressure and volume of the gas becomes zero.
● Kinetic energy of the gas becomes zero.

Gas law:
The laws which relate the properties of gases like pressure, volume, mass, and
temperature are called gas law.

Boyle’s law
At constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely
1
proportional to its pressure v  pv  k .
p
Shapes:

P vs V Hyperbola

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 2

 1 1
p P  K.
v V

Straight line,
Pressure
parallel to the
and PV
pressure axis

Relation between density and pressure of gas d P . Gases obey Boyle’s law at
pressure and high temperature.

Charle’s law:
At constant pressure, the volume of the given mass of a gas increase or decreases
1
by times its volume at 0℃, for every 1℃ rise or fall in temperature
273.15
1
Vt  V0 (1   t ) , α=volume coefficient=
273.15
V0
Vt  V0   t 0C .
273.15

Avogadro’s Law:
Equal volume of all gases, measured under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure contains equal number of molecules or moles.
V
V  n (P, T are constant)  K
n
At a given temperature and pressure the density of gas is directly proportional to
the molar mass of gas.

Ideal Gas:

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 3

A gas which obeys all the gas law under all the conditions of temperature and
pressure is called ideal gas.
PV  nRT is an ideal gas (or) perfect gas equation.

Graham’s Law of Diffusion:

The process of effusion is the diffusion of gas through a fine hole or narrow
aperture.
Rate of diffusion=
Volume of gas (V) Distance travelled (l) Number of moles of gas (n)
 
Time (t) Time (t) Time (t)
r1 V1 t2
 
r2 V2 t1

Diffusion at different conditions:

If two gases diffuse at different r1 P1 M2

1 
pressures but at same temperature. r2 P2 M1
When two gases are diffused at
r1 TM
2 different temperatures and same  1 2
r2 T2 M1
pressure.
Under similar conditions of
r1 t2 M2
3 temperature and pressure if equal  
r2 t1 M1
volumes of 2 gases diffuse.
At similar conditions of
temperature and pressure weight of w1 M1
4 
gas diffuse is related to its w2 M2
molecular mass.
When two gases diffuse through the r1 A1 M2
5 
face of a different area (A). r2 A2 M1

Dalton’s law of partial pressure

The total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum
of the partial pressures of component gases present in the mixture at the same
temperature.
1. P  P1  P2  P3  ......  Pn

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 4

 RT
2. Pmin   n1  n2  n3  ......  
V

Partial Pressure:
Pressure exerted by a gas, when it alone occupies the total voile of the mixture at
the same temperature is called partial pressure.
P.P of gas = total pressure × mole fraction of gas
nA
Mole fraction of A is X A 
n A  nB
● The pressure exerted by the water vapour on its liquid surface when it is in
dynamic equilibrium is called aqueous tension.
Pmoist gas  Pdry gas  aqueous tension
Aqueous tension is constant at a given temperature and increases with increase in
temperature.
V%
P.Pgas   total pressure
100
Relative humidity=
partial pressure of H 2O in air
vapour pressure of H 2O

Kinetic gas Equations:

1
PV  mnC 2 is called Kinetic gas equation
3
1
PV  MC 2
3
1
p  dc 2
3
Where, m= mass of the molecules
M = Molar mass (m × n)
C = RMS Velocity

All gas Laws Cn be derived from the Kinetic Gas Equation:

Kinetic Energy of gas:
3
● Kinetic energy of n moles of gas Ek  nRT .
2

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 5

 3
● The kinetic energy for one mole of gas EK  RT .
2
● The kinetic energy for one molecule of the gas
3 R
● EK  KT ( K   Boltzman constant) .
2 N
● The average kinetic energy per molecule of any gas is the same as the same
temperature.
● The values of Boltzmann constant are
K  1.38  1016 ergk 1molecule1
K  1.38  1023 joulek 1molecule1
K .E1 n2 T1
● The relation between K.E, moles and temperature  
K .E2 n1 T2

