BMATE201 / Module 1

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1.1 Gradient and directional derivative
Introduction:
∂ ∂ ∂ 𝜕
❖ The vector differential operator ∇ = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = Σ𝑖̂ 𝜕𝑥

❖ The Gradient of the scalar point function 𝜙 is given by

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜙 = ∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = ∑ 𝑖̂ 𝜕𝑥
∇𝜙
❖ Unit vector normal to the surface 𝜙 = 𝑐 is given by 𝑛̂ = |∇𝜙|

❖ Directional derivative of 𝜙 in the direction of 𝑑⃗ is given by ∇𝜙. 𝑑̂

❖ Angle between the two surfaces 𝜙1 = 𝐶1 and 𝜙2 = 𝐶2 is given by
∇𝜙 .∇𝜙
cos 𝜃 = |∇𝜙 1||∇𝜙2 |
1 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

Problems:
1. Find 𝛁𝝓 if 𝝓 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )
𝜙 = log (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z
∂𝜙

∂𝜙 2𝑥
= 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2 2𝑥 2𝑦 2𝑧
∂x = î 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2 + ĵ 𝑥 2+𝑦 2+𝑧 2 + k̂ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2
∂𝜙 2𝑦
= 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2 2
∂y = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2 (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂)
∂𝜙 2𝑧
= 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+𝑧 2
∂z

2. Find 𝛁𝝓 if 𝝓 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 at the point (𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟐)

𝜙 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −1, 2)

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 = 3(1)2 − 3(−1)(2) = 9
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 = 3(−1)2 − 3(1)(2) = −3
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 3(2)2 − 3(1)(−1) = 15
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = 9𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 15𝑘̂

3. Find 𝛁𝝓 if 𝝓 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟐 at the point (1,-2, -1)

𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −2, −1)
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 6𝑥𝑦 = 6(1)(−2) = −12
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 2 = 3(1)2 − 3(−2)2 (−1)2 = −9
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= −2𝑦 3 𝑧 = −2(−2)3 (−1) = −16
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = −12𝑖̂ − 9𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

4. Find the unit vector normal to the surface 𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 at (−𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟐)
𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 − 4 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−1, −1, 2)
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 𝑦3𝑧2 = (−1)(2)2 = −4
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 = 3(−1)(−1)2 (2)2 = −12
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 = 2(−1)(−1)3 (2) = 4
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = −4𝑖̂ − 12𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂

|∇𝜙| = 4|−𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂| = 4√(−1)2 + (−3)2 + (1)2

Unit vector normal to the surface is given by
∇𝜙 −4𝑖̂ − 12𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ −𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑛̂ = = =
|∇𝜙| 4√11 √11
5. Find the unit vector normal to the surface 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛 = 𝟑 at (𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟏)

𝜙 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 3 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, 2, −1)

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦𝑧 = 3(1)2 + 3(2)(−1) = −3
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑧 = 3(2)2 + 3(1)(−1) = 9
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑥𝑦 = 3(1)(2) = 6
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = −3𝑖̂ + 9𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ = 3(−𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)

|∇𝜙| = 3√(−1)2 + (3)2 + (2)2 = 3√14

Unit vector normal to the surface is given by
∇𝜙 ̂)
3(−𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +2𝑘 ̂
−𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +2𝑘
𝑛̂ = |∇𝜙| = =
3√14 √14

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

6. Find the unit vector normal to the surface 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒄 at (-1, 2, 3)

𝜙 = 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, 2, 3)
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
=𝑧+𝑦 =3+2=5
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
=𝑧+𝑥 =3+1=4
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
=𝑦+𝑥 =2+1=3
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂

Unit vector normal to the surface is given by

∇𝜙 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ 5𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂

𝑛̂ = = =
|∇𝜙| √25 + 16 + 9 √50

7. Find the directional derivative of 𝝓 = 𝟒𝒙𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛 at (2,-1, 2) along

̂.
𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌 (MQP 1, Jan 2020)

𝜙 = 4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2, −1, 2)

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 4𝑧 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 = 4(2)3 − 6(2)(−1)2 (2) = 8
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= −6𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 = −6(2)2 (−1)(2) = 48
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 12𝑥𝑧 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 12(2)(2)2 − 3(2)2 (−1)2 = 84
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = 8𝑖̂ + 48𝑗̂ + 84𝑘̂

2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂

𝑑̂ = =
√4 + 9 + 36 7
Directional derivative of 𝜙 along 𝑑⃗ is
2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
∇𝜙. 𝑑̂ = (8𝑖̂ + 48𝑗̂ + 84𝑘̂). ( )
7
16−144+504 376
= = = 53.71
7 7

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 4

8. Find the directional derivative of 𝝓 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛 + 𝟒𝒙𝒛𝟐 at (1, -2, -1) in the direction
̂.
of the vector 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌

𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −2, −1)

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 = 2(1)(−2)(−1) + 4(−1)2 = 8
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 𝑥2𝑧 = (1)2 (−1) = −1
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑧 = (1)2 (−2) + 8(1)(−1) = −10
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = 8𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂

2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂

𝑑̂ = =
√4 + 1 + 4 3

Directional derivative of 𝜙 along 𝑑⃗ is

2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
∇𝜙. 𝑑̂ = (8𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 10𝑘̂). ( )
3
16+1+20 37
= =
3 3

9. Find the directional derivative of 𝝓 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 at P (1, 2, 3) in the direction

of the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂.
𝑷𝑸 = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒌

𝜙 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1,2, 3)
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 2𝑥 = 2(1) = 2
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 2𝑦 = 2(2) = 4
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 4𝑧 = 4(3) = 12
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂
4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑑̂ = =
√16 + 4 + 1 √21
Directional derivative of 𝜙 along 𝑑⃗ is
4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
∇𝜙. 𝑑̂ = (2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂). ( )
√21
8−8+12 12
= =
√21 √21

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

10. Find the direction derivative of 𝝓 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛𝟑 at (𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟏) in the direction of the
normal to the surface 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒛 − 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟒 at (−𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟏).

𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2, −1, 1)

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 𝑦2 = (−1)2 = 1
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 = 2(2)(−1) + 13 = −3
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 3𝑦𝑧 2 = 3(−1)(1)2 = −3
∂z ∂z
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂

𝜓 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 3 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−1, 2, 1)
∂𝜓 ∂𝜓
= log 𝑧 = log 𝑧 = log 1 = 0
∂x ∂x
∂𝜓 ∂𝜓
= −2𝑦 = −2(2) = −4
∂y ∂y
∂𝜓 𝑥 ∂𝜓 1
= = − 1 = −1
∂z 𝑧 ∂z

∂𝜓 ∂𝜓 ∂𝜓
∇𝜓 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = −4𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝛻𝜓 ̂
−4𝑗̂ −𝑘
𝑑̂ = |𝛻𝜓| =
√16+1

Direction derivative of 𝜙 in the direction of the normal to the given surface is

̂
−4𝑗̂ −𝑘
∇𝜙. 𝑑̂ = (𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂).( )
√17
0+12+3 15
= =
√17 √17

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

11. Find 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 so that the directional derivative of 𝝓 = 𝒂𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒃𝒚𝒛 + 𝒄𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝟑 at
(𝟏, 𝟐, −𝟏) has the maximum magnitude 64 in the direction parallel to the z axis.

𝜙 = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑥 3 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, 2, −1)

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 𝑎𝑦 2 + 3𝑐𝑥 2 𝑧 2 = 𝑎(2)2 + 3𝑐(1)2 (−1)2 = 4𝑎 + 3𝑐
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 2𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 = 2𝑎(1)(2) + 𝑏(−1) = 4𝑎 − 𝑏
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑧𝑥 3 = 𝑏(2) + 2𝑐(−1)(1)3 = 2𝑏 − 2𝑐
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
∇𝜙 = î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z = (4𝑎 + 3𝑐)𝑖̂ + (4𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑗̂ + (2𝑏 − 2𝑐)𝑘̂

By data, ∇𝜙. 𝑘̂ = 64 [∵ Direction parallel to the 𝑧 axis is 𝑘̂.]

[(4𝑎 + 3𝑐)𝑖̂ + (4𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑗̂ + (2𝑏 − 2𝑐)𝑘̂ ]. 𝑘̂ = 64

2𝑏 − 2𝑐 = 64

𝑏 − 𝑐 = 32

Since ∇𝜙 is parallel to 𝑧 axis,

4𝑎 + 3𝑐 = 0, 4𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0

By solving 𝑏 − 𝑐 = 32, 4𝑎 + 3𝑐 = 0, 4𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0

𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 24, 𝑐 = −8.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 7

12. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟗 and 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑 at
(𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟐) (July 2019)
𝜙1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2, −1, 2)
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 2𝑥 = 2(2) = 4
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 2𝑦 = 2(−1) = −2
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 2𝑧 = 2(2) = 4
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1

∇𝜙1 = î + ĵ + k̂ = 4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

𝜙2 = 𝑧 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 3 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2, −1, 2)

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= −2𝑥 = −2(2) = −4
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= −2𝑦 = −2(−1) = 2
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
=1 =1
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2

∇𝜙2 = î + ĵ + k̂ = −4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

Angle between the surfaces is given by

∇𝜙 .∇𝜙
cos 𝜃 = |∇𝜙 1||∇𝜙2 |
1 2

̂ ).(−4𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +𝑘
(4𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ +4𝑘 ̂)
=
√16+4+16√16+4+1

−16−4+4 −16 −8
= = 6√21 = 3√21
6√21

8
Therefore, 𝜃 = cos1 (3√21)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

13. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 and 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟑 at
(𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟐) [MQP 2]

𝜙1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧 2 − 4 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2, 1, 2)
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 2𝑥 = 2(2) = 4
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 2𝑦 = 2(1) = 2
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= −2𝑧 = −2(2) = −4
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1

∇𝜙1 = î + ĵ + k̂ = 4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝜙2 = 𝑧 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 + 13 2
At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2, 1, 2)
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= −2𝑥 = −2(2) = −4
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= −2𝑦 = −2(1) = −2
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
=1 =1
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2

∇𝜙2 = î + ĵ + k̂ = −4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

Angle between the surfaces is given by

∇𝜙 .∇𝜙
cos 𝜃 = |∇𝜙 1||∇𝜙2 |
1 2

̂ ).(−4𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ +𝑘
(4𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ −4𝑘 ̂)
=
√16+4+16√16+4+1

−16−4−4 24 4
= = − 6√21 = −
√21 √21

4
Therefore, 𝜃 = 𝜋 − cos1 ( )
√21

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

14. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒛𝟐 and 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟏 at
(𝟏, −𝟐, 𝟏).

