Astm E23-24

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E23 − 24 An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for

Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E23; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the B925 Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder
Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), desig- Determine Conformance with Specifications
nation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). ASTM Test Methods
In addition, information is provided on the significance of E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of Determine the Precision of a Test Method
measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2). E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associ- E2298 Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of
ated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K). Metallic Materials
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3. Terminology
standard. 3.1 Definitions of Terms Common to Mechanical Testing
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch- from Terminology E6:
pound units for information only. 3.1.1 absorbed energy, [FL], n—work spent to fracture a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the specimen in a single pendulum swing, as measured by a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the compensated indicating device.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.2 drop height, h, [L], n—the center of strike vertical
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- distance between the free-hanging position and the latched
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. position.
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 3.2.1 direct verification, n—process that ensures all parts
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the that may affect measured absorbed energy are within specified
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- dimensional tolerances.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 3.2.2 free-hanging position, n—position of the pendulum
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. after oscillation stops such that the potential and kinetic energy
is zero.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.07 on
2
Impact Testing. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Provided by : www.spic.ir
Current edition approved April 1, 2024. Published May 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1933. Last previous edition approved 2023 as E23 – 23a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0023-24. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

1
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
3.2.3 free swing, n—uninterrupted (without a test specimen) 7.2.2 Procedures for indirect verification of Charpy
pendulum swing from the latched position as recorded by the machines, using verification specimens, are given in A2.4.
indicating device (see A2.3.8.1). Charpy impact machines require direct and indirect verification
3.2.4 indirect verification, n—process that ensures the aver- annually.
age absorbed energy from testing a set of verification speci-
mens corresponds to the certified absorbed energy within a 8. Test Specimens
specified tolerance (see A2.4.1). 8.1 Configuration and Orientation:
3.2.5 latched position, n—position of the pendulum on the 8.1.1 Specimens shall be taken from the material as speci-
release mechanism prior to being released to perform a test. fied by the applicable specification.
8.1.2 The specimens shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are those
3.2.6 lateral expansion [L], n—the maximum increase in the
most widely used and most generally satisfactory. They are
thickness of the specimen as a result of the impact test,
particularly suitable for ferrous metals, excepting cast iron.3
expressed in mm.
The Charpy specimen designations are V-notch and U-notch.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Lateral expansion is used as a measure
of ductility. NOTE 1—Keyhole notch specimen is similar to U-notch, except the
notch width is 1.6 mm or less.
3.2.7 range capacity, n—maximum available energy for a
specific pendulum setting. 8.1.3 The specimens commonly found suitable for powder
3.2.7.1 Discussion—On single range machines this corre- metallurgy materials is shown in Fig. 3. Powder metallurgy
sponds to the machine capacity. impact test specimens shall be produced following the proce-
dure in Practices B925. The impact test results of these
3.2.8 shear fracture appearance, SFA, n—the amount of
materials are affected by specimen orientation. Therefore,
fracture surface in the specimen that failed in a shear (stable)
unless otherwise specified, the position of the specimen in the
mode, expressed in percent.
machine shall be such that the pendulum will strike a surface
4. Summary of Test Method that is parallel to the compacting direction. For powder
metallurgy materials the impact test results are reported as
4.1 The essential features of an impact test are: a suitable
unnotched absorbed energy.
specimen (specimens of several different types are recognized),
8.1.4 Sub-size and supplementary specimen recommenda-
a set of anvils, and specimen supports on which the test
tions are given in Annex A3.
specimen is placed to receive the blow of the moving mass, a
moving mass that has sufficient energy to break the specimen 8.2 Specimen Machining:
placed in its path, and an indicating device for measuring the 8.2.1 When heat-treated materials are being evaluated, the
absorbed energy of the broken specimen. specimen shall be finish machined, including notching, after
the final heat treatment, unless it can be demonstrated that the
5. Significance and Use impact properties of specimens machined before heat treatment
5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically are identical to those machined after heat treatment.
to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application 8.2.2 Notches shall be smoothly machined, but polishing
of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a has proven generally unnecessary.
notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases NOTE 2—Variations in notch dimensions will affect the results of the
with high or low temperatures. For some materials and tests. Appendix X1.2 illustrates the effects from varying notch dimensions
temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, on V-notch specimens.
when correlated with service experience, have been found to NOTE 3—In keyhole notch specimens, carefully drill the round hole
with a slow feed rate. Exercise care in cutting the slot to ensure that the
predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further surface of the drilled hole opposite the slot is not damaged.
information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
8.2.3 Identification marks shall only be placed in the fol-
6. Precautions in Operation of Machine lowing locations on specimens: either of the 10 mm square
ends; the side of the specimen that faces up when the specimen
6.1 Safety precautions should be taken to protect personnel
is positioned in the anvils (see Note 4); or the side of the
from the swinging pendulum, flying broken specimens, and
specimen opposite the notch. No markings, on any side of the
hazards associated with specimen warming and cooling media.
specimen, shall be within 10 mm of the center line of the notch.
7. Apparatus Permanent markers, laser engraving, scribes, electrostatic
pencils, and other reasonable marking methods may be used
7.1 General Requirements:
for identification purposes. However, some marking methods

7.1.1 The testing machine shall be a pendulum type of rigid
can result in damage to the specimens if not used correctly. For
construction.
example, excessive heat from electrostatic pencils or deforma-
7.1.2 The testing machine shall be designed and built to
tion to the specimen from stamping can change the mechanical
conform with the requirements given in Annex A1.
properties of the specimen. Therefore, care shall always be
7.2 Inspection and Verification:
7.2.1 Procedures for direct verification of impact machines
are provided in A2.2 and A2.3. The items listed in A2.2 require 3
Report of Subcommittee XV on Impact Testing of Committee A03 on Cast Iron,
direct verification annually. Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 33 Part 1, 1933.

2
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
ID Number Description Dimension Tolerance

1 Length of specimen 55 mm +0/-2.5 mm
2 Centering of notch ±1 mm
3 Notch length to edge 90° ±2°
4 Adjacent sides angle 90° ±0.17°
5 Width 10 mm ±0.075 mm
6 Thickness 10 mm ±0.075 mm
7V Ligament length, Type V 8 mm ±0.025 mm
7U Ligament length, Type U 5 mm ±0.075 mm
8V Radius of notch, Type V 0.25 mm ±0.025 mm
8U Radius of notch, Type U 1 mm ±0.025 mm
9 Angle of notch 45° ±1°
A Surface finish requirements 2 µm (Ra) #
B Surface finish requirements 4 µm (Ra) #
FIG. 1 Charpy (Simple-Beam) Impact Test Specimens, V-Notch and U-Notch

1 Length of specimen 75 mm +0/-2.5 mm
2 Notch to top 28 mm
3 Notch length to edge 90° ±2°

5 Width 10 mm ±0.025 mm
6 Thickness 10 mm ±0.025 mm
7 Ligament length 8 mm ±0.025 mm
8 Radius of notch 0.25 mm ±0.025 mm
9 Angle of notch 45° ±1°
A Surface finish requirement 2 µm (Ra) #
B Surface finish requirement 4 µm (Ra) #
FIG. 2 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen

3
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
COMPACTING DIRECTION ↓
STRIKING DIRECTION →
1 Length of Charpy specimen 55 mm ±1.0 mm
1 Length of Izod specimen 75 mm ±1.5 mm
2 Width 10.00 mm ±0.13 mm
3 Thickness 10.00 mm ±0.13 mm
FIG. 3 Powder Metallurgy (PM) Unnotched Charpy and Izod Impact Test Specimens
taken to avoid damage to the specimen. Stamping and other After the testing machine has been ascertained to comply with
marking processes that result in deformation of the specimen Annex A1 and Annex A2, carry out the routine check as
should only be used on the ends of the specimens, prior to follows:
notching. 9.1.1.1 Visually examine the striker and anvils for obvious
damage and wear.
NOTE 4—Careful consideration should be given before placing identi-
fication marks on the side of the specimen to be placed up when positioned 9.1.1.2 Check the machine with a free swing. The indicating
in the anvils. If the test operator is not careful, the specimen can be placed device shall indicate zero on machines reading directly in
in the machine with the identification marking resting on the specimen absorbed energy. On machines reading in degrees, the reading
supports (that is, facing down). Under these circumstances, the absorbed shall correspond to zero absorbed energy on the conversion
energy value obtained may be unreliable.
formula or table furnished by the machine manufacturer. On
8.2.4 Unless otherwise specified by product or customer machines that do not compensate for total frictional losses, the
specifications, standard test specimens shall conform to the analog scale will not indicate zero. In this case, the indicated
dimensions and tolerances shown in Fig. 1 or any other values, when converted to absorbed energy, shall be corrected
applicable figure in this test method. for total frictional losses that are assumed to be proportional to
NOTE 5—The type of specimen chosen depends largely upon the the arc of the swing.
characteristics of the material to be tested. Often a given specimen is not 9.1.1.3 The percent friction and windage loss shall not
equally satisfactory for soft nonferrous metals and hardened steels; exceed 0.4 % of the range capacity being tested and should not
therefore, many types of specimens are recognized. In general, sharper change by more than 10 % of the percent friction and windage
and deeper notches are required to distinguish differences in very ductile
materials or when using low testing velocities. Side-grooved specimens
loss measurements previously recorded on the machine. If the
have been used to minimize absorbed energy variability for high-strength percent friction and windage loss does exceed 0.4 % or is
and ductile materials. significantly different from previous measurements, check the
indicating device, the release mechanism, and the bearings for
9. Procedure wear and damage. However, if the machine has not been used
9.1 Preparation of the Apparatus: recently, let the pendulum swing for 50 to 100 cycles, and
9.1.1 Perform a routine procedure for checking impact repeat the percent friction and windage loss test before
machines at the beginning of each day, each shift, or just prior undertaking repairs to the machine. To ensure that percent
to testing on a machine used intermittently. The results of these friction and windage loss is within allowable tolerance, use one
routine checks should be kept in a log book for the machine. of the following evaluation procedures:

