Wa0014.

ABSTRACT
The aims of this study are to find out types of code switching found in
SkinnyIndonesian24 selected videos on YouTube channel and to analyze the
reasons of using code switching in SkinnyIndonesian24 selected videos on
YouTube channel. Code switching is defined as a kind of bilingualism phenomena
where the speakers have ability to switch from two different languages or more in
utterance and conversation depending on the different circumstances in group or
society. The object of this study is SkinnyIndonesian24 selected videos on YouTube
channel and the data were analyzed through the utterances by using Hoffmann’s
theory for the types and reasons of code-switching used in the videos. The data were
taken from two selected videos in SkinnyIndonesian24 YouTube channel. The first
video is Tahun Terakhir di YouTube | Maaf & Terima Kasih and the second video
is Kesalahan di umur 20. Descriptive qualitative approach used on this study in
order to find out and analyze the data. For the results, the writer found that the types
of code switching in two selected videos in SkinnyIndonesian24 YouTube channel
are classified into as intra-sentential switching, inter-sentential, emblematic
switching, and establishing continuity with the previous speaker. Besides, the writer
identified there are seven reasons of code switching such as to talking about a
particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something (express
solidarity), interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors), repetition
used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, and
expressing group identity. From those four types and seven reasons, which the most
dominant of code switching found in these videos are intra-sentential switching for
the type and talking about a particular topic for the reason.
Keywords: sociolinguistics, code switching, types, reasons, Skinny-

Indonesian24 selected video.
vi
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan jenis-jenis alih kode yang terdapat pada
video SkinnyIndonesian24 di kanal YouTube yang telah dipilih dan untuk
menganalisis alasan alih kode yang digunakan dalam video SkinnyIndonesian24 di
kanal YouTube pilihan. Peralihan Kode didefinisikan sebagai sejenis fenomena
bilingualism dimana kemampuan penutur untuk beralih dari dua bahasa yang
berbeda atau lebih dalam ucapan dan percakapan tergantung pada keadaan berbeda
dalam kelompok atau masyarakat. Objek penelitian ini adalah video
SkinnyIndonesian24 di kanal YouTube pilihan.dan data dianalisis melalui
percakapan dengan menggunakan teori Hoffmann untuk tipe dan alasan dari alih
kode yang digunakan. Data diambil dari dua video terpilih dari kanal YouTube
SkinnyIndonesian24. Video pertama berjudul TahunTerakhir di YouTube | Maaf &
Terima Kasih dan video yang kedua adalah Kesalahan di umur 20. Pendekatan
kualitatif deskriptif digunakan pada penelitian ini untuk mencari tahu dan
menganalisis data. Sebagai hasilnya, penulis menemukan bahwa jenis alih kode
pada dua video terpilih di kanal YouTube SkinnyIndonesian24 diklasifikasikan
sebagai alih kode intra-kalimat, alih kode antar-kalimat, alih kode simbolik, dan
alih kode membangun kesinambungan dengan pembicara sebelumnya. Selain itu
penulis mengidentifikasi ada tujuh alasan alih kode yang digunakan yaitu untuk
berbicara tentang topik tertentu, mengutip orang lain, menjadi empati tentang
sesuatu (mengekspresikan solidaritas), kata seru (memasukkan pengisi kalimat atau
konektor kalimat), pengulangan digunakan untuk klarifikasi, bermaksud untuk
mengklarifikasi konten ucapan untuk lawan bicaranya, dan mengekspresikan
identitas kelompok. Dari empat tipe dan tujuh alasan tersebut, alih kode yang paling
dominan yang ditemukan dalam video-video tersebut adalah alih kode intra-kalimat
untuk tipe dan berbicara tentang topik tertentu untuk alasannya.
Kata kunci: sosiolinguistik, alih kode, jenis-jenis, alasan-alasan, Skinny-

Indonesian24 video pilihan.
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The ability to use two languages can be easily found in daily life, especially
in the community at this time. Where, people used to speak two or more languages
in certain places for examples in offices, schools especially bilingual school,
commercial places and also in the media especially in entertaining media. For
example utterances in bilingual school such as “Selamat pagi anak-anak, how are
you today”. This one of code-switching example, it occurs when a speaker switches
language in the middle of the sentences. Therefore, these situations are very
common in our society where people use more than one language within the
utterances. This issue usually occurs in people who have language skills in their
life, and they have ability to communicate in those two languages in the appropriate
context
Code Switching cannot be separated from the codes and bilingualism in
sociolinguistics as a study of language and its relation with society. According to
Wardhaugh (2006) states that the particular dialect or language that a person
chooses to use on any occasion is a code, a system used for communication between
two or more parties. It means that a person who has bilingual language skills tends
to use code switching in any occassion, which is a system used for communication
between two or more parties in their dialect and utterances.
Code switching is a part of sociolinguistics that studies about other language
which clearly has structure of grammar in language. According to
1
2
Grosjean (2001), “Code-switching is the alternate use of two or more languages in
the same utterance or conversation.” Thus, code switching occurs when speaker
deliberately changes the language being used, namely by code switching from one
to another because it changes the situation.
Code switching usually happens in a YouTube channel. YouTube is an
entertainment media where many people or host (YouTuber) record themselves
talking alone to be watched online by the audiences and later they will get responses
from the audience in their channel, mostly in the form of comments (Jakpat, 2017).
The writer is interested in one of YouTube channel namely SkinnyIndonesian24.
This channel shows current issues that are discussed by people, especially
teenagers. This channel also uses languages that are currently developing among
teenagers so that is easy to hear and understand. As a result, the code switching
could happen in one-way communication where usually used to inform, entertain,
or persuade. Currently, technology and internet such as YouTube media become a
part of one’s lifestyle.
In this study, the writer chooses Skinnyindonesian24 YouTube channel
SkinnyIndonesian24 is interesting YouTube channel because the hosts are Jovial da
lopez and Andovi da lopez indicates that they are bilinguals in their utterances, to
make their videos content more interactive. Therefore, selected videos content at
Skinnyindonesian24 were taken as the object of this study. It is because there are
many code switchings found in their videos content. Therefore, the title of “An
Analysis of Code-Switching in SkinnyIndonesian24 Selected Videos on YouTube

3
Channel” was chosen in this study and analyzed by using Hoffmann’s (1991) theory
of Codes Switching.
1.2 Statements of the Problem
Based on the background above, the statements of the problem of this study
are stated as follows:
1. What are the types of code-switching used in SkinnyIndonesian24
selected videos on YouTube channel?
2. What are the reasons of using code-switching in SkinnyIndonesian24
selected videos on YouTube channel?
1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this study is sociolinguistics study which focuses on code
switching. The writer took the object of the study from SkinnyIndonesian24
YouTube Channel selected videos. The videos that analyzed are Tahun Terakhir di
Youtube | Maaf & Terima Kasih (duration time, 15:12s) was published on June 24,
2020 and Kesalahan di umur 20 (duration time, 18:15s) was published on February
24, 2020. The owners of Skinnyindonesian24 are Andovi Da Lopez and Jovial Da
Lopez which has known as Da Lopez’s brothers.
Then, the limitation of this study focuses on the code switching that used
Da Lopez’s brothers from Indonesia language to English or vice versa in their
YouTube channel videos by using Charlotte Hoffmann (1991) theory of code
switching.
4
1.4 Goals of the Study
Based on the statement of the problems above, the goals of the study are:
1. To find out the types of code-switching used in SkinnyIndonesian24
selected videos on YouTube channel.
2. To analyze the reasons of using code-switching in SkinnyIndonesian24
selected videos on YouTube channel.
1.5 Functions of the Study
The functions of the study are:
1. To improve the writer’s knowledge and skills in analyzing the code
switching.
2. To give knowledge and information to the readers about the code
switching in SkinnyIndonesian24 YouTube channel selected videos.
3. To give a contribution to further writers, especially for English
Department students of Universitas Pamulang or students from other
Universities who want to analyze a similar term of this study.
1.6 Systematical Presentation
In order to make the reader easy to understand this study, the writer divides
this thesis into five chapters as follows:
Chapter I contains of introduction which consists of background of the
study, statements of the problem, scope and limitations of the study, goals of the
study, functions of the study, and systematical presentations. Chapter II consists of
related studies, review of literature, and theoretical framework in this chapter. To

5
conduct a study, the right approach needs to be chosen. Data source describes the
object of this study. In the data collection, the steps of collecting data are explained
and the way of presenting and analyzing data described in the data analysis. Chapter
III contains of research methodology such as approach of the study, data source,
data collection, and data analysis. Chapter IV consists of findings and analysis to
the study, this chapter divided in two sections, they are findings of the data and the
results of the data analysis. Chapter V consists of conclusion and suggestion of the
study. It provides the conclusion from the data analysis in Chapter IV and
suggestions for further study to support and develop this research into a better
argumentation and finding.