𝜙1 = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 − 3𝑥 − 𝑧 2 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −2, 1)

∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 𝑦2𝑧 − 3 = (−2)2 (1) − 3 = 1
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 2(1)(−2)(1) = −4
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑧 = (1)(2)2 − 2(1) = 2
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1

∇𝜙1 = î + ĵ + k̂ = 𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

𝜙2 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 − 1 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −2, 1)

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= 6𝑥 = 6(1) = 6
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= −2𝑦 = −2(−2) = 4
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
=2 =2
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2

∇𝜙2 = î + ĵ + k̂ = 6𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

Angle between two surfaces is given by

∇𝜙 .∇𝜙
cos 𝜃 = |∇𝜙 1||∇𝜙2 |
1 2

̂ ).( 6𝑖̂+4𝑗̂ +2𝑘

(𝑖̂−4𝑗̂ +2𝑘 ̂)
=
√1+16+4√36+16+4
6−16+4 6
= =−
√21√56 √21√56
3
Therefore, 𝜃 = 𝜋 − cos1 (7√6)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

15. Show that the surfaces 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒛𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐 and 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒛 = 𝟗𝒙 intersect
orthogonally at the point (1,-1,2)

𝜙1 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 4 − 12 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −1, 2)

∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 8𝑥𝑦 = 8(1)(−1) = −8
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 4𝑥 2 = 4(1)2 = 4
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 4𝑧 3 = 4(2)3 = 32
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1

∇𝜙1 = î + ĵ + k̂ = −8𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

𝜙2 = 6𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 − 9𝑥 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −1, 2)

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= 12𝑥 − 9 = 12(1) − 9 = 3
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= −𝑧 = −2
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= −𝑦 =1
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2

∇𝜙2 = î + ĵ + k̂ = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇𝜙1 . ∇𝜙2 = (−8𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 32𝑘̂). (3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)

= −24 − 8 + 32 = 0

Therefore, given surfaces intersect orthogonally.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11

16. Find the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that the surfaces 𝒂𝒙𝟐 − 𝒃𝒚𝒛 = (𝒂 + 𝟐)𝒙 and
𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟒 are orthogonal at the point (𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟐). ( MQP 2)

𝜙1 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 − (𝑎 + 2)𝑥 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −1, 2)

∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 − 2 = 2𝑎(1) − 𝑎 − 2 = 𝑎 − 2
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= −𝑏𝑧 = −𝑏(2) = −2𝑏
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
= −𝑏𝑦 = −𝑏(−1) = 𝑏
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1

∇𝜙1 = î + ĵ + k̂ = (𝑎 − 2)𝑖̂ − 2𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

𝜙2 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 3 − 4 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (1, −1, 2)

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= 8𝑥𝑦 = 8(1)(−1) = −8
∂x ∂x
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= 4𝑥 2 = 4(1)2 = 4
∂y ∂y
∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2
= 3𝑧 2 = 3(2)2 = 12
∂z ∂z

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2

∇𝜙2 = î + ĵ + k̂ = −8𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

By data, The surface 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑦𝑧 = (𝑎 + 2)𝑥 passes through the point (1, -1, 2).

Therefore, 𝑎(1)2 − 𝑏(−1)(2) = (𝑎 + 2)(1) ⟹ 𝑏 = 1.

By data, ∇𝜙1 . ∇𝜙2 = 0

[(𝑎 − 2)𝑖̂ − 2𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑘̂]. [−8𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂] = 0

(𝑎 − 2)(−8) − 2𝑏(4) + 12𝑏 = 0

−8𝑎 + 4𝑏 + 16 = 0

−2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 4 = 0

𝑎 = 2.5 [∵ 𝑏 = 1]

Therefore, 𝑎 = 2.5 , 𝑏 = 1.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12

17. Find the angle between the normals to the surface 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒛𝟐 at the points (𝟒, 𝟏, 𝟐)
and (𝟑, 𝟑, −𝟑).

𝜙 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧 2 At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (4, 1, 2) At (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3, 3, −3)

∂𝜙 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙2
=𝑦 =1 =3
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙2
=𝑥 =4 =3
∂y ∂y ∂y
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙2
= −2𝑧 = −2(2) = −4 = −2(−3) = 6
∂z ∂z ∂z
∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1 ∂𝜙1
∇𝜙1 = î + ĵ + k̂ = 𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2 ∂𝜙2

∇𝜙2 = î + ĵ + k̂ = 3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

Angle between two surfaces is given by

∇𝜙 .∇𝜙 ̂ ).(3𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +6𝑘

(𝑖̂+4𝑗̂ −4𝑘 ̂ ,) 3+12−24 1
cos 𝜃 = |∇𝜙 1||∇𝜙2 | = = =−
1 2 √1+16+16√9+9+36 9√22 √22

1
𝜃 = 𝜋 − cos −1 ( )
√22

̂ prove that 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓 = 𝒓⃗⃗

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌
18. If 𝒓
𝒓

𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧
=𝑟 , = , =𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑧

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝜙 = ∇𝜙
∂𝜙 ∂𝜙 ∂𝜙
= î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑟 î + 𝑟 ĵ + 𝑟 k̂
1 𝑟⃗
= 𝑟 (𝑥î + 𝑦ĵ + 𝑧k̂) = 𝑟

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13

 ̂ prove that 𝛁𝒓𝒏 = 𝒏𝒓𝒏−𝟐 𝐫⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌
19. If 𝒓

∂ ∂ ∂
∇𝑟 𝑛 = (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) 𝑟 𝑛
∂r ∂r ∂r
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (𝑟 î + 𝑟 ĵ + 𝑟 k̂)

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 (𝑥î + 𝑦ĵ + 𝑧k̂)

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 r⃗
𝟏 ⃗⃗
𝒓
̂ prove that 𝛁 ( ) = −
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌
20. If 𝒓
𝒓 𝒓𝟑

