Webology, Volume 18, Number 3, 2021

ISSN: 1735-188X
DOI: 10.29121/WEB/V18I3/137

A Study of future analysis of 4G and 5G Communication

Networks

Prabhdeep Singh1, Vikas Tripathi2, Durgaprasad Gangodkar3, Dibyahash Bordoloi4

1
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,Graphic Era Deemed to be University,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
2
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,Graphic Era Deemed to be University,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
3
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,Graphic Era Deemed to be University,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand India
4
Head of the Department, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,Graphic Era Hill
University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India

ABSTRACT
The fifth generation (5G) of mobile cellular communications is intended to be a unified system that
can support many contributors while upholding service quality. The linked sources network 5G is
regarded as the wireless industry's following step after taking into account today's instructions,
which incorporate amazing strategies for effectively utilising sources to cover the above frequency
range. Various surveys on prospective characteristics that could be included in the currently under
debate 5G technology have been completed, and the 4G LTE specification has also been finalised.
In recent years, cellular services have expanded quickly, improving in many facets, including rates,
customers, information, and capabilities. As stated and based on data and information gathered from
the obtainable discussion related, this research provides an overview of potential modifications to
the current architecture as well as likely updated attractive attributes expected in 5G technology.
The final effect clearly demonstrates the difference between advances 4G LTE and 5G.

Keywords: communication, networks, cellular services, 5G, 4G, technology

INTRODUCTION
The 4th and 5th generation of cellular technology, which are both industrial behemoths, are the
foundation of the quickly developing mobile network technology. The IoT paradigm's integration
into 4G and 5G platforms makes it more challenging to navigate this wireless maze. In the near
future, there will be 5G, a fifth generation broadband access innovation based on the IEEE
802.11ac protocol. The current 4G network will be replaced by the 5G one, which will offer more
coverage and better speeds. According to expectations, 5G will employ a 5 GHz signal and offer
speeds of up to 1 Gb/s for thousands of interconnections or tens of Mb/s for hundreds of thousands
of connections. [1-4] 4G is related to LTE technology, an advancement of the present 3G wireless
standard. LTE, which is actually a more developed form of 3G, heralds a radical shift away from
hybrid voice and data networks and toward an IP network that is only for data. Two essential

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technologies, MIMO and OFDM, enable LTE to outperform earlier 3G networks in terms of
transmission rate. [5] A transmission technique called OFDM makes use of numerous closely
spaced carriers that are controlled with little latency. It is a thermal efficiency technique that
permits multiple users to use a single channel while preserving fast data rates. The MIMO
technology boosts transmission rate and spectrum efficiency by using several antennas at the
transmission and reception. Using intricate signal processing techniques, multiple data channels are
constructed on the same channel. [6] Both FDD and TDD are used in the LTE standard. One final
note on the LTE categories. There are various LTE network types, and they mainly differ from the
perspective of the client in terms of the maximum theoretical speed possible. As a bridge between
4G and 5G, LTE-Advanced is the development of the initial connectivity to even faster speeds. The
five parts that make up LTE-A, which claims around three times the performance of the normal
LTE network: Aggregation of Carriers is the initial phase. MIMO has been boosted. 3. Relay
Station No. 4 for Multipoint Coordinates (CoMP) An example of a communication environment is
a hybrid network. HetNet or the S Network [7-9] [10] A transmission technique called carrier
aggregation, often referred to as channel accumulation, combines up to 20 streams of data from
different spectrums into a single stream. Then, utilising the beamsteering approach, LTE-A
increases the MIMO bar to 88 array configurations to enhance the frequency of radio channels.
[11-12]

[13] It's worth mentioning that, while the LTE-A standard serves as a link between the 4G and 5G
realms, the concept of HetNet acts as a glue between the two worlds in many respects. That is why
many in the cellular industry consider 5G to be an improved version of LTE-A. That makes
complete sense, because the basic goal behind 5G systems is to take the small cellular modem
concept to the next level by creating a super dense system with tiny cells in every area. 5G is
defined by the NGMN Alliance as follows: "5G is an E-E system that will enable a truly mobile
and linked society," says the company. It enables value creation for clients and stakeholders by
delivering consistent experiences and enabling long-term sustainability through existing and
emerging use cases.