4
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
(1) For a machine equipped with an analog scale: as the holding temperature (see Note 9). The maximum change
Raise the pendulum to the latched position; in the temperature of the specimen allowed for the interval
Move the analog scale pointer to the range capacity being used; between the temperature conditioning treatment and impact is
Release the pendulum (without a specimen in the machine);
Allow the pendulum to cycle five times (a forward and a backward
not specified here, because it is dependent on the material
swing together count as one cycle); being tested and the application. The user of nontraditional or
Prior to the sixth forward swing set the analog scale pointer to lesser used temperature conditioning and transfer methods (or
between 5 % and 10 % of the range capacity being used;
After the sixth forward swing record the value indicated by the
specimen sizes) shall show that the temperature change for the
analog scale pointer (convert to absorbed energy if necessary); specimen prior to impact is comparable to or less than the
Divide the energy reading by 10; temperature change for a standard size specimen of the same
Divide by the range capacity being used, and
Multiply by 100 to get the percent friction and windage loss.
material that has been thermally conditioned in a commonly
used medium (oil, air, nitrogen, acetone, methanol), and
(2) A machine equipped with a digital display: transferred for impact within 5 s (see Note 9). Three tempera-
Determine the percent friction and windage loss per manufac- ture conditioning and transfer methods used in the past are:
turer’s procedure. liquid bath thermal conditioning and transfer to the specimen
(3) For machine equipped with both an analog scale and supports with centering tongs; furnace thermal conditioning
digital display: and robotic transfer to the specimen supports; placement of the
Determine the percent friction and windage loss using the same specimen on the supports followed by in situ heating and
indicating device used to report absorbed energy (11.1.6 and cooling.
A2.4). 9.2.4.1 For liquid bath cooling or heating use a suitable
NOTE 6—Prior to the 2012 version, the percent friction and windage container, which has a grid or another type of specimen
loss was based on 11 (half) swings and the analog scale pointer was not
engaged on the first swing. Now the pointer is engaged on the first swing. positioning fixture. Cover the specimens, when immersed, with
The difference is that the friction, windage, and analog scale pointer at least 25 mm (1 in.) of the liquid, and position so that the
mechanism losses associated with the first swing are no longer assumed to notch area is not closer than 25 mm to the sides or bottom of
be zero. On the first swing the pointer should go to 0.00, so any friction the container, and no part of the specimen is in contact with the
and windage losses that will be recorded will only show up on the
container. Place the device used to measure the temperature of
following 10 (half) swings.
the bath in the center of a group of the specimens. Agitate the
9.2 Test Temperature Considerations: bath and hold at the desired temperature within 61 °C (62 °F).
9.2.1 The temperature of testing affects the impact proper- Thermally condition the specimens for at least 5 min before
ties of most materials. For materials with a body centered cubic testing, unless a shorter thermal conditioning time can be
structure, a transition in fracture mode occurs over a tempera- shown to be valid by measurements with thermocouples. Leave
ture range that depends on the chemical composition and the device (tongs, for example) used to handle the specimens in
microstructure of the material. Test temperatures may be the bath for at least 5 min before testing, and return the device
chosen to characterize material behavior at fixed values, or to the bath between tests.
over a range of temperatures to characterize the transition 9.2.4.2 When using a gas medium, position the specimens
region, lower shelf, or upper shelf behavior, or all of these. The so that the gas circulates around them and hold the gas at the
choice of test temperature is the responsibility of the user of desired temperature within 61 °C (62 °F) for at least 30 min.
this test method and will depend on the specific application. Leave the device used to remove the specimen from the
For tests performed at room temperature, the temperature medium in the medium except when handling the specimens.
should be 20 °C 6 5 °C.
9.2.2 The temperature of a specimen can change signifi- NOTE 7—Temperatures up to +260 °C may be obtained with certain
oils, but “flash-point” temperatures should be carefully observed.
cantly during the interval it is removed from the temperature NOTE 8—For testing at temperatures down to –196 °C (77 °K), standard
conditioning environment, transferred to the impact machine, testing procedures have been found to be adequate for most metals.
and the fracture event is completed (see Note 9). When using NOTE 9—A study has shown that a specimen heated to 100 °C in water
a heating or cooling medium near its boiling point, use data can cool 10 °C in the 5 s allowed for transfer to the specimen supports.4
Other studies, using cooling media that are above their boiling points at
from the references in Note 9 or calibration data with thermo- room temperature have also shown large changes in specimen temperature
couples to confirm that the specimen is within the stated during the transfer of specimens to the machine anvils. In addition, some
temperature tolerances when the striker contacts the specimen. materials change temperature dramatically during impact testing at
If excessive adiabatic heating is expected, monitor the speci- cryogenic temperatures due to adiabatic heating.5
men temperature near the notch during fracture. 9.3 Charpy Test Procedure:
9.2.3 Verify temperature-measuring equipment at least ev- 9.3.1 The Charpy test procedure may be summarized as
ery six months. If liquid-in-glass thermometers are used, an follows: the test specimen is thermally conditioned and posi-
initial verification shall be sufficient, however, the device shall tioned on the specimen supports against the anvils; the pendu-
be inspected for problems, such as the separation of liquid, at lum is released without vibration, and the specimen is impacted
least every six months.
9.2.4 Hold the specimen at the desired temperature within
61 °C (62 °F) in the temperature conditioning environment. 4
Nanstad, R. K., Swain, R. L. and Berggren, R. G., “Influence of Thermal
Conditioning Media on Charpy Specimen Test Temperature,”Charpy Impact Test:
Any method of heating or cooling or transferring the specimen
Factors and Variables, ASTM STP 1072, ASTM, 1990, pp. 195-210.
to the anvils may be used provided the temperature of the 5
Tobler R. L. Et al.,“ Charpy Impact Tests Near Absolute Zero,” Journal of
specimen immediately prior to fracture is essentially the same Testing and Evaluation, Vol 19, 1 1992.

5
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
by the striker. Information is obtained from the machine and (see A1.10.1). The tongs illustrated in Fig. 4 are for centering
from the broken specimen. V-notch specimens. If non V-notch specimens are used, modi-
9.3.1.1 The 8 mm striker shall be used, unless the 2 mm fication of the tong design may be necessary. If an end-
striker is specified. centering device is used, caution shall be taken to ensure that
NOTE 10—For some materials, the striker radius can significantly affect low-energy high-strength specimens will not rebound off this
the results. device into the pendulum and cause erroneously high recorded
9.3.2 To position a test specimen in the machine, self- absorbed energy values. Many such devices are permanent
centering tongs similar to those shown in Fig. 4 should be used fixtures of machines, and if the clearance between the end of a
ID Number Designation Dimension, mm ID Number Designation Dimension, mm

1 Support (notch side) length 39.93 + 0 –0.051 8B 10 mm specimen width 1.52 to 1.65
5 mm specimen width 0.69 to 0.81
2 Support (notch side) height 7.94 ± 1 9 Solder pad length 17.46 ± 1
3 Insert angle 44.5 ± 0.5° 10 Solder pad extension 4.76 ± 1
4 Radius on support 2±1 11 Solder pad height 9.5 ± 1

5 Support width 9.5 ± 1 12 rod 7.94 ± 1
6 Notch center 19.96 13 1.588 ± 1
7 Notch center 19.96 14 Solder pad width 9.5 ± 1
8A 10 mm specimen width 1.60 to 1.70
FIG. 4 Centering Tongs for V-Notch Charpy Specimens