1 ∂ ∂ ∂ 1
∇ (𝑟 ) = (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) (𝑟 )
1 ∂r ∂r ∂r
= − 𝑟 2 (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z)
1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= − 𝑟 2 (𝑟 î + 𝑟 ĵ + 𝑟 k̂)
1
= − 𝑟 3 (𝑥î + 𝑦ĵ + 𝑧k̂)
r⃗⃗
= − 𝑟3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14

 1.2 Divergence and curl
Introduction:
❖ 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ = ∇. 𝐹⃗
∂ ∂ ∂
= (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . (𝑓1 î + 𝑓2 ĵ + 𝑓3 k̂)
∂𝑓1 ∂𝑓2 ∂𝑓3
= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
❖ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3
❖ Curl is analogous to rotation.
❖ Velocity is twice the angular velocity of rotation.
Problems:
1. If ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝛁(𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒛) find 𝒅𝒊𝒗 ⃗𝑭⃗ and 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 ⃗𝑭⃗. [July 2019, Jan 2020]
𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)
∂ ∂ ∂
= (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)

= î(3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧) + ĵ(3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧) + k̂(3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)

𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ = ∇. 𝐹⃗
∂ ∂ ∂
= (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . [î(3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧) + ĵ(3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧) + k̂(3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)]
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x (3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧) + ∂y (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧) + ∂z (3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)

= 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧
= 6(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
=| ∂x ∂y ∂z
|
3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦𝑧 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑥𝑦
= 𝑖̂(−3𝑥 + 3𝑥) − 𝑗̂(−3𝑦 + 3𝑦) + 𝑘̂(−3𝑧 + 3𝑧)
= ⃗0⃗

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15

 ⃗⃗ and 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍𝑭
2. Find 𝒅𝒊𝒗𝑭 ̂.
⃗⃗ if ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒋̂ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝒌

𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ = ∇. 𝐹⃗
∂ ∂ ∂
= (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . [𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑘̂]
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x (𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 ) + ∂y (𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧) + ∂z (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧)

= 𝑦𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
=| ∂x ∂y ∂z
|
𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 2
𝑥𝑦 𝑧 2
𝑥 𝑦𝑧
= 𝑖̂(𝑥 2 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 2 ) − 𝑗̂(2𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑧) + 𝑘̂(𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧 2 )

3. If ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝛁(𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟐 ) find 𝒅𝒊𝒗 ⃗𝑭⃗ and 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 ⃗𝑭⃗ at the point (𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟏). [MQP 2]
𝐹⃗ = ∇(𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2 )
∂ ∂ ∂
= (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑧 2

= y 3 𝑧 2 î + 3xy 2 𝑧 2 ĵ + 2xy 3 𝑧 k̂
At (1, −1, 1),
𝐹⃗ = (−1)(1)î + 3(1)(1)(1)ĵ + 2(1)(−1)(1) k̂ = −î + 3ĵ − 2 k̂

𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ = ∇. 𝐹⃗
∂ ∂ ∂
= (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . (y 3 𝑧 2 î + 3xy 2 𝑧 2 ĵ + 2xy 3 𝑧 k̂)
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x (𝑦 3 𝑧 2 ) + ∂y (3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 2 ) + ∂z (2xy 3 𝑧)

= 0 + 6𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 3
At (1, −1, 1),
𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹⃗ = 6(1)(−1)(1) + 2(1)(−1) = −6 − 2 = −8
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
=| ∂x ∂y ∂z
|
3 2 2 2 3
𝑦 𝑧 3xy 𝑧 2xy 𝑧
= 𝑖̂(6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧) − 𝑗̂(2𝑦 3 𝑧 − 2𝑦 3 𝑧) + 𝑘̂(3𝑦 2 𝑧 2 − 3𝑦 2 𝑧 2 )
= ⃗0⃗

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16

 ̂, then prove that ⃗𝑭⃗. 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟎.
4. If ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒌

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
=| |
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝑥+𝑦+1 1 −x − y
= 𝑖̂(−1 − 0) − 𝑗̂(−1 − 0) + 𝑘̂(0 − 1)
= −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝐹⃗ . 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = [(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑘̂]. [−𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂]
= −𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 + 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑦
=0
𝟏
⃗⃗ = 𝒘
5. If 𝒗 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟐 (𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒍 𝒗
⃗⃗, where 𝒘 is a constant vector show that 𝒘 ⃗⃗).

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑤1 𝑖̂ + 𝑤2 𝑗̂ + 𝑤3 𝑘̂ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂.

Let 𝑤
Where 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , 𝑤3 are constant vectors.
𝑣⃗ = 𝑤
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑟⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= |𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑤3 |
𝑥 y z

= 𝑖̂(𝑤2 𝑧 − 𝑤3 𝑦) − 𝑗̂(w1 𝑧 − 𝑤3 𝑥) + 𝑘̂(w1 𝑦 − 𝑤2 𝑥)

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑣⃗ = | |
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝑤2 𝑧 − 𝑤3 𝑦 𝑤3 𝑥 − w1 𝑧 w1 𝑦 − 𝑤2 𝑥
= 𝑖̂(𝑤1 − (−𝑤1 )) − 𝑗̂(−w2 − 𝑤2 ) + 𝑘̂(w3 − (−𝑤3 ))
= 2(𝑤1 𝑖̂ + 𝑤2 𝑗̂ + 𝑤3 𝑘̂)
= 2𝑤
⃗⃗⃗
1
⃗⃗⃗ = 2 (𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑣⃗)
Therefore, 𝑤