CHAPTER II
RELATED STUDIES, REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Related Studies
In this chapter, the writer found previous studies which are related to the
topic of this study about the code-switching as references from the three studies
below.
The first, a study was conducted by Hofipah (2019) from Universitas
Pamulang. In her study entitled “Code Switching Analysis of Guest Star’s
Utterances in Sarah Sechan Net TV Talk Show Program” that was published in
Tangerang Selatan.The objectives of this study were to identify the types of code
switching by using Hoffmann’s (1991) theory and to explain the functions of code
switching by using Gumprez’s (1982) theory in the Guest Star's Utterances in Sarah
Sechan Net TV program. The writer used qualitative approach in analyzing and
conducting the study. The result of the study showed that there were three types of
code switching used by guest star intra-sentential (22), inter-sentential switches (13)
and emblematic switching (1). Then, it was found that there are five functions of
code switching used by guest star namely addressee specification (29), quotations
(3), reiteration (2), interjection (1) and message qualification (1).
Second, a study was conducted by Aini (2017) from State Islamic
University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. In her study entitled “The Analysis of
English Codes Switching and Code Mixing Used by Maudy Ayunda” that was
published in Yogyakarta. The objectives of this study are to find out the types of
6
7
code-switching and code-mixing contained in the objects by using Hoffmann’s
(1991), Ohoiwutun’s (1997) and interference theories. The writer used descriptive
qualitative research method to analyze the data. The result of the study showed that
there were three types of code-switching such as: inter-sentential switching (50),
emblematic switching (5) and establishing continuity with the previous speaker (1)
in two selected videos by Maudy Ayunda. For types of code-mixing found two such
as: intra-sentential switching (54) and intra-lexical code-mixing (7) in both video.
Besides, this research also found that there are six reasons of using code-switching
and code-mixing. Those are talking about particular topic (19), repetition used for
clarification (3), interjection; inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors (9),
intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor (42), need filling
motive (6), and prestige filling motive (38). This research also found that there are
three types of interference as the impact of code-switching and code-mixing usage
(in the data of code-switching and code-mixing). Those are interference at the
phonological level, interference at the grammatical level, and morphological
interference.
Third, a study was conducted by Izza (2015) from State Islamic Institute
Tulungagung. In his study entitled “An Analysis of Code Switching Used by
EnglishTeacher in Teaching Learning Process at Second Grade of Ma Darul
Hikmah Tawangsari, Kedungwaru, Tulungagung” that was published in
Tulungagung. The objectives of this study were to know the types and reasons of
used code-switching by used Hoffmann’s (1991) theory. The method of this study
was qualitative method to analyze the data. The result of the study showed that there
8
were two types of code-switching that used by the teacher in teaching learning
process; they are intra-sentential switching (27) and inter-sentential switching (3).
While the teacher’s purposes in using code-switching would be categorized into
two categorizes first based on the teacher’s reason. There were three purposes from
cher’s such as to make the students more understand about the material, to help the
teacher to know the students understanding or not in the material and to give feed
back to the students. Second reason was based on Hoffmann’s (1991) theory. The
writer found three reasons from seven reasons, those are interjection (inserting
sentence fillers or sentence connectors), repetition used for clarification and
expressing group identity.
From those three studies above, the writer concluded the similarities and
differences compare to the writer’s study. The similarity of this study with the first
study are analyzing the same topic and using Hoffmann’s theory for the types of
code-switching, qualitative method, video content as the object of study. Besides,
the first study uses Gumprez’s theory for the reason while it difference from the
writer study. For the similarity of this study with the second study are analyzing the
same topic and using Hoffmann’s theory for the types of code-switching, qualitative
method, video content as the object of study. Besides, the first study uses
Ohoiwutun’s theory for the reason while it difference from the writer study. Last,
the similarity of this study with the third study are analyzing the same topic, using
Hoffmann’s theory for the types of code-switching and qualitative as the method of
study. Besides, the first study uses Hoffmann’s theory for the reason and school
observation as the object while it difference from the writer study.

9
2.2 Review of Literature
This study reviews some theory related to code-switching. They are the
discussions of sociolinguistics, bilingualism, code-switching types and reasons by
Hoffmann, YouTube and YouTuber, but also some theories to support this study.
2.2.1 Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is the study about the relation between language and
society. According to Holmes (2013), “Sociolinguistics is the study of
relationship between language and society.” Besides, Wardhaugh (2006),
“Sociolinguistics is the study of language use within or among groups of
speakers.” It means that sociolinguistic is the study about language that are
learned and applied in a group of society. Based on the different statements
above, the writer concludes that sociolinguistic studies about the influence of
language in society as a media of communication that learn and apply by group
or people in society. Based on Holmes (2013), “Sociolinguist interested in
explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts and
sociolinguist concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the
ways it is used to convey social meaning.” It can be said that sociolinguistics is
concerned with the way how people in different society speak differently. Based
on three theories above, it can be concluded that sociolinguistic can be described
as a study about language as a media of communication with variety contexts
that learned and applied in society.

10
2.2.2 Bilingualism
Bilingualism means the ability to speak and understand in two separate
languages (Kord et al, 2013). Thus, billigualism is a person use two (or more)
languages in communicate to others. Bilingualism is one of the important issues
in the field of sociology of language which is dealt with by most linguists,
sociologists and policy makers (Kord et al, 2013). Thus, bilingualism is a reality
that occurs in most of the countries, where it consists a person was trained other
language than his native language. Moreover, the spread of globalization leads
the global interdependence and mass communication which often requires the
person ability to function in more than one language. Furthermore, there are
various types of bilingualism were paid attention by many linguists according to
the time when it is initiated and also language ability and fluency that was based
on time of education initiation and language proficiency (Kord et al, 2013).
2.2.2.1 Bilingualism Types Based on the Time of Education Initiation
There are two types bilingualism based on the time of education
initiation as follows: premature bilingualism and belated bilingualism (Kord
et al, 2013). It can be seen below.
1. Premature bilingualism
Premature Bilingualism is studying two languages occurring or done
before the usual or proper time; too early. It divides into two ways are
simultaneous and consecutive. First, simultaneous bilingualism happened
when the child or person is acquired the two languages simultaneously.

11
Kord et al (2013), “The problems related to language speaking will be
highly decreased if the child is taught simultaneously.” Thus, this is not a
good way because it burdens a child or person to study language in an
unstructured way. Second, consecutive bilingualism happened when
teaching the second language starts after teaching the first language. They
also mention the education process is more powerful in the children who
are learnt the two languages consecutively and there are scarcely seen
exceptions. Therefore, this is a good way because it helps a child or person
to study language in a structured manner.
2. Belated Bilingualism
In this case, belated bilingualism happens when the person tries to
learn the second language in adulthood or after puberty. Kord et al (2013),
“The bilingual people are all able to speak in two different languages.”
Thus, the person in adulthood or after puberty is more convenient to learn
the second language better.
2.2.2.2 Bilingualism Types based on Language Proficiency
There are various features of bilingualism based on language
proficiency. It can be classified into different rates and types such as equal
(pure) bilingualism and unequal (contradictory) bilingualism (Kord et al,
2013). It can be seen below.
1. Equal Bilingualism or Pure Bilingualism

12
This is when the person extent one’s skill in each two languages.
Thus, this is a condition of an individual whose mastery of two languages
is roughly equivalent or in equal status.
2. Unequal Bilingualism or Contradictory Bilingualism
This type is when the person’s amount of skill is unequal in the two
languages. Thus, this is a condition of an individual who mastery the first
language but the second language is still in developing stage or in unequal
status.
2.2.2.3 Effects of Bilingualism
There are some effects of bilingualism in learning such as advantage
and disadvantage. According to Kord et al (2013),
If two languages are generally simultaneously are used in childhood,

linguistic-verbal problems will probably not be occurred. But if children
are faced with the second language in pre-school years, that is when they
fully acquire their first language, there will be more probabilities to
problems being occurred. (p. 7)
Based on this statement, it can be concluded that the advantage is
linguistic-verbal problems probably will not happened to an individual if two
languages are generally simultaneously used in childhood. Besides, when an
individual faced second language in pre-school years, there will be more
probabilities the linguistic-verbal problems being happened. Therefore, if an
individual are faced with the second language before their first language
proficiency, the disadvantage is the first language development will be
decreased within them or may be contrary (unequal status). Moreover, the

13
advantage result is the level of second language skill only developed in same
amount with the first language skill (equal status).
2.2.3 Code Switching
Code-switching is similar to code mixing; both of the code uses two
languages in an utterance or conversation. Code-switching and code-mixing
differ in the way the speaker uses them. Consequently, the writer gives some
theory dealing with code-switching to make it clearer. According to Wardhaugh
(2006),
People, then, are usually required to select a particular code whenever they
choose to speak, and they may also decide to switch from one code to
another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances and
thereby create a new code in a process known as code-switching. (p. 101)
Based on the statement above, it can be concluded that code-switching and
code-mixing is switching from one code to another in utterances or mix codes
even within sometimes very short utterances. According to Hoffmann (1991),
“Code-switching is that involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic
varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation.” It means
that using two languages or more in a conversation and utterance is indicated as
the concept of code-switching.
Hudson (1996), “We start with code-switching, which is the inevitable
consequence of bilingualism (or, more generally, multilingualism). Which
anyone who speaks more than one language chooses between them according to
circumstance.” Based on this statement, code-switching defines as a kind of
bilingualism phenomena where the speakers switch from two different

14
languages or more in utterance and conversation depending on the different
circumstances in group or society.
2.2.3.1 Types of Code Switching
In this study, there are several types of code-switching. According
to Hoffmann (1991) classifies that the four types of code-switching based on
the juncture or the scope of switching, where language takes place. Those are
Intra-sentential switching, Inter-sentential switching, Emblematic-switching
(also called Tag-switching), and Establishing continuity with the previous
speaker. Based on this statement, it will be explained below:
1. Intra-sentential switching
Intra-sentential switching is code-switching that occurs when the shift
is done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations or pauses
indicating a shift. Some researchers call it also code-mixing.
Example: I started going like this. Y luego decia (and then he

said). Look at the smoke coming out of my fingers.
(Spanish-English)
2. Inter-sentential switching
Inter-sentential switching is code-switching that occurs between a
clauses or sentences boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one
language or the other. The different from the previous type, this switching is
not limited to the insertion of one or two words. In addition, this switching
should take place between at least two clauses, which also can be mean two
sentences. This is seen most often among fluent bilingual speakers.

