STERALIZATION

OF WATER
USING
BLEACHING
POWDER

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR NO TOPICS PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION 03

2. PURIFICATION OF WATER 04

3. NEED FOR A SUITABLE PURIFICATION 05

TECHNIQUE
4. THEORY 06

5. EXPERIMENT 08

6. RESULT 16

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 17

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Introduction:
Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest
for survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying
out various metabolic processes in our body and also to
carry out Hemoglobin throughout the body.

A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking

and cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks
about 11 gallons at a time. standing up, an average
allowance of 5 gallons should be given for a man, and 10
gallons for a horse or a camel. An elephant drinks 25
gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to 8 gallons, each sheep
or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum quantities.

In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to

be purified and supplied in a orderly and systematic way.
But with the increasing world population, the demand for
drinking water has also increased dramatically and
therefore it is very essential to identify resources of water
from which we can use water for drinking purposes. Many

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available resources of water do not have it in drinkable
form. Either the water contains excess of Calcium or
Magnesium salts or any other organic impurity or it simply
contains foreign particles which make it unfit and unsafe
for drinking.

Purification of water:
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable
chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and
gases from water. The goal is to produce water that is fit for
specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for
human consumption (drinking water), but water
purification may also be carried out for a variety of other
purposes, including medical, pharmacological, chemical,
and industrial applications.
There are many methods for the purification of water. Some
of them are:

 Boiling
 Filtration
 Bleaching powder treatment
 SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection)
Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water
purification technique in use today. While in normal
households it is an efficient technique; it cannot be used
for industrial and large scale purposes. It is because in
normal households, the water to be purified is very small in
quantity and hence the water loss due to evaporation is

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almost negligible. But in Industrial or large scale
purification of water the water loss due to evaporation will
be quite high and the amount of purified water obtained
will be very less. Filtration is also used for removing foreign
particles from water. One major drawback of this
purification process is that it cannot be used for removing
foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscible with
water.

Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal

position atop a flat surface in strong sunlight for around
five hours will kill microbes in the water. The process is
made even more safe and effective if the bottom half of the
bottle or the surface it's lying on is blackened, and/or the
flat surface is made of plastic or metal. It's the combination
of heat and ultraviolet light which kills the organisms. The
major drawback of this purification technique is that it
cannot be used in countries with cold weather. Also, the
time consumed for Purification process is more and it also
needs a 'blackened' surface, much like solar cookers.

Need for a stable purification technique:

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Therefore we need a purification technique which can be
used anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of
any third party content and which is also economically
feasible on both normal scale and large scale. Hence we
look at the method of purification of water using the
technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly
known as "Chlorination".

THEORY:
Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical
compound with formula Ca(ClO)2. It is widely used for
water treatment and as a bleaching agent bleaching
powder. This chemical is considered to be relatively stable
and has greater available chlorine than sodium
hypochlorite (liquid bleach). It is prepared by either calcium
process or sodium process.
Calcium Process:
2Ca(OH) + 2Cl2
2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
Sodium Process:
2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl2 + 2NaOH Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O +
2NaCl
This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by Using 5
drops of bleach per each half gallon of water to be purified,
and allowing it to sit undisturbed for half an hour to make
it safe for drinking. Letting it sit several hours more will
help reduce the chlorine taste, as the chlorine will slowly
evaporate out. A different reference advises when using

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household bleach for purification; add a single drop of
bleach per quart of water which is visibly clear, or three
drops per quart of water where the water is NOT visibly
clear. Then allow the water to sit undisturbed for half an
hour.

The combination of following processes is used for

municipal drinking water treatment worldwide:
1. Pre-chlorination - for algae control and arresting any
biological growth
2. Aeration - along with pre-chlorination for removal of
dissolved iron and manganese
3. Coagulation - for flocculation
4. Coagulant aids also known as polyelectrolyte's - to
improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation
5. Sedimentation - for solids separation, that is, removal
of suspended solids trapped in the floc
6. Filtration - for removal of carried over floc
7. Disinfection - for killing bacteria
Out of these processes, the role of Bleaching powder is
only in the last step i.e. for Disinfection of water.

EXPERIMENT:
Aim: To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder
required for sterilization or disinfection of different
samples of water.