6. If 𝒓 ̂ prove that (i) 𝛁. 𝒓

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌 ⃗⃗ = 𝟑 (ii) 𝛁 × 𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝟎.
∂ ∂ ∂
(i) ∇. 𝑟⃗ = (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
(ii) ∇ × 𝑟⃗ = | ∂ ∂ ∂
| = î(0 − 0) + ĵ(0 − 0) + k̂(0 − 0) = ⃗0⃗
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝑥 𝑦 z

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17

 ̂ prove that 𝛁. 𝒓𝒏 𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌
7. If 𝒓 ⃗⃗ = (𝒏 + 𝟑)𝒓𝒏
By data, 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
∂r ∂r ∂r
2𝑟 ∂x = 2𝑥, 2𝑟 ∂y = 2𝑦, 2𝑟 ∂z = 2𝑧
∂r 𝑥 ∂r 𝑦 ∂r 𝑧
=𝑟 , = , =𝑟
∂x ∂y 𝑟 ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗ = (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . r n (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂)
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x (𝑟 𝑛 𝑥) + ∂y (𝑟 𝑛 𝑦) + ∂z (𝑟 𝑛 𝑧)
∂r ∂r ∂r
= 𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 𝑧
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= 3𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (𝑟 𝑥 + 𝑟 𝑦 + 𝑟 𝑧)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
= 3𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ( )
𝑟
𝑟2
= 3𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ( 𝑟 )

= 3𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑟 𝑛
= (𝑛 + 3)𝑟 𝑛
8. If 𝒓 ̂ prove that 𝛁 × 𝒓𝒏 𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌 ⃗⃗ = 𝟎.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟⃗ = | |
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝑛 𝑛 n
𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 𝑦 r z
∂ 𝑛 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= î ( 𝑟 𝑧 − 𝑟 𝑛 𝑦) − ĵ ( 𝑟 𝑛 𝑧 − 𝑟 𝑛 𝑥) + k̂ ( 𝑟 𝑛 𝑧 − 𝑟 𝑛 𝑦)
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y ∂z
∂r ∂r ∂r ∂r
= î (𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ∂y 𝑧 − 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ∂z 𝑦) − ĵ (𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ∂x 𝑧 − 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ∂z 𝑥) +
∂r ∂r
k̂ (𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ∂y 𝑧 − 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 ∂z 𝑦)
∂r ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂r
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 {î (∂y 𝑧 − ∂z 𝑦) − ĵ (∂x 𝑧 − ∂z 𝑥) + k̂ (∂y 𝑧 − ∂z 𝑦)}
y z x z y z
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 {î ( r 𝑧 − r 𝑦) − ĵ ( r 𝑧 − r 𝑥) + k̂ ( r 𝑧 − r 𝑦)}

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 {î(y𝑧 − z𝑦) − ĵ(x𝑧 − z𝑥) + k̂(y𝑧 − z𝑦)}

= ⃗0⃗

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18

 1.3 Solenoidal and irrotational vectors
Introduction:
❖ ∇. 𝐹⃗ = 0 ⇔ is a solenoidal vector.
❖ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0 ⇔ 𝐹⃗ is irrotational.
❖ Irrotational vector is also known as curl free vector.
❖ If 𝐹⃗ is a conservative force field then 𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜙 .
Problems:
̂ is solenoidal.
⃗⃗ = (−𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛)𝒊̂ + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝒛𝟐 𝒙)𝒋̂ + (𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝟒𝒛)𝒌
1. Show that the vector 𝑭
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . [(−𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (4𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑥)𝑗̂ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 4𝑧)𝑘̂]
∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x (−𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑧) + ∂y (4𝑦 − 𝑧 2 𝑥) + ∂z (2𝑥𝑧 − 4𝑧)

= −2𝑥 + 4 + 2𝑥 − 4
=0
Therefore, the given vector is solenoidal.
̂ is solenoidal.
2. Show that the vector ⃗𝑽⃗ = 𝟑𝒚𝟒 𝒛𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒛𝟐 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒌
⃗⃗ = (î ∂ + ĵ ∂ + k̂ ∂ ) . (3𝑦 4 𝑧 2 𝑖̂ + 4𝑥 3 𝑧 2 𝑗̂ + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘̂)
∇. 𝑉 ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂x (3𝑦 4 𝑧 2 ) + ∂y (4𝑥 3 𝑧 2 ) + ∂z (3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )

= 0+0+0

=0

Therefore, the given vector is solenoidal.

3. Find the constant 𝒂 so that the vector field ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)𝒊̂ + (𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛)𝒋̂ + (𝒙 −
̂ is solenoidal.
𝒂𝒛)𝒌
By data, ∇. 𝐹⃗ = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
(î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . [(𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑖̂ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗̂ + (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧)𝑘̂ ] = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
(𝑥 + 3𝑦) + (𝑦 − 2𝑧) + (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑧) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

1+1−𝑎 = 0
Therefore, 𝑎 = 2.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19

 ̂ is solenoidal, find ′𝒂′ .
4. If ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛)𝒊̂ + (𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛)𝒋̂ + (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒛)𝒌
By data, ∇. 𝐹⃗ = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
(î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . [(𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧)𝑖̂ + (𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧)𝑗̂ + (3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑘̂] = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
(𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧) + (𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧) + (3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧) = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

𝑎 − 2 − 1 = 0. Therefore, 𝑎 = 3.
̂ is irrotational.
5. Show that the vector ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒛 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚)𝒊̂ + (𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝒛)𝒋̂ + (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒌
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | |
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝑧 + sin 𝑦 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑧 x−y
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= î [∂y (𝑥 − 𝑦) − ∂z (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑧)] − ĵ [∂x (𝑥 − 𝑦) − ∂z (𝑧 + sin 𝑦)]
∂ ∂
+k̂ [∂x (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑧) − ∂y (𝑧 + sin 𝑦)]

