Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

CHAPTER # 10
ELLIPTIC
INTEGRLAS

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 292

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

CHAPTER # 10
ELLIPTIC NTEGRLAS
1): The Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind:-
It is defined as,

𝛟 𝒅𝜽
𝑭(𝒌, 𝝓) = ∫𝟎 , 𝟎 < 𝒌 < 𝟏,
√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 

where 𝝓 is the amplitude

of 𝑭(𝒌, 𝝓) or 𝒖, written 𝝓 = 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝑭, and is 𝒌 its modulus, written 𝒌 = 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝑭. The
𝝅
integral is also called Legendre’s form for the elliptic integral of the first kind. If 𝝓 = the
𝟐
integral is called the complete integral of the first kind and is denoted by 𝑲(𝒌)or simply 𝑲.

2): The Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind:-

It is defined as,

𝛟
𝑺(𝒌, 𝝓) = ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐  𝒅𝜽 , 𝟎 < 𝒌 < 𝟏,

Also called Legendre’s

𝝅
form for the elliptic integral of the second kind. If 𝝓 = the integral is called the complete
𝟐
elliptic integral of the second kind and is denoted by 𝑺(𝒌) or simply 𝑺.

3): The Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the Third Kind:-

It is defined as,

 𝒅𝜽
𝐓(𝒌, 𝒏, ) =∫𝟎 , 𝟎 < 𝒌 < 𝟏.
(𝟏+𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 

Also called Legendre’s from for the elliptic integral of the third kind. Here 𝒏 is a constant
𝝅
assumed different from zero since if 𝒏 = 𝟎 third kind reduces to first kind. If 𝝓 = the
𝟐
integral is called the complete elliptic integral of the third kind.

Writing Integrals Into Elliptic Integrals:-

Examples:-

𝒅𝜽 𝟑 
1): ∫𝟎𝟒 = 𝑭 (√𝟐 , 𝟒)
𝟑
√𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 
𝟐


𝒅𝜽 𝟏  𝟏 𝟏
2): ∫𝟎𝟐 = 𝑭 (√ , ) = 𝑭 (√ ) = 𝑲 (√ )
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 
𝟐

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Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals


𝒅𝜽 𝟐  𝟐 𝟐
3): ∫𝟎𝟐 = 𝑭 (𝟑 , 𝟐) = 𝑭 (𝟑) = 𝑲 (𝟑)
𝟒
√𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 
𝟗

𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
4): ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅𝜽 = 𝑺 (𝟐 , 𝟔 )
𝟔

𝝅
𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
5): ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅𝜽 = 𝑺 (√𝟏𝟐 , 𝟐 ) = 𝑺 (√𝟐)
𝟐

𝝅
𝝅
6): ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐞𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅𝜽 = 𝑺 (𝒆 , 𝟐 ) = 𝑺(𝒆)
𝟐

𝝅
𝒅𝜽 𝟐 𝟏 𝝅
7): ∫𝟎 𝟑 = 𝑻 (𝟑 , 𝟒 , 𝟑 )
𝟏 𝟒
(𝟏+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )√𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 
𝟒 𝟗


𝒅𝜽 𝟐 𝟏  𝟐 𝟏
8): ∫𝟎𝟐 = 𝑻 (√𝟑 , − 𝟒 , 𝟐) = 𝑻 (√𝟑 , − 𝟒 )
𝟏 𝟐
(𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )√𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 
𝟒 𝟑

Example #1 :-

Prove that if 𝟎 < 𝒌 < 𝟏 :

𝝅
𝒅𝜽 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏∙𝟑 𝟐 𝟏∙𝟑∙𝟓 𝟐
𝚱 (𝐤) =∫𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟐 {𝟏 + (𝟐) 𝒌 + (𝟐⋅𝟒) 𝒌 + (𝟐⋅𝟒∙𝟔) 𝒌𝟔 + ⋯ }.
𝟐 𝟒
√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 

Solution:-

By the binomial theorem, we have

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓
− 𝟏 (− )(− ) (− )(− )(− )
(𝟏 − 𝒙) 𝟐 = 𝟏 + (− 𝟐) (−𝒙) + 𝟐 𝟐
(−𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
(−𝒙)𝟑 +...
𝟐! 𝟑!