15
Example: If you are late for the job interview, işe alınmazsın (You
will not be hired). (English-Turkish)
3. Emblematic-switching
Emblematic switching is the process of code-switching that occurs
when the speaker inserts tag or exclamations serving as an emblem of the
bilingual character. It also called as Tag-switching.
For example: “It’s okay! No problem, siapa takut.”
The example above explains that it involved the insertion of a tag from
one language into utterances in a different language.
4. Establishing continuity with the previous speaker
The last, establishing continuity with the previous speaker is the kind
of code-switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous speaker, as
when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then another speaker tries
to respond in English also. Yet, that speaker can also switch again to language
Indonesia.
For example:
Speaker 1: I cannot throw it „coz I really love it…
Speaker 2: Correct! You got the point! Kata ‘banget’ adalah
masalahmu sekarang ini.
2.2.3.2 Reasons of Using Code Switching
In this study, there are several reasons of code-switching. According
to Hoffmann (1991) divides that there are a number of possible reasons for
switching (or mixing) from one language with another. Based on this
16
statement, Hoffmann presented seven reasons for using code-switching that
will be explained below:
1. Talking about a particular topic
Talking about a particular topic is the reasons when people sometimes
prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather than in another.
Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express his/her
emotional feelings in a language that is not his/her everyday language.
2. Quoting somebody else
Quoting somebody else is the reasons when a speaker switches code to
quote a famous expression, proverb, or saying of some well-known figures.
The switch involves just the words that the speaker is claiming the quoted
person said. The switch like a set of quotation marks. In Indonesian, those
well-known figures are mostly from some English-speaking countries. In
Indonesian, those well-known figures are mostly from some English-
speaking countries. Then, because many of the Indonesian people nowadays
are good in English, those famous expressions or sayings can be quoted intact
in their original language.
3. Being emphatic about something (Express solidarity)
Being emphatic about something is the reasons when, someone as usual
who is talking using a language that is not his native language suddenly wants
to be emphatic about something, he either intentionally or unintentionally will
switch from his second language to his first language. Or, on the other hand,
17
he switches from his second language to his first language because he feels
more convenient to be emphatic in his second language rather than in his first
language.
4. Interjection (Inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)
Interjection is words or expressions that can be the reasons, which are
inserted into a sentence to convey surprise, strong emotion, or to gain
attention. Interjection is a short exclamation like: Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!,
and so on. They have no grammatical value, but speaker uses them quite
often, usually more inspeaking than in writing. Language switching among
bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or
sentence connector. It may happen unconsciously.
5. Repetition used for clarification
Repetition used for clarification is the reasons when a bilingual or
multilingual person wants to clarify his speech so that it will be understood
better by the listener, he can sometimes use both of the languages (codes) that
he masters to say the same message. Frequently, a message in one code is
repeated in the other code literally. A repetition is not only served to clarify
what is said but also to amplify or emphasize a message.
6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
Intention of clarifying is the reasons when a bilingual or multilingual
person talks to another bilingual or multilingual, there will be lots of code
switching occurs. It means to make the content of his speech runs smoothly
18
and can be understood by the listener. A message in one code is repeated in
the other code in some what modified form.
7. Expressing group identity
Code-switching can also be used to express group identity, is the
reasons when the way of communication of academic people in their
disciplinary grouping are obviously different from the other groups. In other
words, the way of communication of one community is different from the
people who are out of the community.
2.2.4 YouTube and YouTuber
Nowadays, YouTube is one of the most popular video sharing sites on the
web today which is owned by Google. Founded in 2005, Millions of videos have
been uploaded and shared here, ranging from amateur videos to movie trailers
and everything in between (Jakpat, 2017). Therefore, in YouTube available
content includes video clips, music videos, television show clips, short and
documentary films, audio recordings, movie trailers, live streams, and other
content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.
According to Jakpat (2017) at eMarketer survey commissioned in Indonesia
for YouTube users by marked research firm that found 54.0% of respondents
who subscribed to any YouTube channel signed up for tutorial-focused content.
In comparison, just over half 50.3% subscribed to personal or YouTube artist
channels, while 35.0% subscribed to channels produced by TV shows,
entertainment studios, or production houses (Jakpat, 2017). Moreover, for

19
hundreds of millions people around the world, YouTube and dozens of other free
video platforms are shaping up to be a new educational model. In addition,
YouTube could well be the most important educational tool of our time.
Consequently, this is very good news for people in developing and developed
countries who want an education but perhaps could not have afforded it or even
gained access.
YouTuber is a content creator, which is someone who “produces and
appears in videos”. YouTuber usually enjoy sharing their life routines, ideas,
creativities and upload it (Jakpat, 2017). For example; talking about trending
topic, promote something, make a tutorial or tips, filming themselves reacting to
things, and sometimes share their thought about something happening right now
to gain more viewer.
At this time, the term “viral video” or “trending” is common. This refers to
a video that people have liked so much and becomes popular through a viral
process of Internet sharing (Jakpat, 2017). Besides, several people realize that
they can utilize this ability to reach potential customers and have created their
own YouTube accounts for posting advertisements and other marketing videos
especially to earn money. With such numbers of users, codes are easy and often
found in YouTube videos and usually used by bilingual or multilingual people
in their videos that uploaded to their YouTube channel, as well as in their
comments. A YouTuber often used code switching in their utterances and
conversations. It makes the research interest to identify the program of code
switching in their videos content.

20
2.3 Theoretical Framework
In this study, the writer used appropriate theories from experts to find out
the types and analyze the reasons of code-switching in selected videos content of
SkinnyIndonesian24 YouTube channel by Andovi and Jovial (Da Lopez Brothers).
The theories used in this study are Hoffmann’s theory for analyzing types and
reason of causing code-switching. First, Hoffmann (1991) classifies that Code
Switching in four types there are; Intra-sentential switching, Inter-sentential
Switching, Emblematic-Switching (also Tag-Switching), and Establishing
continuity with the previous speaker.
The second, the writer analyzed the reasons of using code-switching in
SkinnyIndonesian24 selected videos utterances. According to Hoffmann’s (1991)
presents that there are seven reasons why people switching their language. Those
are such as talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic
about something (express solidarity), interjection (inserting sentence fillers or
sentence connectors), repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the
speech content for interlocutor, and expressing group identity.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Approach of the Study
In this study, the writer used qualitative approach in conducting his study
and the data were taken from the YouTuber’s utterances and conversations that
analyzed in the form of discussion and explanation. According to Keegan (2009),
Qualitative research is less easy to define. It explores questions such as

what, why, and how, rather than how many and how much; it is primarily
concerned with meaning rather than measuring. Understanding why
individuals and groups think and behave as they do lies at the heart of
qualitative research. (p. 11)
Based on the statement above, it can be concluded that qualitative research
is based on text and cannot be measured by numbers. Furthermore, the descriptive
method focused on the management of the description. Through this approach, the
result of the analysis is conducting in descriptive form of an essay.
3.2 Data Source
The data sources of this study were taken from selected videos that are
gotten from YouTube. The data is limited only in code-switching in English and
Indonesian language. The sources of the data are taken from the YouTube channel
that the writer subscribes which has more than one million subscribers. The users
are Indonesian and have the ability to speak both Indonesia and English. The
YouTubers that will be analyzed is Skinnyindonesian24 by Andovi and Jovial (Da
Lopez's brothers). The writer took two videos from their YouTube channel playlists,
there are TahunTerakhir di Youtube | Maaf & Terima Kasih was
21
22
published on June 24, 2020 (duration time, 15:12s) and Kesalahan di umur 20 was
published on February 24, 2020 (duration time, 18:15s) by downloading each video.
3.3 Data Collection
The data of this study were collected from the utterances that are spoken by
the speaker in YouTube videos.
1. The first are watching and transcribing, the writer chose one of Indonesian
YouTube channel which used code-switching in their utterance, dialogue, and
conversation.
2. Second are collecting and identifying, the data were collected only by
retrieving data containing language substitution in English-Indonesian as well
as in Indonesian-English.
3. Third are marking and highlighting, the writer used the data of transcript taken
from the YouTubers utterances in their video by downloading from YouTube.
Meanwhile, the writer used computer such as laptop or notebook and mobile
phone to download the videos and finding some references that related to this
study.
4. Fourth are listing and analyzing, the writer listed and analyzed the chosen
data in an essay form to explain the types and reasons of code-switching that
found in SkinnyIndonesian24 selected videos.
3.4 Data Analysis
This study used descriptive methods as the data analysis, which the writer
took the data from SkinnyIndonesian24 selected videos utterances before. The
23
writer explained the types and reasons of code-switching in this study. Thus, the
writer followed several steps to analyze the data.
1. First, the writer collected code-switching which were used in
SkinnyIndoensian24 selected videos utterances.
2. Second, the writer classified based on code-switching that the writer found in
the videos utterances.
3. Third, the writer explained code-switching that the writer found in the videos
utterances.
4. Finally, the writer provided conclusion of the data that analyzed before in the
form of short essays. Then, after the writer analyzed the type and reason of
code switching that appear on the video utterances, the writer used Sudijono’s
(2006) formula to count the number of types and reasons of code switching
in percentage;
Picture 1
Source: adapted from Sudijono, 2006
Based on the picture above, the percentage (P) formula is the sum of
the frequency (F) divided by number of cases (N) and multiplied by one
hundred. Next, the writer concluded the highest types and reasons of code
switching on the video utterances based on the result of the sum of
percentages.
CHAPTER IV
DATA FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
This chapter consists of two main parts, data findings and analysis. As stated
in the previous chapter, this study aims to describe the types and the reasons of used
code-switching by Indonesia viral YouTubers at Skinnyindonesian24 which are
Andovi Da Lopez and Jovial Da Lopez (Da Lopez Brother). The data obtained is
presented in the findings, while the detail explanation is conveyed deeply in the
sub-chapter analysis.
4.1 Data Findings
In this part, the writer would categorize the types of code-switching and
reasons for code-switching from two selected videos in SkinnyIndonesian24
YouTube channel utterances. The first video is entitled Tahun Terakhir di Youtube
| Maaf & Terima Kasih (duration time, 15:12s). Then, the writer made tables for
showing data finding description in types of code-switching, which are found on
the video and also the table shows data finding, time, and reasons based on
Hoffmann’s (1991) theory. In addition, the writer also added percentage table for
the result of types and the reasons.
The second video is entitled Kesalahan di umur 20 (duration time, 18:15s).
Then, the writer made tables for showing data finding description in types of code-
switching, which are found on the video and also the table shows data finding, time,
and reasons based on Hoffmann’s (1991) theory. In addition, the writer also added
percentage table for the result of types and reasons.
25
26
4.1.1 Code-Switching in Tahun Terakhir di Youtube | Maaf & Terima
Kasih Video on SkinnyIndonesian24 YouTube Channel.
In this part, there are four tables based on types of code-switching that found
in the video. The table below shows data finding, time and reasons of code-
switching based on Hoffmann’s (1991) theory.
Table 4.1.1 Intra-sentential of Code-Switching
Data Finding Time Reasons

