CH 22 HW

7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
Ch 22 HW
Due: 12:59pm on Monday, July 15, 2024
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Gauss's Law
Learning Goal:
To understand the meaning of the variables in Gauss's law, and the conditions under which the law is applicable.
Gauss's law is usually written
qencl
⃗ ⃗
Φ E = ∮ E ⋅ dA = ,
ϵ0
where ϵ0 = 8.85 × 10
−12 2
C /(N ⋅ m )
2
is the permittivity of vacuum.
Part A
How should the integral in Gauss's law be evaluated?
ANSWER:
around the perimeter of a closed loop
over the surface bounded by a closed loop
over a closed surface
Correct
In the integral for Gauss's law, the vector dA ⃗ represents an infinitesimal surface element. The magnitude of dA ⃗ is
the area of the surface element. The direction of dA ⃗ is normal to the surface element, pointing out of the enclosed
volume.
Part B
In Gauss's law, to what does qencl refer?
ANSWER:
the net charge inside the closed surface
the charge residing on insulators inside the closed surface
all the charge in the physical system
any charge inside the closed surface that is arranged symmetrically
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=11211784 1/30
7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
Correct
The major use of Gauss's law is to determine an electric field when the charge distribution, both inside and outside
the Gaussian surface, is symmetric. Of course, the electric field can always be found by adding up (or integrating)
the contributions of all the charge in the problem. In highly symmetric situations, however, Gauss's law is much
simpler computationally than dealing with all such contributions, and it provides better physical insight, too.
A Charged Sphere with a Cavity
An insulating sphere of radius a, centered at the origin, has a uniform volume charge density ρ.
Part A
Find the electric field E⃗ (r )⃗ inside the sphere (for r < a) in terms of the position vector r ⃗.
Express your answer in terms of r ⃗, ρ (Greek letter rho), and ϵ0 .
Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Apply Guass's law, which states that for a closed surface, the integral of the scalar product of the surface area and
qencl
⃗ ⃗
the electric field is directly proportional to the enclosed charge: ∮ E ⋅ dA =
ϵ0
.
Because this problem deals with a uniform spherically symmetric volume charge density, a logical Gaussian surface
⃗ ⃗
in this case is a sphere of radius r , with r < a. Find the integral ∮ E ⋅ dA (which will involve E⃗ (r )⃗ ) and the enclosed
charge. Then solve for E⃗ .
Hint 2. Determine the enclosed charge

What is the charge qencl enclosed by a Gaussian sphere centered at the origin with radius r (for r < a)?
Express your answer in terms of r (the magnitude of r ⃗) and ρ (Greek letter rho).
ANSWER:
4 3
qencl = πρr
3
All attempts used; correct answer displayed
Hint 3. Calculate the integral over the Gaussian surface
Because of the symmetry of the problem, the value of E⃗ ⋅ dA ⃗ is constant over the entire Gaussian surface. In
particular, ∮ E⃗ ⋅ dA ⃗ = E(r)A(r) , where E (r) is the magnitude of the electric field at radius r , and A (r) is the
surface area of the Gaussian sphere of radius r . Find an expression for A (r).
Express your answer in terms of r and π.
ANSWER:
7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
A (r) = 4πr
2
Correct
ANSWER:
ρr ⃗
⃗
⃗
E (r ) =
3ϵ0
Correct
Part B
A spherical cavity is excised from the inside of the sphere. The
a
cavity has radius and is centered at position h⃗ , where
4
⃗ 3
|h | < a, so that the entire cavity is contained within the larger
4
sphere. Find the electric field inside the cavity.
Express your answer as a vector in terms of any or all of ρ
(Greek letter rho), ϵ0 , r ⃗, and h⃗ .