6
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
specimen in the test position and the centering device is not 9.4.3 Clamp the specimen firmly in the support vise so that
approximately 13 mm, the broken specimens may rebound into the centerline of the notch is in the plane of the top of the vise
the pendulum. within 0.125 mm. Prepare the indicating device (set the analog
9.3.3 To conduct the test, prepare the machine by raising the scale pointer at the range capacity or initialize the digital
pendulum to the latched position, prepare the indicating device display, or both) and release the pendulum smoothly. Sections
(set the analog scale pointer at the range capacity, or initialize 9.3.3.1 – 9.3.3.3, also apply when testing Izod specimens.
the digital display, or both), position the specimen on the
specimen supports against the anvils, and release the pendu- 10. Information Obtainable from Impact Tests
lum. If a liquid bath or gas medium is being used for thermal
10.1 The absorbed energy shall be taken as the difference
conditioning, perform the following sequence in less than 5 s
between the energy in the striking member at the instant of
(for 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm specimens, see 9.2.4). Remove
impact with the specimen and the energy remaining after
the test specimen from its cooling (or heating) medium with
breaking the specimen. This absorbed energy value is deter-
centering tongs that have been temperature conditioned with
mined by the indicating device which has been corrected for
the test specimen, place the specimen in the test position, and
total frictional losses.
release the pendulum smoothly. If a test specimen has been
removed from the temperature conditioning bath and it is 10.2 Lateral expansion measurement methods shall take
questionable that the test can be conducted within the 5 s time into account the fact that the fracture path seldom bisects the
frame, return the specimen to the bath for the time required in point of maximum expansion on both sides of a specimen. One
9.2 before testing. half of a broken specimen may include the maximum expan-
9.3.3.1 If a fractured impact specimen does not separate into sion for both sides, one side only, or neither. Therefore, the
two pieces, report it as unbroken (see 10.2.2 for separation expansion on each side of each specimen half shall be
instructions). Unbroken specimens with absorbed energies of measured relative to the plane defined by the undeformed
less than 80 % of the range capacity may be averaged with portion on the side of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 5. For
values from broken specimens. If the absorbed energy exceeds example, if A1 is greater than A2, and A3 is less than A4, then the
80 % of the range capacity and the specimen passes completely lateral expansion is the sum of A1 + A4.
between the anvils, report the value as approximate (see Note 10.2.1 Before making any lateral expansion measurements,
11) and do not average it with other values. If an unbroken it is essential that the two specimen halves are visually
specimen does not pass between the machine anvils, (for examined for burrs that may have formed during impact
example, it stops the pendulum), the result shall be reported as testing; if the burrs will influence the lateral expansion
exceeding the range capacity. A specimen shall never be struck measurements, they shall be removed (by rubbing on emery
more than once. cloth or any other suitable method), making sure that the
NOTE 11—Absorbed energy values above 80 % of the range capacity protrusions to be measured are not rubbed during the removal
are inaccurate. Ideally an impact test would be conducted at a constant of the burr. Then, examine each fracture surface to ascertain
impact velocity. In a pendulum-type test, the velocity decreases as the that the protrusions have not been damaged by contacting an
fracture progresses. For specimens that have absorbed energies approach- anvil, a machine mounting surface, etc. Lateral expansion shall
ing 80 % of the range capacity, the velocity of the pendulum decreases (to
about 45 % of the initial velocity) during fracture to the point that accurate
not be measured on a specimen with this type of damage.
absorbed energies are no longer obtained. 10.2.2 Lateral expansion measurements shall be reported as
9.3.3.2 If a specimen jams in the machine, disregard the follows. An unbroken specimen can be reported as broken if
results and check the machine thoroughly for damage or the specimen can be separated by pushing the hinged halves
misalignment, which would affect its direct verification, indi- together once and then pulling them apart without further
rect verification, or both. fatiguing the specimen, and the lateral expansion measured for
the unbroken specimen (prior to bending) is equal to or greater
9.3.3.3 To prevent recording an erroneous indicated value,
than that measured for the separated halves. In the case where
caused by jarring the analog scale pointer when locking the
a specimen cannot be separated into two halves, the lateral
pendulum in its latched position, read the value for each test
expansion can be measured as long as the shear lips can be
from the analog scale prior to locking the pendulum for the
accessed without interference from the hinged ligament that
next test.
has been deformed during testing. The specimen shall be
9.4 Izod Test Procedure: reported as unbroken.
9.4.1 The Izod test procedure may be summarized as 10.2.3 Lateral expansion may be measured easily by using a
follows: the test specimen is positioned in the specimen-
gauge like the one shown in Fig. 6 (assembly and details shown
holding fixture and the pendulum is released without vibration. in Fig. 7). Using this type of gauge the measurement is made
Information is obtained from the machine and from the broken with the following procedure: orient the specimen halves so
specimen. The details are described as follows: that the compression sides are facing each other, take one half
9.4.2 Testing at temperatures other than room temperature is of the fractured specimen and press it against the anvil and
difficult because the specimen-holding fixture for Izod speci- indicator plunger and record the reading, make a similar
mens is often part of the base of the machine and cannot be measurement on the other half (same side) of the fractured
readily cooled (or heated). Consequently, Izod testing should specimen and disregard the lower of the two values, do the
be performed at room temperature. same for the other side of the fractured specimen, report the

7
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
FIG. 5 Halves of Broken Charpy V-Notch Impact Specimen Illustrating the Measurement of Lateral Expansion, Dimensions A1, A2, A3,
A4 and Original Thickness, Dimension B
FIG. 6 Lateral Expansion Gauge for Charpy Impact Specimens
sum of the maximum expansions for the 2 sides as the lateral Fracture Region) and the area of unstable fracture region,
expansion for the specimen. divided by the total fractured area, times 100. The measure-
10.3 The shear fracture appearance may be determined ment methods described in Annex A4 provide estimates for the
using a variety of methods. The approach and the acceptable area of the unstable fracture region (directly or indirectly), but
methods are defined in Annex A4. For each method, the user do not consider details of the fracture mode for the unstable
region. The unstable fracture region could be 100 % cleavage,
shall distinguish between regions formed by stable crack

growth mechanisms, and regions formed by unstable crack a mixture of cleavage and ductile-dimple fracture
growth mechanisms. For purposes of this Test Method, the morphologies, a mixture of intergranular and ductile-dimple
“shear area” consists of those portions of the fracture surface fracture morphologies, or a mixture of other fracture mor-
that form by stable crack growth (Fracture Initiation Region, phologies.
Shear Lips, and Final Fracture Region), as shown in Fig. 8.
NOTE 12—Carbon steels often exhibit a classic cleavage region that
The shear fracture appearance is typically calculated as the identifies the unstable fracture region with a well-defined area of shiny
difference between the total fractured area (Fracture Initiation fracture that is easy to recognize and measure. Other steels, such as
Region, Shear Lips, Unstable Fracture Region, and Final quenched and tempered SAE 4340, alloys have a region of unstable

8
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
ID Number Dimension, mm ID Number Dimension, mm

1 12.7 15 1.6
2 6.4 16 6.4
3 88.9 17 17.5
4 171.5 18 15.9
5 47.6 19 1.7
6 50.8 20 8.3
7 101.6 21 6.1
8 88.9 22 19.1
9 12.7 23 66.7
10 44.5 24 19.1
11 12.7 25 60.3
12 43.2
13 88.9
14 158.8
FIG. 7 Assembly and Details for Lateral Expansion Gauge
fracture that consists of an intimate mixture of cleavage facets and ductile 11.1.4 Test temperature (if room temperature, report actual
dimples (only apparent at high magnifications). Some embrittled steels temperature),
can exhibit partially intergranular fracture, as well. In these cases the area
of unstable fracture may not be as easy to identify. 11.1.5 For Charpy testing specify the striker radius as 8 mm
or 2 mm,
11. Test Report and Test Records
11.1.6 Absorbed energy,
11.1 The test report shall include the following information
11.1.7 Unbroken specimens and whether or not they were

(for each specimen tested):
used in the average
11.1.1 Conformance to Test Method E23-YR (where YR is
edition year), 11.1.8 Any specimens for which the absorbed energy ex-
11.1.2 Specimen type, per Fig. 1 or any other applicable ceeds 80% of the range capacity, report the value as approxi-
figure in this test method. Any deviations shall be reported. mate or exceeding the range capacity (see 9.3.3.1), and
11.1.3 Specimen size (if sub-size specimen), 11.1.9 Any other contractual requirements.

9
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
12. Precision and Bias
12.1 An Interlaboratory study used CVN verification speci-
mens of low-energy and of high-energy to find sources of
variation in the CVN absorbed energy. Data from 29 labora-
tories were included with each laboratory testing one set of five
verification specimens of each energy level. Except being
limited to only two energy levels (by availability of verification
specimens), Practice E691 was followed for the design and
analysis of the data; the details are given in ASTM Research
Report No. RR:E28-1014.6
12.2 Precision—The Precision information given below is
for the average CVN absorbed energy of five test determina-
tions at each laboratory for each material.
Material Low-Energy High-Energy
J J
Absorbed Energy 15.9 96.2
95 % Repeatability Limits 2.4 8.3
95 % Reproducibility Limits 2.7 9.2
The terms repeatability and reproducibility limits are used as
NOTE 1—Measure average dimensions A and B to the nearest 0.5 mm. defined in Practice E177. The respective standard deviations
Determine the shear fracture appearance using Table A4.1 or Table A4.2. among test results may be obtained by dividing the above
FIG. 8 Schematic of the Fracture Surface of a Charpy V-Notch limits by 2.8.
Impact Test Specimen Showing the Various Region of Fracture
12.3 Bias—Bias cannot be defined for CVN absorbed en-
ergy. The physical simplicity of the pendulum design is
11.2 The test records should include the following informa- complicated by complex energy loss mechanisms within the
tion in addition to the information in 11.1: machine and the specimen. Therefore, there is no absolute
11.2.1 Impact machine manufacturer, serial number, most standard to which the absorbed energy can be compared.
recent successful direct and indirect verification dates, and
13. Keywords
verified range for Charpy testing or direct verification date and
range capacity for Izod testing. 13.1 Charpy test; shear fracture appearance; impact test;
11.2.2 Lateral expansion, Izod test; notched specimens; pendulum machine
11.2.3 Shear fracture appearance (See Note A4.1),
11.2.4 Specimen orientation, and 6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
11.2.5 Specimen location. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: RR:E28-1014.
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPACT MACHINES
A1.1 The machine frame shall be equipped with a bubble A1.2 An analog scale and digital display, graduated in
level or a machined surface suitable for establishing levelness degrees or absorbed energy, on which readings can be esti-
of the axis of pendulum bearings or, alternatively, the levelness mated in increments of 0.25 % of the range capacity or less
of the axis of rotation of the pendulum may be measured shall be furnished for the machine.
directly. The machine shall be level to within 3:1000 and
securely bolted to a concrete floor not less than 150 mm thick A1.2.1 The analog scales and digital displays may be
compensated for total frictional losses. The error in the
or, when this is not practical, the machine shall be bolted to a

foundation having a mass not less than 40 times that of the indicating device at any point shall not exceed 0.2 % of the
pendulum. The bolts shall be tightened as specified by the range capacity or 0.4 % of the reading, whichever is larger.
machine manufacturer. (See A2.3.8.)