1. Dan banyak dari kalian yang tahu kalau 00:47s Being emphatic
Skinnyindonesian twenty four itu 24-nya about something
karena the lead great Kobe Bryant. Rest in (express solidarity)
peace Kobe Bryant.
2. Salah satu hal terbesar kenapa kita 01:15s Talking about a
ngelakuin ini adalah, motivasi internal, particular topic
ketika kita meng-announce bahwa ini
adalah tahun terakhir kita, ini menyalakan
sebuah api dalam kita untuk berkarya lagi
sebaik-baiknya.
3. Dan jujur ini bukan keputusan yang 01:27s Being emphatic
mudah. Skinnyindonesian twenty four was about something
my baby okay and still is my baby selama (express solidarity)
10 tahun, selama 9 tahun terakhir.
4. Mungkin karena our paths and journeys 02:32s Talking about a
life, you know there’s lots of a reason why. particular topic
Tapi yang bener bener gua tau, gua merasa
10 tahun adalah waktu yang okay to call it
quits and to call it a career in YouTube.
Itu bagi gua this is not, this is not an easy
decision but it is a right decision.
5. Emang kita berantem tapi bukan berarti 03:15s Talking about a
kalau kita gak ada di Skinny tweny-four, particular topic
kenapa gak kerja bareng? Kita gak bakal
bikin proyek bareng, Ngga... tapi it is what
it is.
6. Sampai sekarang banyak orang yang nanya 03:40s Intention of
kalian tinggal bareng nggak? Kayak, clarifying the
“Bang kok lu gak bareng Jo?” kayak, we speech content for
live in our separated live. I know it’s hard interlocutor
for you guys to understand, because we
always pure together.
27
7. I wanna take my own path, but doesn’t 04:00s Intention of

mean kalo berarti gua sama kak Jo sudah clarifying the
gak musuhan, jelas-jelas kita gak speech content for
musuhanlah kita kakak adik. interlocutor
8. It is emm… kalo Kak Jo I don’t know. This 04:54s Intention of
is very egotistical mungkin, cuma I feel clarifying the
like the reward for the energy that we put speech content for
out is just not there. interlocutor
9. Emm ini orang bisa kaya “Wah bang 05:16s Talking about a
berarti lo, merasa lo harus dapet reward, particular topic
No… I’m just saying kalo kita liat system
youtube sekarang reward itu diberikan
reward. Alias kalo kita ngomong system
dalam system yang disukai oleh brand dan
orang orang banyak duit adalah views,
subscribers, likes, comments.
10. Reward itu diberikan kepada channel- 05:39s Expressing group
channel atau konten-konten yang isinya identity
bagi gua bukan… bukan konten yang
terbaik.
11. Dan bukan cuma kita banyak banget 06:20s Talking about a
konten bagus diluar sana yang ujungnya particular topic
mati gak keliatan, karena kalo kita buka
trending, kita liat apa yang dibahas di Line
today, itu yang dibahas doang. YouTube in
the AdSense pada dasarnya kalo kita tarik
banget jaman dulu, YouTube tuh dari dulu
it gives the voiceless a voice. Andovi was
voiceless I was voiceless kita gak ada TV
yang backing kita.
12. Kita gak ada industry film yang backing 06:52s Talking about a
kita, kita gak ada billboard di kuningan, particular topic
billboard di Sudirman, yang ngedukung
omongan-omongan kita.
13. Suara kita bisa di dengar karena kita 07:02s Talking about a
ngapload ke YouTube, nah sekarang suara particular topic
orang-orang, suara kaya kita mati karena
semua Spotlight ke suara-suara orang
besar, itu sayang banget YouTube was
cool, now it’s just a business.
14. Gua sangat mengerti perspective kak Jo, 07:48s Intention of
sangat amat mengerti dan apakah gua clarifying the
setuju dengan beberapa hal itu? Sangat speech content for
setuju, tapi it’s not the reason why I’m interlocutor
leaving.
28
15. Ini semua orang di YouTube Fanfest 08:23s Talking about

nyanyi cover lagu. Kita bikin musical full particular topic
bahasa inggris yang anak-anak nonton
kayak, what the hell are they doing? Ya itu
dia we always go againts the great.
16. Ini menguntungkan orang yg punya duit. 09:01s Talking about a
Jujur aja suatu hari kalian akan ngeliat ini, particular topic
tetapi ya emang kadang-kadang kita kalo
nelen entertainment kita terima apa yang
bikin ketawa saja.
17. Jujur gua dari dulu gua jarang banget 09:31s Expressing group
nonton di trending bukan jarang, sangat identity
gak pernah.
18. Tapi, we tried to focus sembilan puluh 10:26s Expressing group
persen overtime to the good things. identity
Sedangkan, orang ngeliat kayak
kebanyakan orang tuh kerjanya begini
sekarang.
19. Mereka ngeliat oh uangnya tuh disini, tapi 10:34s Being emphatic
disini gak bener, Ah yang penting ada about something
uang, yaudah deh gua kesana come on (express solidarity)
guys. Kalo bangsa kita mau berubah, harus
berubah, kalian harus ngelawan sistem ini.
20. Gua cuma ngomong Indonesia karena gua 11:09s Being emphatic
orang Indonesia, sekarang sistemnya about something
adalah kita give away kalian subscribe (express solidarity)
kita, kita give away ke kalian supaya kita
makin besar. Guys, itu sistem politikus dari
dulu loh.
21. Seharusnya, in the fair play semua orang 11:37s Being emphatic
bermain tanpa ngasih duit. about something
(express solidarity)
22. Kenapa kalian gak adaptasi dan tetep 12:15s Intention of
berkarya? Tapi adapt the situation, we are clarifying the
adapting. speech content for
interlocutor
23. Tapi, we still creative, we still be doing 12:31s Talking about a
everythings in life, bakal fokus ke film, particular topic
bakal fokus ke proyek-proyek besar lainya.
24. Jangan lupa nonton film BUCIN going to 12:38s Repetition used for
movies is part of our adaptation. Going to clarification
movies is the part of our progress.
25. Cuma kalo di SkinnyIndonesian twenty 12:45s Intention of
four sendiri emang it’s time to move on and clarifying the
call it the career, it’s given a passion, it is speech content for
a job. interlocutor
29
26. Dan dari berbagai karya tersebut juga ada 13:09s Expressing group
beberapa video branded ya. Oh selalu. identity
Kita ini bukan channel yang relay on
AdSense. Sama sekali enggak. Kita emang
harus relay on sometimes branded, supaya
kita bisa hidup. Dan bikin karya-karya
lain.
27. Dan gua bener excited karena kita ada 13:23s Talking about a
berbagai banyak proyek besar. Jadi gua particular topic
akan bikin video lainnya.
28. Channel kita bakal diapain? Gua adalah 13:32s Expressing group
penikmat youtube sejati, gua tau ada identity
berbagai kasus orang yang quit youtube
and look whats happen? Pertama, ada Ray
William Jhonson this is for you old school
people before. Ray William Jhonson
closes three kasih channel nya. Channel
nya masih ada tapi instead of him hosting.
29. Cara kedua adalah Fouseytube. 13:57s Intention of
Fouseytube membiarkan channel dia clarifying the
menjadi wadah untuk siapapun bisa upload speech content for
konten mereka. interlocutor
30. Cara ketiga ada Reza Oktovian yang kasih 14:05s Intention of
kerumah Anyo. Jujur kita gak tau kita mau clarifying the
apain channel kita. Apakah semua video speech content for
dan semua yang kita upload selama interlocutor
sepuluh tahun terakhir kita bakal archieve?
31. Kita berdua mau denger pendapat kalian 14:20s Intention of
channel Skinny dua empat setelah 10 clarifying the
tahun mau di apain silahkan fill it to speech content for
comment. Ini bisa menjadi ide, menjadi interlocutor
discussion.
Based on the table above, in the first video it was found thirty-one data of
intra-sentential switching. Furthermore, the second type of code-switching is inter-
sentential switching. It can be seen on the table below.
Table 4.1.1 Inter-sentential of Code-Switching

1. So whatsup guys? Yo apa kabs. 00:01s Repetition used for
clarification
30
2. Hampir semua hal positif yang gua 01:44s Being emphatic

dapatkan di karir gua. In my personal lives about something
was thanks to Skinnyindonesian twenty- (express solidarity)
four. So, this decision was not made likely
by any, by any factor, by any matter.
3. Kita ada film BUCIN, kenapa kita gak 08:07s Intention of
fokus ke film BUCIN aja gitu… Nggak clarifying the
bukan soal itu. Please, don’t get it twisted. speech content for
interlocutor
4. I still wanna fight in this resistance guys. 08:13s Talking about a
Konten Skinny itu selalu is the resistance. particular topic
Ini yang lagi nge-trend apa? Kita bikin
apa.
5. Kita kan selalu melawan arus. Yah yang 08:41s Expressing group
berbayar adalah orang yang di arus, it’s identity
kinda make sense.
6. Orang gua sampe detik ini. I haven’t 09:41s Quoting somebody
known what kekeyi is. Sampai detik ini gua else
belom tonton videonya juga.
7. Gua gak mau main sistem itu, oke ini hal 09:50s Quoting somebody
yang menarik semua orang di sekeliling else
gua ngomongin bukan boneka. Okay three
two one close the door (Om Deddy)
ngomongin langsung, but it’s not I don’t
wannabe in this system.
8. The systems that were praise not the right 10:13s Talking about a
one and it is hurt. Kok “Kak Jo ngomong particular topic
gini juga?” orang kayak kalian juga gak
suci amat.
9. Ya kita juga, kita juga kadang-kadang, we 10:22s Being emphatic
do all mistakes. about something
10. Gua bayar seratus ribu ke kalian, kalian 11:25s Talking about a
pilih gua, gua jadi gubernur kalian, gua particular topic
jadi presiden kalian dan liat sekarang
bangsa ini dimana? It’s a fuck off system.
11. Tanpa ngasih apa, Cuma buktiin, ini karya 11:43s Being emphatic
gua, lo pilih gua untuk karya, lu bukan about something
pilih gua karena gua ngasih lu handphone, (express solidarity)
lo pilih gua karena ngasih lo mobil, lu pilih
gua karena gua ngasih lo duit bukan. Lo
pilih gua karena gua layak untuk dipilih, I
give you something you give me
something, it’s transactional that’s not the
way to choose the winner. Menurut Kak Jo,
31
to choose the winner harus bener bener

dari karyanya apa.
12. This is one of the way, we are adaptive for 12:21s Repetition used for
us end this one year. Itu adalah bagian dari clarification
adaptasi kita dan the way we progress and
the way we move on with our life’s.
13. Thank you we sincerely love you all. This 14:30s Being emphatic
is the hard discussion but we needed. about something
Terima kasih bagi kalian semua yang (express solidarity)
sudah share video kita, udah like video
kita.
14. Terimakasih udah komentar, udah 14:39s Being emphatic
memulai diskusi di tempat-tempat lain about something
tentang hal yang kita bahas di video. (express solidarity)
Ngundang kita untuk ngomong di sekolah,
di kampus, di institusi. It’s beautiful, Its
beautiful guys. You guys truly gave the
voiceless a voice.
Based on the table above, in the first video it was found fourteen data of
inter-sentential switching. Furthermore, the third type of code-switching is
emblematic switching. It can be seen on the table below.
Table 4.1.1 Emblematic Code-Switching