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏.𝟑 𝟏.𝟑.𝟓
=𝟏+ 𝒙+ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 +…
√𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝟐.𝟒 𝟐.𝟒.𝟔

Putting 𝒙 = 𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  , we have

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏.𝟑 𝟏.𝟑.𝟓
= 𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  + 𝒌𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒  + 𝒌𝟔 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔 +…
√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝟐 𝟐.𝟒 𝟐.𝟒.𝟔

𝝅
Integrating both sides from 0 to , we get
𝟐

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒅𝜽 𝟏 𝟏.𝟑 𝟏.𝟑.𝟓
∫𝟎𝟐 = ∫𝟎 𝒅𝜽 + 𝒌 ∫𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧  𝒅𝜽 + 𝒌 ∫𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧  𝒅𝜽 +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
𝒌 ∫𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔  𝒅𝜽 + …
𝟔 𝟐
√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝟐 𝟐.𝟒 𝟐.𝟒.𝟔

Using the reduction formula, we have

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Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟑)(𝒏 − 𝟓) … 𝟐
𝝅 , 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝟐
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒏 − 𝟒) … 𝟑
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =
𝟎 (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟑)(𝒏 − 𝟓) … 𝟏 𝝅
, 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
{ 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒏 − 𝟒) … 𝟐 𝟐

Then,
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 𝟏𝝅
∫ 𝒅𝜽 = 𝜽 | 𝟐 = , ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅𝜽 =
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐

𝝅
𝟐 𝟑 .𝟏𝝅 𝟏 .𝟑 𝝅
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒  𝒅𝜽 = =
𝟎 𝟒 .𝟐𝟐 𝟐 .𝟒 𝟐
𝝅
𝟐 𝟓. 𝟑. 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏. 𝟑. 𝟓 𝝅
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔  𝒅𝜽 = =
𝟎 𝟔. 𝟒. 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐. 𝟒. 𝟔 𝟐

Substituting these values in above equation, we get


𝒅𝜽 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏𝝅 𝟏.𝟑 𝟏.𝟑 𝝅 𝟏.𝟑.𝟓 𝟏.𝟑.𝟓 𝝅
𝐊 (𝐤) =∫𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒌𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐.𝟒 𝒌𝟒 𝟐.𝟒 𝟐 + 𝟐.𝟒.𝟔 𝒌𝟔 𝟐.𝟒.𝟔 𝟐 +. ..
√ 𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 

𝝅
𝒅𝜽 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏∙𝟑 𝟐 𝟏∙𝟑∙𝟓 𝟐
𝚱 (𝐤) =∫𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟐 {𝟏 + (𝟐) 𝒌 + (𝟐⋅𝟒) 𝒌 + (𝟐⋅𝟒∙𝟔) 𝒌𝟔 + ⋯ }.
𝟐 𝟒
√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 

Example # 2 :-

𝝅
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate∫𝟎 𝟐 to 3 decimal places by first expressing the integral as an elliptic
√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

integral.

Solution:-

𝝅
Let, 𝒙 = – 𝒚 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒅𝒚
𝟐

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
when, 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = and, 𝒙 = ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟎. Since 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( − 𝒚) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Then,

𝝅 𝝅
𝟎
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
∫ = ∫ = ∫
𝟎 √𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝝅/𝟐 𝝅 𝟎 √𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚
√𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( − 𝒚)
𝟐

Let 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒖 ⇒ − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = −𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 𝒅𝒖

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Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖

⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒖
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 √𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒚 √𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒚

𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖

⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒖
√𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒖 √𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒖 √𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒖 √𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒖

 
when, 𝒚 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒖 ⇒ 𝒖 = 𝟎 and, 𝒚 = ⇒ 𝟎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒖 ⇒ 𝒖 =
𝟐 𝟐

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖
∫𝟎𝟐 = ∫𝟎 𝟐 =∫𝟎 𝟐 𝒅𝒖
√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 √𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖 √𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝒅𝒖
⇒ ∫ = 𝟐∫ =𝟐 ∫
𝟎 √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒖 𝟎 √𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖

𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏
⇒∫ = ∫ = √𝟐 𝑭 (√ , ) = √𝟐𝑲 (√ )
√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 𝟎
√𝟏 − 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖
𝟐

𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
𝝅 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑. 𝟓 𝟏
⇒ ∫ = √𝟐 {𝟏 + ( ) (√ ) + ( ) (√ ) + ( ) (√ ) + ⋯ }
𝟎 √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐. 𝟒 𝟐 𝟐. 𝟒. 𝟔 𝟐

𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
⇒ ∫ = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟐
𝟎 √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Example # 3 :-

𝝅
Evaluate: ∫𝟎 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 in terms of elliptic integrals.
𝟐

Solution:-

Let 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒖 ⇒ − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 𝒅𝒖

𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖

⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒖
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟐
√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 √𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝟐

𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖

⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒖
√𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝒖 √𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒖√𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖 √𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖

 
when, 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒖 ⇒ 𝒖 = 𝟎 and, 𝒙 = ⇒ 𝟎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒖 ⇒ 𝒖 =
𝟐 𝟐

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Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖
⇒ ∫𝟎 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝟐 𝒅𝒖
√𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖 √𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖

𝝅 𝝅
(𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖−𝟏)
⇒ ∫𝟎 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =2∫
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 √𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒖

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
⇒ ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ √𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒖

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
⇒ ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ √𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟎 𝟎 𝒐 √𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏
⇒ ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝟐 ∫ √𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 − √𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒖
𝟐
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
√𝟏 − 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖
𝟐

𝝅
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝑺 (√ ) − √𝟐 𝑲 (√ )
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐

𝝅
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ ∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝑺 (√ ) − √𝟐 𝑲 (√ )
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐

Example # 4 :-

𝝅
Evaluate: ∫𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .
𝟐

Solution:-

We have,

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∫ √𝟏 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √(𝟏 + 𝟒(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙)) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √𝟓 − 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
Let, 𝒙 = – 𝒚 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒅𝒚 when, 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = and, 𝒙 = ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝝅
Since, 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( − 𝒚) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚
𝟐

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 297

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝝅 𝝅
𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
⇒ ∫ √𝟏 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ √𝟓 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒚 (− 𝒅𝒚) = ∫ √𝟓 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝝅
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎

𝝅 𝝅
𝟒 𝟒
⇒ ∫ 𝟐 √𝟏
𝟎
+ 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = √𝟓 ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = √𝟓 S (√ )
𝟐
𝟓 𝟓

Example # 5 :-

𝒙 𝝅
Express: ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 in terms of incomplete elliptic integrals, where ≤ 𝒙 ≤ .
𝟔

Solution:-

Let, 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝓  𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 𝒅𝝓

𝐜𝐨𝐬  𝒅𝝓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 𝒅𝝓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 𝒅𝝓

⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = = =
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝟐√𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒖 𝟐√𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓
⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝝓
𝟏
𝟐√𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓
𝟒

when, 𝒖 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟎 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓 ⇒ 𝝓 = 𝟎 and 𝒖 = 𝒙 ⇒ 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝓 ⇒ 𝝓 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)

Then,

𝒙 𝝓
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓
⇒ ∫ √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 = ∫ √𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓 𝒅𝝓
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟐√𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓
𝟒

𝒙
𝟏  𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝓 𝟏 𝝓 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓
⇒ ∫ √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 = ∫ 𝒅𝝓 = ∫ 𝒅𝝓
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
𝟎
√𝟏 − 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓 𝟎
√𝟏 − 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓
𝟒 𝟒

𝟏
𝒙
𝟏 𝝓 −𝟑 + 𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓)
⇒ ∫ √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 = ∫ 𝟒 𝒅𝝓
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
√𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓
𝟒

𝒙 𝝓 𝝓
𝟑 𝒅𝝓 𝟏
⇒ ∫ √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 = − ∫ + 𝟐 ∫ √𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓 𝒅𝝓
𝟐 𝟎 𝟒
𝟎
√𝟏 − 𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓 𝟎
𝟒

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 298

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝒙
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ ∫ √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 = − 𝑭 ( , 𝝓) + 𝟐 𝑺 ( , 𝝓) , 𝝓 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Example # 6 :-
𝝅
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 𝝅
Prove that: ∫𝟎 𝟐 = 𝑭 (√ , ) − 𝑭 (√ , ).
√𝟐−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Solution:-

We have,

𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟐 − (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ) = 𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Then,
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
∫ = ∫ = ∫
√𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒙 √𝟑
𝟎 𝟎
√𝟑 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟎
√𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 
Let, = – 𝒖 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒅𝒖
𝟐 𝟐