= î[−1 + 1] − ĵ[1 − 1] + k̂[cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦]

= ⃗0⃗
Therefore, the given vector is irrotational.
̂
𝒙𝒊̂+𝒚𝒋̂+𝒛𝒌
6. Show that the vector ⃗𝑭⃗ = is irrotational.
√𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒛𝟐

Since 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂, 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

∂r ∂r ∂r
2𝑟 ∂x = 2𝑥, 2𝑟 ∂y = 2𝑦, 2𝑟 ∂z = 2𝑧
∂r 𝑥 ∂r 𝑦 ∂r 𝑧
=𝑟 , = , =𝑟
∂x ∂y 𝑟 ∂z
̂
𝑥𝑖̂+𝑦𝑗̂ +𝑧𝑘 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝐹⃗ = = 𝑟 𝑖̂ + 𝑟 𝑗̂ + 𝑟 𝑘̂
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ||∂x ∂y ∂z|
|
𝑥 𝑦 z
𝑟 𝑟 r
∂ 𝑧 ∂ 𝑦 ∂ 𝑧 ∂ 𝑥 ∂ 𝑦 ∂ 𝑥
= î [∂y (𝑟) − ∂z (𝑟 )] − ĵ [∂x (𝑟) − ∂z (𝑟 )] + k̂ [∂x ( 𝑟 ) − ∂y (𝑟 )]
z ∂r y ∂r z ∂r x ∂r y ∂r 𝑥 ∂r
= î [− r2 (∂y) + r2 (∂z)] − ĵ [− r2 (∂x) + r2 (∂z)] + k̂ [− r2 (∂x) + 𝑟 2 (∂y)]
z y y z z x x z y x 𝑥 y
= î [− r2 ( r ) + r2 (r)] − ĵ [− r2 ( r) + r2 (r)] + k̂ [− r2 ( r) + 𝑟 2 ( r )]
1
= 𝑟 3 {î(−𝑧𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧) − ĵ(−𝑧𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧) + k̂(−𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)} = ⃗0⃗

Therefore, the given vector is irrotational.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20

 𝒙𝒊̂+𝒚𝒋̂
⃗⃗ = 𝟐 𝟐 is both solenoidal and irrotational. ( MQP 1)
7. Show that the vector 𝑭 𝒙 +𝒚
∂ ∂ ∂ 𝑥𝑖̂+𝑦𝑗̂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = (î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) . (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
∂ 𝑥 ∂ 𝑦
= ∂x (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2) + ∂y (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 )
1 1
= (𝑥 2+𝑦 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥. 2𝑥) + (𝑥 2+𝑦 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑦. 2𝑦)
1
= (𝑥 2+𝑦 2)2 (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )

=0

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = || ∂x ∂y ∂z|
|
𝑥 𝑦
0
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

∂ 𝑦 ∂ 𝑥
= 𝑖̂(0 − 0) − 𝑗̂(0 − 0) + 𝑘̂ [∂x (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2) − ∂y (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2)]

−𝑦.2𝑥 −𝑥.2𝑦
= 𝑘̂ [(𝑥2+𝑦 2)2 − (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2)2]

1
= 𝑘̂ [(𝑥 2+𝑦 2)2 (−2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦)]

= ⃗0⃗

Therefore, the given vector is both irrational and solenoidal.

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21

 ̂
8. Find the constants 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒂𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟑 )𝒊̂ + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛)𝒋̂ + (𝒃𝒙𝒛𝟐 − 𝒚)𝒌
is a conservative force field and find the scalar potential. [Jan 2020]
𝐹⃗ is a conservative force field.
∴ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ⃗0⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
| ∂x ∂y ∂z
| = ⃗0⃗
𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 2
3𝑥 − 𝑧 2
𝑏𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦
𝑖̂(−1 + 1) − 𝑗̂(𝑏𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘̂(6𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥) = ⃗0⃗
−𝑗̂(𝑏 − 3)𝑧 2 + 𝑘̂(6 − 𝑎)𝑥 = ⃗0⃗
Equating components,
𝑏 = 3 and 𝑎 = 6
⃗⃗ = ∇ϕ
To find: Scalar potential such that 𝑭
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
(𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖̂ + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗̂ + (𝑏𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ ∂y + 𝑘̂ ∂z
∂x
∂ϕ
= 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3
∂x

On integrating,
𝑥2
𝜙 = 6𝑦 ( 2 ) + 𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧)

= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) ------ (1)

∂ϕ
= 3𝑥 2 − 𝑧
∂y

On integrating,
𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) ------ (2)
∂ϕ
= 3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦
∂z

On integrating,
𝑧3
𝜙 = 3𝑥 ( 3 ) − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝜙 = 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) ------ (3)

Combining (1), (2) and (3)
𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22

 ̂
9. Find the values of 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 such that ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒂𝒙𝒚 + 𝒃𝒛𝟑 )𝒊̂ + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒄𝒛)𝒋̂ + (𝟑𝒙𝒛𝟐 − 𝒚)𝒌
is irrotational, also find the scalar potential 𝝓 such that ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝛁𝝓.
[MQP 2, July 2019]
𝐹⃗ is irrotational.
∴ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = ⃗0⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
| ∂x ∂y ∂z
| = ⃗0⃗
𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 3 2
3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑧 2
3𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦
𝑖̂(−1 + 𝑐) − 𝑗̂(3𝑧 2 − 3𝑏𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘̂(6𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥) = ⃗0⃗
𝑖̂(−1 + 𝑐) − 𝑗̂(3 − 3𝑏)𝑧 2 + 𝑘̂ (6 − 𝑎)𝑥 = ⃗0⃗
Equating components,
𝑐 = 1, 𝑏 = 1 and 𝑎 = 6
To find: Scalar potential
⃗⃗ = ∇ϕ
𝑭
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
(6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖̂ + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗̂ + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ϕ
= 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3
∂x