Use the principle of superposition. A region of zero charge behaves just like a region with equal amounts of positive
and negative charge. Consider the field produced by an imaginary sphere the size of the cavity, with charge density
opposite that of the larger sphere. If you add the field from the imaginary sphere to the field produced by the original,
intact, sphere, you will obtain the field produced by the sphere with the cavity.
Hint 2. Find the field due to the imaginary sphere

a
Consider an imaginary sphere with charge density −ρ and radius centered at h⃗ . Ignoring the actual sphere, what
4
is the field E⃗ imag (r )⃗ inside the imaginary sphere?
Express your answer as a vector in terms of r ⃗, h⃗ , ρ (Greek letter rho) and ϵ0 .
Hint 1. Use the result for a uniformly charged sphere
The imaginary sphere is just like the uniformly charged sphere studied in Part A of this problem, except that it
has a different charge density and different position. Therefore, you can use the result you already obtained
from the uniformly charged sphere if you use the new charge density and if you replace r ⃗ with a new vector s ⃗
that represents the displacement from the center of the imaginary sphere to r ⃗.
7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
What is s ⃗ in terms of r ⃗ and h⃗ ?

ANSWER:
s⃗ = r⃗ − h
⃗
Correct
ANSWER:
−ρ
⃗
⃗ ⃗
E imag (r ) = (r ⃗ − h )
3ϵ0
Correct
To determine the field of the sphere with the cavity, add the electric field for the imaginary sphere to that for
the field inside the uniformly charged intact sphere.
ANSWER:
ρ
⃗ ⃗
⃗
E (r ) = h
3ϵ0
Correct
Notice that the electric field inside the hole is uniform: Both its magnitude and direction are constant.
Flux out of a Cube
A point charge of magnitude q is at the center of a cube with sides of length L .
Part A
What is the electric flux Φ through each of the six faces of the cube?
Use ϵ0 for the permittivity of free space (not the EMF symbol E0 ).
Since the magnitude and direction of E⃗ changes over the entire surface, you cannot use the expression EA cos θ to
find the electric flux. Integration is possible, of course—but who likes to integrate if there is an easier way?
In this case, there is a way indeed. Just use Gauss's law to find the total electric flux through the cube and then
exploit the symmetry of the problem.
Hint 2. Calculate the total electric flux
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Calculate the total electric flux Φcube coming out of the cube.
Hint 1. Calculate the flux for a sphere
If the charge were in the center of a sphere of radius L instead of a cube with sides of length L , what would
be the total flux Φsphere out of the sphere?
ANSWER:
q
Φsphere = ϵ0
Answer Requested
Hint 2. Flux and surface shape
The total flux through any closed surface depends solely on the total amount of charge enclosed by that
surface, not on its shape.
ANSWER:
q
Φcube = ϵ0
Correct
Hint 3. Flux through a face
Since the charge is at the center of the cube, by symmetry the flux through each face is the same.
ANSWER:
q
Φ = 6ϵ0
Correct
The shape of the surface enclosing a charge, in this case a cube, does not affect the total electric flux through the
surface. The flux depends only on the total enclosed charge.
Part B
What would be the flux Φ1 through a face of the cube if its sides were of length L 1 ?
Use ϵ0 for the permittivity of free space.

Gauss's law states that the flux through a closed surface depends only on the charge enclosed by that surface. Does
changing the size of the cube affect the total charge enclosed by the cube?
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ANSWER:
q
Φ1 =
6ϵ0
Correct
Just as the shape of the surface does not affect the total electric flux coming out of that surface, its size does not
make any difference in the total electric flux either. The only relevant quantity is the total enclosed charge.
PSS 22.1: Gauss's Law
Learning Goal:
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 22.1: Gauss's Law.
An infinite cylindrical rod has a uniform volume charge density ρ (where ρ > 0 ). The cross section of the rod has radius r0 . Find
the magnitude of the electric field E at a distance r from the axis of the rod. Assume that r < r0 .
Problem-Solving Strategy 22.1: Gauss's Law
IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:

Gauss’s law is most useful in situations where the charge distribution has spherical or cylindrical symmetry or is distributed
uniformly over a plane. In these situations we determine the direction of E⃗ from the symmetry of the charge distribution. If we are
given the charge distribution, we can use Gauss’s law to find the magnitude of E⃗ . Alternatively, if we are given the field, we can
use Gauss’s law to determine the details of the charge distribution. In either case, begin your analysis by asking the question:
What is the symmetry?
SET UP the problem using the following steps:
1. Select the surface that you will use with Gauss’s law. We often call it a Gaussian surface. If you are trying to find
the field at a particular point, then that point must lie on your Gaussian surface.
2. The Gaussian surface does not have to be a real physical surface. Often the appropriate surface is an imaginary
geometric surface.
3. If the charge distribution has cylindrical or spherical symmetry, choose the Gaussian surface to be a coaxial
cylinder or a concentric sphere, respectively.
EXECUTE the solution as follows:
1. Carry out the integral

Qencl
⃗ ⃗
Φ E = ∮ E cos ϕ dA = ∮ E⊥ dA = ∮ E ⋅ dA =
ϵ0
The symmetry of the charge distribution and your careful choice of a Gaussian surface make the integration
straightforward.
2. Often you can think of the closed Gaussian surface as being made up of several separate surfaces. The integral
∮ E ⊥ dA over the entire closed surface is always equal to the sum of the integrals over all the separate surfaces.
3. If E⃗ is perpendicular (normal) at every point to a surface with area A , if it points outward from the interior of the
surface, and if it also has the same magnitude at every point on the surface, then E ⊥ = E = constant , and
∫ E⊥ dA over that surface is equal to EA. If instead E⃗ is perpendicular and inward, then E ⊥ = −E and
∫ E⊥ dA = −EA.
4. If E⃗ is tangent to a surface at every point, then E ⊥ = 0 and the integral over that surface is zero.
5. If E⃗ = 0 at every point on a surface, the integral is zero.
6. In ∮ E ⊥ dA, E ⊥ is always the perpendicular component of the total electric field at each point on the closed
Gaussian surface. In general, this field may be caused partly by charges within the surface and partly by charges
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outside it. Even when there is no charge within the surface, the field at points on the Gaussian surface is not
necessarily zero. In that case, however, the integral over the Gaussian surface—that is, the total electric flux
through the Gaussian surface—is always zero.
⃗ ⃗
7. Once you have evaluated the integral, use the equation ΦE = ∮ E ⋅ dA = Qencl /ϵ0 to solve for your target
variable.
EVALUATE your answer:

Often your result will be a function that describes how the magnitude of the electric field varies with position. Examine this
function with a critical eye to see whether it makes sense.
IDENTIFY the relevant concepts
The charge distribution described in this problem has cylindrical symmetry. The electric field must point away from the positive
charges distributed on the rod. Since you are given information on the charge distribution, use Gauss’s law to determine the
magnitude of E⃗ at the required position.
SET UP the problem using the following steps
Part A
Considering the symmetry of the charge distribution, choose one of the following options as the most appropriate choice of
Gaussian surface to use in this problem.
ANSWER:
a finite closed cylinder whose axis coincides with the axis of the rod and whose cross section has radius r0
a finite closed cylinder whose axis coincides with the axis of the rod and whose cross section has radius r1 < r
a sphere of radius r < r0 whose center lies on the axis of the rod
a finite closed cylinder whose axis coincides with the axis of the rod and whose cross section has radius r < r0
an infinite cylinder whose axis coincides with the axis of the rod and whose cross section has radius r < r0
Correct
Part B
In which direction is the electric field on the cylindrical Gaussian surface?
Check all that apply.