10
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
A1.3 The total frictional losses of the machine during the A1.7 The height of the center of strike in the latched
swing in the striking direction shall not exceed 0.75 % of the position, above its free-hanging position, shall be within 0.4 %
range capacity, and pendulum energy loss from friction in the of the range capacity divided by the supporting force, mea-
analog scale pointer mechanism shall not exceed 0.25 % of sured as described in A2.3.5.1. If total frictional losses are
range capacity. See A2.3.8 for total frictional losses calcula- compensated for by increasing the drop height, the drop height
tions. may be increased by not more than 1 %.
A1.4 At the free-hanging position, the striker shall be within A1.8 The mechanism for releasing the pendulum from its
2.5 mm from the test specimen. The indicating device shall latched position shall operate freely and permit release of the
read within 0.2 % of the range capacity when the striker of the pendulum without initial impulse, retardation, or side vibra-
pendulum is held against the test specimen. The plane of swing tion. If the same lever used to release the pendulum is also used
of the pendulum shall be perpendicular to the transverse axis of to engage the brake, means shall be provided for preventing the
the Charpy anvils or Izod vise within 3:1000. brake from being accidentally engaged.
A1.5 Transverse play of the pendulum at the striker shall not A1.9 Specimen clearance is needed to ensure satisfactory
exceed 0.75 mm under a transverse force of 4 % of the results when testing materials of different strengths and com-
effective weight of the pendulum applied at the center of strike. positions. The test specimen shall exit the machine with a
Radial play of the pendulum bearings shall not exceed minimum of interference. Pendulums used on Charpy ma-
0.075 mm. chines are of three basic designs, as shown in Fig. A1.1.
A1.6 The impact velocity (tangential velocity) of the pen- A1.9.1 When using a C-type pendulum or a compound
dulum at the center of strike shall not be less than 3 nor more pendulum, the broken specimen will not rebound into the
than 6 m/s. pendulum and slow it down if the clearance at the end of the
FIG. A1.1 Typical Pendulums and Anvils for Charpy Machines, Shown with Modifications to Minimize Jamming

11
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
specimen is at least 13 mm or if the specimen is deflected out A1.10.1 Means shall be provided (see Fig. A1.2) to locate
of the machine by some arrangement such as that shown in Fig. and support the test specimen against two anvils in such a
A1.1. position that the center of the notch is located within 0.25 mm
A1.9.2 When using a U-type pendulum, means shall be of the midpoint between the anvils (see 9.3.2).
provided to prevent the broken specimen from rebounding A1.10.2 The Charpy anvils and specimen supports shall
against the pendulum (see Fig. A1.1). In most U-type pendu- conform to the dimensions and tolerances shown in Fig. A1.2.
lum machines, steel shrouds should be designed and installed Other dimensions of the anvils and specimen supports should
to the following requirements: (a) thickness of approximately be such as to minimize interference between the pendulum and
1.5 mm, (b) minimum hardness of 45 HRC, (c) radius of less broken specimens.
than 1.5 mm at the underside corners, and (d) positioned so that
the clearance between them and the pendulum overhang (both A1.10.3 The center line of the striker shall advance in the
top and sides) does not exceed 1.5 mm. In machines where the plane that is within 0.40 mm of the midpoint between the
opening within the pendulum permits clearance between the supporting edges of the anvils shown in Fig. A1.2 Top View.
ends of a specimen (resting on the specimen supports) and the The striker shall be perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
shrouds, and this clearance is at least 13 mm, the requirements specimen within 5:1000 shown in Fig. A1.2 Right View. The
(a) and (d) need not apply. striker shall be parallel within 1:1000 to the face of a perfectly
square test specimen held against the anvils shown in Fig. A1.2
A1.10 Charpy Apparatus: Front View.
ID Num Designation Dimension Tolerance

1 Span between anvils 40.00 mm ±0.05 mm
2 Anvil radius 1.00 mm ±0.05 mm
3 Anvil angle 80° ±2°
4 Anvil-Support angle 90° ±0.15°
A and B Surface finish, Anvils 0.1µm (Ra) #
A1 and A2 Anvils coplanar 0 <0.05 mm
C1 and C2 Supports coplanar 0 <0.12 mm
FIG. A1.2 Charpy Anvils and Specimen Supports

12
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
ID Num Designation Dimension Tolerance

1 Striker radius, 8 mm Striker 8.00 mm ±0.05 mm
2 Striker width, 8 mm Striker 4.00 mm ±0.05 mm
3 Striker corner radii, 8 mm Striker 0.25 mm +0.50/-0.05 mm
4 Striker angle, 8 mm Striker 30° ±2°
A and B Striker Finish, 8 mm Striker 0.1µm (Ra) #
5 Striker radius, 2 mm Striker 2.00 mm +0.50/-0 mm
6 Striker angle, 2 mm Striker 30° ±1°
FIG. A1.3 Charpy Strikers
A1.10.4 The striker shall conform to dimensions and toler- with a 2 µm (Ra) finish or better, and shall clamp the specimen
ances shown in Fig. A1.3. The standard 8 mm striker is shown firmly at the notch with the clamping force applied in the
in Fig. A1.3(a) and optional 2 mm striker is shown in Fig. direction of impact. For rectangular specimens, the clamping
A1.3(b). surfaces shall be flat and parallel within 0.025 mm. For
cylindrical specimens, the clamping surfaces shall be con-
A1.11 Izod Apparatus:
toured to match the specimen and each surface shall contact a
A1.11.1 Means shall be provided (see Fig. A1.4) for clamp- minimum of π/2 rad (90°) of the specimen circumference.
ing the specimen in such a position that the face of the
specimen is parallel to the striker within 1:1000. The edges of A1.11.2 The dimensions of the striker and its position
the clamping surfaces shall be sharp angles of 90° 6 1° with relative to the specimen clamps shall be as shown in Fig. A1.4.
radii less than 0.40 mm. The clamping surfaces shall be smooth

13
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
NOTE 1—All dimensional tolerances shall be 60.05 mm unless otherwise specified.

NOTE 2—The clamping surfaces of A and B shall be flat and parallel within 0.025 mm.
NOTE 3— Surface finish on striker and vise shall be 2 µm (Ra).
NOTE 4—Striker width shall be greater than that of the specimen being tested.
FIG. A1.4 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test
A2. VERIFICATION OF PENDULUM IMPACT MACHINES
A2.1 The verification of impact machines has two parts:di- (such as pendulum and indicating device linearity) require
rect verification, which consists of inspecting the machine to direct verification each year unless a problem is evident. Only
ensure that the requirements of this annex and Annex A1 are the items cited in A2.2 require direct verification annually.
met, and indirect verification, which entails the testing of Other parts of the machine require direct verification at least
verification specimens. once, when the machine is new, or when parts are replaced.
A2.1.1 Izod machines require direct verification annually. A2.1.3 Charpy machines do not require immediate indirect
A2.1.2 Charpy machines require direct and indirect verifi- verification after removal and replacement of the striker or
cation annually. Data is valid only when produced within 365 anvils, or both, that were on the machine when it was verified
days following the date of the most recent successful indirect provided the following safeguards are implemented: (1) an
verification test. Charpy machines shall also be verified imme- organizational procedure for the change is developed and
diately after replacing parts that may affect the measured followed, (2) high-strength low-energy quality control speci-
absorbed energy, after making repairs or adjustments, after mens (see A2.4.1.1 for guidance in absorbed energy range for
they have been moved, or whenever there is reason to doubt the these low-energy level specimens) are tested prior to removal
accuracy of the results, without regard to the time interval. and immediately after installation of the previously verified
These restrictions include cases where parts, which may affect striker or anvils, or both within the 365 day indirect verification
the measured absorbed energy, are removed from the machine period, (3) the results of the before and after tests of the quality
and then reinstalled without modification (with the exception control specimens are within 1.4 J of each other, (4) the results
of when the striker or anvils are removed to permit use of a of the comparisons are kept in a log book, and (5) before
different striker or set of anvils, or both and then are reinstalled, reattachment, the striker and anvils are visually inspected for
see A2.1.3). It is not intended that parts not subjected to wear wear and dimensionally verified to assure that they meet the

