International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering, Technology & Management (IJMRSETM)

| ISSN: 2395-7639 | www.ijmrsetm.com | Impact Factor: 7.580| A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Journal |

| Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2023 |

| DOI: 10.15680/IJMRSETM.2023.1003031 |

Controlling of Active and Reactive Power in

Three Phase Solar Inverter by Modified IC
Method
S. Venkatesh, P. Sai Gopi, K. Vamsi Krishna, Ch. Murahari, D. Jyothi
Asst. Professor, Dept of EEE, KKR & KSR Institute of Technology & Sciences, Guntur, A.P., India
Students, Dept of EEE, KKR & KSR Institute of Technology & Sciences, Guntur, A.P., India

ABSTRACT: With the increment of solar photovoltaic installation in power grid, solar power penetration level, over
loading of grid and power fluctuation are becoming prominent issues. To address the problems, active and reactive
power fed to the grid from solar inverter are needed to be controlled. Regulation of active power from solar inverter is
performed by modifying maximum power point tracking algorithm of photovoltaic generation and run in off maximum
power mode. To operate the solar plant in off maximum power mode, fractional voltage based modified incremental
conductance method is introduced in this paper. The solar photovoltaic inverter over which this active power control is
operated, is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and this model is tested for real irradiance and temperature conditions.
Reactive power control is also performed in standard test condition. Simulation results illustrate the desired limited
active power injection into the grid. power can be controlled by the grid in using capacitor banks and synchronous
condensers and static var compensators in the grid.

I. INTRODUCTION

This high level of solar PV installed in power grid rises the issue related to penetration level if sufficient amount of
storage is not integrated to the system. To control this penetration level of solar PV, maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) algorithm is needed to be modified. In case of solar PV integrated with two stage two level inverters, the off
MPPT mode causes fluctuation in DC link voltage. Here new kind of MPPT control based on modified incremental
conductance (IC) method for fractional voltage change is introduced. This fractional voltage based incremental
conduction (FV-IC) is used to run solar PV in off MPPT voltage to extract desired power. To control the solar PV
penetration level a modified incremental conductance (IC) method is introduced, and 5 kW solar PV inverter is
considered for active and reactive power control. To control the active and reactive power output of athree-phase solar
PV inverter using modified IC method, we first need to understand the basics of power control in a solar inverter. A
solar inverter is a device that converts DC power generated by solar panels into AC power that can be used by
household appliances or fed into the grid. The amount of power output by this fractional voltage based incremental
conduction (FV-IC) is used to run solar PV in off MPPT voltage to extract desired power. To control the solar PV
penetration level a modified incremental conductance (IC) method is introduced, and 5 kW solar PV inverter is
considered for active and reactive power control. To control the active and reactive power output of a three-phase solar
PV inverter using modified IC method, we first need to understand the basics of power control in a solar inverter. A
solar inverter is a device that converts DC power generated by solar panels into AC power that can be used by
household appliances or fed into the grid. The amount of power output by the inverter can be controlled by adjusting
the DC voltage input from the solar panels. The active power output of the inverter is controlled by adjusting the DC
voltage input to the inverter. This can be done by using maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms that adjust
the DC voltage input to the inverter to ensure that the maximum power is extracted from the solar panels. The reactive
power output of the inverter can be controlled by adjusting the phase angle between he voltage and current of the
inverter output. This is done by adjusting the firing angle of the inverter's power electronic switches. The modified IC
method is a control technique that uses an integrated circuit (IC) to generate a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal to
control the firing angle. The IC generates a PWM signal that controls the average voltage output of the inverter, which
in turn controls the active power output. To control the reactive power output using the modified IC method, the IC
generates a second PWM signal that controls the phase angle between the voltage and current of the inverter output.
This is achieved by adjusting the delay between the two PWM signals. The modified IC method is a simple and cost-
effective control technique that can be used to control the active and reactive power output of a three-phase solar PV
inverter. It is widely used in commercial solar inverters and can be easily implemented using off-the-shelf ICs and
components.

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 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering, Technology & Management (IJMRSETM)

| ISSN: 2395-7639 | www.ijmrsetm.com | Impact Factor: 7.580| A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Journal |

| Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2023 |

| DOI: 10.15680/IJMRSETM.2023.1003031 |

Aim of the Project:

To control the active and reactive power in the grid and the fluctuations in the active and reactive power which may
leads to the fluctuations in the grid. It may cause degradation of the power supply. It leads to change in power supply. It
may lead to power factor at lagging cases.

Problem Formulation:
The 5 kW solar PV system is simulated using irradiance and module temperature data of sunny and cloudy day
collected from SCADA system of a 100 kW rooftop mounted solar PV plant situated at. On these input data of sunny
and cloudy days the input active power control of solar PV system is performed. The modified IC method is utilized to
control the solar PV output voltage or DC-DC converter input voltage, thus modified IC method controls input and
output power of solar inverter as well. The off-MPPT mode results are compared with MPPT mode case for same input
conditions. To control the reactive power, the reactive power references are generated from active power and varying
the power factor in between 1 to 0.7 leading and lagging cases under standard test condition (STC).