On integrating,
𝑥2
𝜙 = 6𝑦 ( 2 ) + 𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧)

𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) ------ (1)

∂ϕ
= 3𝑥 2 − 𝑧
∂y

On integrating,
𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) ------ (2)
∂ϕ
= 3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦
∂z

On integrating,
𝑧3
𝜙 = 3𝑥 ( 3 ) − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝜙 = 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) ------ (3)

Combining (1), (2) and (3)
𝜙 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23

 ̂ is a
10. Show that ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝒛)𝒊̂ + (𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒛 + 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝟐 )𝒋̂ + (𝟐𝒚𝟐 𝒛 + 𝒙𝒚)𝒌
conservative force field and find the scalar potential.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = | ∂x ∂y ∂z
|
2
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 2 2𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑖̂(4𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑧) − 𝑗̂(𝑦 − 𝑦) + 𝑘̂(4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑧)
= 𝑖̂(0) − 𝑗̂(0) + 𝑘̂(0)
= ⃗0⃗
Therefore, 𝐹⃗ is a conservative force field.
To find: Scalar potential
⃗𝑭⃗ = ∇ϕ
∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ
(2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 2 )𝑗̂ + (2𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ϕ
= 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧
∂x

On integrating,
𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓1 (𝑦, 𝑧) ----- (1)
∂ϕ
= 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧 2
∂y

On integrating,
𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑧) ----- (2)
∂ϕ
= 2𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦
∂z

On integrating,
𝜙 = 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑓3 (𝑥, 𝑦) ------ (3)
Combining (1), (2) and (3)
𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24

 1.4 Work done by force
Introduction:
❖ If 𝐹⃗ is the velocity of a fluid particle then the circulation of 𝐹⃗ is given by the
.
line integral ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗
❖ If 𝐹⃗ is the force acting on a particlemoving along an arc AB is given by the
𝐵
line integral ∫𝐴 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗

̂ along the curve

1. Find the total work done by the force ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊̂ − 𝟓𝒛𝒋̂ + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒌
𝒙 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 from 𝒕 = 𝟏 to 𝒕 = 𝟐. [Jun 2019]

Total work done by the force

.
= ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐶
.
= ∫ (3𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 5𝑧𝑗̂ + 10𝑥𝑘̂). (𝑑𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̂)
𝐶
.
= ∫ (3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 10𝑥 𝑑𝑧)
𝐶

Put 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 .

𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡.

𝑡 varies from 1 to 2.

= ∫[3(𝑡 2 + 1)(2𝑡 2 )(𝑡 3 )(2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 5𝑡 3 (4𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 10(𝑡 2 + 1)(3𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡]

1
2
316
= ∫(12𝑡 8 + 12𝑡 6 − 20𝑡 4 + 30𝑡 4 + 30𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 =
21
1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 25

 .
2. If ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊̂ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒋̂, evaluate ∫𝑪 ⃗𝑭⃗ . 𝒅𝒓
⃗⃗, where C is the curve 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 in the 𝒙𝒚
plane from (𝟎, 𝟎) to (𝟏, 𝟐) .
. .
∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (3𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂). (𝑑𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̂)
𝐶 𝐶
.
= ∫ (3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦)
𝐶

Put 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1 .

1
6 16 7
= ∫(6𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 5 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − =−
4 6 6
0

3. Find the work done in moving particle in the force field ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊̂ + (𝟐𝒙𝒛 −
̂ along the straight line from (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to (𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟑) [MQP]
𝒚)𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌

𝑥−0 𝑦−0 𝑧−0

The straight line from (0,0,0) to (2, 1, 3) is = = -------- (1)
2 1 3

Work done by the force field 𝐹⃗

.
= ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐶
.
= ∫ (3𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂). (𝑑𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̂)
𝐶
.
= ∫ (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧)
𝐶

Put 𝑥 = 2𝑦, 𝑧 = 3𝑦 and 𝑦 varies from 0 to 1. ∵ 𝑏𝑦 (1)

1

= ∫(12𝑦 2 (2𝑑𝑦) + (12𝑦 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑦(3 𝑑𝑦)

0
1

= ∫(24𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 9𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

0
1

= ∫(36𝑦 2 + 8𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 16
0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26

 4. Suppose ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌̂ is the force field. Find the work done by ⃗𝑭⃗ along the
line from (𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑) to (𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕).

𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3

The straight line from (1, 2, 3) to (3, 5, 7) is = = = 𝑡 -------- (1)
2 3 4

Work done by the force field 𝐹⃗

.
= ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐶
.
= ∫ (𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂). (𝑑𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̂)
𝐶
.
= ∫ (𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧)
𝐶

Put 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 1, 3𝑡 + 2 and 𝑧 = 4𝑡 + 3.
𝑡 varies from 0 to 1. ∵ 𝑏𝑦 (1)
1

= ∫((2𝑡 + 1)2𝑑𝑡 + (3𝑡 + 2)3𝑑𝑡 + (4𝑡 + 3)4𝑑𝑡)

0
1

= ∫(4𝑡 + 2 + 9𝑡 + 6 + 16𝑡 + 12) 𝑑𝑡

0
1
49
= ∫(29𝑡 + 20) 𝑑𝑡 =
2
0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27

 ̂ in moving a
5. Find the total work done by the force ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝒊̂ − 𝒚𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒛𝒙𝒌
particle around the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒.

𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑥𝑘̂

𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) = 𝑑𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̂
Total work done by the force
.
= ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐶

.
= ∫ (3𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑥𝑘̂). (𝑑𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘̂)
𝐶

.
= ∫ (3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑧)
𝐶

Put 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 , 𝑧 = 0.

𝑑𝑥 = −2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 2 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑧 = 0.

𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋.

2𝜋
= ∫ [3(2 cos 𝜃)(2 sin 𝜃)(−2 sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 − (2 sin 𝜃)(2 cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃]
0
2𝜋
= ∫ (−24 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 0.
0

Home work:
6. Find the work done in moving particle in the force field
̂ along the curve defined by 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚, 𝟑𝒙𝟑 = 𝟖𝒛,
⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒊̂ + (𝟐𝒙𝒛 − 𝒚)𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌
from 𝒙 = 𝟎 to 𝒙 = 𝟐.

̂ evaluate ∫. ⃗𝑭⃗. 𝒅𝒓 where C is the curve represented by

7. If ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒙𝒚𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒛𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒙𝒌 𝑪
𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 , 𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟏. [Jan 2020]

⃗⃗ = (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒚)𝒊̂ − (𝟏𝟒𝒚𝒛)𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝒛𝟐 𝒌

8. If 𝑭 ̂ evaluate ∫. 𝑭 ⃗⃗. 𝒅𝒓 from (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎) to
𝑪
(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟏) along the curve given by 𝒙 = 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 , 𝒛 = 𝒕𝟑 .

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 28

 1.5 Green’s theorem
Statement: If 𝑀 and 𝑁 are continuous functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in a region 𝑅 on the 𝑋𝑌 plane
. . 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
bounded by a closed curve C then ∫𝐶(𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦) = ∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝜕𝑦
. 1 .
Note: Area 𝐴 = ∬𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫𝐶(𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥)

.
1. Using Green’s theorem evaluate ∫𝑪[(𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚] where C is the plane
𝝅 𝟐
triangle enclosed by the lines 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = and 𝒚 = 𝝅 𝒙 .
𝟐

𝑀 = 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 , 𝑁 = cos 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 1, 𝜕𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝜕𝑦
By Green' s theorem,
.
∫ [(𝑦 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦]
𝐶
.
= ∫ (𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦)
𝐶
.
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
=∬( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
.
= ∬ (− sin 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅
𝜋/2 2𝑥/𝜋
=∫ ∫ (− sin 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝜋
2 2
= − ∫ 𝑥(sin 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑥=0
𝜋
2 𝑥2 2
= − (sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + )
𝜋 2 0
2 𝜋2 + 8
=− ( )
𝜋 8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29

 .
2. Using Green’s theorem evaluate ∫𝑪[(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚] where C is the
plane triangle enclosed by the lines 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏.

𝑀 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑦, = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
By Green' s theorem,
.
∫ {(2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦}
𝐶
.
= ∫ (𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦)
𝐶
.
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
=∬( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
.
= ∬ (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅
1 1−𝑥
= 2∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
1 1−𝑥
𝑦2
= 2 ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2 0
1 (1 − 𝑥)2
= 2∫ (𝑥(1 − 𝑥) + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 2
1
= ∫ (2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
1
2
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥=0 3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30

 .
3. Using Green’s theorem evaluate ∫𝑪[(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚] where C is bounded by
𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 [July 2019]

𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑁 = 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝜕𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦
By Green' s theorem,
.
∫ {(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦}
𝐶
.
= ∫𝐶(𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦)
.
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
=∬( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
.
= ∬ (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅
1 𝑥
= 2∫ ∫ (𝑥 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥 2
1
= 2 ∫ (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑥𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
1
= 2 ∫ (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0

1
=−
20

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 31

 .
4. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate ∫𝑪[(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚] where C is the
circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒 traced in the positive sense. [MQP 1]

𝑀 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑁 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦, 𝜕𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦
By Green' s theorem,
.
∫ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦}
𝐶
.
= ∫ (𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦)
𝐶
.
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
=∬( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
.
= ∬ (6𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅
2 √4−𝑥 2
= 2∫ ∫ (3𝑥 − 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2 𝑦=0
2
=∫ (3𝑥 − 1)(4 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2
2
=∫ (−3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=−2

32
=−
3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 32

 5. Use Green’s theorem to find the area between the parabolas 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚 and 𝒚𝟐 =
𝟒𝒙. [MQP]

By Green’s theorem,
Area between the parabolas
.

= ∬ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅
1 .
= ∫ (𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥)
2 𝐶
1 . 1 .
= ∫ (𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥) + ∫ (𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥)
2 𝐶1 2 𝐶2

Along 𝑪𝟏 : 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒚
𝑥2 𝑥
= 𝑦, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
4 2
𝑥 varies from 0 to 4.
1 .
∫ (𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥)
2 𝐶1
1 4 𝑥2 𝑥2
= ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 0 2 4
4
1 8
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
8 0 3

Along 𝑪𝟐 : 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒙
𝑦2 𝑦
𝑥= , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
4 2
𝑦 varies from 0 to 4.
1 .
∫ (𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥)
2 𝐶2
1 0 𝑦2 𝑦2
= ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑦
2 4 4 2
4 2
1 𝑦 𝑦2
= ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑦
2 0 2 4
4
1 8
= ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 =
8 0 3
8 8 16
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑠 = + = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
3 3 3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 33

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 34