14
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
required tolerances of Fig. A1.2 and Fig. A1.3. The use of A2.3.4 Determine the Center of Strike—For Charpy ma-
verification specimens with certified absorbed energy values is chines the center of strike of the pendulum is determined using
not required and internal quality control specimens are permit- a half-thick specimen (10 mm × 5 mm × 55 mm) in the test
ted. position. With the striker in contact with the half-thick
specimen, a line marked along the top edge of the half-thick
A2.2 Direct Verification of Parts Requiring Annual Inspec- specimen on the striker will indicate the center of strike. For
tion: Izod machines, the center of strike may be considered to be the
A2.2.1 Inspect the anvils and striker, and replace any parts contact line when the striker is brought into contact with a
that do not conform to the dimensions and tolerances shown specimen in the normal testing position.
either in Fig. A1.2 and Fig. A1.3 or in Fig. A1.4.
A2.3.5 Determine the Potential Energy—The following
NOTE A2.1—A straight edge or radius gauge can be used to discern procedure shall be used when the center of strike of the
differences between the used and unused portions of these parts to help pendulum is coincident with the radial line from the centerline
identify a worn condition. To measure the anvil or striker radii, the user
may make a replica (casting) of the region of interest and measure cross
of the pendulum bearings (herein called the axis of rotation) to
sections of the replica. This can be done with the anvils and striker in place the center of gravity (see Appendix X2). If the center of strike
on the machine or removed from the machine. Make a dam with cardboard is more than 1.0 mm from this line, suitable corrections in
and tape surrounding the region of interest, then pour a low-shrinkage elevation of the center of strike shall be made in A2.3.8.1 and
casting compound into the dam (silicone rubber casting compounds work A2.3.9, so that elevations set or measured correspond to what
well). Allow the casting to cure, remove the dam, and slice cross sections
through the region of interest with a razor. Use these cross sections to they would be if the center of strike were on this line. The
make radii measurements on optical comparators or other instruments. potential energy of the system is equal to the drop height, as
determined in A2.3.5.2, times the supporting force, as deter-
A2.2.2 Ensure the bolts that attach the anvils and striker to
mined in A2.3.5.1.
the machine are tightened to the manufacturer’s specifications.
A2.3.5.1 To measure the supporting force, support the
A2.2.3 Verify that the shrouds, if applicable, are properly pendulum horizontally to within 15:1000 with two supports,
installed (see A1.9.2). one at the bearings (or axis of rotation) and the other at the
A2.2.4 The pendulum release mechanism, which releases center of strike on the striker (see Fig. A2.1). Then arrange the
the pendulum from its latched position, shall comply with support at the striker to react upon some suitable weighing
A1.8. device such as a platform scale or balance, and determine the
A2.2.5 Check the level of the machine in both directions weight to within 0.4 %. Take care to minimize friction at either
(see A1.1). point of support. Make contact with the striker through a round
rod crossing the center of strike. The supporting force is the
A2.2.6 Check that the foundation bolts are tightened to the scale reading minus the weights of the supporting rod and any
manufacturer’s specifications. Expansion bolts or fasteners shims that may be used to maintain the pendulum in a
with driven-in inserts shall not be used for foundations. horizontal position.
NOTE A2.2—Expansion bolts or fasteners with driven-in inserts will A2.3.5.2 Determine the drop height compliance with the
work loose or will tighten up against the bottom of the machine indicating requirement of A1.7. On Charpy machines determine the drop
a false high torque value when the bolts are tightened. height as the vertical distance from the top edge of a half-thick
A2.2.7 Check the indicating device zero and the percent (or center of a 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm) specimen to the
friction and windage loss of the machine as described in 9.1. latched position of the center of strike within 0.1 %. On Izod
machines determine the drop height as the vertical distance
A2.3 Direct Verification of Parts to be Verified at Least from 22.66 mm above the vise to the latched position of the
Once: center of strike within 0.1 %. The drop height may be deter-
A2.3.1 Charpy specimen supports or Izod vises shall con- mined by direct measurement of the change in vertical distance
form to the dimensions and tolerances shown in Fig. A1.2 or of the center of strike or by calculation from the change in
Fig. A1.4. angle from free-hanging position to latched position using the
following formulas (see Fig. A2.1):
NOTE A2.3—The impact machine will be inaccurate to the extent that
some energy is used in deformation or movement of its component parts h 5 S ~ 1 2 cos β ! (A2.1)
or of the machine as a whole; this energy will be registered as used in
h 1 5 S ~ 1 2 cos α ! (A2.2)
fracturing the specimen and can result in erroneously high measurements
of absorbed energy. where:
A2.3.2 The striker mounting surfaces shall be clean and free h = drop height, m,
of defects that would prevent a good fit. Check that the striker S = distance between axis of rotation and the center of
position conforms to A1.10.3 (for Charpy tests) or A1.11.1 (for strike, m,
Izod tests). β = drop angle,
h1 = height of rise, m, and
A2.3.3 The pendulum alignment shall comply with A1.4
α = angle of rise.
and A1.5. If the side play in the pendulum or the radial play in
the bearings exceed the specified limits, adjust or replace the A2.3.6 Determine the impact velocity, v, of the machine,
bearings, or both. neglecting friction, by means of the following equation:

15
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
FIG. A2.1 Dimensions for Calculations
v 5 =2 gh (A2.3) and record the time for 100 complete cycles (a forward and
backward swing together). The period of the pendulum then, is
where: the time for 100 cycles divided by 100.
v = velocity, m/s, A2.3.7.2 Determine the center of percussion by means of
g = acceleration of gravity, 9.81 m/s2 , and
the following equation:
h = drop height, m.
gp2
A2.3.7 The center of percussion shall be at a point within L5 (A2.4)
4π 2
1 % of the distance from the axis of rotation to the center of
strike, to ensure that minimum force is transmitted to the point where:
of rotation. Determine the location of the center of percussion L = distance from the axis of rotation to the center of
as follows: percussion, m,
A2.3.7.1 Using a stop watch or some other suitable time- g = local gravitational acceleration (accuracy of one part in
measuring device, capable of measuring time to within 0.2 s, one thousand), m/s2,
swing the pendulum through a total angle not greater than 15°

16
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
π = 3.1416, and converted to absorbed energy using the conversion formula or

p = period of the pendulum, a complete cycle, s. table normally used in testing. The analog scale pointer
mechanism shall not overshoot or drop back with the pendu-
A2.3.8 Determination of the Total Frictional Losses—The
lum. Make test swings from various heights to check visually
friction and windage losses of the pendulum and friction in the
the operation of the analog scale pointer over several portions
indicating device, if not corrected, will be included in the
of the analog scale.
energy loss attributed to breaking the specimen and can result
in erroneously high measurements of absorbed energy. For NOTE A2.4—In this way the analog scale degree reading formula or
machines recording in degrees, total frictional losses are table can also be checked for total frictional losses corrections.
usually not compensated for by the machine manufacturer, A2.4 Indirect Verification:
whereas in machines recording directly in energy, they are
usually compensated for by increasing the drop height of the A2.4.1 Indirect verification requires the testing of verifica-
pendulum. Determine total frictional losses as follows. tion specimens with certified absorbed energy values to verify
A2.3.8.1 Perform a free swing; without a specimen in the the accuracy of Charpy impact machines.
machine, and prepare the indicating device (set the analog A2.4.1.1 Verification specimens with certified absorbed en-
scale pointer at range capacity or initialize the digital display, ergy values are produced at low (typically 13 J to 20 J), high
or both) release the pendulum from its latched position and (typically 90 J to 140 J), and super-high (typically 175 J to 240
record the energy value indicated. This value shall indicate J) energy levels. To meet the indirect verification requirements,
zero absorbed energy if total frictional losses have been the average absorbed energy value determined for a set of
corrected by the manufacturer. Now raise the pendulum slowly verification specimens at each energy level tested shall corre-
until the indicating device is at the value obtained in the free spond to the certified absorbed energy values of the verification
swing. Secure the pendulum at this height and within 0.1 % specimens within 1.4 J (1.0 ft lbf) or 5.0 %, whichever is
determine the vertical distance from the center of strike to the greater.
top of a half-thick specimen positioned on the specimen A2.4.1.2 The certified absorbed energy values for the veri-
supports (see A2.3.5). Determine the supporting force as in fication specimens shall be established on the three reference
A2.3.5.1 and multiply by this vertical distance. The difference machines owned, maintained, and operated by NIST in
between the potential energy and this value at the latched Boulder, CO.
position is the total frictional losses. For analog scale, without A2.4.2 The verified range of a Charpy range capacity is
resetting the analog scale pointer, repeatedly release the pen- defined with reference to the lowest and highest energy level
dulum from its latched position until the pointer shows no verification specimens tested. These values are determined
further movement. The energy loss determined by the final from tests on sets of verification specimens at two or more
position of the analog scale pointer is friction and windage energy levels, except in the case where a Charpy range capacity
losses of the pendulum alone. The friction in the analog scale is too low for two energy levels to be tested. In this case, one
pointer mechanism alone is then the difference between the energy level can be used for indirect verification.
total frictional losses and the friction and windage losses of the A2.4.3 Determine the usable range of the range capacity
pendulum alone. prior to testing verification specimens. The usable range of an
A2.3.9 The indicating device accuracy shall be checked to impact machine is dependent upon the resolution of the
ensure that it is recording accurately over the entire range indicating device at the low end and the range capacity at the
capacity (see A1.2.1). Check it at approximately 0, 10, 20, 30, high end.
50, and 70 % of each range capacity. With the striker marked A2.4.3.1 The resolution of the indicating device establishes
to indicate the center of strike, lift the pendulum and set it in a the lower limit of the usable range. The lower limit is equal to
position where the indicating device reads, for example, 13 J. 25 times the resolution of the indicating device at 15 J.
Secure the pendulum at this height and within 0.1 % determine
NOTE A2.5—On analog scales, the resolution is the smallest change in
the vertical distance from the center of strike to the top of a energy that can be discerned on the analog scale. This is usually 1⁄4 to 1⁄5
half-thick specimen positioned on the specimen supports (see of the difference between two adjacent marks on the scale at the 15 J
A2.3.5). Determine the residual energy by multiplying the energy level.
height of the center of strike by the supporting force, as
described in A2.3.5.1. Increase this value by the total frictional
TABLE A2.1 Verified Ranges for Various Range Capacities and
losses for a free swing (see A2.3.8.1) multiplied by the ratio of
Verification Specimens TestedA
the angle of swing of the pendulum from the latched position
Range Usable Verification Specimens Verified
to the energy value being evaluated to the angle of swing of the Resolution
Capacity Range Tested Range
J
pendulum from the latched position to the free swing reading. J J Low High Super-high J
80 0.10 2.5 to 64 X ... ... 2.5 to 64
Subtract the sum of the residual energy and proportional total 160 0.20 5.0 to 128 X X ... 5.0 to 128
frictional losses from the potential energy at the latched 325 0.25 6.25 to 260 X X X 6.25 to 260
position (see A2.3.5). The indicating device shall agree with 400 0.30 7.5 to 320 ... X X 50 to 320
400 0.15 3.75 to 320 X X ... 3.75 to 150
the energy calculated within the limits of A1.2.1. Make similar 400 0.15 3.75 to 320 X X X 3.75 to 320
calculations at other points of the indicating device. Analog A
In these examples, the high-energy verification specimens are assumed to have
scales that indicate in degrees shall be checked using the above a certified absorbed energy value of 100 J.
procedure. Degree readings from the analog scale shall be