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
When, 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒖 = and 𝒙 = ⇒ 𝒖 = . Then,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟒 −𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒖
∫ = ∫ = ∫
√𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 ( – 𝒖)
√𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 √𝟑 𝝅 √𝟑 𝝅
𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 √𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑

By the property of definite integrals:

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 299

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝒃 𝒃 𝒂
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 − ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝟎 𝟎

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 𝟒 𝒅𝒖
⇒∫ = ∫ − ∫
√𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 √𝟑
𝟎 𝟎
√𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 𝟎
√𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖
[ 𝟑 𝟑 ]

𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 𝝅
⇒ ∫ = [𝑭 (√ , ) − 𝑭 (√ , )]
𝟎 √𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Example # 7 :-

Find the length of arc of the curve 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅.

Solution:-

The formula of arc-length in Cartesian coordinate is,

𝒃 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝝅
Arc-length = ∫𝒂 √𝟏 + ( ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙

𝒂 𝒂
Since, ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 , if 𝒇(𝒙) is even

𝝅 𝝅
⇒Arc-length = 𝟐 ∫𝒐 √𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 √𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 300

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝝅
𝟏 𝟏
⇒Arc-length = 𝟐√𝟐 ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝑺 (√ )
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

Example # 8 :-

Find the length of arc of the ellipse 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏  , 𝒚 = 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔  , 𝒂 > 𝒃 > 𝟎 .

Solution:-

The arc-length formula in parametric coordinates system is given by:

𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
Arc-length = ∫ √ ( ) + ( ) 𝒅
𝟏 𝒅 𝒅

𝝅
⇒Arc-length = 𝟒 ∫𝟎 √𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐  + 𝒃𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅
𝟐

𝝅
⇒Arc-length = 𝟒 ∫𝟎 √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  + 𝒃𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅
𝟐

𝝅
⇒Arc-length = 𝟒 ∫𝟎 √𝒂𝟐 − (𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅
𝟐

𝝅 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂 −𝒃
⇒Arc-length = 𝟒𝒂 ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅
𝟐
𝒂

𝝅
⇒Arc-length = 𝟒𝒂 ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝒅
𝟐

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 301

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

This integral can not be evaluated in the form of the elementary functions ( 𝒙, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 , … , 𝒆𝒙 ,
𝒍𝒏𝒙, 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ). It is define a new function, called elliptic functions. This integral is called
the elliptic integral as it is derived from the determination of the Perimeter of the ellipse.
This integral can not be evaluated by standard methods of integration. First the integrand
√𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  is expanded as power series and integrated term by term

𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
⇒ Arc-length= 𝟒𝒂 𝑺(𝒆) ∴ 𝒆𝟐 = , 𝟎 < 𝒆 < 𝟏, 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒑𝒔.
𝒂𝟐

Example # 9 :-
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Evaluate in term of Elliptical Integrals: ∫𝟎 .
√(𝟒−𝒙𝟐 )(𝟗−𝒙𝟐 )

Solution:-

Let, 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅𝜽

When, 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟎 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 = 𝟎
𝝅
and, 𝒙 = 𝟐 ⇒ 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 =
𝟐

𝝅 𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
⇒∫ = ∫ = ∫
𝟎 √(𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟎 √(𝟒 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽)(𝟗 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽) 𝟎 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽√𝟗 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽

𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝜽 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
⇒ ∫ = ∫ = 𝑭 ( , ) = 𝑭( ) = 𝑲( )
𝟎 √(𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟑 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
√𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
𝟗

Example # 10 :-
𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Evaluate in term of Elliptical Integrals:∫𝟎 .
√(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏+𝟐𝒙𝟐 )

Solution:-

Let, 𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

When, 𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝟎 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 = 𝟎

and, 𝒙 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 =
𝟒

Then,

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 302

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝝅 𝝅
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽
∫ = ∫ = ∫ 𝒅𝜽
𝟎 √(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 √𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝟐
𝜽 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
√
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽
𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽
⇒ ∫𝟎 √(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ( = ∫𝟎𝟒 = ∫𝟎𝟒
) 𝟏+𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽√𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽+𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 √𝟐−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽

𝝅
Let, 𝜽 = − 𝝓 ⇒ 𝒅𝜽 = −𝒅𝝓
𝟐

𝝅
When, 𝜽 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝝓 =
𝟐

𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
and, 𝜽 = ⇒ 𝝓= 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( − 𝝓) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝓
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐

𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 −𝒅𝝓 𝟏 𝒅𝝓
⇒ ∫𝟎 √(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ( = ∫𝝅𝟒 = ∫𝝅
𝟐
) 𝟏+𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) √
𝟐
𝟐−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓 √𝟐 𝟒
𝟏
√𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝝓
𝟐

𝝅 𝝅
𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝝓 𝒅𝝓
⇒ ∫𝟎 √(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ( = [∫ 𝟐 − ∫𝟎𝟒 ]
) 𝟏+𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) √𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
√𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓 𝟐 √𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓
𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅
⇒ ∫𝟎 = [ 𝑭 (√𝟐 , 𝟐 ) − 𝑭 (√𝟐 , 𝟒 )]
√(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏+𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) √ 𝟐

Example # 11 :-
∞ 𝒅𝒖
Evaluate in term of Elliptical Integrals:∫𝟏 .
√(𝒖𝟐 −𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 +𝟑)

Solution :-

Let, 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽  𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

When, 𝒖 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝟏 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 = 𝟎
𝝅
and, 𝒖 = ∞ ⇒ ∞ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 =
𝟐

𝝅
∞
𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
∫ = ∫
𝟏 √(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟎 √(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏)(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟑)
𝝅 𝝅
∞ 𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽
⇒∫ = ∫ 𝒅𝜽 = ∫
𝟏
√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟎
√ 𝟏 + 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 √𝟏 + 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 303

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝝅 𝝅
∞ 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟐𝟐
⇒∫ = ∫ = ∫
𝟏 𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝟎 √𝟒 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑)

𝝅
∞ 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒅𝜽 𝟏 √𝟑 𝝅 𝟏 √𝟑
𝟐
⇒∫ = ∫ = 𝑭( , )= 𝑲 ( )
𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) √𝟏 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
𝟒

Example # 12 :-
∞ 𝒅𝒖
Express in term of Elliptical Integrals:∫𝟏 .
(𝟑𝒖𝟐 +𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 −𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 +𝟑)

Solution:-

Let, 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

When, 𝒖 = 𝟏 ⇒ 𝟏 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 = 𝟎
𝝅
and, 𝒖 = ∞ ⇒ ∞ = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝜽 ⇒ 𝜽 =
𝟐

Then,
𝝅
∞
𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
∫ = ∫
𝟏 (𝟑𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟎 (𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟏)√(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏)(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 + 𝟑)

𝝅
∞ 𝒅𝒖 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽𝒅𝜽
⇒ ∫𝟏 = ∫𝟎 𝟐
(𝟑𝒖𝟐 +𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 −𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 +𝟑) 𝟑+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝟏+𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
√
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽

𝝅
∞
𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
⇒∫ = ∫
𝟏 (𝟑𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟎 (𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽)√𝟏 + 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽)

𝝅
∞ (𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽) − 𝟑
𝒅𝒖 𝟐
⇒∫ =∫ 𝒅𝜽
𝟏 (𝟑𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟎 (𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽)√𝟏 + 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽)

𝝅 𝝅
∞
𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝒅𝜽 𝟐 𝒅𝜽
⇒ ∫ =∫ −𝟑 ∫
𝟏 (𝟑𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝟎 (𝟑 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽)√𝟏 + 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽)

𝝅 𝝅
∞
𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝒅𝜽 𝟐 𝒅𝜽
⇒ ∫ =∫ −𝟑 ∫
𝟏 (𝟑𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟎 √𝟒 + 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽) 𝟎 (𝟒 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽)√𝟒 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽)

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 304

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝝅 𝝅
∞ 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒅𝜽 𝟑 𝒅𝜽
⇒ ∫𝟏 = ∫𝟎 𝟐 − ∫ 𝟐
(𝟑𝒖𝟐 +𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 −𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 +𝟑) 𝟐 𝟑 𝟖 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑
√𝟏− 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 (𝟏−𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽)√𝟏−𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽)
𝟒

∞
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 √𝟑 𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏
⇒ ∫ = 𝑲 ( ) − 𝑻( ,− )
𝟏 (𝟑𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖 𝟐 𝟒

Example # 13 :-
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate 𝑰 = ∫ in terms of elliptic integrals.
√(𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟎)(𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟕)