[14] Take Massive MIMO technology, for example, where 5G increases the threshold to a huge
array of radiation pattern that expands the antenna matrix to a new level—1616 to 256256
MIMO—and puts a bet on wireless network speed and coverage. Beam forming technologies and
small cell base units are a big part of the early 5G experimental network plan. The following value
points highlight the objectives of 5G technology: • Support for 100+ billion interconnections •
1,000x increase in capacity • Speeds of up to 10 Gbit/s • Latency of less than 1 millisecond[15]

MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE FOR 4G TO 5G

The All IP Network (AIPN) is a 3GPP-developed system aimed at increasing need in the mobile
communications market. It's a multi-program that may be used for a variety of radio access

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technologies. AIPN initially focused on packet switching technology advancements, but it now
provides continuous evolution and cost control in both performance and price. The key advantages
of the AlPN design include a variety of access mechanisms, lower costs, international seamless
access, increased user satisfaction, and reduced system latency. Furthermore, some dangers have
emerged as a result of IP: data flow has grown more liberated, and the internet is now exposed to
all types of viruses and thieves, implying that it is not only accessible to them. Then developers and
employers confronted a new modern dilemma that needed to be totally solved, so 5G RAN
innovation must be an efficient mesh network that relies on IP backhaul. In 5G networks, there can
be many multiple kinds of base stations, including D2D, UDN, and massive MIMO classical
macro, and these different base stations will often restrict together laterally more than they did in
4G networks, and will pursue effective and accommodative wireless grid.

In contrast to 4G, the 5G station will include software to integrate transmission controllers and
transmitters, as well as a new error correction planner that can be downloaded over the internet.
The evolution is seen across user sites as a concentration of 5G mobile networks, with these
stations being able to access several communications technology at the same time, and the station
being able to join numerous flows from various technologies. In 5G, each network will be in
charge of handling user mobility, while the terminal will be the last point of contact for specialised
services across multiple mobile wireless network access providers. This decision will be based on
whether or not the mobile phone's smart middleware is enabled.

2.1. ARCHITECTURE OF A 5G MOBILE NETWORK DESIGN

5G mobile networks are in the early stages of development. Both public and business are
consulting and making suggestions to choose which service should be displayed and what features
it should have. Pervasive Networking is a feature of 5G technology. It aspires to expand real-
WWWWW [1,8,9]. Figure 1 depicts the model of the system that proposed a network architecture
for the 5G portable device, between as an a whole IP shaped model for wi-fi and mobile networks
connectivity, the law includes user stations (which play an important role in today's architecture)
then gather concerning separate, independent radio access technology. Every radio station has
access to technological know-how that is demonstrated in accordance with the outside internet
world, specifically an IP link. However, there should be various radio interfaces for RAT inside the
cellular terminal, for example, if we bring an action in emulation of have direct exposure after IV
more than a few RATs, then we desire after have four more than just few access, specific
functionality inside the cellular depot, then leave all of them active at the same time, then the goal
is to keep this design and architecture after keep reasonable.

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Fig.1. Practical Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks

The radio access technologies are introduced at the first two OSI levels (data link and physical
levels), which are provided with quite some QoS support mechanisms, depending on the
connectivity. The network layer sits on top of the OSI-1 and OSI-2 layers, and in today's
information memorandum, this layer is IP (Internet Protocol), either IPv4 or IPv6, irrespective of
the radio access network. IP's goals are to ensure total control information in the header of IP
packets, as well as appropriate routing of IP packets pertaining to assured program connections.
Mobile and wireless communication networks are moving toward an all-IP standard. As a result,
there will most likely be several RATs in the future compared to the ones that are presently in use,
but the underlying technology is IP. For access and core portions, All-IP is a foundation of the 4G
standard. Similarly, many responsibilities are assigned to divide the transmission and service layers
in NGN. As a result, future wireless mobile technology must be compatible with NGN. As user
terminals become more computationally capable of supporting numerous complicated functions,
5G technology is projected to become more user-centric as envisioned.