Modeling of Solar Photovoltaic Array:

In this paper, 5 kW PV array has been modeled in MATLAB/Simulink using ploy crystalline solar PV panel
(ELDORA 250) data. The modeling equations of solar PV module is depicted in representing IV characteristics of
solar PV module. The equivalent solar PV module is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig:2 Equivalent circuit of solar cell

From the above Fig. 2, I and V are output current and voltage of single module respectively. Iph is photocurrent and
Id is body diode current and Ip is parallel branch current of the module. T (K) and G (kW/m2) are module temperature
and solar irradiance respectively. Trev (k) and Grew (kW/m2) are module reference temperature and irradiance, are
taken as per STC. k and q are Boltzmann constant and electronic charge respectively. αT, n, and I0, ref, are
temperature coefficient of photocurrent, body diode idealistic factor and body diode reference current respectively and
they are considered as 3.49 mA/K, 1.1~1.2 and 1.585 × 10-8 A respectively. cell is number of cells connected in series
in a module and it is taken as 60. Rs and Rp equivalent series and shunt resistors are taken as 1.79 mΩ and 187.8 Ω
with respect to slope of I-V curve of a single solar PV module respectively. Short circuit current and open circuit
voltage of solar module are taken as 8.75 A and 37.25 V respectively from the data sheet of ELDORA 250. The solar
module equation (2) has been appropriately modified to represent solar array.

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 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering, Technology & Management (IJMRSETM)

| ISSN: 2395-7639 | www.ijmrsetm.com | Impact Factor: 7.580| A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Journal |

| Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2023 |

| DOI: 10.15680/IJMRSETM.2023.1003031 |

THREE PHASE GRID TIE INVERTER MODELING

The modelling of 5 kW gird tie central inverter is performed considering two stage two level PWM inverter and boost
converter is taken as intermediate DC-DC converter
Modelling of Boost Converter
A boost converter is used as DC-DC converter inside the three phase inverter. Boost converter’s inductor L* and input
capacitor Cin are calculated considering 1% current ripple and 10 % voltage ripple respectively. DC link capacitor of
boost converter Cdclink is calculated considering 1% voltage ripple.
k Factor Control of Boost Converter

The open loop voltage control transfer function from small signal modeling of boost converter, transfer function
between input voltage Vin and duty ratio d are GVind(s) is calculated as shown in (6)

Voltage of input capacitor and current of inductor of boost converter are considered as states of the system to formulate
GVind(s). This boost converter voltage control transfer function is compensated using PI lead-lead compensator Gc(s) by
k 3 factor.

Modelling of PWM Inverter

Previously modelled boost converter feeds power to three phase PWM inverter. Data sheet of KACO TL 5.0 (5 kW
Central Inverter) is referred while modelling PWM inverter. dq-axis based synchronous reference frame control is
utilized for inverter control shown in Fig. 3. This synchronous reference frame based control provides simple and
independent control of active and reactive power of inverter. Three phase grid voltages and currents are converted into
synchronously rotating dq frame so that control variables become DC quantities. The grid voltage magnitude is found
out by orienting the grid voltage vector along d axis. Phase Lock Loop (PLL) is utilized to calculate the grid voltage.

Fig:3 Synchronous reference frame control

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 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering, Technology & Management (IJMRSETM)

| ISSN: 2395-7639 | www.ijmrsetm.com | Impact Factor: 7.580| A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Journal |

| Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2023 |

| DOI: 10.15680/IJMRSETM.2023.1003031 |

Two levels of PWM inverter comprise of six IGBT switches. Switching pulses for IGBT switches are generated from
completely decoupled but cascaded voltage and current control loops. The cascaded voltage and current control loops
are integrated with dq-axis based control and are shown in Fig. 4.

Fig :3 cascaded and voltage and current loops

The current control loop transfer function is formulated considering L filter. The AC side resistor and filter inductor
values are evaluated by taking 10% and 5% of base impedance. PI controller is utilized for inner current loop and the PI
controller parameters are calculated considering pole zero cancellation method [10]. Voltage control loop transfer
function is given in (10). For voltage controller modelling, the characteristic equation of second order closed loop
system is considered and PI controller parameters for this loop is evaluated using. All parameters and their values are
given in Table II.