1. “Siapa kak Jo lo untuk menilai konten?” ya, 05:54s Interjection
ini opini gua ya, kalian bisa punya opini (Inserting sentence
bahwa oh konten-konten itu adalah konten fillers or sentence
yang terbaik, gua ketawa setiap hari connectors)
dirumah nonton itu, itu mengisi 2 jam 3 jam
hari gua dirumah membuat gua yang tadi
sedih menjadi bahagia, it’s fine!, Cuma
penilaian gua sebagai creator konten dari
dulu, konten-konten sekarang yang diberi
reward, tidak layak untuk diberi reward.
2. Ketika kita mendewasa akan liat deh semua 09:16s Interjection
faktor yang bermain di belakang itu apa dan (Inserting sentence
kalian liat Oh Shit! Ternyata ketidakadilan fillers or sentence
yang bermain dibelakang kita, suatu hari connectors)
kalian akan liat.
32
3. Atau do we three two one close it down kita 14:15s Interjection

gak tau kan? Right! Right! Three two one (Inserting sentence
close it down. fillers or sentence
connectors)
Based on the table above, in the first video it was found three data of
emblematic switching. Furthermore, the fourth type of code-switching is
establishing continuity with the previous speaker. It can be seen on the table below.
Table 4.1.1 Establishing Continuity with the Previous Speaker

1. Andovi: I’m an adult, I’m twenty six years 03:25s Intention of
old, Kak Jo is… clarifying the
Jovi: Twenty four, Tapi di coret jadi 30, speech content for
engga deh 24 nya di coret. interlocutor
Andovi: Believe it or not guys, we are old
men.
2. Jovi: So you’re sorry but you also thankful 04:30s Being emphatic
Andovi: Sorry and I was also thankful, tapi about something
inget just because I’m doing this does not (express
mean that I don’t love you guys, sama solidarity)
seperti kayak tadi gua ngomong bahasa
inggris berarti gua gak cinta Indonesia,
ngerti gak? Logika, logika kalian itu harus
dilihat dari sisi dan perspektif yang lain.
3. Jovi: It’s also, it’s not the full reason I’m 07:56s Intention of
leaving, but some factors. clarifying the
Andovi: Exactly, Exactly… jadi jangan speech content for
kalian. interlocutor
Jovi: Karena gini, kalau if that’s reason why
we don’t leave now.
Andovi: kenapa kita nggak pergi sekarang?
Kalau itu alasan utamanya.
Based on the table above, in the first video it was found three data of
establishing continuity with the previous speaker. Finally, through the data in the
table 1-4, the writer counted the data and got the percentage of the data by using
33
Sudijono’s (2006) formula. The percentage of the data based on the types and
reasons of code switching. It can be shown on the table below.
Table 4.1.1 Percentage of Types of Code-Switching in the Video
The Types of Code-Switching Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Intra-sentential Switching 31 60.79%
2. Inter-sentential Switching 14 27.45%
3. Emblematic Switching 3 5.88%
4. Establishing continuity with the 3 5.88%
previous speaker
Total 51 100%
Based on the percentage table above, the writer concluded the most types of
code switching occurs in the first video is intra-sentential switching, the second
types is intra-sentential switching. Then, the lowest percentages are emblematic
switching and establishing continuity with the previous speaker. Furthermore, the
switching data of each reason can be seen from the classification on the table below.
Table 4.1.1 Percentage of Reasons of Code-Switching in the Video
The Reasons of Code-Switching Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Talking about a particular topic 14 27.45%
2. Quoting somebody else 2 3.92%
3. Being emphatic about something 11 21.57%
4. Interjection (inserting sentence 3 5.88%
fillers or sentence connectors)
5. Repetition used for clarification 3 5.88%
6. Intention of clarifying the speech 12 23.53%
content for interlocutor
7. Expressing group identity 6 11.77%
Total 51 100%
Based on the percentage table above, the writer concluded the most
dominant reasons of code switching in the first video is talking about a particular
34
topic. In the second position is intention of clarifying the speech content for
interlocutor by following being emphatic about something (express solidarity),
expressing group identity, interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence
connectors), repetition used for clarification. Then, the lowest percentage is quoting
somebody else.
4.1.2 Code-Switching in Kesalahan di umur 20 Video on
SkinnyIndonesian24 YouTube Channel.
In this part, there are three tables based on types of code-switching that
found in the video. The table below shows data finding, time and reasons of
code-switching based on Hoffmann’s (1991) theory.
Table 4.1.2 Intra-sentential of Code-Switching

1. So whatsup guys. I wanna do, I wanna do 00:01s Repetition used for
apa kabs this should be in, this should be clarification
in… haha. I do wanna apa kabs.
2. Yo apa kabs, why you laughing haha… 00:22s Talking about a
Guys you can see it on camera gila banyak particular topic
orang disini. Ada Jeloy on cam ada Keizha,
ada Keizha dan juga ada Keli lagi duduk
taking notes guys, getting old… haha.
3. Menurut gua, ini sebenernya bukan 01:11s Intention of
kesalahan. Menurut gua ini it’s your clarifying the
journey karena you learn through speech content for
mistakes, you cannot be a perfect twenty interlocutor
years old.
4. Gua mau nunjukin yang sebenernya a 01:41s Repetition used for
more deeper side, bukan deeper sih eh… a clarification
more personal side a more Jo side, which
is my script right inside.
5. I like reading a story, ada there’s the 02:08s Talking about a
beginning masalahnya apa and then particular topic
there’s end. The end usually the solution
35
atau bahkan a known thing to do is not a

solution, it’s my blowing twist.
6. Dan bukan cuma di YouTube guys, we like 02.28s Expressing group
creating stories beyond YouTube. So I’m identity
gonna tell you guys today about my script
writing journey.
7. Emm... I’ve always been involved in twitter 03:02s Expressing group
dan lain-lain. identity
8. Tapi if you see like emm… People in TV 03:21s Being emphatic
atau people in movies, there is certain face about something
that people go for di Indonesia and that is (express solidarity)
the industry.
9. I’m not gonna blame anyone for this, it is 03:35s Being emphatic
the industry. I think it’s not right, I think about something
it’s wrong. Cuma, it is how it is, emm tapi (express solidarity)
I don’t complain.
10. Waktu itu bernama SkinnyIndonesian24. 04:20s Repetition used for
Sampe sekarang masih bernama clarification
SkinnyIndonesian24, ngomong apaan sih.
Oke emm… dan disketsa pertama yang
gua gabung the whole things blew up, the
whole things blew up.
11. It’s called Modus why am I saying this 04:35s Expressing group
karena four years later that same sketch identity
became a movie, tapi oke, so I found my
eye I tried to bulldoze my way in through
YouTube.
12. Tiba-tiba karena YouTube kita saking 04:48s Expressing group
terkenalnya dan beberapa orang di industry identity
lawak melirik kita.
13. Gua di approached mau nggak kamu yang 05:16s Expressing group
selama ini bikin naskah untuk YouTube identity
bikin sebuah naskah film dan tentunya
sebagai orang muda, yang selama ini mau
banget di industry entertainment.
14. Jadi, that story was not mine. That’s gua 05:55s Talking about a
menulis, gua pengetik. Gua bukan penulis, particular topic
gua I was a technician, ide orang gua tulis.
15. Jadi seseorang produser melihat bakat 06:37s Quoting somebody
YouTube dan where it will go, he else
contacted us yang back then we were top
five top ten YouTubers of Indonesia at the
time.
16. Jadi, kalo gua nulis film itu, produser akan 07:48s Quoting somebody
selalu mau comedy first. Sedangkan kalian else
36
kalo ngeliat semua draf satu naskah gua,

it’s mostly drama.
17. Nah di film YouTubers itu of course I took 08:17s Expressing group
the chance, pastilah pasti come on twenty identity
five years old, twenty four years old.
18. Film ketiga, iyalah gua pasti nulis gua pasti 08:26s Intention of
menulis, tetapi campur tangan banyak clarifying the
pihak disitu, oke sutradara film ini yang di speech content for
credit adalah Kemal dan gua. interlocutor
19. Tapi gua disini cuma menyutradarai 08:38s Being emphatic
bagian YouTube nya doang. Jadi film ini about something
ada bagian ketika pemainnya syuting (express solidarity)
YouTube, gua megang atau gua ngasih
banyak advice dibagian ketika mereka lagi
syuting YouTube.
20. I personally like a movie karena for me it 09:33s Talking about a
was learning experience in the movie particular topic
industry. Disinilah dimana setiap hari gua
di set mulai duduk nanya ini soundman
ngapain? Ini lighting?
21. Modus, gua menulis modus. Nah modus 10:12s Intention of
ini emm… Modus was story of mine. Sama clarifying the
kayak YouTubers. speech content for
interlocutor
22. YouTubers tuh cerita tentang hidup. 10:21s Intention of
Youtube tuh it was based on cerita hidup clarifying the
gua dan Andovi. speech content for
interlocutor
23. Modus itu, it was based on comedy sketch 10:29s Expressing group
yang membuat gua semakin terkenal. identity
24. Nah sama kayak film kalo ceritanya dari 11:13s Intention of
gua, nyawanya dari gua, tetapi ujung- clarifying the
ujungnya secara packaging nyawanya lain. speech content for
You’re not gonna get what I’m actually interlocutor
writing.
25. Tetapi gua gak mengeluh, karena ini 11:29s Talking about a
adalah gua tadi ngomong ini semua particular topic
perjalanan. Ini perjalanan is that guy who
wanted to be in the industry. It’s just fourth
atau fifth I don’t know what the movies, itu
gua tulus di umur 25 syuting di umur 26.
26. So guys all of that, semua tadi it was really- 11:48s Expressing group
really cool, it was journey. identity
27. Tapi yang namanya buruk bisa nama kita 12:25s Intention of
and it’s at that poin was gua sadar, gua clarifying the
37
harus lebih bertanggung jawab untuk speech content for

semua karya gua. interlocutor
28. Gua harus lebih terlibat untuk semua karya 12:37s Intention of
gua dan gua gak bisa biarin orang clarifying the
menceritakan cerita gua, that’s the point. speech content for
interlocutor
29. Gua akhir-akhir ini sering banget nonton 14:39s Repetition used for
Black Mirror. Jadi gua cuma mau clarification
ngomong bahwa film ini tuh sangat banget
highly inspired from Black Mirror.
30. The concept dan lain-lain sangat 14:51s Talking about a
terinspirasi dari the Black Mirror. So it’s a particular topic
Black Mirror kinda thing yang di mix
dengan cerita asli hidup gua.
31. Tetapi karena ya kalian tahu kan produser 16:04s Quoting somebody
holds the money, jadi that all the aspects. else
32. Tapi gua semakin kesini gua semakin nge- 16:09s Talking about a
fight untuk keutuhan cerita gua, keutuhan particular topic
suara gua, keutuhan pesan gua.
33. Tiba-tiba one day ketika lo, ketika mereka 16:47s Talking about a
merasa lo pantas, lo diberikan kekuatan itu particular topic
gitu, kekuatan untuk membuat decision.
34. I was scared bahwa suara gua is just satu 17:07s Being emphatic
diantara satu juta, jadi gak ada yang bakal about something
nonton. (express solidarity)
35. So ya sekarang udah ujan ok guys I guess 17:57s Talking about a
I’ll see you I’ll make a video when I’m particular topic
thirty five, fourty, I don’t know or my
wedding day I don’t know guys. So I’ll see
you the next video.
Based on the table above, in the second video it was found thirty-five data
of intra-sentential switching. Furthermore, the second type of code-switching is
inter-sentential switching. It can be seen on the table below.
Table 4.1.2 Inter-sentential of Code-Switching