ANSWER:
perpendicular to the curved wall of the cylindrical Gaussian surface
tangential to the curved wall of the cylindrical Gaussian surface
perpendicular to the flat end caps of the cylindrical Gaussian surface
tangential to the flat end caps of the cylindrical Gaussian surface
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Correct
We'll assume for the remainder of this problem that your cylindrical Gaussian surface has a length l (although you
might already have chosen a different label for this quantity). The quantity l is needed to write out all the
necessary equations; however, it is not a property of the charge distribution itself, so you should expect it to cancel
from your final answer.
Now draw a sketch of the charge distribution, the Gaussian surface, and the electric field on the Gaussian surface.
Below is an example of what your picture might look like:
Note that E⃗ points outward at any point, and r is the radius of the cross section of the Gaussian cylinder, while r0
is the radius of the rod's cross section. Since the problem asks for the magnitude of the electric field at a distance
r < r0 , the Gaussian cylinder is inside the rod.
EXECUTE the solution as follows
Part C
Find the magnitude E of the electric field at a distance r from the axis of the cylinder for r < r0 .
Remember that we've chosen the label l to represent the length of the cylindrical Gaussian surface.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of variables ρ, r , r0 , l, and ϵ0 .

Apply Gauss's law: First calculate the net electric flux (as a function of the given variables) through the cylindrical
Gaussian surface described in Part A by evaluating ∮ E ⊥ dA; then make the flux equal to the total charge enclosed
by the Gaussian surface divided by ϵ0 , and solve for the electric field. Keep in mind that we've chosen the label l to
represent the length of the cylindrical Gaussian surface. Use this notation through the remainer of this problem,
however, note that your final answer should not depend on l.
Hint 2. Find the net electric flux by evaluating ∮ E ⊥ dA over the Gaussian surface
Find the net electric flux Φe through the Gaussian cylinder of length l by evaluating the integral ∮ E ⊥ dA . The
information found in Part B will make the integration straightforward.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables E , r , l, and appropriate constants.
Hint 1. Evaluating surface integrals and fluxes
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You can think of the closed Gaussian cylinder as being made up of three separate surfaces: the curved wall
and the two end caps. The integral ∮ E ⊥ dA over the entire closed cylindrical surface must, then, be equal to
the sum of the integrals over the curved wall and each end cap. To evaluate these integrals, make use of the
information found in Part B and review points 3 and 4 in the strategy above.
Hint 2. Evaluate ∮ E ⊥ dA over the curved cylindrical wall
As you found in Part B, the electric field is perpendicular to the curved wall of your Gaussian surface and point
outward. If the surface area of the curved wall is A , what is ∮ E ⊥ dA calculated over A ? Use E for the
magnitude of the electric field.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables E and A .
ANSWER:
∮ E ⊥ dA = EA
Hint 3. Find the surface area of the curved cylindrical wall
Find the surface area A of the curved wall of your cylindrical Gaussian surface.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables r and l and appropriate constants.
ANSWER:
A = 2πrl
Hint 4. Evaluate ∮ E ⊥ dA over the end caps of the Gaussian cylinder
As you found in Part B, the electric field is tangent to the flat cap ends of your Gaussian surface. If the surface
area of each cap end is A , evaluate ∮ E ⊥ dA over A .
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables E and A .

