Heaviside’s expansion formula

Statement: Let P(s) and Q(s) be polynomial in s where P(s) has

degree less than of Q(s). If Q(s) has n distinct roots
 k , k  1, 2, , n that is
Q(s)  (s  1 )(s   2 )  (s   k )

 P( s)  n P( k )
 e t .
1
then L  k

 Q( s)  k 1 Q( k )
Proof: Since P(s) is a polynomial of degree less than that of
Q(s) and Q(s) has distinct roots 1  n , we can write according
to the method of partial fraction
P( s ) A A2 An
 1   (1)
Q ( s ) s  1 s   2 s  n
Multiplying both sides of (1) by s   k and putting s   k , we
find using L. Hospital’s rule
P( s)
Ak  Lt (s   k )
s k Q ( s )

s  k
 Lt P( s)
s k Q( s )
1 P( k ) 0 
 Lt P( s) Lt   0 form 
s  k s  k
Q( s) Q( s)
 P(1 )
A1  ,

Q (1 )

P( 2 ) P( n )
similarly A2   An 
Q( 2 ) Q( n )
P( s) P(1 ) 1 P( 2 ) 1 P( n ) 1
   
Q( s) Q(1 ) s  1 Q( 2 ) s   2 Q( n ) s   n
 P( s)  P(1 ) 1t P( 2 )  2 t P( n )  n t
 L1   .e  e  e
 Q( s)  Q(1 ) Q( 2 ) Q( n )

n
P( k ) k t
 .e . proved
k 1 Q( k )

 1 s2 
Exam-1 Evaluate : L   . by using Heaviside’s
 ( s  1)( s  2)( s  3) 
expansion formula
Solution: Here P(S )  s 2 , Q( s)  (s  1)(s  2)(s  3)
Q(s)  (s  1)[(s  3)  (s  2)  (s  2)(s  3)
 (s  1)(s  3)  (s  1)(s  2)  (s  2)(s  3)
1 s2  1 t 4 2 t 9
L    e  e  e 3t
 ( s  1)( s  2)(s  3)  2 (1) (2)(1)
et 9
  4e 2t  e 3t . Answer
2 2
For repeated roots: In the of case Q(s) has repeated linear
P( s)  ( s)
factors, we can write f ( s)  
Q( s) ( s   ) n1
where (s) is the quotient of polynomials P(s) and the one
obtained by removing the factor ( s   ) n1 from Q(s). Then we
 ( s) A0 A1 An
have       g (s)
(s   ) n1
s   (s   ) 2
(s   ) n1

where g(s) denotes the sum of partial fractions corresponding to

the other factor of Q(s). Multiplying both sides by ( s   ) n1 ,we
get ( s)  A0 ( s   ) n  A1 ( s   ) n1  
 Ar ( s   )nr    An  g ( s)(s   )n1
Taking the limit as s   , An   ( ) and so we have on

differentiating both sides (n  r)th times w.r.t. s,

1
 nr ( )   n  r !, Ar  Ar   nr ( )
 n  r !
n
 nr ( ) 1
 f (s)    g (s)
r 0  n  r !(s   ) r 1

Taking the inverse transform, we have

n
 nr ( ) t r e t
F (t )  L { f ( s)}  
1
 G (t )
r 0  n  r ! r !
  1 
Exam2 Evaluate: L1  2 
 ( s  2)( s  2) 
1 A B0 B1
f (s)    
( s  2)( s  2) 2 s  2 s  2 ( s  2) 2
P( s) 1 1
where A0  Lt  Lt 
s2 Q( s ) s2 ( s  2) 2  2( s  2)( s  2) 16
1 1
B0   ( )  
1  0 ! 16
1 1 0 1
B1   11 ( )   ( )   (2)  
1  1! 0! 4

1 1 1
where  ( s)  ,  (2)  
s2 2  2 4
1
 ( s)  
( s  2) 2
1 1
 (2)   
(2  2) 2 16
L1{ f n ( s)}  (1) n t n F (t )
1 1 1 1 1 1
 f ( s)   . 
16 s  2 16 s  2 4 ( s  2) 2
1 2 t 1 2 t 1 2 t
 F (t )  e  e  te Ans.
16 16 4
  2s  3 
Evaluate: L1  2
 ( s  1) ( s  2) 
2

2s  3 A0 A1 B0 B1
f ( s)     
( s  1) 2 ( s  2) 2 s  1 ( s  1) 2 s  2 ( s  2) 2
2s  3 2  3
Here,  ( s)  ,  (1)  1
( s  2) 2
(1  2) 2

( s  2) 2 (2)  2( s  2)(2s  3) ( s  2) 2  2(2s  3)

 ( s)  
( s  2) 4
( s  2)3
2  2.1
 (1)  0
(1  2) 3

2s  3 43
 ,  (2)   1
( s  1) 2 (2  1) 2
2( s  1) 2  (2s  3).2( s  1) 2( s  1)  2(2s  3)
 ( s)  
( s  1) 4 ( s  1)3
2  2
 (2)  0
(0  1)
 1 1
A0   ( )   (1)  0
1! 1!
1 0
A1   (1)  1
0!
1
B0   (2)  0
1!
1
B1   0 (2)  1
0!
 1 1 
L1     te t
 te 2 t

 ( s  1) ( s  2) 
2 2
 5s 2  15s  11
1
Evaluate: L  3
 ( s  1)( s  2) 
5s 2  15s  11 A B0 B1 B2
f ( s)     
( s  1)(s  2)3 s  1 s  2 ( s  2) 2 ( s  2)3
P(1) 9 1 Here, P( s)  5s 2  15s  11
A0  Lt  
s 1
Q(1) 27 3 P(1)  5  15  11  9

B0 
1 1 54 1
 20 (2)    Q( s)  ( s  1)(s  2)3
 2  0 ! 2 81 3
Q( s)  3( s  1)(s  2) 2  ( s  2)3
1 1 Q(1)  (1  2)3  27
B1    (2)  .4  4
 2  1! 1
5s 2  15s  11
Q( s ) 
B2 
1 0
 (2)  7 . s 1
0!
( s  1)(10s  15)  (5s 2  15
Taking inverse laplace Q( s) 
( s  1) 2
1  t 1 2t 4 2t 7 2 2 t 10s  15 5s 2  15s 
F (t )  e  e  te  t e 
3 3 1! 2! s 1 ( s  1) 2
1 1 7 (2  1)(10)  (10s  15).1
  e t  e2t  4te2t  t 2 e2t Q( s) 
3 3 2 ( s  1) 2

( s  1) 2 (10s  15)  2(5s 2  15s 


( s  1) 4
 5.4  15.2  11  2h
 (2)    7
3 3
3(20  15)  (c  21) 15 
 (2)  
(2  1) 2 
25 45  126 225  45  126
   
9 81 81