1. Kesalahan yang sering di lakukan diumur 00:58s Intention of
20an. I was kind do that tapi, there so clarifying the
many videos on that like so many, most of speech content for
the advices the same. interlocutor
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2. Like before I get into the whole script or 01:57s Intention of

anything like. For example, why don’t I clarifying the
vlog? Kenapa gua gak pernah megang speech content for
kamera abis itu ngerekam gua sehari-hari interlocutor
karena there’s no script behind that.
3. Tapi yang gua rasakan, gua sama Andovi 02:25s Intention of
selama ini, we like creating stories. clarifying the
speech content for
interlocutor
4. Ok guys now it’s the script writing 02:46s Intention of
journey. Ok let’s rewind a bit ini clarifying the
sebenernya sebelum umur gua dua puluh speech content for
at the age of nineteen, ohh actually interlocutor
eighteen. I went to acting school.
5. Jadi, gua emang dari kecil. I’ve always 02:57s Expressing group
want to be an actor. identity
6. In Indonesia, I am not considered to have 03:11s Quoting somebody
that TV face. Kek gua gausah, gua gak else
mau sebut nama.
7. So why did I start a YouTube channel at 03:50s Repetition used for
the age of twenty two. So knowing that, clarification
knowing that you cannot enter the industry
from what the industry wants you have to
create your own path. Lo harus membuat
jalur sendiri.
8. Jadi gua sama Andovi, tapi Andovi yang 04:10s Intention of
mulai duluan di 2011, gua masuk di 2012 clarifying the
akhir. It is age of twenty two I join Andovi speech content for
YouTube channel. interlocutor
9. Satu produser ngasih gua kesempatan 04:55s Expressing group
untuk nulis skrip film, judul film itu identity
adalah Jomblo Keep Smile. Title was
chosen by the producer, the story I was. I
was twenty three guys I was gua umur dua
tiga.
10. Wahh mau dong… mau dong… harga aja 05:28s Intention of
gua gak tau harga nulis berapa, I give it my clarifying the
all. speech content for
interlocutor
11. I’m very grateful for this experience. 06:09s Being emphatic
Karena gak banyak orang dikasih about something
kesempatan untuk melakukan hal seperti (express solidarity)
ini gitu loh.
12. This was Kemal story, I just helped him 07:13s Intention of
write. So I was credited it as a writer, tapi clarifying the
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ini cerita dia, muncul di cerita yang speech content for

dominasi idenya dari gua. interlocutor
13. I don’t blame them it is, tapi ini bukan 07:37s Being emphatic
masalah ceritanya sih. Ini masalah the about something
public’s perception of us. (express solidarity)
14. Kan kita kalo syuting, kita gak mungkin 08:00s Talking about a
syuting di draf satu. Kita akan syuting di particular topic
draf ke berapa kan, tapi semua draf satu itu
kebanyakan, it’s not a drama… it’s just
story. There’s beginning, ada orang punya
masalah, ada intro, masalahnya apa,
solusinya apa, and usually there’s a twist.
15. Terlalu banyak pihak yang campur 09:00s Intention of
tangan, and I didn’t really the story was clarifying the
not purely me. speech content for
interlocutor
16. Because there was money, there was fame. 09:10s Expressing group
There is everything that goes along with identity
you know, having your name out there. Ya
gua ambil itu terjadi.
17. Gua berterima kasih dulu kepada 09:23s Being emphatic
Starvision yang jujur, YouTubers was a about something
big last in my life, I really really like. (express solidarity)
18. Biasanya kalo syuting YouTube Cuma 09:50s Talking about a
ada dua tiga lampu? Kenapa ini dua belas particular topic
lampu? Kayak, I ask a lot of questions, I
got a lot of things I wanna know was
YouTubers the movie. Oke ini bukan peran
gua, tetapi selalu gua membuka
kesempatan yang lain.
19. Siapa bilang Burger King gak bener 10:58s Talking about a
kayak, it the same brand, it the same meal, particular topic
everything is the same. Cuma ketika
dipegang tangan orang beda.
20. But to be honest emm… it eats the soul 11:57s Talking about a
away. Kenapa gua ngomong kayak gitu. particular topic
Maksudnya gini, kalo orang nyerang
filmnya orang akan nyerang gua dan
Andovi, it’s not it’s not fair it’s so many
people involved.
21. It’s so easy, you just point the finger. Ini 12:57s Intention of
film Jovial, film YouTubers, film Modus clarifying the
gitu, its fine if you said that. speech content for
interlocutor
22. Cerita yang gua lagi tulis sekarang 13:24s Talking about a
ceritanya adalah cerita Bucin “oh this is particular topic
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shames plot”. No, it’s not guys it’s a

menurut gua, gua ini titik terdewasa dari
journey gua untuk sekarang.
23. So it’s like a highten version of my life I 15:02s Talking about a
guess, I don’t know, I guess, I guess inside particular topic
that, yang gua pelajari di umur 20an
adalah lo akan banyak banget arus gituh
dan kadang-kadang lo mengikuti arus itu
karena lo merasa aman walaupun itu
sepenuhnya bukan elu.
24. Gua aman disini nih. Gua kalo disini gak 15:24s Being emphatic
bakalan diserang, semua orang kayak gua about something
kok tetapi emang lo kayak semua orang? (express solidarity)
That’s the question are you like everyone
else? Everybody is different.
25. If you feel like you are strong enough to 15:38s Talking about a
highlight your uniqueness that’s when you particular topic
will succeed. Karena gua jujur ada
beberapa momen gua takut untuk beda.
Gua takut banget kaya aduh, tapi
Indonesia belum pernah ngeliat hal yang
kayak gini.
26. Jadi udah kita bikin skrip ini lebih bisa 15:55s Repetition used for
dimengerti oleh pasar deh. I don’t wanna clarification
do that anymore, I really don’t want to do
that anymore.
27. Gua berharap kalian semua bisa belajar 16:21s Talking about a
sesuatu tentang ini gitu tentang, that’s particular topic
journey of mine in the script writing
movies. Tapi in wits it’s life loh.
28. Ketika kalian masuk dunia kantoran, you 16:35s Talking about a
will start sebagai orang yang disuruh- particular topic
suruh. You will not start as the decision-
maker, lo bakal mulai dari bawah you
work your way up.
29. Okay but to conclude this entire video I 16:59s Repetition used for
needed to be more courageous, gua takut clarification
I was a scared guy.
30. Dari obrolan gua dengan banyak orang. I 17:15s Repetition used for
realized I gua sama Andovi, kita gak clarification
ngambil rute yang gampang sih.
31. I don’t know, I wanna make it because I 17:42s Being emphatic
feel like I need the world to know about about something
this message. Ya ini bukan cara yang (express solidarity)
gampang dan gua juga gak nyaranin kalian
semua untuk masuk jalur ini, emang
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semua orang memiliki jalur masing-

masing.
Based on the table above, in the second video it was found thirty-one data
of inter-sentential switching. Furthermore, the third type of code-switching is
emblematic switching. It can be seen on the table below.
Table 4.1.2 Emblematic Code-Switching