ANSWER:
∮ E ⊥ dA = 0
ANSWER:
Φe = ∮ E ⊥ dA = = E⋅2πrl
Hint 3. Find the charge enclosed
Considering that the rod has a uniform volume charge density ρ, find the charge Qencl enclosed by the Gaussian
cylinder of length l.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables ρ, r , l, and appropriate constants.
Hint 1. Find the volume enclosed
Find the volume V enclosed by the Gaussian surface.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables r , l, and appropriate constants.
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ANSWER:
V = πr l
2
ANSWER:
Qencl = ρπr l
2
ANSWER:
rρ
E =
2ϵ0
Correct
Note that your answer does not depend on l, as expected.
EVALUATE your answer
Part D
If you repeated your calculation from Part C for r = r0 , you would find that the magnitude of the electric field on the surface
of the rod is
r0
Esurf ace = ρ
2ϵ0
Now rewrite the expression for E surf ace in terms of λ, the linear charge density on the rod.
Express your answer in terms of λ, r0 , and ϵ0 . Your answer should not contain the variable ρ.
Hint 1. Find λ in terms of ρ
Find the linear charge density λ on the rod in terms of the rod's volume charge density ρ.
Express your answer in terms of ρ and r0 .
Hint 1. Charge and charge density
Consider a segment of the rod of length l. The volume of that segment is πr20 l , and therefore the charge
contained within the segment is Ql = ρπr20 l. The charge Ql is also equal to the linear charge density times
the length of the segment: Ql = λl . Combining these two formulas for Ql will lead to the desired answer.
ANSWER:
λ = ρπr0
2
Correct
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ANSWER:
λ
E surf ace =
2πr0 ϵ0
Correct
You can easily verify that your result agrees with the textbook formula for the electric field due to a long charged
wire. This is not surprising. The electric field outside and on the surface of a long charged rod can be interpreted
as the electric field due to a long line of charge located along the axis of the rod, just as the electric field outside a
charged sphere can be obtained from the electric field due to a point charge located at the center of the sphere.
Exercise 22.2
A flat sheet is in the shape of a rectangle with sides of lengths 0.400 m and 0.600 m. The sheet is immersed in a uniform
electric field of magnitude 75.5 N/C that is directed at 20 ∘ from the plane of the sheet (the figure ).
Part A
Find the magnitude of the electric flux through the sheet.
Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
Φ = 6.2 N ⋅ m /C
2
Correct
Exercise 22.4
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It was shown in Example 21.11 (Section 21.5) in the textbook that the electric field due to an infinite line of charge is
perpendicular to the line and has magnitude E = λ/2πϵ0 r . Consider an imaginary cylinder with a radius of r = 0.145 m and a
length of l = 0.470 m that has an infinite line of positive charge running along its axis. The charge per unit length on the line is λ
= 5.80 μC/m .
Part A
What is the electric flux through the cylinder due to this infinite line of charge?
ANSWER:
Φ = 3.08×105 2
N ⋅ m /C
Correct
Part B
What is the flux through the cylinder if its radius is increased to r = 0.525 m ?
ANSWER:
Φ = 3.08×105 2
N ⋅ m /C
Correct
Part C
What is the flux through the cylinder if its length is increased to l = 0.815 m ?
ANSWER:
Φ = 5.34×105 2
N ⋅ m /C
Correct
Problem 22.51
Negative charge −Q is distributed uniformly over the surface of a thin spherical insulating shell with radius R .
Part A
Calculate the magnitude of the force that the shell exerts on a positive point charge q located a distance r > R from the
center of the shell (outside the shell).
Express your answer in terms of the variables q , Q, r , R , and constants π and ϵ0 .

ANSWER:
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Qq
F = 2
4πϵ0 r
Correct
Part B
Find the direction of the force that the shell exerts on a positive point charge q located a distance r > R from the center of
the shell (outside the shell).
ANSWER:
from the center of the shell
toward the center of the shell
the force is zero
Correct
Part C
Calculate the magnitude of the force that the shell exerts on a positive point charge q located a distance r < R from the
center of the shell (inside the shell).
Express your answer in terms of the variables q , Q, r , R , and constants π and ϵ0 .