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Requirements: Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated
cylinder, 250ml measuring flask, weight box, glazed tile,
glass wool. Bleaching Powder, Glass wool, 0.1 N
Na2S2O3 solution, 10% KI solution, different samples of
water, starch solution.

Pre-Requisite Knowledge:
1. A known mass of the given sample of bleaching
powder is dissolved in water to prepare a solution of
known concentration. This solution contains dissolved
chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder
with water.
CaOCl2+H20 Ca(OH)2+Cl2

2. The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution

is determined by treating a known volume of the above
solution with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution,
when equivalent amount of Iodine is liberated. The
Iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it
against a standard solution of Sodium thiosulphate,
using starch solution as indicator.
Cl2+2KI 2KCl+I2

I2+2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6+2NaI

A known Volume of one of the given samples of water

is treated with a known volume of bleaching powder
solution. The amount of residual chlorine is

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 determined by adding excess potassium iodide
solution and then titrating against standard sodium
thiosulphate solution.
From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine
and hence bleaching powder required for the
disinfection of a given volume of the given sample of
water can be calculated.
Procedure:
1.N/10 Na2SO4 solution :
Take 0.79gm of sodium thio-sulphate hydrated and dilute
it in about 100ml of water .
Equivalent mass of sodium thiosulphate solution =
Molecular mass/nfactor = (158 g /mol)/2
= 79 g/mol
Normality = (number of gram equivalents of Na2SO4)/Vol.
of solution(lts)

1N----------79g------------1000ml water
1N/10----------7.9g-----------1000ml water
1N/10----------0.79g------------100ml water

2.Preparation of 10%KI solution :

Take 10gm. of KI powder and then dilute the mixture with
water to make the volume 100 ml and take it in the
measuring flask.

3.Preparation of 1% Bleaching Powder solution :

Weight 2.5gm of bleaching powder and mix it in about 200
ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Stopper the flask
and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is
filtered through glass wool in measuring flask of 500ml.
and dilute the filtrate with water to make the volume 250
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ml. The solution of obtained is 1% bleaching powder of
solution.

4.Preparation of starch solution :

Take about 1gm of soluble starch and 10 ml of distilled
water in a test table. Mix vigorously to obtain a paste. Pour
the paste in about 100ml. of hot water contained in a
beaker with constant stirring. Boil the contents for 4-5
minutes and then allow to cool.

5.Titration-I (WATER SAMPLE: Distilled Water) :

Take 100ml. of distilled of water and then 20ml of
bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical flask and
add to it 20ml of 10% KI solution. Shake the mixture,
titrate this solution against N/10 Na2S2O3. Sodium thio-
sulphate solution taken in burette. When solution in the
conical flask becomes light yellow in color add about 2ml of
starch solution as indicator. The solution now becomes
blue in color. The end point is disappearance of blue color,
so continue titrating till the blue color just disappears.
Repeat the titration to get a set of two concordant readings.

6.Titration-(WATER SAMPLE-Bisleri Water, Rain Water,

Borewell water) :
Take 100ml of water sample in a conical flask, add 20ml of
bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical flask and
add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake it and
titrates against N/10 Na2S2O3 until the solution become
yellow. Then add 2ml of starch solution and then again
titrate till the blue color disappears. Repeat titration to get
a set of two concordant readings.

7.Repeat the step 6 with other samples of water and record

the observation

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Observation:
Burette Solution: Sodium Thiosulphate
Titrated against: 20ml(bleaching powder solution)+20ml KI
+ 100ml(Water Sample)
Indicator: Starch
End point: Blue colour to colourless solution

Titration : I
 Volume of Distilled water taken 100ml
 Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml
 Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading

Burette Reading:
SR INITIAL (IN ML) FINAL (IN ML) FINAL VOL OF 0.1N
NO. Na2S2O3 USED (IN ML)
1. 0.0 6.5 6.5

2. 6.50 13.0 6.5

Concordant Reading:6.5ml

Titration : II
 Volume of water sample I taken 100ml
 Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml
 Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading

Burette Reading:
SR INITIAL (IN ML) FINAL (IN ML) FINAL VOL OF 0.1N
NO. Na2S2O3 USED (IN ML)
1. 0.0 5.8 5.8