Parameters values
3 phase grid voltage 415 Vrms
Dc link voltage 1200 vdc
L filter 1000µf
R,Ac side resistor 10.96 mH
Current controller Kp=6 ki=863
Voltage control Kp=0.1568 ki=11.09
Switching frequency 10khz

Modified IC Method of Active Power Control

The 5 kW solar system with single string configuration is integrated with single MPPT logic. IC method is used to
track the maximum power point voltage. As per the proposed method, IC will generate change of voltage ∆V from
solar array. ∆V is positive in left hand side of PV curve and negative in right hand side of PV curve shown in Fig. 5.
This ∆V is changed until conductance equation (11) become zero and thus maximum power and maximum power point
(MPP) voltage are found. For MPPT mode the operating point is OP 1 in Fig. 5. In case of off-MPPT mode, if PV
power increases from the reference power (off-MPPT mode power reference), a fractional voltage change ∆V’ will be
generated and it will reduce the MPP voltage to off-MPP voltage and operating point will shift to OP 2. From this new
operating point OP 2, off-MPPT mode voltage and active power will be calculated.

IJMRSETM©2023 | An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | 669

 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering, Technology & Management (IJMRSETM)

| ISSN: 2395-7639 | www.ijmrsetm.com | Impact Factor: 7.580| A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Journal |

| Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2023 |

| DOI: 10.15680/IJMRSETM.2023.1003031 |

The modification in IC method for off-MPPT mode of operation and modified duty ratio generation are shown in
Fig. 6. In MPPT and off-MPPT operation, the voltage error generates duty ratio d in the boost converter using
compensator.

Reactive Power Control:

The reactive power is controlled from active AC power sent to the grid by solar inverter at STC and changing
power factor from 1 to 0.7 for unity, leading and lagging cases. The reactive power reference will change the q-
axis current in dq axis current control loop inside the inverter. By this, solar inverter is operated in upf., leading
and lagging pf. modes.

In case of cloudy day (16th March, 2023) due to cloud shading, the random rise and fall of solar irradiance and module
temperature are seen from Fig. 9-10. Due to the intermittent solar irradiance and module temperature change on the
solar array, the solar power output reduces drastically. Active power control of the solar inverter system on sunny day
is performed on the solar irradiance and module temperature data shown in Fig. 7-8. To control active power in case of
sunny day, the the solar power references are set as 3 kW and 2 kW in FV-IC. Depending on the power references (3
kW and 2 kW) provided to MPPT, the sunny day’s actual solar PV power reduces from its original peak due to off
MPPT voltage. This off MPPT mode voltage is tracked by compensator of boost converter.

II. SIMULATION RESULTS

From the above fig the three-phase supply is grid after the control of the active and reactive power control normalized
waveforms of the instantaneous voltages in a three-phase system in one cycle with time increasing to the right. The
phase order is 1-2-3. This cycle repeats with the frequency of the power system. Ideally, each phase's voltage, current,
and power is offset from the others' by 120°.

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 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering, Technology & Management (IJMRSETM)

| ISSN: 2395-7639 | www.ijmrsetm.com | Impact Factor: 7.580| A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Journal |

| Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2023 |

| DOI: 10.15680/IJMRSETM.2023.1003031 |

Fig: three phase output supply (R, Y, B) of the grid

Fig:15 active and reactive power with respect to temperature

Fig:16 Active and reactive power factor by modified IC method

From this simulation we observed that the active and reactive power can be control by modified IC method. The
fluctuations in the grid mainly caused due to harmonics. These harmonics are controlled by the RC and rl and rlc
filters. These filters input was given to the solar inverter. The solar inverter feds the AC power as output to the grid.
Active power and reactive power can be controlled by using the capacitor banks and synchronous condenser and static
var compensators. Modified incremental conductance method is a combination of incremental conductance method and
frictional voltage compensators. Modified incremental conductance method is a combination of incremental
conductance method and frictional voltage method.

III. CONCLUSION

For large solar PV plant, regulation in penetration level is becoming challenging due to insufficient use
ofstorage devices. Moreover, due to high penetration level of solar PV, the grid voltage and power fluctuation degrade t
he grid stability. To address the concerning issue the active power injected from solar inverter should be regulated. To
control active power from solar inverter, MPPT logic is
modifiedand solar PV is operated in reduced voltage and power mode. For this a fraction voltage based IC method is
proposed in this paper. Regulating MPPT of solar PV by FV-IC the solar power generated from inverter is controlled in
any type of ambient situation. For sunny and cloudy day, the solar PV operated in both MPPT and off-

IJMRSETM©2023 | An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | 671

 International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Engineering, Technology & Management (IJMRSETM)

| ISSN: 2395-7639 | www.ijmrsetm.com | Impact Factor: 7.580| A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Journal |

| Volume 10, Issue 3, March 2023 |

| DOI: 10.15680/IJMRSETM.2023.1003031 |

MPPT depending on the pre- set active power reference and limited active power is sent to the grid. Additional to the
active power control, reactive power control is simulated on unity, legging and leading pf.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work is supported from and sponsored entitled as “Reconfigurable Distribution Network

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