17
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
NOTE A2.6—Digital displays usually incorporate devices, such as specimens that can be tested. Alternately, use the typical lower bound of
digital encoders, with a fixed discrete angular resolution. The resolution of the energy range given for the verification specimens to determine the
these types of indicating devices is the smallest change in absorbed energy minimum energy level for testing.
that can be consistently measured at 15 J. The resolution of these types of
indicating devices is usually not a change in the last digit shown on the
A2.4.4.1 If the low energy verification specimens were not
digital display because resolution is a function of the angular position of tested (only high and super-high verification specimens were
the pendulum and changes throughout the swing. One method for tested), the lower limit of the verified range shall be one half
determining resolution of indicating devices that incorporate a verification the certified absorbed energy value of the lowest energy
mode, in which live absorbed energy is available, is to move the pendulum verification specimens set tested.
slowly in the area of 15 J. The smallest observable change in the indicating
device is the resolution. NOTE A2.8—For example, if the certified absorbed energy value of the
high-energy verification specimens tested was 100 J, the lower limit would
A2.4.3.2 The upper limit of the usable range is equal to be 50 J.
80 % of the range capacity.
A2.4.4.2 If the highest energy verification specimens com-
A2.4.4 Only verification specimens that are within the mercially available for a given Charpy range capacity were not
usable range of the range capacity shall be tested. To verify the tested, the upper limit of the verified range shall be 1.5 times
range capacity over its full usable range, test the lowest and the certified absorbed energy value of the highest energy
highest energy levels of verification specimens commercially verification specimens tested.
available that are within the range capacity’s usable range. If
the ratio between the highest and lowest verification speci- NOTE A2.9—For example, if the machine being tested has a range
capacity of 325 J and only low and high-energy verification specimens
mens’ certified absorbed energy values tested is greater than were tested, the upper limit of the verified range would be 150 J (100 J ×
four, testing of a third set of intermediate energy level 1.5 = 150 J), assuming that the high-energy verification specimens tested
verification specimens is required (if the specimens are com- had a certified absorbed energy value of 100 J. To verify this range
mercially available). capacity over its full usable range, low-, high-, and super-high energy
verification specimens would have to be tested, because super-high energy
NOTE A2.7—Use the typical upper bound of the energy range given for verification specimens can be tested on a 325 J range capacity (80 % of
the low, high, and super-high energy verification specimens (20 J, 140 J, 325 J is 260 J, and the certified absorbed energy value of super-high
and 240 J respectively) to determine the highest energy level verification energy verification specimens never exceeds 260 J). See Table A2.1.
A3. ADDITIONAL IMPACT TEST SPECIMEN CONFIGURATIONS
A3.1 Sub-Size Specimen—When the amount of material These are shown as Specimens X, Y, and Z in Fig. A3.2 and
available does not permit making the standard impact test Fig. A3.3. Specimen Z is sometimes called the Philpot
specimens shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, smaller specimens may specimen, after the name of the original designer. For hard
be used, but the results obtained on different sizes of specimens materials, the machining of the flat surface struck by the
cannot be compared directly (X1.3). When Charpy specimens pendulum is sometimes omitted. Types Y and Z require a
other than the standard are necessary or specified, they should different vise from that shown in Fig. A1.4, each half of the
be selected from Fig. A3.1. When reporting sub-size specimen vise having a semi-cylindrical recess that closely fits the
dimensions, list the width, thickness, and length (for example, clamped portion of the specimen. As previously stated, the
the upper left specimen in Fig. A3.1 would be 10 mm × 2.5 mm results cannot be reliably compared with those obtained using
× 55 mm). specimens of other sizes or shapes.
A3.2 Supplementary Specimens—For economy in prepara-
tion of test specimens, special specimens of round or rectan-
gular cross section are sometimes used for cantilever beam test.

18
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24

1 Width, Standard 10.0 mm ±0.075 mm
1A Width, Half 5.0 mm ±0.050 mm
1B Width, Third 3.0 mm ±0.030 mm
2 Thickness, Standard 10.0 mm ±0.075 mm
2A Thickness, Quarter 2.5 mm ±0.025 mm
2B Thickness, Half 5.0 mm ±0.050 mm
2C Thickness, Three-Quarters 7.5 mm ±0.075 mm
2D Thickness, Double 20.0 mm ±0.075 mm
3 Ligament Length, Standard 8.0 mm ±0.025 mm
3A Ligament Length, Half 4.0 mm ±0.025 mm
3B Ligament Length, Third 2.4 mm ±0.025 mm
NOTE 1—The circled specimen is the standard V-notch specimen (see Fig. 1).
NOTE 2—On sub-size specimens the length, notch angle, notch radius, surface finish are constant with V-notch specimens (see Fig. 1); width, thickness,
and ligament length vary as indicated above.
FIG. A3.1 Sub-Size Charpy (Simple-Beam) V-Notch Impact Test Specimens

19
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
NOTE 1—Permissible variations for type X specimens shall be as follows:

Perpendicularity of notch axis ± 2°
Adjacent ( 90°sides) shall be at ± 10 min
Ligament length ±0.025 mm
NOTE 2—Permissible variations for both specimens shall be as follows:

Cross-section dimensions ±0.025 mm
Lengthwise dimensions +0, −2.5 mm
Angle of notch ±1°
Radius of notch ±0.025 mm
Notch diameter of Type Y specimen ±0.025 mm
FIG. A3.2 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimens, Types X and Y
The flat shall be parallel to the longitudinal centerline of the specimen and shall be parallel to the bottom of the notch within 2:1000.
TYPE Z
NOTE 1—Permissible variations shall be as follows:

Perpendicularity between notch length ± 2°
and longitudinal centerline
Cross-section dimensions ±0.025 mm
Length of specimen +0, −2.5 mm
Angle of notch ±1°
Radius of notch ±0.025 mm
Notch depth ±0.025 mm
FIG. A3.3 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen (Philpot), Type Z

20
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
A4. DETERMINATION OF THE SHEAR FRACTURE APPEARANCE
A4.1 These shear fracture appearance methods are based on data in Fig. A4.1 (see also Test Method E2298). This shear
the concept that 100 % shear (stable) fracture occurs above the measurement process was developed for carbon steels that
transition-temperature range and brittle unstable fracture oc- undergo a distinct ductile to brittle transition that results in a
curs below the range, as shown by the instrumented Charpy clearly defined region of cleavage fracture (unstable) on the
FIG. A4.1 Instrumented Charpy impact data showing behavior of steels in the (a) lower shelf, (b) transition, and (c) upper shelf regions.
The symbols are defined as: (1) Fgy, general yield force, (2) Fm, maximum force, (3) Fbf, force at initiation of unstable crack propagation,
and (4) Fa, force at end of unstable crack propagation (arrest force).

21
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
surface of the specimen. Fracture surface interpretation is NOTE A4.1—Round robin data (five U.S. companies, 1990) estimates of
complicated in materials that exhibit mixed-mode fracture the shear fracture appearance for five quenched and tempered 8219 steels
during unstable crack extension. and four microalloyed 1040 steels indicated the following: (1) results
using method A4.1.1 systematically underestimated the percent shear
In the transition-temperature range, fracture is initiated at the (compared with method A4.1.4), (2) the error using method A4.1.2 was
root of the notch by fibrous tearing. A short distance from the random and, (3) the typical variation in independent measurements using
notch, unstable crack extension occurs (Fbf) as the fracture method A4.1.4 was on the order of 5 % to 10 % for microalloyed 1040
mechanism changes to cleavage, mixed mode, or another low steels.
energy fracture mode, which often results in distinct radial A4.1.1 Measure the length and width of the unstable frac-
markings in the central portion of the specimen (indicative of
ture region of the fracture surface, as shown in Fig. 8, and
fast, unstable fracture). After several microseconds the unstable
determine the shear fracture appearance from Table A4.1 and
crack extension arrests (Fa). Final fracture occurs at the
Table A4.2 depending on the units of measurement.
remaining ligament and at the sides of the specimen in a stable
manner. As shear-lips are formed at the sides of the specimen, A4.1.2 Compare the appearance of the fracture of the
the plastic hinge at the remaining ligament ruptures. In the specimen with a shear fracture appearance chart such as that
ideal case, a “picture frame” of fibrous “shear” (stable) fracture shown in Fig. A4.2.
surrounds a relatively flat area of unstable fracture.
The five methods used below may be used to determine the A4.1.3 Magnify the fracture surface and compare it to a
shear fracture appearance. The user should qualitatively char- precalibrated overlay chart or measure the shear fracture
acterize the fracture mode of the unstable fracture zone, and appearance by means of a planimeter.
provide a description of how the shear measurements were A4.1.4 Photograph the fracture surface at a suitable magni-
made. The methods are grouped in order of increasing preci- fication and measure the shear fracture appearance by means of
sion. In the case where a specimen does not separate into two a planimeter.
halves during the impact test and the fracture occurs without
any evidence of unstable crack extension, the shear fracture A4.1.5 Capture a digital image of the fracture surface and
appearance can be considered to be 100 % and the specimen measure the shear fracture appearance using image analysis
should be reported as unbroken. software.
TABLE A4.1 Shear Fracture Appearance for Measurements Made in Millimetres
NOTE 1—100 % shear fracture appearance is to be reported when either A or B is zero.