1. Mau gak kalian bikin film? Terus, I have 06:52s Interjection
a debate, Oh Shit! Wait I wouldn’t know (Inserting sentence
the movie before that old man. fillers or sentence
connectors)
2. Ketika orang nyerang gua, gua kan gak 12:49s Interjection
mungkin “eh film lo jelek” tapi lo sadar (Inserting sentence
gak sih dibelakang film ini tuh sebenernya fillers or sentence
cerita gue diedit 75 kali, like normal we’re connectors)
gonna do that shit!
3. Gua mah yaudah lah ada yang suka 13:04s Interjection
banget, tapi yang benci banget juga ada (Inserting sentence
it’s fine! It’s happen to all movies even in fillers or sentence
the greatest movies. connectors)
4. Tetapi disini, gua juga mau pamer teknik 14:20s Interjection
penulisan sih. Siapapun bisa nulis dialog- (Inserting sentence
dialog “Aku sayang kamu” “aku juga” fillers or sentence
“kita menikah yuk”, kayak C’mon guys! connectors)
Like.
5. Rute-rute idealis yang ketika semua orang 17:31s Interjection
di YouTube Fanfest nyanyi, kita terima (Inserting sentence
bikin musical tentang keadaan YouTube fillers or sentence
di zaman itu. Does anyone really give a connectors)
shit!
Based on the table above, in the second video it was found five data of
emblematic switching. Finally, through the data in the table 1-3, the writer counted
the data and got the percentage of the data by using Sudijono’s (2006) formula. The
42
percentage of the data based on the types and reasons of code switching. It can be
shown on the table below.
Table 4.1.2 Percentage of Types of Code-Switching in the Video
The Types of Code-Switching Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Intra-sentential Switching 35 49.30%
2. Inter-sentential Switching 31 43.66%
3. Emblematic Switching 5 7.04%
4. Establishing continuity with the 0 0%
previous speaker
Total 71 100%
Based on the percentage table above, the writer concluded the most types of
code switching occurs in the second video is intra-sentential switching, the second
types is intra-sentential switching. Then, the lowest percentages are emblematic
switching. Furthermore, the switching data of each reason can be seen from the
classification on the table below.
Table 4.1.2 Percentage of Reasons of Code-Switching in the Video
The Reasons of Code-Switching Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Talking about a particular topic 18 25.35%
2. Quoting somebody else 4 5.63%
3. Being emphatic about something 9 12.68%
4. Interjection (inserting sentence 5 7.04%
fillers or sentence connectors
5. Repetition used for clarification 8 11.27%
6. Intention of clarifying the speech 16 22.53%
content for interlocutor
7. Expressing group identity 11 15.50%
Total 71 100%
Based on the percentage table above, the writer concluded the most
dominant reasons of code switching in the first video is talking about a particular
43
topic. In the second position is intention of clarifying the speech content for
interlocutor by following expressing group identity, being emphatic about
something (express solidarity), repetition used for clarification, interjection
(inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors). Then, the lowest percentage is
quoting somebody else.
4.2 Data Analysis
In further, the writer analyzed the data result according to the problem
questions of the study. The analysis was presented based on types of code-switching
by Hoffmann’s (1991) theory, which divided into four types, they are: Intra-
sentential Switching, Inter-sentential Switching, Emblematic Switching, and
Establishing Continuity with the Previous Speaker. Besides, the writer identified
the reasons of use code-switching that found on the videos by Hoffmann’s (1991)
theory. Those are talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being
emphatic about something (express solidarity), interjection (inserting sentence
fillers or sentence connectors), repetition used for clarification, intention of
clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, and expressing group identity.
4.2.1 Intra-sentential Switching
Intra-sentential switching is code-switching that occurs when the shift is
done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations or pauses
indicating a shift. It shows in the following data below:
Datum 2: Tahun Terakhir di YouTube | Maaf & Terima Kasih (video 1)

44
Dan banyak dari kalian yang tahu kalau Skinnyindonesian twenty

four itu 24-nya karena the lead great Kobe Bryant, Rest in Peace
Kobe Bryant. (00:47)
The type of code switching in this utterance is intra-sentential switching.
It was because Andovi switching his utterance in the middle or end of a
sentence. Thus, the above utterance showed that speaker switches one language
(Indonesian) to another language (English) in the middle or end of a sentence.
The reason of this utterance is being emphatic about something (express
solidarity). It can be seen at the middle or end of the sentence, he said "the lead
great Kobe Bryant, Rest in Peace Kobe Bryant". It refers to a public figure
which Andovi admired and also his sorrow about Kobe Bryant as professional
basketball player has passed away in an accident.
Salah satu hal terbesar kenapa kita ngelakuin ini adalah, motivasi
internal, ketika kita meng-announce bahwa ini adalah tahun terakhir
kita, ini menyalakan sebuah api dalam kita untuk berkarya lagi
sebaik-baiknya. (01:15)
It was because Jovial switching his utterance in the middle of a sentence. Thus,
the above utterance showed that speaker switches one language (Indonesian) to
another language (English) in the middle of a sentence.
The reason of this utterance is talking about a particular topic. It can be
seen at the middle of a sentence, Jovial said "meng-announce" in his statement.
It refers to farewell in the last year as a topic. The word “announce” means to
45
make a public and typically formal declaration about a fact, occurrence or
intention. Based on the statement “meng-announce” indicated that they
declared their retirement as Skinnyindonesian24 YouTubers in the last year for
several reasons.
Datum 1: Kesalahan di umur 20 (video 2)
So whatsup guys I wanna do, I wanna do apa kabs this should be in,
this should be in… haha. I do wanna apa kabs. (00:01)
the above utterance showed that speaker switches one language (English) to
another language (Indonesian) in the middle of a sentence.
The reason of this utterance is repetition used for clarification. It can be
seen at the middle of a sentence, Jovial said “Apa kabs” in Indonesia (slang)
language which he repeated his English statement or slogan “So whatsup guys”
in his clarification utterances to audiences on YouTube.
Menurut gua, ini sebenernya bukan kesalahan. Menurut gua ini it’s
your journey karena you learn through mistakes, you cannot be a
perfect twenty years old. (01:11)

46
The reason of this utterance is intention of clarifying the speech content
for interlocutor. It can be seen at the middle of a sentence, Jovial said “it’s
your journey karena you learn through mistakes”. It referred that Jovial wants
to clarify his speech opinion about “Kesalahan” in Indonesia language before
to give clear information to the interlocutor or their audiences about everyone
life’s journey. Especially in twenty years old, they will learn through mistakes
to be better in their activities.
Jadi seseorang produser melihat bakat YouTube dan where it will go,
he contacted us yang back then we were top five top ten YouTubers
of Indonesia at the time. (06:37)
The reason of this utterance is quoting somebody else. It can be seen at the
middle of a sentence which Jovial said “Where it will go, he contacted us”. It
referred Jovial is quoting somebody else in his English statement was about
someone who worked as the movie producer. Therefore, the producer invited
and wanted to recruit him as script writer to make a movie together about
YouTubers at the time.

47
4.2.2 Inter-sentential Switching
Inter-sentential switching is code-switching that occurs between a clauses
or sentences boundary, where each clause or sentence is in one language or the
other. The different from the previous type, this switching is not limited to the
insertion of one or two words. In addition, this switching should take place
between at least two clauses, which also can be mean two sentences. This is
seen most often among fluent bilingual speakers. It shows in the following data
below:
I still wanna fight in this resistance guys. Konten Skinny itu selalu
is the resistance. Ini yang lagi nge-trend apa? Kita bikin apa.
(08:13)
The type of code switching in this utterance is inter-sentential switching.
It was because Jovial involved switching between clauses or sentences
boundary. Thus, the above utterance showed that speaker switching his
utterance in one language (English) to another language (Indonesian) between
clauses or sentences boundary.
The reason of this utterance is talking about a particular topic. It can be
seen at the second sentence, Jovial said “Konten Skinny itu selalu” and “is the
resistance” in his statement. Thus, the speaker mentions “Konten Skinny” and
“resistance” as resistance video contents is the particular topic in his statement
and they were as the opposite of trending videos on YouTube. Talking about a
particular topic occurred when the speaker feels free and more comfortable to
48
express his emotion, opinion and excitement in a language that was not their
everyday language.
Orang gua sampe detik ini. I haven’t known what Kekeyi is. Sampai
detik ini gua belom tonton videonya juga. (09:41)
It was because Andovi involved switching between clauses or sentences
utterance in one language (Indonesian) to another language (English) between
The reason of this utterance is quoting somebody else. It can be seen at the
second sentence, Andovi said “I haven’t know what Kekeyi is”. It refers, Jovial
wanted to quoting somebody else in his English statement was about Kekeyi.
Thus, Kekeyi is the viral YouTuber at that time because her video music entitled
Keke Bukan Boneka brought controversy among the audience and netizens in
Indonesia.
Jadi, gua emang dari kecil. I’ve always want to be an actor. (02.57)
49
The reason of this utterance is expressing group identity. It can be seen at
the second sentence boundary, Jovial said “I’ve always want to be an actor”. It
indicated that Jovial had a big dream to be an actor since he is childhood, which
gets involved in cinematography. This is very rare for children to have dream
or ambition like that, especially for Indonesian children.
So why did I start a YouTube channel at the age of twenty two. So

knowing that, knowing that you cannot enter the industry from what
the industry wants you have to create your own path. Lo harus
membuat jalur sendiri. (03:50)
utterance in one language (Imdonesian) to another language (English) between
The reason of this utterance is repetition used for clarification. It can be
seen at the end of the sentence boundary, Jovial said “Lo harus membuat jalur
sendiri” in Indonesia language which he repeated his English statement or
motto “You have to create your own path” in his clarification utterances to
audiences on YouTube.

50
Satu produser ngasih gua kesempatan untuk nulis skrip film, judul
film itu adalah Jomblo Keep Smile. Title was chosen by the
producer, the story I was. I was twenty three guys I was gua umur
dua tiga. (04.55)
The reason of this utterance is expressing group identity. It can be seen at
the second sentence boundary, Jovial said “Title was chosen by the produser,
the story I was. I was twenty three guys”. It indicated that Jovial had a great
opportunity and proud to get involved in cinematography, when he was twenty
three years old. Where not many young people like him were lucky to get that
opportunity and experience in Indonesian cinema.
4.2.3 Emblematic Switching
Emblematic switching is the process of code-switching that occurs when the
speaker inserts tag or exclamations serving as an emblem of the bilingual
character. Some researchers call it also Tag-switching. It shows in the
following data below:
Ketika kita mendewasa akan liat deh semua faktor yang bermain di
belakang itu apa dan kalian liat Oh Shit! Ternyata ketidakadilan yang
bermain dibelakang kita, suatu hari kalian akan liat. (09:16)
51
The type of code switching in this utterance is emblematic switching. It
was because Jovial involved the insertion of a tag from one language (English)
into utterances in a different language (Indonesian). Thus, the above utterance
showed that speaker adding a tag in his utterance and then he switched from one
language to another language.
The reason of this utterance is interjections (Inserting sentence fillers or
sentence connectors). It was because the speaker adding a tag in his utterance
for the example Jovial said “Kalian liat Oh Shit!” in the middle of a sentence.
Thus means, the word reason is added a tag in the utterance because to convey
strong emotion, surprise or to gain attention from the audience. The word has
no grammatical value, but the speaker used them quite often. Furthermore, it
usually used more in speaking than in writing and it may happened
unconsciously.
Mau gak kalian bikin film? Terus, I have a debate, Oh Shit! Wait I
wouldn’t know the movie before that old man. (06.52)
The type of code switching in this utterance is emblematic switching. It
was because Jovial involved the insertion of a tag from one language (English)
into utterances in a different language (Indonesian). Thus, the above utterance
showed that speaker adding a tag in his utterance and then he switched from one
language to another language.
The reason of this utterance is interjections (Inserting sentence fillers or
sentence connectors). It was because the speaker adding a tag in his utterance
52
for the example Jovial said “I have a debate, Oh Shit!” Thus means, the word
reason is added a tag in the utterance because to convey strong emotion, surprise
or to gain attention from the audience. The word has no grammatical value, but
the speaker used them quite often. Furthermore, it usually used more in speaking
than in writing and it may happened unconsciously.
4.2.4 Establishing continuity with the previous speaker
The last, establishing continuity with the previous speaker is the kind of
code-switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous speaker, as
when one Indonesian speaker speaks in English and then another speaker tries
to respond in English also. Yet, that speaker can also switch again to language
Indonesia. It shows in the following data below:
Jovial : So you’re sorry but you also thankful.