2.2. Features
The above feature is based on the presumption that the user unit will be able to access many RATs
from a central monitoring device at the same time; however, this capability has recently been
observed in reality. Furthermore, the assumption includes the establishment of modern
organizations in the network for the purpose of enabling strategy-based routing between several IP
subways and client station appliances via various RATs in the network's service layer. Various
techniques have been proposed to make the 5G network planned architecture fully functioning.

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2.2.1. Interoperability of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

Controlling the flexibility of employing spectrum, necessary space, capability, and so on in a
certain platform is the primary defiance in developing a user terminal. The new approaches with
tunability will allow the premier system to dynamically adapt for battery, frequency, and other
resource consumption efficiency. Checking concepts on heterogeneous networks leads to the
creation of a modern developed system that is simple to operate between multiple RATs without
requiring any modifications, while also introducing reliable control in the core network. To collect
applications that connect with needs, two methods for interoperability are frequently considered:

For requesting a columnar changeover between many access methods for developing
heterogeneous range, it requires a guaranteed grade of incorporation among RATs, the various
analyses supplied, and different protocols were created in defining the interconnection levels of
design. It denotes a radio access compatibility standard for lower levels of telecommunication. This
approach is used in mutual networks or networks with RATs controlled by the same operator.
Some networks have strict rules of order in the scope of columnar handover, relying on the RANs
Conditions or adhering to operator preferences.

2.2.2. Interoperability Model on the Internet

It also calls for evolution and emphasises the importance of service continuity in terms of offering
different RATs to user stations, as well as network access. As a result, interoperability is
established at a common level for all RATs. It has become more open and capable of cooperating
with other servant operators in any situation. Regardless of any adjustments in the underlying
variety procedures on the access level, both strategies must transport client information plainly
among multiple users apps and the focused application servers. Every RAT is well-designed with
reference to RRM Extra Utilization; the system adjusts for appropriate resource allocation based on
the quality of operations desired.

2.2.3. Structure Proposed Functionalities and Functional Entities

The proposed network layer in the design provides functions that interconnect security, connection,
and other operations that are initiated by the user. Separated logically into numerous mutual
software systems that perform certain functions. There are little differences in server and client
capabilities at the virtual network layer. Every software system will have its own set of suggested
flexibility and architecture, which is enabled by clearly defined links and interfaces among
standard peer modules. The network layer workforce is broken down as follows:

Only dedicated to the user, it ensures the customer's service continuity while taking into account
the quality application requirements, customers, and network in the form of established policies or
information obtained by the user services. It appears as an ITHC component on the client side,
interfacing directly with another unit at the network virtualization layer. If a handover is needed,

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this module will start the process among linked tunnels using applicable internet protocols.

Fig. 2: The Software Diagram for the Virtual Network Layer

3. Difference between 4G and 5G

To begin, while LTE-based 4G networks are increasingly being implemented, 5G networks are
mostly comprised of research papers and pilot projects. b) Up to 4G, mobile systems mostly
focused on raw bandwidth utilization, whereas 5G seeks to develop extensive connectivity to lay
the framework for speedy and dependable Internet connectivity for Internet users, whether they are
on the top of a tower or below in a subway station. Although the LTE standard contains an MTC
variant for IoT traffic, 5G systems are being created from the ground up to accommodate MTC-
like devices. To put it another way, 5G will be designed to support a wide range of applications,
including IoT, connected wearables, virtual reality, and interactive gaming. The 5G network,
unlike its 4G brother, will be able to handle a high number of smart devices as well as a range of
traffic types. 5G, for example, will allow for ultra-fast connections for HD streaming video as well
as low-data-rate connectivity for sensing devices.

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Fig. 3. The architecture of 5G applications.

