DANA Neurosurgery
DANA Neurosurgery
DANA Neurosurgery
Brudzinski sign
Tumbler test
empyema :
= collection of pus between dura and arachnoid membranes .
Causes: streptococci, staphylococci, enterobacteria ,
SYMP : fever, vomiting, impaired consciousness, and rapid development of neurologic signs suggesting widespread
involvement of one cerebral hemisphere , seizures .
Diagnosis : contrast-enhanced MRI / , if MRI is not available, contrast-enhanced CT— blood culture — lumbar puncture is
contraindicated in patients with meningeal signs mass lesion is excluded .
Treatment : - surgical drainage
- antibiotics ( eg; ceftriaxone, metronidazole, vancomycin )
- Mannitol / dexamethasone if ICP is high
- Hemicraniectomy may be required if intracranial pressure cannot be otherwise controlled
Prognosis : Awake and alert patients have a good prognosis in the majority of the cases.
Stuporous and comatose patients have high mortality.
Older age patients have the worst prognosis.
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Types:
Hansen type I (nucleus pulposus degeneration and extrusion).
• Hansen type II (annulus fibrosis degeneration and protrusion).
Clinical finding : sciatica by history, ipsilateral SLR , crossed SLR , ankle dorsiflextion weakness, great toe extensor
weakness, sensory loss, Parian radiate down below the knee , sharp pain on one body side.
SLR = straight leg raising test
patient supine elevate leg between
Treatment: NSAIDs -muscle relaxants , physical activity !! Avoid bed rest
30-60 degree , positive when pain
!! Side effect of NSAIDs = gastrointestinal toxicity
radiate to leg
Patients improve writhing 4-6 weeks
Epidural steroid injection if not improved after 6 weeks
Surgery : microdiscetomy
Causes :
Sitting for long period in same position - being overweight - lifting heavy objects - repitive bending /twisting motions
-smoking
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STROKES :
ISHCEMIC STROKE :
Symp :
Thrombotic stroke —> patient awakens from sleep with the neurologic defici
Emboli stroke —> onset is very rapid ( Clinical features depend on the artery that is occluded) MCA is
most common affected …causing : Contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss — Aphasia —Apraxia,
contralateral body neglect, confusion .
Lacunae stroke : includes 4 major syndromes ( motor, sensory, ataxic hemiparesis, clumsy hand
dysarthria)
Diagnosis : CT scan of head , MRI “more sensitive” , ECG (for MI/fibrillation cause of embolmic stroke ),
MRA (for aneurysms )
Complications : cerebral edema (1-2 days causing mass effects), hemorrhage , seizures
Treatment : Acute : airway , oxygen, IV fluids , thrombolytic therapy t-PA “within 3 hrs”, (!!! Don’t give t-
PA if time of stroke in unknown because if after 3 hrs / has HTN bleed trauma… it will increase risk fro
hemorrhage ), aspirin within 24 hrs ( clopidogrel if contraindicated, if both not give ticlopidine)
Brain tumors :
clinical presentation : isidous onset ->headache-> seizure-> mental,behavioral,personality
changes, lateral icing/focal neurological deficits—>increased ICP “intracranial pressure”
Tests: X-ray, EEG, perimetery.audiometer, CSF,
Biopsy
Treatment :surgery, brachytherapy, radiotherapy,
Chemotherapy, Gamma-knife
Types :
Astrocytoma : most common glioma
Cerebral astrocytoma”>in adults “ ….behavioral changes, seizures, hemiparesis, language
difficulty .
Cerebelllar astrocytoma “>in children” …hemisphere , ataxia (=disorders affect speech,
balance and coordination ) .
Brain stem “children”…pons,CN deficits .
Has 4 grades : (1) pilocytic : in children &young adults
(2)diffuse / fibrillary :common in cerebral hemisphere in young adults , benign , complete
resection not possible
(3)anaplastic
(4) glioblastoma multiforme
Gliomas imaging : high grade—> appear as contrast enhancing mass lesions arise in white
matter + surrounded by edema
Low grade —> diifusely infiltrate brain tissue
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Meningioma : 2nd most common brain tumor (usually benign)
- Originate from arachnoid cells , female:male ration 3:2 , spinal meningioma *10 in women .
- Occur with NF-2
- Rare in children ( more in boys)
Etiology: radiotherapy , head trauma , viral infection, estrogen receptors
Symp: some are asymptomatic “found by MRI”
Symp acccording to tumor location
Diagnosis : cranial CT scan , angiography “hyper vascular mass “, MR angiography &
venography.
! Growth rate : <1 cm /year
Surgery : complete resection …. For recurrence: reresection
Symp:
compression of neural +vascular structures : headache , hypopituitarism , visual
symp(visual loss-visual field abnormality like bitemporal hemianopsia ) ,papilledema”rare” , may
enlarge with pregnancy Hemianopsia= loss
Aneurysm :
why they develop ? Atherosclerosis- hypertension-sickle cell anemia -congenital/familial inherited
-trauma-infection-cigarettes -alcohol-
Who get them ? 40-60 years — female
Symptoms: headache- facial pain- meningeal irritation (neck pain stiffness)-seizures-alterions in
consciousness-visual symp(blurry vision- diplopi)
Diagnosis ; history — CT &MRI -lumbar puncture -angiography
Management: surgical. “Clipping-coiling “ —— medical
Management:
Bed rest, maintain clear airway , manage BP, give fluids , monitor hypoanteremia
Steroids for head and neck pain
Early repair
Clipped / coiled
!! Hunt Hess scale before management
Surgical repair ( requires craniotomy and brain retraction )
Endovascular techniques (placing platinum, coils with on aneurysm via catheter
passed from femoral artery )
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Dana Alnimri
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GCS :Examination to evaluate the level of
NIHSS: measure of stroke-related
consciousness by:* Eyeresponse(maxscore=4)
neurologic deficits that, when
* Verbalresponse(maxscore=5)
* Motorresponse(maxscore=6) measured at 24 h,“assess severity of
HUNT HESS scale: to classify the The ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program
severity of a subarachnoid hemorrhage Early CT Score): 10-point scoring system
based on the patient's clinical for assessing middle cerebral artery
condition (MCA) stroke patient .
Dana Alnimri
ASITN : MRS
ASITN -SYR collateral flow grading The Modified Rankin Scale = used to
system for determining angiographic measure the degree of disability in
collateral grade on pretreatment patients who have had a stroke
angiography .
Fisher :