2. 5.8 11.6 5.8

Concordant Reading:5.8ml

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Titration: III
 Volume of water sample II taken 100ml
 Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml
 Volume of KI solution added 20ml

Burette Reading:
SR INITIAL (IN ML) FINAL (IN ML) FINAL VOL OF 0.1N
NO. Na2S2O3 USED (IN ML)
1. 0.0 3.0 3.0

2. 3.0 6.0 3.0

Concordant Reading:3.0ml

Titration : IV
 Volume of water sample III taken 100ml
 Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml
 Volume of KI solution added 20ml

Burette Reading:
SR INITIAL (IN ML) FINAL (IN ML) FINAL VOL OF 0.1N
NO. Na2S2O3 USED (IN ML)
1. 0.0 2.5 2.5

2. 2.5 5.0 2.5

Concordant Reading:2.5ml

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Calculation:

Sample I(BISLERI WATER) :-

 Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of
water.
= (6.5 - 5.8 ) = 0.7ml of 0.1 N of Na2S2O3 solutions.

 1 ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching

powder.
= 2.5/250 = 0.01gm

 20 ml of bleaching powder solution

= 2.5 ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3

 So, 1ml of 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution

= 20/2.5 ml of bleaching powder solution

 Volume of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect

100ml of water sample I
=0.7 x 20/6.5 ml.

 0.7 x 20/6.5 ml of bleaching powder solution

= ((0.7 x 20) / 6.5) x 0.01 gm of bleaching powder

 Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1 ltr. of

water sample I
= 0.7 x (20/6.5) x ((0.01 x 1000 ) / (100))g
= 1.4/6.5
= 0.215gm

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Sample II (RAIN WATER):-
 Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of
water.
= (6.5 - 3.0 )
= 3.5ml of 0.1 N of Na2S2O3 solutions.

 1 ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching

powder.
= 2.5/250 = 0.01gm

 20 ml of bleaching powder solution

= 2.5 ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3

 So, 1ml of 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution

= 20/2.5 ml of bleaching powder solution

 Volume of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect

100ml of water sample I
= 3.5 x 20/6.5 ml.
3.5 x 20/6.5 ml of bleaching powder solution
= ((3.5 x 20) / 6.5) x 0.01 gm of bleaching powder

 Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1 ltr. of

water sample I
= 3.5 x (20/6.5) x ((0.01 x 1000 )/(100))g
= 7.0/6.5g
= 1.077gm

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Sample III (BOREWELL WATER) :-
 Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of
water.
= (6.5 - 2.5 ) = 4.0ml of 0.1 N of Na2S2O3 solutions.

 1 ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching

powder.
= 2.5/250 = 0.01gm

 20 ml of bleaching powder solution

= 2.5 ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3

 So, 1ml of 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution

= 20/2.5 ml of bleaching powder solution

 Volume of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect

100ml of water sample I
= 4.0 x 20/6.5 ml.

 4.0 x 20/6.5 ml of bleaching powder solution

= ((4.0 x 20) / 6.5) x 0.01 gm of bleaching powder

 Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1 ltr. of

water sample I
= 4.0 x (20/6.5) x ((0.01 x 1000 ) / (100))g
= 8.0/6.5
= 1.231gm

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RESULT:
Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required
to disinfect one litre of water:
Sample I = 0.215gm
Sample II = 1.077gm
Sample III = 1.231gm
Thus we get the amount required for disinfection and if
bleaching powder is taken less than this amount water will
remain impure and if it taken in excess than this will also
be harmful as it will contain chlorine.
The results shows that Samples III is the more impure
water as the amount of bleaching powder required is
maximum and Sample I is less impure than others as the
bleaching powder required is minimum.
The tables also show the difference. Titration IV has
minimum reading because of impurities and titration I has
maximum reading because the sample was distilled water.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://www.slideshare.net/GauravSharma568/strelisation-of-water-using-bleaching-powder
2. https://www.icbse.com/projects/chemistry-project-on-sterilization-of-water-using-bleaching-
powder-kpd
3. https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/h2o.htm
4. https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and_Experiments/General
_Lab_Techniques/Titration/Acid-Base_Titrations

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