Solving the Domain and Range;

Intercepts; and Asymptotes of Rational

Function

Prepared by:
Mr. George G. Lescano
Domain and Range of Rational Function:
𝑁(𝑥)
The Domain of a rational function 𝑓 𝑥 = is all
𝐷(𝑥)
the values of x that will not make D(x) equal to
zero.
To find the range of rational function is by finding
the domain of the inverse function.
Another way to find the range of rational function
is to find the value of horizontal asymptote.
 𝟐
Example 1: 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟑
In finding domain, the denominator D(x) is your concern
𝑥−3
𝑥−3=0 All real numbers such that the
value of x is not equal to 3.
𝑥−3+3=0+3
𝑥=3
𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧: −∞, 𝟑 ∪ 𝟑, ∞ 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 ≠ 𝟑
 𝟐 𝟐
Example 1: 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙=
𝒙−𝟑 𝒚−𝟑
Find the domain of the inverse function.
Note: Interchange x and y.
𝟐 𝒙(𝒚 − 𝟑) = 𝟐(𝟏)
𝒙=
𝒚−𝟑 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟐
𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: (−∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞) 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
All real numbers such that 𝒙
the value of x is not equal 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
to 0. 𝒙 𝒙=𝟎
Using graph:

𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧: −∞, 𝟑
∪ 𝟑, ∞ 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 ≠ 𝟑

𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: −∞, 𝟎
∪ 𝟎, ∞ 𝐨𝐫 𝐲 ≠ 𝟎
 𝒙−𝟓
Example 2: 𝒚= 𝑥 = −2
𝒙+𝟐
𝒚−𝟓
𝒙= 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧: −∞, −𝟐 ∪ −𝟐, ∞
𝒚+𝟐
𝒙(𝒚 + 𝟐) = 𝟏(𝒚 − 𝟓) 𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: (−∞, 𝟏) ∪ (𝟏, ∞)
𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙 = 𝒚 − 𝟓
𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟏) = −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓 −𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒚=
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙=𝟏
Using graph:

𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧: −∞, −𝟐
∪ −𝟐, ∞ 𝐨𝐫 𝐱 ≠ −𝟐

𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: −∞, 𝟏
∪ 𝟏, ∞ 𝐨𝐫 𝐲 ≠ 𝟏
 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 (𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟐)
Example 3: 𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)

𝒙−𝟏=𝟎 Find the value of horizontal asymptote.

𝒙=𝟏 𝑵(𝒙) 𝒂𝒙 𝒏
𝒏<𝒎 𝒚=𝟎
=
𝑫 𝒙 𝒂𝒙𝒎
𝒙−𝟑=𝟎 𝒏=𝒎 𝒂
𝒙=𝟑 𝒚=
𝒃
𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧: (−∞, 𝟏) ∪ (𝟏, 𝟑) ∪ (𝟑, ∞) 𝒏 > 𝒎 No Horizontal
𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: (−∞, 𝟏) ∪ (𝟏, ∞) Asymptote
 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗
Example 4: 𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙−𝟔 (𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐)
𝒙=𝟑
𝒙 = −𝟐 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧: (−∞, −𝟐) ∪ (−𝟐, 𝟑) ∪ (𝟑, ∞)

𝒏<𝒎 𝒚=𝟎
𝒚=𝟎
𝒏=𝒎 𝒂
𝒚=
𝒃 𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞: (−∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞)
𝒏 > 𝒎 No Horizontal
Asymptote
 Domain Range
𝟒
𝒚= (−∞, 𝟑) ∪ (𝟑, ∞) (−∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞)
−𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓
𝒚= 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎
𝟒 −x 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒
−𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟎 𝒙=
−𝒙 = −𝟑 − 𝟏 −𝒚 + 𝟑 −𝒙
𝒙=𝟑 𝒙(−𝒚 + 𝟑) = 𝟒(𝟏) 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒
−𝒙𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒚=
𝒙
 Domain Range
𝟒
𝒚= (−∞, 𝟑) ∪ (𝟑, ∞) (−∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞)
−𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓 (−∞, −𝟒) ∪
𝒚= 𝟐 (−∞, 𝟏) ∪ (𝟏, ∞)
𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 (−𝟒, 𝟓) ∪ (𝟓, ∞)

𝒙 = 𝟓; 𝒙 = −𝟒
Solving x and y Intercepts, Vertical and
Horizontal Asymptotes
 𝒙−𝟗
Example 1: 𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐱 − 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭:
𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅 𝟏: 𝑳𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒚 = 𝟎:
𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅 𝟐: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝒙−𝟗
𝟎= 𝟐 𝒙−𝟗=𝟎
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔
𝒙=𝟗
𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝒙 − 𝟗
𝟎=𝒙−𝟗
𝟗=𝒙 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: (𝟗, 𝟎)
 𝒙−𝟗
Example 1: 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: (𝟗, 𝟎)
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐲 − 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭: 𝟑
𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕: (𝟎, )
𝑳𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟎: 𝟐
𝟎−𝟗
𝒚= 𝟐
𝟎 +𝟎−𝟔
−𝟗
𝒚=
−𝟔
𝟗 𝟑
𝒚 = 𝐨𝐫
𝟔 𝟐
 𝒙−𝟗
Example 1: 𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔 (𝒙, 𝟑)(𝒙, −𝟐)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞 (VA):
Are vertical lines that are obtained by the x values
that will make the function undefined. You can find
the vertical asymptote by finding a value in the
domain that will cause f(x) to become undefined.

𝒙+𝟑=𝟎 𝒙−𝟐=𝟎
𝑽𝑨: {𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 − 𝟑}
𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒙=𝟐
 𝒙−𝟗
Example 1: 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝑯𝑨: {𝟎}
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐳𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐬𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐞 (HA):
Is an output value that a
function approaches as 𝒏<𝒎 𝒚=𝟎
the input approaches ±∞
𝒏=𝒎 𝒂
. This a horizontal line 𝒚=
𝒃
whose equation is of the
form y = b in which the 𝒏 > 𝒎 No Horizontal Asymptote
curve approaches but
does not cross on it.
 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝟏)
Example 2: 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟒 𝒙 = 𝟎; 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝟎, 𝟎
𝒙 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝟑 − 𝟎𝟐
𝟏, 𝟎 𝟎
𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐 𝒚=𝟎
𝟎 −𝟒
𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 (𝟎, 𝟎)
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒 𝒙= 𝟒 𝒙=𝟐
𝑽𝑨 𝟐

𝑯𝑨 𝑵𝑯𝑨
 𝒙 𝒚 𝑽𝑨 𝑯𝑨
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑
𝒚= 𝑵𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟎, −𝟓& 𝟎
(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟏𝟓 𝟐

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟒𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 −𝟐
𝒚= 𝒚= 𝒚=
(𝟎 + 𝟓)(𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟑) (𝟓)(−𝟑) 𝟏𝟓
𝟑
(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 = −𝟓, 𝒙 =
𝟐
 𝒙 𝒚 𝑽𝑨 𝑯𝑨
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟑
𝒚= 𝑵𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟎, −𝟓& 𝟎
(𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟏𝟓 𝟐

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖 𝟒, 𝟎
𝑵𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟎 𝑵𝑯𝑨
𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟐, 𝟎
𝟒𝒙

(𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒙 = 𝟒; 𝒙 = −𝟐 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟎𝟐 − 𝟐(𝟎) − 𝟖 −𝟖 𝟒
𝒇(𝒙) = = 𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑬𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑬𝑫
𝟒(𝟎) 𝟎 𝒙=𝟎
Quotation of the day!