Distribution of molecular Velocities

RMS Velocity (Crms):
The square root of the mean of the square of the velocities of all the molecules
present in the gas at any temperature is known as RMS velocity.
C12  C22  C32  ......  Cn2
C
n
3RT 3PV 3P
C  
M M d
T
C  1.58  104  cm.sec1
M
C1 T
● For a gas at different temperature  1 .
C2 T2
T1 T
● For two different gases having the same RMS velocity  2 .
M1 M 2
C1 M2
● For two gases at the same temperature T  .
C2 M1
C1 T M
● For two gases at different T  1 2.
C2 T2 M1

Average Velocity

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 6

The average of the velocity of all the molecules in the gas at any temperature.
8RT 8PV 8P
C  
M M d
C  0.9213  RMSvelocity

Most Probable Velocity (Cp)

Velocity possessed by the maximum number of molecules present in the gas
under given condition:

2 RT 2 PV 2P
CP   
M M d

Relation between molecular velocities:

8
CP : C : C  2 : : 3

 0.8166 : 0.9213:1
(or) = 1:1.128:1.224

Collision frequency and Mean path = Average distance travelled by a gas

molecule on unit time U av  / Number of collisions made by gas molecule in unit

 
time N * .

1 kT
 
2 2 N * 2 2 P

Degree of Freedom:
Three for monoatomic gas: Five for diatomic gas
For a molecule having N atom, total 3N
Translation: 3 for all types (at all temp)
Rotational: 2 for linear 3 for non linear
1
Each contributing KT
2

Law of Equation of energy:

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 7

 3
● Translation Motion: Etrans  kT
2
3
● Rotational Motion: Erot  kT (non  linear )
2
1 1
● Vibrational Motion: Evib  kT  kT  1kT (per degree of freedom)
2 2

Real Gases:
The gases which do not obey gas laws under all conditions of temperature and
pressure are called real gases.

Compressibility factor (Z):

The ratio of the actual molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of a perfect gas
under the same condition.
P.Vm
Z
RT
Conditions of Z for Gases:
Condition Z
Perfect gas Z=1
AT low pressure Z<1
At high pressure Z>1
At any pressure for hydrogen gas Z>1
At intermediate pressure Z<1
At very low pressure Have almost ideal behaviour

Boyle Temperature:
The temperature at which a real gas obeys ideal gas law over a wide range of
pressure.
a
Tb 
bR

The Vander Waal’s Equation of state:

4 
Volume correction: b  N A[4   r 3 ] , NA = Avogadro number
3 

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 8

 2
n
Pressure Correction: Pressure correction   
V 
 an2 
 p  2  V  nb   nRT for ‘n’ moles.
 V 
If the radius of the molecule is given, then b can be calculated from
b  96 1023  r 3 .

Condition of liquefaction of gases:

Joule-Thomson Effect: Cooling of gas by expansion from high pressure to low
pressure
Inversion Temperature: temperature below which if a gas is allowed to expand.
2a
It causes a cooling effect, above which on expansion the gas gets heated Ti 
bR
.

Critical Constant in terms of Vander Waals constants a, b

a 8a
VC  3b, Pc  , Tc 
27b 2 27 Rb
PcVc 3
z 
RTc 8

Boyle temperature and critical temperature in terms of Vander Waals

constants:
a 8a
TB  , Tc 
Rb 27 Rb
Thus, TB  TC
Ti ,Tb ,Tc are related as Ti  Tb  Tc

 3 
Law of Corresponding States:    2   3  1  8 Ti
  
Collision Frequency and Mean free path:
The collision rate i.e, the number of collisions taking place in unit time per unit
volume is called collision frequency.

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 9

Z = Average number of collision made by molecule in unit time/length of the
interval

RMS velocity(C) =  Z
1
Z
1
 , where n is the number of molecules per unit volume.
2 r 2n

Viscosity: Strong intermolecular forces between the molecules of successive

layer of liquid holding them together.
The regular gradation of velocity for layer in passing from one layer to the next
layer is called “laminar flow”.
dv
F A, F
dx
dv
 F   A. ,   A.e E / RT
dx
n - proportionality constant; it is the measure of viscosity.
The SI unit for n is Nm2 S (or) Pascal.
C.G.S unit is “poise”
1 poise  1g cm1  s 1  101 kgm1s 1 .

Class XI Chemistry www.vedantu.com 10