NOTE 2—Rounded to Practice E29 Rounding Method.
Dimension Dimension A, mm
B, mm 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10
1.0 99 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 94 93 92 92 91 91 90 89 89 88 88
1.5 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81
2.0 98 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 82 81 80 79 78 76 75
2.5 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 86 84 83 81 80 78 77 75 73 72 70 69
3.0 96 94 92 91 89 87 85 83 81 79 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62
3.5 96 93 91 89 87 85 82 80 78 76 74 72 69 67 65 63 61 58 56
4.0 95 92 90 88 85 82 80 78 75 72 70 68 65 62 60 58 55 52 50
4.5 94 92 89 86 83 80 78 75 72 69 66 63 61 58 55 52 49 47 44
5.0 94 91 88 84 81 78 75 72 69 66 62 59 56 53 50 47 44 41 38
5.5 93 90 86 83 79 76 72 69 66 62 59 55 52 48 45 42 38 35 31
6.0 92 89 85 81 78 74 70 66 62 59 55 51 48 44 40 36 32 29 25
6.5 92 88 84 80 76 72 68 63 59 55 51 47 43 39 35 31 27 23 19
7.0 91 87 82 78 74 69 65 61 56 52 48 43 39 34 30 26 21 17 12
7.5 91 86 81 77 72 67 62 58 53 48 44 39 34 30 25 20 16 11 6
8.0 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

22
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
TABLE A4.2 Shear Fracture Appearance for Measurements Made in Inches
NOTE 1—100 % shear fracture appearance is to be reported when either A or B is zero.

Dimension Dimension A, in.
B, in. 0.05 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40
0.05 98 96 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 85 84
0.10 96 92 90 89 87 85 84 82 81 79 77 76 74 73 71 69 68
0.12 95 90 88 86 85 83 81 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65 63 61
0.14 94 89 86 84 82 80 77 75 73 71 68 66 64 62 59 57 55
0.16 94 87 85 82 79 77 74 72 69 66 64 61 59 56 54 51 48
0.18 93 85 83 80 77 74 71 68 65 62 59 56 54 51 48 45 42
0.20 92 84 81 77 74 71 68 65 61 58 55 52 48 45 42 39 35
0.22 91 82 79 75 72 68 65 61 57 54 50 47 43 40 36 33 29
0.24 90 81 77 73 69 65 61 57 54 50 46 42 38 34 30 26 23
0.26 90 79 75 71 66 62 58 54 50 45 41 37 33 29 25 20 16
0.28 89 77 73 68 64 59 55 50 46 41 37 32 28 23 19 14 10
0.30 88 76 71 66 61 56 52 47 42 37 32 27 23 18 13 8 3
0.31 88 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
FIG. A4.2 Shear Fracture Appearance
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. NOTES ON SIGNIFICANCE OF NOTCHED-BAR IMPACT TESTING
X1.1 Notch Behavior: X1.1.2 The notch behavior of face-centered cubic metals
X1.1.1 The Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test has been and alloys, a large group of nonferrous materials and austenitic
used extensively in mechanical testing of steel products, in steels can be judged from their common tensile properties. If
research, and in procurement specifications for over three they are brittle in tension, they will be brittle when notched,
decades. Where correlations with fracture mechanics param- while if they are ductile in tension they will be ductile when
eters are available, it is possible to specify CVN toughness notched, except for unusually sharp or deep notches (much
values that would ensure elastic-plastic behavior for fracture of more severe than the standard V-notch Charpy or Izod speci-
fatigue cracked specimens subjected to minimum operating mens). Even low temperatures do not alter this characteristic of
temperatures and maximum in-service rates of loading. these materials. In contrast, the behavior of ferritic steels under

23
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
notch conditions cannot be predicted from their properties as X1.2.4 This behavior, whether brittle or ductile, depends on
revealed by the tension test. For the study of these materials the whether the normal stress exceeds the cohesive strength before
Charpy and Izod type tests are accordingly very useful. Some the shear stress exceeds the shear strength. Several important
metals that display normal ductility in the tension test may facts of notch behavior follow from this. If the notch is made
nevertheless break in brittle fashion when tested or when used sharper or more drastic, the normal stress at the root of the
in notched condition. Notched conditions include constraints to notch will be increased in relation to the shear stress and the
deformation in directions perpendicular to the major stress, or bar will be more prone to brittle fracture (see Table X1.1).
multi axial stresses, and stress concentrations. It is in this field Also, as the speed of deformation increases, the shear strength
that the Charpy and Izod tests prove useful for determining the increases and the likelihood of brittle fracture increases. On the
susceptibility of a steel to notch-brittle behavior though they other hand, by raising the temperature, leaving the notch and
cannot be directly used to appraise the serviceability of a the speed of deformation the same, the shear strength is
structure. lowered and ductile behavior is promoted, leading to shear
failure.
X1.2 Notch Effect:
X1.2.5 Variations in notch dimensions will affect the results
X1.2.1 The notch results in a combination of multi-axial of the tests. Tests on E4340 steel specimens7 have shown the
stresses associated with restraints to deformation in directions effect of dimensional variations on Charpy results (see Table
perpendicular to the major stress, and a stress concentration at X1.1).
the base of the notch. A severely notched condition is generally
not desirable, and it becomes of real concern in those cases in X1.3 Size Effect:
which it initiates a sudden and complete failure of brittle type. X1.3.1 Increasing either the thickness or the width of the
Some metals can be deformed in a ductile manner even down specimen tends to increase the volume of metal subject to
to very low temperatures, while others may crack. This distortion, and by this factor tends to increase the absorbed
difference in behavior can be best understood by considering energy. However, any increase in size, particularly in thickness,
the cohesive strength of a material (or the property that holds also tends to increase the degree of constraint and by tending
it together) and its relation to the yield point. In cases of brittle to induce brittle fracture, may decrease the absorbed energy.
fracture, the cohesive strength is exceeded before significant Where a standard V-notch specimen is on the verge of brittle
plastic deformation occurs and the fracture appears crystalline. fracture, this is particularly true, and a double-thick specimen
In cases of ductile or shear type of failure, considerable may actually require less absorbed energy to rupture than one
deformation precedes the final fracture and the broken surface of standard thickness.
appears fibrous instead of crystalline. In intermediate cases, the
fracture comes after a moderate amount of deformation and is X1.3.2 In studies of such effects where the size of the
part crystalline and part fibrous in appearance. material precludes the use of the standard specimen, for
example when the material is a 6.35 mm plate, sub-size
X1.2.2 When a notched bar is loaded, there is a normal specimens are used. Such specimens (Fig. A3.1) are based on
stress across the base of the notch which tends to initiate the V-notch specimen of Fig. 1.
fracture. The property that keeps it from cleaving, or holds it
together, is the cohesive strength. The bar fractures when the X1.3.3 A general correlation between the absorbed energy
normal stress exceeds the cohesive strength. When this occurs values obtained with specimens of different size or shape is not
without the bar deforming it is the condition for brittle fracture. feasible, but limited correlations may be established for speci-
fication purposes on the basis of special studies of particular
X1.2.3 In testing, though not in service because of size materials and particular specimens. On the other hand, in a
effects, it happens more commonly that plastic deformation study of the relative effect of process variations, evaluation by
precedes fracture. In addition to the normal stress, the applied use of some arbitrarily selected specimen with some chosen
force also sets up shear stresses which are about 45° to the notch will in most instances place the methods in their proper
normal stress. The elastic behavior terminates as soon as the order.
shear stress exceeds the shear strength of the material and
deformation or plastic yielding sets in. This is the condition for 7
Fahey, N.H., “Effects of Variables on Charpy Impact Testing,” Material
ductile failure. Research & Standards, Vol 1 No.11, November 1961. p. 872.
TABLE X1.1 Effect of Varying Notch Dimensions on Standard V-Notch Specimens

High-Energy Medium-Energy Low-Energy
Specimens, J Specimens, J Specimens, J

Specimen with standard dimensions 103.0 ± 5.2 60.3 ± 3.0 16.9 ± 1.4
Depth of notch, 2.13 mmA 97.9 56.0 15.5
Radius at base of notch 0.13 mmB 98.0 56.5 14.6
Radius at base of notch 0.38 mmB 108.5 64.3 21.4
A
Standard 2.0 mm ± 0.025 mm (0.079 in. ± 0.001 in.).
B
Standard 0.25 mm ± 0.025 mm (0.010 in. ± 0.001 in.).