ANSWER:
F = 0
Correct
Part D
Find the direction of the force that the shell exerts on a positive point charge q located a distance r < R from the center of
the shell (inside the shell).
ANSWER:
from the center of the shell
toward the center of the shell
the force is zero
Correct
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Exercise 22.2
A flat sheet is in the shape of a rectangle with sides of lengths 0.400 m and 0.600 m. The sheet is immersed in a uniform
electric field of magnitude 60.0 N/C that is directed at 20∘ from the plane of the sheet .
Part A
Find the magnitude of the electric flux through the sheet.
Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
2
N⋅m
Φ = 4.9
C
Correct
Exercise 22.9
A charged paint is spread in a very thin uniform layer over the surface of a plastic sphere of diameter 13.0 cm , giving it a charge
of -59.0 μC .
Part A
Find the electric field just inside the paint layer.
Express your answer with the appropriate units. Enter positive value if the field is directed away from the center of
the sphere and negative value if the field is directed toward the center of the sphere.
ANSWER:
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N
E = 0
C
Correct
Part B
Find the electric field just outside the paint layer.
ANSWER:
= −1.26×108
N
E
C
Correct
Part C
Find the electric field 5.00 cm outside the surface of the paint layer.
ANSWER:
= −4.01×107
N
E
C
Correct
Exercise 22.10
A point charge q1 = 3.75 nC is located on the x-axis at x = 1.90 m , and a second point charge q2 = -5.95 nC is on the y-axis at
y = 1.20 m .
Part A
What is the total electric flux due to these two point charges through a spherical surface centered at the origin and with
radius r1 = 0.780 m ?
ANSWER:
Φ = 0 2
N ⋅ m /C
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Correct
Part B
radius r2 = 1.55 m ?
ANSWER:
Φ = -672 2
N ⋅ m /C
Correct
Part C
radius r3 = 2.90 m ?
ANSWER:
Φ = -249 2
N ⋅ m /C
Correct
± The Charge on a Thundercloud
In a thunderstorm, charge builds up on the water droplets or ice crystals in a cloud. Thus, the charge can be considered to be
distributed uniformly throughout the cloud. For the purposes of this problem, take the cloud to be a sphere of diameter 1.00
kilometer. The point of this problem is to estimate the maximum amount of charge that this cloud can contain, assuming that the
charge builds up until the electric field at the surface of the cloud reaches the value at which the surrounding air breaks down.
This breakdown means that the air becomes highly ionized, enabling it to conduct the charge from the cloud to the ground or
another nearby cloud. The ionized air will then emit light due to the recombination of the electrons and atoms to form excited
molecules that radiate light. In addition, the large current will heat up the air, resulting in its rapid expansion. These two
phenomena account for the appearance of lightning and the sound of thunder. Take the breakdown electric field of air to be
E b = 3.00 × 10 N/C.
6
Part A
Estimate the total charge q on the cloud when the breakdown of the surrounding air is reached.
Express your answer numerically, to three significant figures, using ϵ0 = 8.85 × 10

−12 2 2
C /(N ⋅ m ) .
Hint 1. Use Gauss's law
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qencl
⃗ ⃗
This problem calls for the use of Gauss' law: ∮ E ⋅ dA =
ϵ0
. Choose a Gaussian surface that lies just on the
surface of the cloud and apply Gauss's law to find the charge enclosed.
Hint 2. Evaluate Gauss's law

Solve Gauss's law for the enclosed charge qencl . Keep in mind that the electric field produced by a uniform spherical
charge distribution is in the same direction as the electric field of a point charge. Therefore, the integral should be
very easy to evaluate.
Express your answer in terms of the magnitude of the electric field, E ; the surface area of the Gaussian
surface, A ; and the permittivity constant, ϵ0 .
ANSWER:
qencl = EAϵ0
Correct
ANSWER:
q = 83.4 Coulombs
Correct
Charge Distribution on a Conductor with a Cavity
A positive charge is brought close to a fixed neutral conductor that has a cavity. The cavity is neutral; that is, there is no net
charge inside the cavity.
Part A
Which of the figures best represents the charge distribution on the inner and outer walls of the conductor?
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You did not open hints for this part.
ANSWER:
Problem 22.59
In one experiment the electric field is measured for points at distances r from a uniform line of charge that has charge per unit
length λ and length l, where l ≫ r. In a second experiment the electric field is measured for points at distances r from the
center of a uniformly charged insulating sphere that has volume charge density ρ and radius R = 8.50 mm , where r > R. The
results of the two measurements are listed in the table below, but you aren't told which set of data applies to which experiment.
r (cm) 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