New designs such as cloud RAN and virtual RAN will be pioneered by 5G networks in order to
support a more centralised network setup and make the greatest use of server farms via localised
data centres at the network edges. Finally, 5G will be the first to use cognitive radio technologies,
which will allow infrastructure to automatically select the type of channel to be transmitted,
discriminate between stationary and mobile objects, and adapt to various conditions. In other
words, 5G networks would be able to provide both commercial Internet and digital apps at the
same time.

Table 1. 4G and 5G Technology Comparison

Specifications 4G 5G
5G network interfacing, Flatter IP
Core networks All IP Network
network,
2Gbps and higher, depending on the
Data Bandwidth 3Mbps to 2Gbps
situation
Frequency Band 3 to 9 GHz 4 to 299 GHz
th
Full Form 4 Generation 5th Generation
Handoff Vertical & Horizontal Vertical & Horizontal
Multiple Access CDMA BDMA, CDMA,
Wearable devices, HD streaming, and Any user demand, such as dynamic
Service worldwide roaming are all examples of internet connectivity, wearable
dynamic information access. gadgets, HD streaming, etc.

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3.1. Optimising The Antenna Design Of A Mobile Device

A mobile device antenna should be tiny and light enough to fit into the restricted area available in
the design of a phone app. Because they are tiny, powerful, and efficient, PIFA are a great option
for communication devices. These antennas can span a wide range of frequency bands for
cellphones, WiFi, and Bluetooth® technologies, making them ideal for IoT-compatible items and
devices.

Figure-4. A planar inverted-F antenna in a mobile device is modelled.

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Because of the short downlink frequency band, this antenna could be represented using PEC limits
for modelling. The losses on the metal are negligible due to the copper layer's strong conductivity.
To absorb its outgoing energy, the PIFA is modelled in a spherical domain surrounded by matched
perfectly layers . The PIFA is excited and its impedance is evaluated using the lumped port, which
has a reference resistance of 50. We generated the field dispersion plot for the PIFA using
simulation. The field is high at one side of the metallic surface near the top of the structure, far
from the feed strip, according to the results. These are the figures.

Figure-5. The electric field dispersion is plotted at the top of the PIFA as a result.

The polar-formatted far-field antenna array is also calculated in the simulation. Because the
antenna is now downsized and situated on only one point of the dipole antenna, the azimuthal
diffraction pattern is no longer omnidirectional. VSWR is less than 2:1, as seen by the S-
parameters. This indicates that the antenna input resistance is well suited to the reference
resistance, a common network tester result.

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Figure-6. The AWS downlink wavelength range's S-parameters are determined.

We may examine the model in a 3D radiation distribution to illustrate maximum radiation and null,
in addition to the findings of 2D far-field calculations.

Figure-7 The PIFA's far-field radiation pattern in three dimensions.

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Conclusions:
In this study, the transmission of wireless cellular operators from the current 4G to the upcoming
5G wireless cellular operators was addressed. Because upcoming mobile phones has more storage
and computing capability, the move from 4G to 5G is crucial. As a result, applications will require
high throughput will benefit; but, present 4G mobile network design will be unable to provide the
data rates needed by these applications, forcing a complete architectural shift. This new design
could be demonstrated through 5G wireless cellular operators. The 5G wireless operator offers
much higher data rates than earlier 4G networks. 5G mobile phones have low energy consumption
in addition to the high data rates, which helps with pervasive computing by letting individuals to
connect to channel access inventions at the same time, such as 5G networks or WiFi, and to
relocate from one connect technology's scope to the other without losing internet connectivity. As a
result, the 5G mobile phone network outperforms the 4G mobile network in a number of ways.
This article covers the requirements for 5G technology, which is expected to be available in 2020,
and states the facts acquired from numerous ongoing studies in the field, such as requirements,
design, and so on. The future components of 5G technology and architecture, with a focus on
functionality, are thoroughly detailed. The contrasts between 5G and 4G networks were also
examined.

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