24
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
X1.4 Temperature Effect: be deflected out of the sides of the machine and yet in other
X1.4.1 The testing conditions also affect the notch behavior. designs it may be necessary to contain the broken specimens
So pronounced is the effect of temperature on the behavior of within a certain area until the pendulum passes through the
steel when notched that comparisons are frequently made by anvils. Some low-energy high-strength steel specimens leave
examining specimen fractures and by plotting absorbed energy impact machines at speeds in excess of 15.2 m/s although they
values and shear fracture appearance versus temperature from were struck by a pendulum traveling at speeds approximately
tests of notched bars at a series of temperatures. When the test 5.2 m/s. If the force exerted on the pendulum by the broken
temperature has been carried low enough to start cleavage specimens is sufficient, the pendulum will slow down and
fracture, there may be an extremely sharp drop in absorbed erroneously high absorbed energy values will result. This
energy or there may be a relatively gradual falling off toward problem accounts for many of the inconsistencies in Charpy
the lower temperatures. This drop in energy value starts when results reported by various investigators within the 14 J to 34 J
a specimen begins to exhibit some crystalline appearance in the range. Fig. A1.1 illustrates a modification found to be satisfac-
fracture. The transition temperature at which this embrittling tory in minimizing jamming.
effect takes place varies considerably with the size of the part X1.6 Velocity of Straining:
or test specimen and with the notch geometry.
X1.6.1 Velocity of straining is likewise a variable that
X1.5 Testing Machine: affects the notch behavior of steel. The impact test shows
somewhat higher absorbed energy values than the static tests
X1.5.1 The testing machine itself must be sufficiently rigid
above the transition temperature and yet, in some instances, the
or tests on high-strength low-energy materials will result in
reverse is true below the transition temperature.
excessive elastic energy losses either upward through the
pendulum shaft or downward through the base of the machine. X1.7 Correlation with Service:
If the anvil supports, the striker, or the machine foundation X1.7.1 While Charpy or Izod tests may not directly predict
bolts are not securely fastened, tests on ductile materials in the the ductile or brittle behavior of steel as commonly used in
range of 108 J may actually indicate values in excess of 122 J large masses or as components of large structures, these tests
to 136 J. can be used as acceptance tests or tests of identity for different
X1.5.2 A problem peculiar to Charpy-type tests occurs lots of the same steel or in choosing between different steels,
when high-strength, low-energy specimens are tested at low when correlation with reliable service behavior has been
temperatures. These specimens may not leave the machine in established. It may be necessary to perform the tests at properly
the direction of the pendulum swing but rather in a sidewise chosen temperatures other than room temperature. In this, the
direction. To ensure that the broken halves of the specimens do service temperature or the transition temperature of full-scale
not rebound off some component of the machine and contact specimens does not give the desired transition temperatures for
the pendulum before it completes its swing, modifications may Charpy or Izod tests since the size and notch geometry may be
be necessary in older model machines. These modifications so different. Chemical analysis, tension, and hardness tests may
differ with machine design. Nevertheless the basic problem is not indicate the influence of some of the important processing
the same in that provisions must be made to prevent rebound- factors that affect susceptibility to brittle fracture nor do they
ing of the fractured specimens into any part of the swinging comprehend the effect of low temperatures in inducing brittle
pendulum. Where design permits, the broken specimens may behavior.
X2. SUGGESTED METHODS FOR MEASURING THE POSITION OF THE CENTER OF STRIKE
X2.1 Position of the Center of Strike Relative to the Center X2.1.1.2 Suspend a plumb bob from the frame. The plumb
of Gravity: line should appear visually to be in the plane of swing of the
striking edge.
X2.1.1 Since the center of strike can only be marked on an
X2.1.1.3 Place a massive object on the base close to the
assembled machine, only the methods applicable to an as-
latch side of the pendulum. Adjust the position of this object so
sembled machine are described as follows: that when back lighted, a minimal gap is visible between it and
X2.1.1.1 The fundamental fact on which all the methods are the pendulum. (See Fig. X2.1.)
based is that when the friction forces are negligible, the center X2.1.1.4 With a scale or depth gage pressed lightly against
of gravity is vertically below the axis of rotation of a pendulum the striking edge at the center of strike, measure the horizontal
supported by the bearings only. Section A1.3 limits the total distance between the plumb line and striking edge. (Dimension
frictional losses in impact machines to a negligible value. The B in Fig. X2.1.)
required measurements may be made using specialized instru- X2.1.1.5 Similarly, measure the distance in a horizontal
ments such as transits, clinometers, or cathetometer. However, plane through the axis of rotation from the plumb line to the
simple instruments have been used as described in the follow- clamp block or enlarged end of the pendulum stem. (Dimen-
ing to make measurements of sufficient accuracy. sion A in Fig. X2.1.)

25
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
FIG. X2.1 Measurement of Deviation of Center of Strike from Vertical Plane through Axis of Rotation when Pendulum is at Free-
hanging Position
X2.1.1.6 Use a depth gage to measure the radial distance X 5 A1C1D/2 2 B (X2.1)
from the surface contacted in measuring A to a machined
where:
surface of the shaft which connects the pendulum to the
bearings in the machine frame. (Dimension C in Fig. X2.1.) X = deviation of the center of strike from a line from the
X2.1.1.7 Use an outside caliper or micrometer to measure axis of rotation through the center of gravity.
the diameter of the shaft at the same location contacted in
measuring C. (Dimension D in Fig. X2.1.)
X2.1.1.8 Substitute the measured dimensions in the equa-
tion
X3. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TESTING SUB-SIZE CHARPY SPECIMENS
X3.1 When testing sub-size specimens (see Fig. A3.1), the Higher specimen supports should be used when testing a
specimen support height should be changed to ensure that the smaller thickness specimen and lower specimen supports
center of strike is maintained (see A2.3.4 and A2.3.7 for should be used when testing a larger thickness specimen.
instructions). To comply with this change, new specimen
supports can be manufactured or shims may be added to the X3.3 Determine the nominal thickness of the sub-size speci-
specimen supports in a secure manner so that they do not men. When testing smaller thickness specimens, subtract this
interfere with the test.
value from the standard thickness specimens (10 mm). Divide

this value by two. This amount shall be added to the standard
X3.2 In order to maintain the center of strike requirements,
specimen support height. For larger thickness specimens, the
the following procedure should be used when testing a sub-size
result of the subtraction is a negative number. Therefore, the
specimen. The height of the specimen supports should be
thickness of the supports shall be reduced by the amount
changed to ensure that the centerline of the sub-size specimen
will coincide with the centerline of the standard specimen. calculated.

26
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
E23 − 24
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E23 – 23a)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved April 1, 2024.)
(1) Practice E29 and Terminology E6 were added to 2.1. (3) Revised Table A4.1 and Table A4.2.
(2) Moved “absorbed energy” from 3.2 Terms Specific to the
Standard, to 3.1 Terms Common to Mechanical Testing.
Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E23 – 23)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved March 1, 2023.)
(1) 9.1.1.2, 9.2.3, and 9.3.3 were revised. (6) A2.3.5.1 was revised.
(2) A1.2 and A1.4 were revised. (7) A2.3.7 and A2.3.7.1 were revised.
(3) A1.10.1 and A1.10.2 were revised. (8) Eq A2.4 was revised.
(4) A2.2.1 and Note A2.1 were revised. (9) A2.3.8.1 was revised.
(5) A2.3.1, A2.3.2, A2.3.3, and A2.3.4 were revised. (10) X2.1.1.8 was revised.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

27
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\

Astm E23-24

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Astm E23-24

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Astm E23-24

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Designation: E23 − 24 An American National Standard

Standard Test Methods for

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

for identification purposes. However, some marking methods

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

ID Number Description Dimension Tolerance

FIG. 1 Charpy (Simple-Beam) Impact Test Specimens, V-Notch and U-Notch

ID Number Description Dimension Tolerance

4 Adjacent sides angle 90° ±0.17°

FIG. 2 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

ID Number Designation Dimension, mm ID Number Designation Dimension, mm

4 Radius on support 2±1 11 Solder pad height 9.5 ± 1

FIG. 4 Centering Tongs for V-Notch Charpy Specimens

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

FIG. 6 Lateral Expansion Gauge for Charpy Impact Specimens

shall distinguish between regions formed by stable crack

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

ID Number Dimension, mm ID Number Dimension, mm

FIG. 7 Assembly and Details for Lateral Expansion Gauge

11.1.7 Unbroken specimens and whether or not they were

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

A1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPACT MACHINES

or, when this is not practical, the machine shall be bolted to a

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

ID Num Designation Dimension Tolerance

FIG. A1.2 Charpy Anvils and Specimen Supports

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

ID Num Designation Dimension Tolerance

FIG. A1.3 Charpy Strikers

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

NOTE 1—All dimensional tolerances shall be 60.05 mm unless otherwise specified.

A2. VERIFICATION OF PENDULUM IMPACT MACHINES

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

FIG. A2.1 Dimensions for Calculations

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

π = 3.1416, and converted to absorbed energy using the conversion formula or

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

A3. ADDITIONAL IMPACT TEST SPECIMEN CONFIGURATIONS

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

ID Number Description Dimension Tolerance

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

NOTE 1—Permissible variations for type X specimens shall be as follows:

NOTE 2—Permissible variations for both specimens shall be as follows:

FIG. A3.2 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimens, Types X and Y

NOTE 1—Permissible variations shall be as follows:

Notch depth ±0.025 mm

FIG. A3.3 Izod (Cantilever-Beam) Impact Test Specimen (Philpot), Type Z

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

A4. DETERMINATION OF THE SHEAR FRACTURE APPEARANCE

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&

&RS\ULJKWE\$670,QW O DOOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 6DW-XQ87&