Andovi : Sorry and I was also thankful, tapi inget just because I’m
doing this does not mean that I don’t love you guys, sama seperti
kayak tadi gua ngomong bahasa Inggris berarti gua gak cinta
Indonesia, ngerti gak? Logika, logika kalian itu harus dilihat dari sisi
dan perspektif yang lain. (04:30)
The type of code switching in this utterance is establishing continuity with
the previous speaker. It was because Andovi occurred to continue the utterance
of the previous speaker (Jovial), as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in
English and then another speaker tried to respond in English also. Yet, that
speaker can also switch again to Indonesia language.

53
The reason of this utterance is being emphatic about something (express
solidarity). It can be seen at the first sentence, Jovial said “So you’re sorry but
you also thankful” and then in the second sentence Andovi said "Gua sorry and
I was also thankful". It referred about their gratefulness to their fans or
audiences, which has supported them in YouTube until now.
Jovial : It’s also, it’s not the full reason I’m leaving, but some
factors.
Andovi : Exactly, Exactly… jadi jangan kalian.
Jovial : Karena gini, kalau if that’s reason why we don’t leave
now.
Andovi : Kenapa kita nggak pergi sekarang? Kalau itu alasan
utamanya. (07:56)
The type of code switching in this utterance is establishing continuity with
the previous speaker. It was because Andovi occurred to continue the utterance
of the previous speaker (Jovial), as when one Indonesian speaker speaks in
English and then another speaker tried to respond in English also. Yet, that
speaker can also switch again to Indonesia language.
The reason of this utterance is intention of clarifying the speech content
for interlocutor. It can be seen at the first sentence, Jovial said “It’s also, it’s
not the full reason I’m leaving, but some factors” and then in the second
sentence Andovi said "Exactly, Exactly… jadi jangan kalian". It referred that
Andovi wanted to clarify his old brother Jovial’s speech is the right reason,
which to give clear information to the interlocutor or their audiences about there
are some factors that made them leaving or retirement from YouTube.
54
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After data findings and analysis the code switching in two selected videos
of SkinnyIndonesian24 YouTube channel. Firstly, the writer found 51 data of the
types and reasons of used code switching in second video entitled Tahun Terakhir
di YouTube | Maaf & Terima Kasih by using Hoffmann’s (1991) theory. For the
types result, there were found 31 data of intra-sentential switching, 14 data of inter-
sentential switching, 3 data of emblematic switching, and 3 data of establishing
continuity with the previous speaker. For the reasons result, the writer identified 14
data for talking about a particular topic, 2 data for quoting somebody else, 11 data
for being emphatic about something (Express solidarity), 3 data for interjection
(inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors), 3 data of repetition used for
clarification, 12 data for intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor,
and 6 data for expressing group identity. Besides, the most dominant of code
switching found in this video are intra-sentential switching for the type and talking
about a particular topic for the reason.
Secondly, the writer found 71 data of the types and reasons of used code
switching in second video entitled Kesalahan di umur 20 by using Hoffmann’s
(1991) theory. For the types result, there were found 35 data of intra-sentential
switching, 31 data of inter-sentential switching, 5 data of emblematic switching,
and 0 data of establishing continuity with the previous speaker. For the reasons
result, the writer identified 18 data for talking about a particular topic, 4 data for
55
56
quoting somebody else, 9 data for being emphatic about something (express
solidarity), 5 data for interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors),
8 data of repetition used for clarification, 16 data for intention of clarifying the
speech content for interlocutor, and 11 data for expressing group identity. Besides,
the most dominant of code switching found in this video are intra-sentential
switching for the type and talking about a particular topic for the reason.
5.2 Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above, the writer would like to give a few
suggestions for the readers, the students and the next writer who are interested in
conducting the same study.
Firstly, the writer would like to suggest the readers to be more concerned in
analyzing codes with other relevant theories in order to make the readers get more
information and increase knowledge about codes and its application that can be
found in community and the reason why people used codes in their utterance
because this kind of study might need various and combined methods for another
object.
Secondly, for the students to analyze code-switching, students of linguistics
should pay more attention to the reason of using code-switching especially in video
contents on YouTube. Moreover, they would be able to deepen the analysis based
on other code-switching theories by another expert with different objects.
Thirdly, the writer hoped this study can enrich not only the writer
knowledge but also the reader knowledge of the language development which
57
applied in society as sociolinguistics aspect and make the reader be more critical by
understanding code-switching phenomena. Lastly, the writer hoped this study can
be useful for readers especially for English Department students.

REFERENCES
Aini, Y. S. (2017). The Analysis Of English Code-Switching And Code-Mixing Used

By Maudy Ayunda. Yogyakarta: State Islamic University Of Sunan
Kalijaga.
Fishman, J. A. (1972). The Sociology Of Language: An Interdisciplinary Social
Science Approach to Language in Society. Rowley USA: Newbury
House Publishers.
Grosjean, F. (2001). Life With Two Languages: An Introduction To Bilingualism.
London: Harvard University Press.
Hoffmann, C. (1991). An Introduction To Bilingualism. New York: Longman Inc.
Hofipah, N. (2019). Code Switching Analysis Of Guest Star's Utterances In Sarah
Sechan TV Talk Show Program. Tangerang Selatan: Universitas
Pamulang.
Holmes, J. (2013). An Introduction To Sociolinguistics (4th ed.). London and New
York: Routledge.
Hudson, R. A. (1996). Sociolinguistics (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Izza, M. H. (2013). An Analysis Of Code Switching Used By English Teacher In
Teaching Learning Process At Second Grade of Ma Darul Hikmah
Tawangsari, Kedungwaru, Tulungagung. Tulungagung: State Islamic
Institute Of Tulungagung.
Keegan, S. (2009). Qualitative Research: Good Decision Making Through
Understanding People, Cultures And Markets. London and
Philadelphia: Kogan Page Limited.
Kord, K., Mollashahi, M. S., Ghaznavi, M. R., & Danesh, H. (2013). The Concept
of Bilingualism. A Journal of Radix International Educational and
Research Consortium , 1-10.
Sudijono, A. (2006). Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo
Persada.
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Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction To Sociolinguistics (5th ed.). Oxford:

Blackwell Publishing.
Yusuf, Y. Q., Fata, I. A., & Chyntia. (2018, February 11). Types of Indonesian-
English code-switching employed in a novel. Kasetsart Journal Of
Social Sciences , 1-6.
Internet Sources:
Jakpat Survey Commissioned. (2017, April 17). YouTube Users in Indonesia

Drawn to Education Over Entertainment. Retrieved August 8, 2020,
from eMarketer: https://www.emarketer.com/Article/YouTube-Users-
Indonesia-Drawn-Education-Over-Entertainment/1015676
Skinnyindonesian24. (2020, February 24). Kesalahan di umur 20 [Video files].
Retrieved August 8, 2020, from YouTube, 18:15s.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj9ZJWp6cPY
Skinnyindonesian24. (2020, June 24). Tahun Terakhir di Youtube | Maaf & Terima
Kasih [Video files]. Retrieved August 8, 2020, from YouTube,
15:12s. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ljuV01rd2s

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ABSTRACT

Keywords: sociolinguistics, code switching, types, reasons, Skinny-

Kata kunci: sosiolinguistik, alih kode, jenis-jenis, alasan-alasan, Skinny-

1.1 Background of the Study

in certain places for examples in offices, schools especially bilingual school,

Code Switching cannot be separated from the codes and bilingualism in

sociolinguistics as a study of language and its relation with society. According to

between two or more parties in their dialect and utterances.

Code switching is a part of sociolinguistics that studies about other language

which clearly has structure of grammar in language. According to

Grosjean (2001), “Code-switching is the alternate use of two or more languages in

to another because it changes the situation.

Code switching usually happens in a YouTube channel. YouTube is an

entertainment media where many people or host (YouTuber) record themselves

The writer is interested in one of YouTube channel namely SkinnyIndonesian24.

could happen in one-way communication where usually used to inform, entertain,

or persuade. Currently, technology and internet such as YouTube media become a

part of one’s lifestyle.

In this study, the writer chooses Skinnyindonesian24 YouTube channel

SkinnyIndonesian24 is interesting YouTube channel because the hosts are Jovial da

Analysis of Code-Switching in SkinnyIndonesian24 Selected Videos on YouTube

1.2 Statements of the Problem

are stated as follows:

1. What are the types of code-switching used in SkinnyIndonesian24

selected videos on YouTube channel?

2. What are the reasons of using code-switching in SkinnyIndonesian24

selected videos on YouTube channel?

1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this study is sociolinguistics study which focuses on code

Lopez which has known as Da Lopez’s brothers.

Da Lopez’s brothers from Indonesia language to English or vice versa in their

YouTube channel videos by using Charlotte Hoffmann (1991) theory of code

1.4 Goals of the Study

1. To find out the types of code-switching used in SkinnyIndonesian24

selected videos on YouTube channel.

2. To analyze the reasons of using code-switching in SkinnyIndonesian24

selected videos on YouTube channel.

1.5 Functions of the Study

The functions of the study are:

1. To improve the writer’s knowledge and skills in analyzing the code

2. To give knowledge and information to the readers about the code

switching in SkinnyIndonesian24 YouTube channel selected videos.

3. To give a contribution to further writers, especially for English

Department students of Universitas Pamulang or students from other

Universities who want to analyze a similar term of this study.

1.6 Systematical Presentation

this thesis into five chapters as follows:

Chapter I contains of introduction which consists of background of the

study, functions of the study, and systematical presentations. Chapter II consists of

related studies, review of literature, and theoretical framework in this chapter. To

argumentation and finding.

2.1 Related Studies

The first, a study was conducted by Hofipah (2019) from Universitas

Pamulang. In her study entitled “Code Switching Analysis of Guest Star’s

(3), reiteration (2), interjection (1) and message qualification (1).

Second, a study was conducted by Aini (2017) from State Islamic

University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. In her study entitled “The Analysis of

code-switching and code-mixing contained in the objects by using Hoffmann’s

clarification (3), interjection; inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors (9),