Measurement A
E (105 N/C ) 2.72 1.79 1.34 1.07 0.902 0.770 0.677
Measurement B
E (105 N/C ) 5.45 2.42 1.34 0.861 0.605 0.443 0.335
Part A
For the measurement A , select the correct graph for Er versus r .
ANSWER:
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Correct
Part B
For the measurement A , select the correct graph for Er2 versus r .
ANSWER:
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7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
Correct
Part C
For the measurement B , select the correct graph for Er versus r .
ANSWER:
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7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
Correct
Part D
For the measurement B , select the correct graph for Er2 versus r .
ANSWER:
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7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
Correct
Part E
Which data set, A or B , is for the uniform line of charge and which set is for the uniformly charged sphere? Select the
correct answer and explanation.
ANSWER:
Er = constant for data set A and Er2 = constant for data set B . Thus, data set A is for a uniformly
charged sphere and data set B is for a uniform line of charge.
= constant for data set A and Er = constant for data set B . Thus, data set A is for a uniformly
2
Er
charged sphere and data set B is for a uniform line of charge.
= constant for data set A and Er = constant for data set B . Thus, data set A is for a uniform line of
2
Er
charge and data set B is for a uniformly charged sphere.
Er = constant for data set A and Er2 = constant for data set B . Thus, data set A is for a uniform line of
charge and data set B is for a uniformly charged sphere.
Correct
Part F
Use the graph in part A to calculate λ for the uniform line of charge.
ANSWER:
μC
λ = 0.15
m
Correct
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Part G
Use the graph in part D to calculate ρ for the uniformly charged insulating sphere.
ANSWER:
= 2.3×10−3
C
ρ
3
m
All attempts used; correct answer displayed
Charged Insulating Spheres
Two small insulating spheres with radius 5.50×10−2 m are separated by a large center-to-center distance of 0.595 m . One
sphere is negatively charged, with net charge -1.10 μC , and the other sphere is positively charged, with net charge 3.80 μC .
The charge is uniformly distributed within the volume of each sphere.
Part A
What is the magnitude E of the electric field midway between the spheres?
Take the permittivity of free space to be ϵ0 = 8.85×10−12 C2 /(N ⋅ m2 ) .

Draw a diagram of the system to keep track of the directions of the fields. Calculate the electric field at the point
midway between the charged spheres separately for each sphere, using Gauss's law, and use vector addition to
determine the net electric field.
Hint 2. Using Gauss's law
You need to construct two separate Gaussian surfaces, each of which will surround one of the charged spheres.
These surfaces also need to contain the point midway between the spheres so that the electric field at that point can
be found. Therefore, for convenience, you should use a spherical Gaussian surface with one of the charged spheres
in the center, since that way the electric field will be uniform and perpendicular to the surface at all points, so that the
⃗ ⃗
flux will be given by Φ = ∮ E ⋅ dA = EA . Also, be careful about the radii of the spherical surfaces.
Hint 3. Calculate the field due to the negatively charged sphere
Calculate E 1 , the magnitude of the electric field at the midway point due to the sphere with charge -1.10 μC only.
Hint 1. Using the flux to calculate the field
Since the flux through the surface will be Φ = q/ϵ0 = EA (due to Gauss's law), you can solve for the
electric field E 1 using the equation for the surface area of the (Gaussian) sphere, A = 4πR2 , and the value
of the enclosed charge.
7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
ANSWER:
E1 = 1.12×105 N/C
Hint 4. Determine the direction of the electric field from the first sphere
What will be the direction of the electric field due to the negatively charged sphere only?
ANSWER:
toward the center of the negatively charged sphere
away from the center of the negatively charged sphere
upward perpendicular to the line connecting the centers of the spheres
downward perpendicular to the line connecting the centers of the spheres
Hint 5. Calculate the field due to the positively charged sphere
Calculate E 2 , the magnitude of the electric field at the midway point due to the sphere of charge 3.80 μC only.
Hint 1. Using the flux to calculate the field
Since the flux through the surface will be Φ = q/ϵ0 = EA (due to Gauss's law), you can solve for the
electric field E 1 using the equation for the surface area of the (Gaussian) sphere, A = 4πR2 , and the value
of the enclosed charge.
ANSWER:
E2 = 3.86×105 N/C
Hint 6. Determine the direction of the electric field from the positively charged sphere
What will be the direction of the electric field due to the positively charged sphere only?
ANSWER:
toward the positively charged sphere
away from the positively charged sphere
Hint 7. Vector addition
7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
Keep in mind that you need to use vector addition in adding the electric fields from the two spheres. Also, keep in
mind that the two fields point along the same line.
ANSWER:
E = 4.98×105 N/C
Correct
Part B
What is the direction of the electric field midway between the spheres?
ANSWER:
toward the positively charged sphere
toward the negatively charged sphere
Correct
Since the electric field will point toward a negative charge and away from a positive charge, the electric field from
each sphere separately will point toward the negatively charged sphere, and so the total field will also point in that
direction.
Exercise 22.23
An electron is released from rest at a distance of 0.460 m from a large insulating sheet of charge that has uniform surface
charge density 3.20×10−12 C/m2 .
Part A
How much work is done on the electron by the electric field of the sheet as the electron moves from its initial position to a
point 2.00×10−2 m from the sheet?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
W = 1.27×10−20 J
7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW
Correct
Part B
What is the speed of the electron when it is 2.00×10−2 m from the sheet?
ANSWER:
= 1.67×105
m
v
s
Correct
Exercise 22.20
A solid insulating sphere has total charge Q and radius R . The sphere's charge is distributed uniformly throughout its volume.
Let r be the radial distance measured from the center of the sphere.
Part A
If E = 520 N/C at r = R/3 , what is E at r = 3R ?