Solution:-

Let, 𝒙 = 𝒚 + 𝜶 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒚. Then,

𝒅𝒙
𝑰= ∫
√(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟕)

𝒅𝒚
𝑰= ∫
√{𝒚𝟐 + (𝟐𝜶 − 𝟐)𝒚 + 𝜶𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶 + 𝟏𝟎}{𝒚𝟐 + (𝟐𝜶 + 𝟏)𝒚 + 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜶 + 𝟕}

Choose 𝜶 so that constant terms of each quadratic are equal

𝜶𝟐 − 𝟐𝜶 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝜶𝟐 + 𝜶 + 𝟕 ⇒ 𝜶 = 𝟏

Then,

𝒅𝒚
𝑰= ∫
√(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟗)(𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟗)

Let, 𝒚 = 𝜷𝒖 ⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝜷𝒅𝒖

Then,

𝒅𝒚
𝑰 = 𝜷∫
√(𝜷𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟗)(𝜷𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑𝜷𝒖 + 𝟗)

Choose 𝜷 so that the coefficient of 𝒖𝟐 in each quadratic is equal to the term i.e 𝜷𝟐 = 9

or 𝜷= 3. Then,

𝒅𝒖
𝑰= ∫
√(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝒖 + 𝟏)

𝟏+𝒕 𝟐𝒅𝒕
Let 𝒖 = ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = (𝟏−𝒕)𝟐 ,
𝟏−𝒕

Then,

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 305

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

𝒅𝒕
𝑰 = √𝟐 ∫
√(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑)

Now let 𝒕 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 and solve as in previous problem.

Drill Excercise # 1 :-
𝒕 𝒅𝒙
Express: ∫𝟎 in terms of elliptic integrals.
√𝟏−𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙

Answer:-
𝟏 𝟏
𝑭 ( , ) , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕)
√𝟑 √𝟑

Drill Excercise # 2 :-
𝝅
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate: ∫𝟎 𝟐 in term of elliptic integrals.
√𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙+𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙

Answer:-
𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
∫ = 𝑲( )
𝟎 √𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 √𝟐 √𝟐

Drill Excercise # 3 :-
𝝅
𝒅𝜽 √𝟑 𝟐
Show that: ∫𝟎 𝟐 =𝑭 ( , 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √ ).
√𝟏+𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟐 𝟑

Drill Excercise # 4 :-
𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Evaluate: ∫𝟎 .
√𝒙(𝟏−𝒙)(𝟏+𝒙)
Answer:-
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝟏
∫ . = √𝟐 𝑲 ( )
𝟎 √𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙) √𝟐

Drill Excercise # 5 :-

∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝟐√𝟐 𝝅
Show that:∫𝟎 = 𝑭( , ).
√𝒙𝟒 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

Drill Excercise # 6 :-
∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∶ ∫𝟏 = 𝑲 ( ).
√𝒙𝟒 −𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟐

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 306

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

EXERCISE- 10
Question # 1:-
Prove that if 𝟎 < 𝒌 < 𝟏 :
𝝅
𝒅𝜽 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏∙𝟑 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏∙𝟑∙𝟓 𝟐
𝚱 (𝐤) =∫𝟎 𝟐 = {𝟏 + ( ) 𝒌 + ( ) 𝒌 +( ) 𝒌𝟔 + ⋯ }.
√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐  𝟐 𝟐 𝟐⋅𝟒 𝟐⋅𝟒∙𝟔

Question # 2:-
𝝅
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate∫𝟎 𝟐 to 3 decimal places by first expressing the integral as an elliptic integral.
√𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Answer:-
𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
∫ = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟐
𝟎 √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Question # 3:-
𝝅
Evaluate: ∫𝟎 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 in terms of elliptic integrals.
𝟐

Answer:-

𝝅
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
∫ √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝟐 𝑺 (√ ) − √𝟐 𝑲 (√ )
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐

Question # 4:-
𝝅
Evaluate: ∫𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .
𝟐

Answer:-

𝝅
𝟒
∫𝟎 √𝟏 + 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = √𝟓 S (√𝟓)
𝟐

Question # 5:-
𝒙 𝝅
Express: ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 in terms of incomplete elliptic integrals, where ≤ 𝒙 ≤ .
𝟔

Answer:-
𝒙
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
∫ √𝟏 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒖 = − 𝑭 ( , 𝝓) + 𝟐 𝑺 ( , 𝝓) , 𝝓 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 307

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

Question # 6:-
𝝅
𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝟐 𝝅 𝟐 𝝅
Prove that: ∫𝟎 𝟐 = 𝑭 (√ , ) − 𝑭 (√ , ).
√𝟐−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

Question # 7:-
Find the length of arc of the curve 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅.

Answer:-

𝝅
𝟏 𝟏
Arc-length = 𝟒√𝟐 ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒√𝟐 𝑺 (√ )
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

Question # 8:-
Find the length of arc of the ellipse 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏  , 𝒚 = 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔  , 𝒂 > 𝒃 > 𝟎 .

Answer:-

𝟐 𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
Arc-length= 𝟒𝒂 𝑺(𝒆) ∴𝒆 =
𝒂𝟐

Question # 9:-
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Evaluate in term of Elliptical Integrals: ∫𝟎 .
√(𝟒−𝒙𝟐 )(𝟗−𝒙𝟐 )

Answer:-

𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
∫ = 𝑭 ( , ) = 𝑭( ) = 𝑲( )
𝟎 √(𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝟑 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

Question # 10:-
𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Evaluate in term of Elliptical Integrals:∫𝟎 .
√(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏+𝟐𝒙𝟐 )

Answer:-

𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
∫ = [𝑭( √ , )−𝑭 ( √ , )]
𝟎 √(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )(𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒

Question # 11:-
∞ 𝒅𝒖
Evaluate in term of Elliptical Integrals:∫𝟏 .
√(𝒖𝟐 −𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 +𝟑)

Answer:-
𝝅
∞
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝜽 𝟏 √𝟑 𝝅 𝟏 √𝟑
∫ = ∫ = 𝑭( , )= 𝑲 ( )
𝟏 √(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
𝟒

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 308

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

Question # 12:-
∞ 𝒅𝒖
Express in term of Elliptical Integrals:∫𝟏 .
(𝟑𝒖𝟐 +𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 −𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 +𝟑)

Answer:-

∞
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 √𝟑 𝟑 √𝟑 𝟏
∫ = 𝑲 ( ) − 𝑻( ,− ,)
𝟏 (𝟑𝒖𝟐 + 𝟏)√(𝒖𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝒖𝟐 + 𝟑) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖 𝟐 𝟒

Question # 13:-
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate 𝑰 = ∫ in terms of elliptic integrals.
√(𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟎)(𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟕)

Answer:-
𝒅𝒕
𝑰 = √𝟐 ∫
√(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑)

Now let 𝒕 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 and solve as in previous problem.

Question # 14:-
a): Use the binomial theorem to show that if |𝒙| < 𝟏.

𝒙 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟏. 𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝟏. 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒙𝟖
√𝟏 − 𝒙 = 𝟏 − − ( ) − ( ) −( ) +⋯
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐. 𝟒 𝟔 𝟐. 𝟒. 𝟔 𝟖

b): If  𝑲< 1, prove that:

𝝅

𝑺 (𝐤 , ) = ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒌 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟐
𝟐

 𝝅 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑 𝟐 𝒌𝟒 𝟏.𝟑.𝟓 𝟐 𝒌𝟔
𝑺 (𝐤, )= {𝟏 + ( ) 𝒌𝟐 + (( ) +( ) +. . . }
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐.𝟒 𝟑 𝟐.𝟒.𝟔 𝟓

Question # 15:-
Evaluate:
√𝟐 𝝅 √𝟐 𝝅 √𝟑
a): 𝑺 ( , ) b): 𝑭 ( , ) c): S(0.5) d): 𝑲 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Answer:-

a): 1.3506 b):1.8541 c): 1.4675 d): 2.1565

Question # 16:-
Show that:

a): 𝑺(𝟏, 𝝓) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝛟

𝝅 𝛟
b): 𝑭(𝟏, 𝝓) = 𝒍𝒏(𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝛟 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( + )
𝟒 𝟐

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 309

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

Question # 17:-
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
Find the perimeter of the ellipse + = 𝟏.
𝟗 𝟒

Hint:- Let 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓, be the parametric equations

Answer:-

15.865

Question # 18:-
𝝅
𝒅𝒙
Evaluate: ∫𝟎 𝟐 in term of elliptic integrals.
√𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙+𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙

Answer:-
𝝅
𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
∫ = 𝑲( )
𝟐 𝟐
𝟎 √𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 √𝟐 √𝟐

Question # 19:-
𝒕 𝒅𝒙
Express: ∫𝟎 in terms of elliptic integrals.
√𝟏−𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙

Answer:-
𝟏 𝟏
𝑭 ( , ) , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (√𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕)
√𝟑 √𝟑

Question # 20:-
𝝅
𝒅𝜽 √𝟑 𝟐
Show that: ∫𝟎 𝟐 =𝑭 ( , 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √ ).
√𝟏+𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝟐 𝟑

Question # 21:-
𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Evaluate: ∫𝟎 .
√𝒙(𝟏−𝒙)(𝟏+𝒙)
Answer:-
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝟏
∫ . = √𝟐 𝑲 ( )
𝟎 √𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)(𝟏 + 𝒙) √𝟐

Question # 22:-
∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝐄𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 ∶ ∫𝟏 = 𝑲 ( ).
√𝒙𝟒 −𝟏 √𝟐 √𝟐

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 310

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

Question # 23:-

Express each of the following in terms of elliptic integrals:

𝟐 𝒅𝒙
a): ∫𝟎
√(𝟏𝟔−𝒙𝟐 )(𝟐𝟓−𝒙𝟐 )

𝟏 𝟑−𝒙𝟐
b): ∫𝟎 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟓 𝒅𝒙
c): ∫𝟑
√(𝒙𝟐 −𝟗)(𝟐𝟓−𝒙𝟐 )

Answer:-
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝟏
a): 𝑲( ) b): 𝟓 𝑲 (𝟓) c): √𝟑 𝑬 (√𝟑)
𝟓 𝟓

Question # 24:-

Evaluate:

𝟏 𝒅𝒙
a): ∫𝟎
√(𝟓−𝒙)(𝟑−𝒙)(𝟏−𝒙)

∞ 𝒅𝒙
b): ∫𝟔
𝒙√(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟒)(𝒙−𝟔)

Answer :-

√𝟐 √𝟐
a): 𝐅 ( , 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 )
𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 √𝟐 𝝅 𝟏 √𝟐 𝟐 𝝅
b): 𝑭( , ) − 𝝅( ,− , )
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐

Question # 25:-

∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝟐√𝟐 𝝅
Show that:∫𝟎 = 𝑭( , ).
√𝒙𝟒 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 311

Advanced Mathematical Techniques Chapter # 10 Elliptic Integrals

SUMMARY OF CH # 10
1): The Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind:-
It is defined as,

𝛟 𝒅𝜽
𝑭(𝒌, 𝝓) = ∫𝟎 , 𝟎 < 𝒌 < 𝟏,
√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 

where 𝝓 is the amplitude of 𝑭(𝒌, 𝝓) or 𝒖, written 𝝓 = 𝒂𝒎𝒑𝑭, and is 𝒌 its modulus,

written 𝒌 = 𝒎𝒐𝒅𝑭. The integral is also called Legendre’s form for the elliptic integral of
𝝅
the first kind. If 𝝓 = the integral is called the complete integral of the first kind and is
𝟐
denoted by 𝑲(𝒌)or simply 𝑲.

2):The Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind:-

It is defined as,

𝛟
𝑺(𝒌, 𝝓) = ∫𝟎 √𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐  𝒅𝜽 , 𝟎 < 𝒌 < 𝟏,

𝝅
Also called Legendre’s form for the elliptic integral of the second kind. If 𝝓 = the
𝟐
integral is called the complete elliptic integral of the second kind and is denoted by 𝑺(𝒌) or
simply 𝑺.

3): The Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the Third Kind:-

It is defined as,

 𝒅𝜽
𝐓(𝒌, 𝒏, ) =∫𝟎 , 𝟎 < 𝒌 < 𝟏.
(𝟏+𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 )√𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 

Also called Legendre’s from for the elliptic integral of the third kind. Here 𝒏 is a constant
𝝅
assumed different from zero since if 𝒏 = 𝟎 third kind reduces to first kind. If 𝝓 = the
𝟐
integral is called the complete elliptic integral of the third kind.

Dr. Jamil Book Series 2 Page 312