ANSWER:
N
E = 170
C
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 99.0%.
You received 14.86 out of a possible total of 15 points.

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7/14/24, 8:42 PM Ch 22 HW

Gauss's law is usually written

around the perimeter of a closed loop

over the surface bounded by a closed loop

over a closed surface

the net charge inside the closed surface

the charge residing on insulators inside the closed surface

all the charge in the physical system

any charge inside the closed surface that is arranged symmetrically

A Charged Sphere with a Cavity

Express your answer in terms of r ⃗, ρ (Greek letter rho), and ϵ0 .

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. Determine the enclosed charge

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Hint 3. Calculate the integral over the Gaussian surface

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. Find the field due to the imaginary sphere

is the field E⃗ imag (r )⃗ inside the imaginary sphere?

Express your answer as a vector in terms of r ⃗, h⃗ , ρ (Greek letter rho) and ϵ0 .

Hint 1. Use the result for a uniformly charged sphere

What is s ⃗ in terms of r ⃗ and h⃗ ?

Flux out of a Cube

A point charge of magnitude q is at the center of a cube with sides of length L .

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 2. Calculate the total electric flux

Hint 1. Calculate the flux for a sphere

Hint 2. Flux and surface shape

Hint 3. Flux through a face

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

PSS 22.1: Gauss's Law

Problem-Solving Strategy 22.1: Gauss's Law

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:

SET UP the problem using the following steps:

EXECUTE the solution as follows:

1. Carry out the integral

EVALUATE your answer:

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts

SET UP the problem using the following steps

Check all that apply.

perpendicular to the curved wall of the cylindrical Gaussian surface

tangential to the curved wall of the cylindrical Gaussian surface

perpendicular to the flat end caps of the cylindrical Gaussian surface

tangential to the flat end caps of the cylindrical Gaussian surface

EXECUTE the solution as follows

Express your answer in terms of some or all of variables ρ, r , r0 , l, and ϵ0 .

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Hint 1. Evaluating surface integrals and fluxes

Hint 2. Evaluate ∮ E ⊥ dA over the curved cylindrical wall

Hint 3. Find the surface area of the curved cylindrical wall

Hint 4. Evaluate ∮ E ⊥ dA over the end caps of the Gaussian cylinder

Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables E and A .

Hint 3. Find the charge enclosed

Hint 1. Find the volume enclosed

Find the volume V enclosed by the Gaussian surface.

EVALUATE your answer

Hint 1. Find λ in terms of ρ

Hint 1. Charge and charge density

Express your answer using two significant figures.

Express your answer in terms of the variables q , Q, r , R , and constants π and ϵ0 .